188 lines
23 KiB
XML
188 lines
23 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="016080DF0E1006F392CF4D7188DFAB51">A new species of Acantothereva Séguy, 1935, from Tunisia (Diptera: Therevidae: Therevinae): taxonomic consequences and phylogenetic implications</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="ABD2FD96EDD84DC6DE1980DD68A0892C">Holston, Kevin C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="DD7DE8E357181CFAC252C20068E1D082">2009</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="60B8569A367FCB02B7BC6D1AFE5E6E54" box="[151,480,1296,1323]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="281D0511367FCB02B7BC6D1AFE5E6E54" blockId="3.[151,480,1296,1323]" box="[151,480,1296,1323]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName id="EFA27E92367FCB02B7BC6D1AFE5E6E54" ID-CoL="MG9" ID-ENA="359423" authority="Seguy, 1935" authorityName="Seguy" authorityYear="1935" box="[151,480,1296,1323]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Acantothereva" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="1AD6D903367FCB02B7BC6D1AFE5E6E54" bold="true" box="[151,480,1296,1323]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">
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<emphasis id="1AD6D903367FCB02B7BC6D1AFEF96E55" bold="true" box="[151,327,1297,1323]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Acantothereva</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="4C3378E0367FCB02B6666D1BFE5E6E54" author="Seguy" box="[333,480,1296,1322]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" refString="Seguy, E. (1935) Une nouvelle espece de Therevide du Maroc. Encyclopedie Entomologique, Serie B II. Diptera Tome III: 153 - 154." type="book chapter" year="1935">Séguy, 1935</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="60B8569A367FCB02B7BC6D51FACF6EEF" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="281D0511367FCB02B7BC6D51FAF86E0F" blockId="3.[151,1393,1370,1425]" box="[151,1350,1370,1393]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="08B2223F367FCB02B7BC6D51FAF86E0F" box="[151,1350,1370,1393]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName id="EFA27E92367FCB02B7BC6D51FE4B6E0F" ID-CoL="MG9" authority="Seguy, 1935: 153" authorityName="Seguy" authorityPageNumber="153" authorityYear="1935" box="[151,501,1370,1393]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Acantothereva" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="1AD6D903367FCB02B7BC6D51FE8C6E0F" box="[151,306,1370,1393]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Acantothereva</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="A9032300367FCB02B6136D51FE4B6E0F" author="Seguy" box="[312,501,1370,1393]" page="153" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" year="1935">
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<bibRefCitation id="4C3378E0367FCB02B6136D51FE016E0F" author="Seguy" box="[312,447,1370,1393]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" refString="Seguy, E. (1935) Une nouvelle espece de Therevide du Maroc. Encyclopedie Entomologique, Serie B II. Diptera Tome III: 153 - 154." type="book chapter" year="1935">Séguy, 1935</bibRefCitation>
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: 153
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<typeStatus id="F719BBB3367FCB02B6D46D51FD8A6E0F" box="[511,564,1370,1393]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="EFA27E92367FCB02B5BE6D51FB836E0F" ID-CoL="64FRL" authority="Seguy, 1935: 153" authorityName="Seguy" authorityPageNumber="153" authorityYear="1935" box="[661,1085,1370,1393]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Acantothereva" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rungsi">
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<emphasis id="1AD6D903367FCB02B5BE6D51FCC46E0F" box="[661,890,1370,1393]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Acantothereva rungsi</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="A9032300367FCB02B4AA6D51FB836E0F" author="Seguy" box="[897,1085,1370,1393]" page="153" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" year="1935">
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<bibRefCitation id="4C3378E0367FCB02B4AA6D51FBB76E0F" author="Seguy" box="[897,1033,1370,1393]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" refString="Seguy, E. (1935) Une nouvelle espece de Therevide du Maroc. Encyclopedie Entomologique, Serie B II. Diptera Tome III: 153 - 154." type="book chapter" year="1935">Séguy, 1935</bibRefCitation>
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: 153
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, by original designation.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="281D0511367FCB02B7BC6D71FACF6EEF" blockId="3.[151,1393,1370,1425]" box="[151,1393,1402,1425]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">
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<emphasis id="1AD6D903367FCB02B7BC6D71FE816EEF" box="[151,319,1402,1425]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Acanthothereva</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="4C3378E0367FCB02B66E6D71FE4F6EEF" author="Lyneborg" box="[325,497,1402,1425]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" refString="Lyneborg, L. (1968) The genus Acanthothereva Seguy, 1935, with description of a new species from Algeria (Diptera, Therevidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique Suisse, 61, 298 - 304." type="journal article" year="1968">Lyneborg, 1968</bibRefCitation>
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: 298. Unjustified emendation. Noted as a “lapsus calami” by
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<bibRefCitation id="4C3378E0367FCB02B3AB6D71FAD36EEF" author="Lyneborg" box="[1152,1389,1402,1425]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" refString="Lyneborg, L. (1968) The genus Acanthothereva Seguy, 1935, with description of a new species from Algeria (Diptera, Therevidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique Suisse, 61, 298 - 304." type="journal article" year="1968">Lyneborg (1968: 298)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="60B8569A367FCB02B7BC6DCBFA9C6C6E" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="281D0511367FCB02B7BC6DCBFA9C6C6E" blockId="3.[151,1437,1472,2002]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">
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<emphasis id="1AD6D903367FCB02B7BC6DCBFEAC6EA4" bold="true" box="[151,274,1472,1498]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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. Male eyes separated by more than
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<date id="5C1C23D1367FCB02B5EC6DCAFD526EA5" box="[711,748,1473,1499]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">5X</date>
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width of anterior ocellus, upper and lower ommatidia of equal size. Posterior margin of head in dorsal view strongly convex; ocellar tubercle slightly raised (the condition observed in most therevine genera) to dilated with ocelli widely separated with posterior ocelli directed posteriorly, upper frons and vertex sunken to distended with respect to eye margin. Antennal insertion low; parafacial setae present; female frons with uniform tomentum. Wing membrane opaque white with dark maculation extensive without forming bands or large contiguous dark regions. Femoral cuticle varying from yellow or yellowish brown to black; tibial apices slightly dilated; subapical macrosetae of tibiae long: protarsus and pulvilli small. Distiphallus hook-like (extending dorsad from base and decurved to apex), laterally compressed with apex broadly rounded to truncate in lateral view. Small species:
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<quantity id="EF5AA8F4367FCB02B3926EFDFAA16C6E" box="[1209,1311,1782,1808]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="6.0">6–7 mm</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="60B8569A367FCB05B7EE6F16FCDC6988" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="281D0511367FCB05B7EE6F16FE146B81" blockId="3.[151,1437,1472,2002]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,152,758]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">
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<emphasis id="1AD6D903367FCB02B7EE6F16FEEF6C49" bold="true" box="[197,337,1821,1847]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Comments</emphasis>
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: Extending on the original description of
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<taxonomicName id="EFA27E92367FCB02B4706F16FBB36C48" box="[859,1037,1821,1846]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Acantothereva" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="1AD6D903367FCB02B4706F16FBB36C48" box="[859,1037,1821,1846]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Acantothereva</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as a monotypic genus by
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<bibRefCitation id="4C3378E0367FCB02B27B6F16FF516C20" author="Seguy" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" refString="Seguy, E. (1935) Une nouvelle espece de Therevide du Maroc. Encyclopedie Entomologique, Serie B II. Diptera Tome III: 153 - 154." type="book chapter" year="1935">Séguy (1935)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="4C3378E0367FCB02B7D66F4FFE6A6C20" author="Lyneborg" box="[253,468,1860,1886]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" refString="Lyneborg, L. (1968) The genus Acanthothereva Seguy, 1935, with description of a new species from Algeria (Diptera, Therevidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique Suisse, 61, 298 - 304." type="journal article" year="1968">Lyneborg (1968)</bibRefCitation>
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listed nine “apomorphies” [=synapomorphies], noting that several of these characters are less pronounced in
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<taxonomicName id="EFA27E92367FCB02B5626F60FCB16CFA" box="[585,783,1898,1924]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Acantothereva" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctipennis">
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<emphasis id="1AD6D903367FCB02B5626F60FDE56CFA" box="[585,603,1899,1924]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">A</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="1AD6D903367FCB02B5466F60FCB16CFA" box="[621,783,1899,1924]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">punctipennis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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than
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<taxonomicName id="EFA27E92367FCB02B47C6F60FC736CFA" box="[855,973,1898,1924]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Acantothereva" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rungsi">
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<emphasis id="1AD6D903367FCB02B47C6F60FCD76CFA" box="[855,873,1899,1924]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">A</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="1AD6D903367FCB02B4576F60FC736CFA" box="[892,973,1899,1924]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">rungsi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. These characters were 1) the broad separation of the male compound eyes, 2) the “elevated” upper frons and vertex with a poorly defined ocellar tubercle, 3) widely separated ocelli with the two posterior ocelli directed posteriorly, 4) a low antennal insertion, 5) maculated wings, 6) the “gradually” dilated tibial apex, 5) tibiae with long subapical macrosetae, 7) small protarsus and pulvilli, 8) a “stout phallus, 9) and the comparatively short dorsal, ventral and ejaculatory apodemes.”
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="281D05113678CB05B7EE6907FCDC6988" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,758]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">
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These external characters are useful for distinguishing
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<taxonomicName id="EFA27E923678CB05B4716907FBB96A5B" box="[858,1031,268,293]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Acantothereva" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="1AD6D9033678CB05B4716907FBB96A5B" box="[858,1031,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Acantothereva</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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within the context of the western Palaearctic stiletto fly fauna, but only the morphology of the distiphallus provides an unambiguous diagnostic feature. Broad separation of the male compound eyes is unusual in
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<taxonomicName id="EFA27E923678CB05B4C66952FBC46A0D" box="[1005,1146,345,371]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Therevidae</taxonomicName>
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but has been noted for therevine genera readily distinguished from
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<taxonomicName id="EFA27E923678CB05B58D698BFCEF6AE7" box="[678,849,384,409]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Acantothereva" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="1AD6D9033678CB05B58D698BFCEF6AE7" box="[678,849,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Acantothereva</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(e.g.,
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<taxonomicName id="EFA27E923678CB05B4B4698BFBDF6AE7" box="[927,1121,384,409]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Chrysanthemyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="1AD6D9033678CB05B4B4698BFBDF6AE7" box="[927,1121,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Chrysanthemyia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) as well as
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<taxonomicName id="EFA27E923678CB05B3C4698BFA2A6AE7" box="[1263,1428,384,409]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Neotherevella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="1AD6D9033678CB05B3C4698BFA2A6AE7" box="[1263,1428,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Neotherevella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which is similar in external morphology to
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<taxonomicName id="EFA27E923678CB05B58D69ACFCEA6ABE" box="[678,852,423,448]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Acantothereva" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="1AD6D9033678CB05B58D69ACFCEA6ABE" box="[678,852,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Acantothereva</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="4C3378E03678CB05B44F69ADFB9E6ABE" author="Lyneborg" box="[868,1056,422,448]" pageId="4" pageNumber="36" refString="Lyneborg, L. (1978) Neotherevella, a new genus of Therevidae (Diptera) from the Palaearctic and Afrotropical Regions. Entomologica scandinavica, 9, 75 - 76." type="journal article" year="1978">Lyneborg 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
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<bibRefCitation id="4C3378E03678CB05B30569ADFBC26ABE" author="Lyneborg" box="[1070,1148,422,448]" pageId="4" pageNumber="36" refString="Lyneborg, L. (1983 a) The west Mediterranean genus Chrysanthemyia Becker (Insecta, Diptera, Therevidae). Steenstrupia. 9 (4), 77 - 82." type="journal article" year="1983" yearSuffix="a">1983a</bibRefCitation>
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). An elevated frons and expanded ocellar tubercle is characteristic of the
|
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<typeStatus id="F719BBB33678CB05B43D69C6FCF36A99" box="[790,845,461,487]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species,
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<taxonomicName id="EFA27E923678CB05B4ED69C6FB836A98" box="[966,1085,461,487]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Acantothereva" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rungsi">
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||
<emphasis id="1AD6D9033678CB05B4ED69C6FC666A98" box="[966,984,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
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<emphasis id="1AD6D9033678CB05B4C069C6FB836A98" box="[1003,1085,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">rungsi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and less pronounced in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFA27E923678CB05B2AA69C6FE8C6973" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Acantothereva" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctipennis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AD6D9033678CB05B2AA69C6FA2D6A98" box="[1409,1427,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="1AD6D9033678CB05B7BC69FFFE8C6973" box="[151,306,500,525]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">punctipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; the ocellar tubercle of the Tunisian species is unmodified and situated below the dorsal eye margin; and the ocelli are directed posteriorly only in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFA27E923678CB05B4306A11FC39694D" box="[795,903,538,564]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Acantothereva" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rungsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AD6D9033678CB05B4306A11FC93694D" box="[795,813,538,563]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="1AD6D9033678CB05B4176A11FC39694D" box="[828,903,538,563]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">rungsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A low antennal insertion, maculated wings, and dilated tibia apex are present in the Tunisian species, but these characters have been observed across a broad sample of therevine genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C3378E03678CB05B5156A63FD4269FC" author="Lyneborg" box="[574,764,616,642]" pageId="4" pageNumber="36" refString="Lyneborg, L. (1976) A revision of the therevine stiletto-flies (Diptera: Therevidae) of the Ethiopian Region. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology, 33, 189 - 346." type="journal article" year="1976">Lyneborg 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C3378E03678CB05B4226A63FCE969FC" author="Lyneborg" box="[777,855,616,642]" pageId="4" pageNumber="36" refString="Lyneborg, L. (1983 b) A review of the Palaearctic genera of Phycinae (Insecta, Diptera, Therevidae). Steenstrupia. 9 (8), 181 - 205." type="journal article" year="1983" yearSuffix="b">1983b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C3378E03678CB05B44F6A63FBC769FC" author="Gaimari" box="[868,1145,616,642]" pageId="4" pageNumber="36" refString="Gaimari, S. D. & Irwin, M. E. (2000) Phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of the cycloteline Therevinae (Insecta: Diptera: Therevidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 129, 129 - 240." type="journal article" year="2000">Gaimari & Irwin 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C3378E03678CB05B3AD6A63FA2E69FC" author="Hauser" box="[1158,1424,616,642]" pageId="4" pageNumber="36" refString="Hauser, M. & Irwin, M. E. (2004) The Nearctic genus Ammonaios Irwin & Lyneborg 1981 (Diptera: Therevidae). Annals of the American Entomological Society, 96 (6), 738 - 765." type="journal article" year="2004">Hauser & Irwin 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although the dorsal, ventral and ejaculatory apodemes in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFA27E923678CB05B46B6A84FC5A69D6" box="[832,996,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Neotherevella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AD6D9033678CB05B46B6A84FC5A69D6" box="[832,996,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Neotherevella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are similar to those in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFA27E923678CB05B3D96A84FA2269D6" box="[1266,1436,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Acantothereva" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AD6D9033678CB05B3D96A84FA2269D6" box="[1266,1436,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Acantothereva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(c.f.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C3378E03678CB05B7FE6ABEFE3569B1" author="Lyneborg" box="[213,395,693,719]" pageId="4" pageNumber="36" refString="Lyneborg, L. (1968) The genus Acanthothereva Seguy, 1935, with description of a new species from Algeria (Diptera, Therevidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique Suisse, 61, 298 - 304." type="journal article" year="1968">Lyneborg 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: Figs 11–12;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C3378E03678CB05B50C6ABEFD6369B1" author="Lyneborg" box="[551,733,693,719]" pageId="4" pageNumber="36" refString="Lyneborg, L. (1976) A revision of the therevine stiletto-flies (Diptera: Therevidae) of the Ethiopian Region. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology, 33, 189 - 346." type="journal article" year="1976">Lyneborg 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: Figs 236, 327), the laterally compressed distiphallus with a broadly rounded to truncate apex is unique to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFA27E923678CB05B59A6AD7FCE5698B" box="[689,859,732,757]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Acantothereva" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AD6D9033678CB05B59A6AD7FCE5698B" box="[689,859,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Acantothereva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |