226 lines
28 KiB
XML
226 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="860CB1A1FE37DFF45D787848D8BE2220" ID-CLB-Dataset="24567" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4711.3.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="21de8a76-6a04-45d4-8e81-5fb524718c58" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3586554" ID-ZooBank="85D81C2D-0B66-4C0D-B708-AAF1DAD6018B" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1576823765851" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hechinger, Ryan F." docDate="2019" docId="EF6AD377895C8B3DFF39FA8FFE54FD12" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4711.3.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4711 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Euhaplorchis californiensis Martin 1950" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="481" masterDocId="1353AB0F89488B2BFFAEFF89FFC5FF9A" masterDocTitle="Guide to the trematodes (Platyhelminthes) that infect the California horn snail (Cerithideopsis californica: Potamididae: Gastropoda) as first intermediate host" masterLastPageNumber="494" masterPageNumber="459" pageNumber="479" updateTime="1698775255321" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="1C98DA7DE519FC73FF86EA0848BEFBDF">Guide to the trematodes (Platyhelminthes) that infect the California horn snail (Cerithideopsis californica: Potamididae: Gastropoda) as first intermediate host</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8E3E048CAAFA6532B5283AB475B22C3D">Hechinger, Ryan F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="912546F4C0FBE76508B5CF8D57D105BC">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="835BEFF3BF1BB1E77AE6092020A84553">2019</mods:date>
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<treatment id="EF6AD377895C8B3DFF39FA8FFE54FD12" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5658148" ID-GBIF-Taxon="160797583" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5658148" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF6AD377895C8B3DFF39FA8FFE54FD12" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EF6AD377895C8B3DFF39FA8FFE54FD12" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="481" pageId="20" pageNumber="479">
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<subSubSection id="2FD931EA895C8B3FFF39FA8FFE04FADE" pageId="20" pageNumber="479" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="677C6261895C8B3FFF39FA8FFD94FABA" blockId="20.[151,593,1286,1348]" box="[151,593,1286,1313]" pageId="20" pageNumber="479">
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<heading id="3C34D50D895C8B3FFF39FA8FFD94FABA" bold="true" box="[151,593,1286,1313]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="479" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="A0C319E2895C8B3FFF39FA8FFD94FABA" ID-CoL="7TMR4" authority="Martin" authorityName="Martin" authorityYear="1950" box="[151,593,1286,1313]" class="Trematoda" family="Heterophyidae" genus="Euhaplorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="20" pageNumber="479" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="californiensis">
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<emphasis id="55B7BE73895C8B3FFF39FA8FFD94FABA" bold="true" box="[151,593,1286,1313]" pageId="20" pageNumber="479">
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<emphasis id="55B7BE73895C8B3FFF39FA8FFE2BFABB" bold="true" box="[151,494,1286,1313]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="479">Euhaplorchis californiensis</emphasis>
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Martin
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="677C6261895C8B3FFF39FAA3FE04FADE" blockId="20.[151,593,1286,1348]" box="[151,449,1321,1348]" pageId="20" pageNumber="479">
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(11. Euca;
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<figureCitation id="FFF87EE4895C8B3FFEBDFAA3FEA4FADE" box="[275,353,1322,1348]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1428,1453]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,522,1400]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,522,1400]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. General characteristics of the parthenitae and cercariae of the trematodes infecting Cerithideopsis californica as first intermediate host. Species numbers and codes follow Table 1 and species accounts. Cercariae are all to scale, with additional magnified views of six small species (indicated by dashed lines). Note the oral stylets (presented in right lateral view) for Pruc and Smmi. Parthenitae are not to scale. Scale bars consistently indicate 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3586556" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3586556/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="479">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="FFF87EE4895C8B3FFEDEFAA0FE7CFADE" box="[368,441,1321,1348]" captionStart="FIGURES 45–48" captionStartId="21.[151,264,1700,1725]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,558,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,558,1672]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURES 45–48. Euhaplorchis californiensis (Euca). 45, Overview of a colony in a freshly deshelled, infected horn snail in sea water.Arrow indicates the colony, which is localized in the gonadal region. Scale bar = 1 cm. 46, Reproductive rediae, live, with developing cercariae, under coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 100 µm. 47, Soldier redia, live, under coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 50 µm. Base photo credit: Andrew Turner. 48, Cercariae, live, under coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3586584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3586584/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="479">45–48</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2FD931EA895C8B3FFF39FAF8FCF0F832" pageId="20" pageNumber="479" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="677C6261895C8B3FFF39FAF8FEEEFA4E" blockId="20.[151,1437,1393,2032]" pageId="20" pageNumber="479">
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<emphasis id="55B7BE73895C8B3FFF39FAF8FED3FA16" bold="true" box="[151,278,1393,1420]" pageId="20" pageNumber="479">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="55B7BE73895C8B3FFEB0FAFBFE68FA16" box="[286,429,1394,1420]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="479">Parthenitae.</emphasis>
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Colony comprised of active rediae, densely concentrated in snail gonad region. Rediae translucent white, grey, weak yellow, or colorless; ~
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<quantity id="A03BCF84895C8B3FFD40FA1FFC44FA2A" box="[750,897,1430,1456]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="479" unit="mm" value="400.0" valueMax="600.0" valueMin="200.0">200–600 µm</quantity>
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long, elongate (length:width ~4:1 to 8:1), sausage-shaped.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="677C6261895C8B3FFF69FA57FBF0F913" blockId="20.[151,1437,1393,2032]" pageId="20" pageNumber="479">
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<emphasis id="55B7BE73895C8B3FFF69FA57FEF0FA62" box="[199,309,1502,1528]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="479">
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<taxonomicName id="A0C319E2895C8B3FFF69FA57FEF4FA62" authorityName="O.F.Muller" authorityYear="1773" box="[199,305,1502,1528]" class="Trematoda" family="Colepidae" genus="Cercaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Prostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="479" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">Cercaria</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Body mostly translucent colorless; oculate; with oral sucker and no ventral sucker; with seven pairs of penetration glands, the bodies of which are interspersed from anterio-medial of genital primordium to posterior body wall lateral to excretory bladder; body ~
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<quantity id="A03BCF84895C8B3FFCB5F9ACFCB0F9DA" box="[795,885,1573,1600]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="20" pageNumber="479" unit="mm" value="150.0">150 µm</quantity>
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long, much shorter than tail (<1/2 length); tail with dorso-ventral fins (originating in middle third of tail length, extending around tail tip) and lateral fins (originating basally, next to cercaria body, and inserting in middle third of tail length).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="677C6261895C8B3FFF69F918FDAEF94A" blockId="20.[151,1437,1393,2032]" pageId="20" pageNumber="479">
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<emphasis id="55B7BE73895C8B3FFF69F918FE75F936" bold="true" box="[199,432,1681,1708]" pageId="20" pageNumber="479">
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<taxonomicName id="A0C319E2895C8B3FFF69F918FEF7F936" authorityName="O.F.Muller" authorityYear="1773" box="[199,306,1681,1708]" class="Trematoda" family="Colepidae" genus="Cercaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Prostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="479" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">Cercaria</taxonomicName>
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behavior:
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</emphasis>
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Fresh, emerged cercariae remain in water column, swim intermittently in short bursts, with periods of resting and slow sinking.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="677C6261895C8B3FFF69F950FCF0F832" blockId="20.[151,1437,1393,2032]" pageId="20" pageNumber="479">
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<emphasis id="55B7BE73895C8B3FFF69F950FE42F96E" bold="true" box="[199,391,1753,1780]" pageId="20" pageNumber="479">Similar species:</emphasis>
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Euca is most reliably and readily distinguished from Acha [10] by the position of the penetration gland bodies, which are readily observable with flattened cercariae at 100x on a compound scope (and even sometimes at the dissection scope). Although Euca does have narrower lateral tail fins than Acha on average, there appears to be overlap; so, tail fin width is not a consistently reliable diagnostic trait.
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<bibRefCitation id="03521F90895C8B3FFB6CF8CFFAA7F8FA" author="Martin, W. E." box="[1218,1378,1862,1888]" pageId="20" pageNumber="479" pagination="39 - 43" refId="ref22195" refString="Martin, W. E. (1972) An annotated key to the cercariae that develop in the snail Cerithidea californica. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 71, 39 - 43." type="journal article" year="1972">Martin (1972)</bibRefCitation>
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used the flame-cell grouping to distinguish Acha from Euca, but the flame cells are difficult to see, requiring leaving specimens on a slide for a while and
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<date id="137D44A1895C8B3FFD91F807FD43F832" box="[575,646,1934,1960]" pageId="20" pageNumber="479" value="1000-10">1000x</date>
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magnification.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2FD931EA895C8B3DFF69F83BFE54FD12" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="481" pageId="20" pageNumber="479" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="677C6261895C8B3EFF69F83BFBF6FF4D" blockId="20.[151,1437,1393,2032]" lastBlockId="21.[151,1437,153,539]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="480" pageId="20" pageNumber="479">
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<emphasis id="55B7BE73895C8B3FFF69F83BFEFAF856" bold="true" box="[199,319,1970,1996]" pageId="20" pageNumber="479">Remarks:</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="03521F90895C8B3FFEE9F83BFE33F856" author="Martin, W. E." box="[327,502,1969,1996]" pageId="20" pageNumber="479" pagination="194 - 209" refId="ref21752" refString="Martin, W. E. (1950 a) Euhaplorchis californiensis n. g., n. sp., Heterophyidae, Trematoda, with notes on its life cycle. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 194 - 209. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3223410" type="book chapter" year="1950">Martin (1950a)</bibRefCitation>
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documented the life cycle and described the species; he described the rediae and cercariae from natural infections, and metacercariae and adults from experimentally infected second intermediate and final hosts. I suspect that cercariae of
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<taxonomicName id="A0C319E2895D8B3EFD28FF10FC01FF29" authorityName="Martin" authorityYear="1950" box="[646,964,153,179]" class="Trematoda" family="Heterophyidae" genus="Euhaplorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="21" pageNumber="480" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="californiensis">
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<emphasis id="55B7BE73895D8B3EFD28FF10FC01FF29" box="[646,964,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="480">Euhaplorchis californiensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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were accidentally pooled with
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<taxonomicName id="A0C319E2895D8B3EFA9AFF10FE82FF4D" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Graphidaceae" genus="Acanthotrema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostropales" pageId="21" pageNumber="480" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="hancocki">
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<emphasis id="55B7BE73895D8B3EFA9AFF10FE82FF4D" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="480">Acanthotrema hancocki</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to comprise
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<bibRefCitation id="03521F90895D8B3EFE73FF34FCF5FF4D" author="Maxon, M. G. & Pequegnat, W. E." box="[477,816,189,215]" pageId="21" pageNumber="480" pagination="30 - 55" refId="ref22284" refString="Maxon, M. G. & Pequegnat, W. E. (1949) Cercariae from upper Newport Bay. Journal of Entomology and Zoology, 41, 30 - 55." type="journal article" year="1949">Maxon & Pequegnat’s (1949)</bibRefCitation>
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Pleurolophocercous I.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="677C6261895D8B3EFF69FF68FEA4FD81" blockId="21.[151,1437,153,539]" pageId="21" pageNumber="480">
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Readers should note that I believe that reports of Euca in
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<collectingRegion id="A507AC83895D8B3EFCCBFF68FC1CFF61" box="[869,985,225,251]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="21" pageNumber="480">California</collectingRegion>
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horn snails at Bolinas Lagoon (central
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<collectingRegion id="A507AC83895D8B3EFF39FE8CFEC8FEBA" box="[151,269,261,288]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="21" pageNumber="480">California</collectingRegion>
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) in some ecological research (
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<bibRefCitation id="03521F90895D8B3EFDC1FE8CFC40FE85" author="Koprivnikar, J. & Lim, D. & Fu, C. & Brack, S. H. M." box="[623,901,261,287]" pageId="21" pageNumber="480" pagination="1167 - 1177" refId="ref21052" refString="Koprivnikar, J., Lim, D., Fu, C. & Brack, S. H. M. (2010) Effects of temperature, salinity, and pH on the survival and activity of marine cercariae. Parasitology Research, 106, 1167 - 1177. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00436 - 010 - 1779 - 0" type="journal article" year="2010">
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Koprivnikar
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<emphasis id="55B7BE73895D8B3EFCABFE8FFCFDFE85" box="[773,824,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="480">et al</emphasis>
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. 2010
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="03521F90895D8B3EFC3CFE8CFBDCFE85" author="Sousa, W. P." box="[914,1049,261,287]" pageId="21" pageNumber="480" pagination="103 - 128" refId="ref22852" refString="Sousa, W. P. (1993) Interspecific antagonism and species coexistence in a diverse guild of larval trematode parasites. Ecological Monographs, 63, 103 - 128. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2937176" type="journal article" year="1993">Sousa 1993</bibRefCitation>
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) are a result of misidentification, and that the research actually dealt with
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<taxonomicName id="A0C319E2895D8B3EFDC5FEA0FC88FEDE" authority="(Acha)" baseAuthorityName="Acha" box="[619,845,297,324]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Graphidaceae" genus="Acanthotrema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostropales" pageId="21" pageNumber="480" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="hancocki">
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<emphasis id="55B7BE73895D8B3EFDC5FEA0FDB9FED9" box="[619,636,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="480">A</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="55B7BE73895D8B3EFD22FEA0FD36FED9" box="[652,755,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="480">hancocki</emphasis>
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(Acha)
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</taxonomicName>
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, which otherwise went unrecognized in those studies. I base this idea mostly on dissections of thousands of snails from Bolinas Lagoon and nearby areas (since early this century) that indicate an almost complete absence of Euca in central
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<collectingRegion id="A507AC83895D8B3EFB9AFEF8FB6DFE11" box="[1076,1192,369,395]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="21" pageNumber="480">California</collectingRegion>
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north of Morro Bay, but relatively common Acha (Hechinger
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<emphasis id="55B7BE73895D8B3EFDC7FE1FFD5EFE35" box="[617,667,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="480">et al</emphasis>
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., unpublished data). We also might expect Euca to be missing from Bolinas because its only known second intermediate host, the
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<collectingRegion id="A507AC83895D8B3EFCF1FE30FC16FE49" box="[863,979,441,467]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="21" pageNumber="480">California</collectingRegion>
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Killifish (
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<taxonomicName id="A0C319E2895D8B3EFBE5FE30FA51FE4E" authority="Girard" authorityName="Girard" authorityYear="1854" box="[1099,1428,441,468]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Fundulidae" genus="Fundulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="480" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvipinnis">
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<emphasis id="55B7BE73895D8B3EFBE5FE30FA85FE49" box="[1099,1344,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="480">Fundulus parvipinnis</emphasis>
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Girard
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</taxonomicName>
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) does not occur that far north. Careful work should examine whether a cryptic species of Acha explains the likely misidentification.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="677C6261895D8B3EFF39F92DFADBF8B3" blockId="21.[151,1436,1700,1833]" pageId="21" pageNumber="480">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B7BE73895D8B3EFF39F92DFE90F927" bold="true" box="[151,341,1700,1725]" pageId="21" pageNumber="480">FIGURES 45–48.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C319E2895D8B3EFEF2F92CFD07F927" authority="(Euca)" authorityName="Euca" baseAuthorityName="Euca" box="[348,706,1701,1725]" class="Trematoda" family="Heterophyidae" genus="Euhaplorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="21" pageNumber="480" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="californiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B7BE73895D8B3EFEF2F92CFDB0F927" box="[348,629,1701,1725]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="480">Euhaplorchis californiensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Euca)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="55B7BE73895D8B3EFD63F92DFD23F927" bold="true" box="[717,742,1700,1725]" pageId="21" pageNumber="480">45</emphasis>
|
||
, Overview of a colony in a freshly deshelled, infected horn snail in sea water. Arrow indicates the colony, which is localized in the gonadal region. Scale bar = 1 cm.
|
||
<emphasis id="55B7BE73895D8B3EFBDFF941FB4FF97B" bold="true" box="[1137,1162,1736,1761]" pageId="21" pageNumber="480">46</emphasis>
|
||
, Reproductive rediae, live, with developing cercariae, under coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 100 µm.
|
||
<emphasis id="55B7BE73895D8B3EFCD3F965FC53F89F" bold="true" box="[893,918,1772,1797]" pageId="21" pageNumber="480">47</emphasis>
|
||
, Soldier redia, live, under coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 50 µm. Base photo credit: Andrew Turner.
|
||
<emphasis id="55B7BE73895D8B3EFD2BF899FD5BF8B3" bold="true" box="[645,670,1808,1833]" pageId="21" pageNumber="480">48</emphasis>
|
||
, Cercariae, live, under coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 100 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="677C6261895D8B3EFF69F8D1FD24F80F" blockId="21.[151,1436,1879,2014]" pageId="21" pageNumber="480">
|
||
Mature, ripe colonies comprise ~19% the soft-tissue weight of an infected snail (summer-time estimate derived from information in [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="03521F90895D8B3EFE65F8F2FD08F80F" author="Hechinger, R. F. & Lafferty, K. D. & Mancini III, F. T. & Warner, R. R. & Kuris, A. M." box="[459,717,1914,1942]" pageId="21" pageNumber="480" pagination="651 - 667" refId="ref20498" refString="Hechinger, R. F., Lafferty, K. D., Mancini III, F. T., Warner, R. R. & Kuris, A. M. (2009) How large is the hand in the puppet? Ecological and evolutionary factors affecting body mass of 15 trematode parasitic castrators in their snail host. Evolutionary Ecology, 23, 651 - 667. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10682 - 008 - 9262 - 4" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Hechinger
|
||
<emphasis id="55B7BE73895D8B3EFDE2F8F5FDBBF80F" box="[588,638,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="480">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="677C6261895D8B3EFF69F816FC9BF847" blockId="21.[151,1436,1879,2014]" pageId="21" pageNumber="480">
|
||
Unlike many other trematodes in the guild, infection by Euca appears to cause (stolen) snail bodies to grow at the same rate as uninfected (male) snails (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="03521F90895D8B3EFD3AF84AFC97F847" author="Hechinger, R. F." box="[660,850,1987,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="480" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref20237" refString="Hechinger, R. F. (2010) Mortality affects adaptive allocation to growth and reproduction: field evidence from a guild of body snatchers. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10 (136), 1 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 10 - 136" type="journal article" year="2010">Hechinger 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="677C6261895E8B3DFF69FF10FC6CFF29" blockId="22.[151,1437,153,648]" box="[199,937,153,179]" pageId="22" pageNumber="481">
|
||
Euca has a caste of soldier rediae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="03521F90895E8B3DFDFDFF10FC58FF29" author="Garcia-Vedrenne, A. E. & Quintana, A. C. E. & DeRogatis, A. M. & Dover, C. M. & Lopez, M. & Kuris, A. M. & Hechinger, R. F." box="[595,925,153,179]" pageId="22" pageNumber="481" pagination="41 - 50" refId="ref20013" refString="Garcia-Vedrenne, A. E., Quintana, A. C. E., DeRogatis, A. M., Dover, C. M., Lopez, M., Kuris, A. M. & Hechinger, R. F. (2017) Trematodes with a reproductive division of labour: heterophyids also have a soldier caste and early infections reveal how colonies become structured. International Journal for Parasitology, 47, 41 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ijpara. 2016.10.003" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Garcia-Vedrenne
|
||
<emphasis id="55B7BE73895E8B3DFCB0FF13FC95FF29" box="[798,848,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="481">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="677C6261895E8B3DFF69FF34FAF2FF4D" blockId="22.[151,1437,153,648]" box="[199,1335,189,216]" pageId="22" pageNumber="481">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="03521F90895E8B3DFF69FF34FE45FF42" author="Nadakal, A. M." box="[199,384,189,216]" pageId="22" pageNumber="481" pagination="475 - 481" refId="ref22447" refString="Nadakal, A. M. (1960 a) Chemical nature of cercarial eye-spot and other tissue pigments. Journal of Parasitology, 46, 475 - 481. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3275140" type="journal article" year="1960">Nadakal (1960a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;b) presents information on the pigments of the rediae and cercariae of this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="677C6261895E8B3DFF39FF68FA56FE85" blockId="22.[151,1437,153,648]" pageId="22" pageNumber="481">
|
||
As part of one of the first studies documenting the syncytial nature of trematode integuments,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="03521F90895E8B3DFB48FF68FF26FEBA" author="Bils, R. F. & Martin, W. E." pageId="22" pageNumber="481" pagination="78 - 88" refId="ref19555" refString="Bils, R. F. & Martin, W. E. (1966) Fine Structure and Development of the Trematode Integument. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 85, 78 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3224777" type="journal article" year="1966">Bils and Martin (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
examined the fine structure and development of the tegument of the rediae and cercariae of this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="677C6261895E8B3DFF69FEA0FD75FE35" blockId="22.[151,1437,153,648]" pageId="22" pageNumber="481">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="03521F90895E8B3DFF69FEA0FE35FED9" author="Oates, J. & Fingerut, J." box="[199,496,297,323]" pageId="22" pageNumber="481" pagination="1181 - 1183" refId="ref22593" refString="Oates, J. & Fingerut, J. (2011) Internal Movement of Estuarine Digenetic Trematodes Through Their Intermediate Snail Host Cerithidea californica. Journal of Parasitology, 97, 1181 - 1183. https: // doi. org / 10.1645 / GE- 2766.1" type="journal article" year="2011">Oates and Fingerut (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
used histology to carefully document what is readily observed in fresh dissections: that Euca cercaria, like most or all of the trematodes in the guild, make their way to, and accumulate in, the host snail’s perirectal sinus before exiting the host. The authors used videography to document that the cercariae exit snail tissues from an area near the snail’s anus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="677C6261895E8B3DFF69FE30FE8EFE6D" blockId="22.[151,1437,153,648]" pageId="22" pageNumber="481">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="03521F90895E8B3DFF69FE30FE02FE49" author="Fingerut, J. T. & Zimmer, C. A. & Zimmer, R. K." box="[199,455,441,467]" pageId="22" pageNumber="481" pagination="2502 - 2515" refId="ref19848" refString="Fingerut, J. T., Zimmer, C. A. & Zimmer, R. K. (2003 a) Larval swimming overpowers turbulent mixing and facilitates transmission of a marine parasite. Ecology, 84, 2502 - 2515. https: // doi. org / 10.1890 / 02 - 4035" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Fingerut
|
||
<emphasis id="55B7BE73895E8B3DFE81FE33FEA5FE49" box="[303,352,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="481">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2003a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
presents information on the relationship between cercaria emergence and temperature for this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="677C6261895E8B3DFF69FD88FA9EFD81" blockId="22.[151,1437,153,648]" box="[199,1371,513,539]" pageId="22" pageNumber="481">
|
||
Cercariae of this species are positively phototactic and negatively geotactic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="03521F90895E8B3DFB98FD88FA8AFD81" author="Weinersmith, K. L. & Brown, C. E. & Clingen, K. B. & Jacobsen, M. C. & Topper, L. B. & Hechinger, R. F." box="[1078,1359,513,539]" pageId="22" pageNumber="481" pagination="329 - 333" refId="ref23119" refString="Weinersmith, K. L., Brown, C. E., Clingen, K. B., Jacobsen, M. C., Topper, L. B. & Hechinger, R. F. (2018) Euhaplorchis californiensis Cercariae Exhibit Positive Phototaxis and Negative Geotaxis. Journal of Parasitology, 104, 329 - 333. https: // doi. org / 10.1645 / 17 - 80" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Weinersmith
|
||
<emphasis id="55B7BE73895E8B3DFB7EFD8BFAC7FD81" box="[1232,1282,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="481">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="677C6261895E8B3DFF69FDACFE54FD12" blockId="22.[151,1437,153,648]" pageId="22" pageNumber="481">
|
||
This species is famous for modifying the behavior of its second intermediate host fish. Infected fishes exhibit
|
||
<date id="137D44A1895E8B3DFF39FDC0FF76FDF9" box="[151,179,585,611]" pageId="22" pageNumber="481">8x</date>
|
||
more conspicuous behaviors in the laboratory and are
|
||
<date id="137D44A1895E8B3DFC8AFDC0FCBCFDF9" box="[804,889,585,611]" pageId="22" pageNumber="481" value="2010-10-30">10–30x</date>
|
||
more likely to be eaten by final host birds (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="03521F90895E8B3DFAC7FDC0FE40FD12" author="Lafferty, K. D. & Morris, A. K." pageId="22" pageNumber="481" pagination="1390 - 1397" refId="ref21526" refString="Lafferty, K. D. & Morris, A. K. (1996) Altered behavior of parasitized killifish increases susceptibility to predation by bird final hosts. Ecology, 77, 1390 - 1397. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2265536" type="journal article" year="1996">Lafferty & Morris 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |