212 lines
27 KiB
XML
212 lines
27 KiB
XML
<document id="E455E5465E3FAC570BA5A610A578D32B" ID-CLB-Dataset="24567" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4711.3.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="21de8a76-6a04-45d4-8e81-5fb524718c58" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3586554" ID-ZooBank="85D81C2D-0B66-4C0D-B708-AAF1DAD6018B" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1576823765851" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hechinger, Ryan F." docDate="2019" docId="EF6AD37789598B38FF39F8C0FEDAFDA5" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4711.3.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4711 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Parorchis Nicoll 1907" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="478" masterDocId="1353AB0F89488B2BFFAEFF89FFC5FF9A" masterDocTitle="Guide to the trematodes (Platyhelminthes) that infect the California horn snail (Cerithideopsis californica: Potamididae: Gastropoda) as first intermediate host" masterLastPageNumber="494" masterPageNumber="459" pageNumber="476" updateTime="1698775255321" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="FE54920DCC8768179B0E3295FB6F5933">Guide to the trematodes (Platyhelminthes) that infect the California horn snail (Cerithideopsis californica: Potamididae: Gastropoda) as first intermediate host</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="46B1C656B7B85BE0B822C6D10D98701C">Hechinger, Ryan F.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="EF6AD37789598B38FF39F8C0FEDAFDA5" ID-GBIF-Taxon="160797585" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF6AD37789598B38FF39F8C0FEDAFDA5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EF6AD37789598B38FF39F8C0FEDAFDA5" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="478" pageId="17" pageNumber="476">
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<subSubSection id="2FD931EA89598B3AFF39F8C0FE6FF81D" pageId="17" pageNumber="476" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="677C626189598B3AFF39F8C0FEFCF8F9" blockId="17.[151,426,1865,1927]" box="[151,313,1865,1892]" pageId="17" pageNumber="476">
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<heading id="3C34D50D89598B3AFF39F8C0FEFCF8F9" bold="true" box="[151,313,1865,1892]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="476" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="55B7BE7389598B3AFF39F8C0FEFCF8F9" bold="true" box="[151,313,1865,1892]" pageId="17" pageNumber="476">
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<taxonomicName id="A0C319E289598B3AFF39F8C0FECBF8FE" ID-CoL="7PSL6" authorityName="Nicoll" authorityYear="1907" box="[151,270,1865,1892]" class="Trematoda" family="Philophthalmidae" genus="Parorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="17" pageNumber="476" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="55B7BE7389598B3AFF39F8C0FECBF8FE" bold="true" box="[151,270,1865,1892]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="476">Parorchis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp.
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="677C626189598B3AFF39F8E4FE6FF81D" blockId="17.[151,426,1865,1927]" box="[151,426,1900,1927]" pageId="17" pageNumber="476">
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(9. Pasp;
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<figureCitation id="FFF87EE489598B3AFEAEF8E4FE89F81D" box="[256,332,1901,1927]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1428,1453]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,522,1400]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,522,1400]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. General characteristics of the parthenitae and cercariae of the trematodes infecting Cerithideopsis californica as first intermediate host. Species numbers and codes follow Table 1 and species accounts. Cercariae are all to scale, with additional magnified views of six small species (indicated by dashed lines). Note the oral stylets (presented in right lateral view) for Pruc and Smmi. Parthenitae are not to scale. Scale bars consistently indicate 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3586556" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3586556/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="476">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="FFF87EE489598B3AFEF4F8E5FE67F81D" box="[346,418,1900,1927]" captionStart="FIGURES 35–40" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1103,1128]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,271,1073]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,270,1075]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 35–40. Parorchis sp. (Pasp). 35, Overview of a colony in a freshly deshelled, infected horn snail in sea water. The arrow indicates the colony, which is localized in the gonadal region. Scale bar = 1 cm. Base photo credit: Todd Huspeni. 36, Reproductive redia, live, with developing cercariae, under coverslip pressure. The arrow indicates an attacking soldier redia of Himasthla sp. B from an in vitro experiment (Hechinger et al., 2010). Scale bar = 200 µm. 37, Soldier redia, live. Scale bar = 200 µm. Base photo credit: Andrew Turner. 38, Cercaria, live, under coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 200 µm. 39, Close up of cercaria anterior with particularly obvious tegumental body spines. Scale bar = 100 µm. 40, Developing cercariae, live, under heavy coverslip pressure to make the long esophagi visible. Scale bar = 200 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3586580" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3586580/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="476">35–40</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2FD931EA89598B39FF39F83DFB4AF932" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="477" pageId="17" pageNumber="476" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="677C626189598B39FF39F83DFE8BFF61" blockId="17.[151,1437,1972,2035]" lastBlockId="18.[151,1437,153,251]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="477" pageId="17" pageNumber="476">
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<emphasis id="55B7BE7389598B3AFF39F83DFED1F855" bold="true" box="[151,276,1972,1999]" pageId="17" pageNumber="476">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="55B7BE7389598B3AFEB2F83CFE6DF855" box="[284,424,1973,1999]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="476">Parthenitae.</emphasis>
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Colony comprised of active rediae, densely concentrated in snail gonad region with dispersion into basal visceral mass. Rediae translucent white to colorless, often with prominent pigmented gut; when filled with cercariae, rediae appear opaque white; ~
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<quantity id="A03BCF84895A8B39FD48FF10FC53FF29" box="[742,918,153,179]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="477" unit="mm" value="1500.0" valueMax="2000.0" valueMin="1000.0">1000–2000 µm</quantity>
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long, oblong to elongate (length:width up to ~6:1), often tapers in width gradually toward anterior and posterior ends, with posterior appendages that are often not pronounced.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="33BC32E9895A8B39FF39FBC6FC02FADA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3586580" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3586580" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3586580/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="477" startId="18.[151,264,1103,1128]" targetBox="[151,1436,271,1073]" targetPageId="18">
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<paragraph id="677C6261895A8B39FF39FBC6FC02FADA" blockId="18.[151,1437,1103,1344]" pageId="18" pageNumber="477">
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<emphasis id="55B7BE73895A8B39FF39FBC6FE90FBF2" bold="true" box="[151,341,1103,1128]" pageId="18" pageNumber="477">FIGURES 35–40.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="A0C319E2895A8B39FEF5FBD9FE7BFBF2" authorityName="Nicoll" authorityYear="1907" box="[347,446,1104,1128]" class="Trematoda" family="Philophthalmidae" genus="Parorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="18" pageNumber="477" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="55B7BE73895A8B39FEF5FBD9FE7BFBF2" box="[347,446,1104,1128]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="477">Parorchis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. (Pasp).
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<emphasis id="55B7BE73895A8B39FD96FBC6FD94FBF2" bold="true" box="[568,593,1103,1128]" pageId="18" pageNumber="477">35</emphasis>
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, Overview of a colony in a freshly deshelled, infected horn snail in sea water. The arrow indicates the colony, which is localized in the gonadal region. Scale bar = 1 cm. Base photo credit: Todd Huspeni.
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<emphasis id="55B7BE73895A8B39FAD3FBFAFA53FB16" bold="true" box="[1405,1430,1139,1164]" pageId="18" pageNumber="477">36</emphasis>
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, Reproductive redia, live, with developing cercariae, under coverslip pressure. The arrow indicates an attacking soldier redia of
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<taxonomicName id="A0C319E2895A8B39FF39FB35FEC4FB4E" authorityName="Dietz" authorityYear="1909" box="[151,257,1212,1236]" class="Trematoda" family="Echinostomatidae" genus="Himasthla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="18" pageNumber="477" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="55B7BE73895A8B39FF39FB35FEC4FB4E" box="[151,257,1212,1236]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="477">Himasthla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. B from an
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<emphasis id="55B7BE73895A8B39FE35FB35FE20FB49" box="[411,485,1212,1235]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="477">in vitro</emphasis>
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experiment (
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<bibRefCitation id="03521F90895A8B39FDC5FB32FC90FB4E" author="Hechinger, R. F." box="[619,853,1211,1236]" pageId="18" pageNumber="477" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref20237" refString="Hechinger, R. F. (2010) Mortality affects adaptive allocation to growth and reproduction: field evidence from a guild of body snatchers. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10 (136), 1 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 10 - 136" type="journal article" year="2010">
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Hechinger
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<emphasis id="55B7BE73895A8B39FD70FB35FCD7FB4E" box="[734,786,1212,1236]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="477">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2010
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Scale bar = 200 µm.
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<emphasis id="55B7BE73895A8B39FB90FB32FB92FB4E" bold="true" box="[1086,1111,1211,1236]" pageId="18" pageNumber="477">37</emphasis>
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, Soldier redia, live. Scale bar = 200 µm. Base photo credit: Andrew Turner.
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<emphasis id="55B7BE73895A8B39FDF0FB56FDB2FB62" bold="true" box="[606,631,1247,1272]" pageId="18" pageNumber="477">38</emphasis>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="A0C319E2895A8B39FD28FB56FD1BFB62" authorityName="O.F.Muller" authorityYear="1773" box="[646,734,1247,1272]" class="Trematoda" family="Colepidae" genus="Cercaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Prostomatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="477" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">Cercaria</taxonomicName>
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, live, under coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 200 µm.
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<emphasis id="55B7BE73895A8B39FB50FB56FAD2FB62" bold="true" box="[1278,1303,1247,1272]" pageId="18" pageNumber="477">39</emphasis>
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, Close up of cercaria anterior with particularly obvious tegumental body spines. Scale bar = 100 µm.
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<emphasis id="55B7BE73895A8B39FB8CFA8AFBFEFA86" bold="true" box="[1058,1083,1283,1308]" pageId="18" pageNumber="477">40</emphasis>
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, Developing cercariae, live, under heavy coverslip pressure to make the long esophagi visible. Scale bar = 200 µm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="677C6261895A8B39FF69FAE6FB5CFA4B" blockId="18.[151,1436,1390,2029]" pageId="18" pageNumber="477">
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<emphasis id="55B7BE73895A8B39FF69FAE6FEF6FA13" box="[199,307,1391,1417]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="477">
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<taxonomicName id="A0C319E2895A8B39FF69FAE6FEEAFA13" authorityName="O.F.Muller" authorityYear="1773" box="[199,303,1391,1417]" class="Trematoda" family="Colepidae" genus="Cercaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Prostomatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="477" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">Cercaria</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Body opaque white; non-oculate; with oral and ventral sucker; with indistinct row of collar spines; with body spines covering much of tegument; with long esophagus that bifurcates just anterior to ventral sucker; body ~
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<quantity id="A03BCF84895A8B39FF4AFA3CFEF9FA4B" box="[228,316,1461,1489]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" pageId="18" pageNumber="477" unit="mm" value="425.0">425 µm</quantity>
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long, ~equal in length to tail; tail with distal gland (tip appears invaginated).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="677C6261895A8B39FF69FA50FDC2F9A6" blockId="18.[151,1436,1390,2029]" pageId="18" pageNumber="477">
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<emphasis id="55B7BE73895A8B39FF69FA50FE68FA6E" bold="true" box="[199,429,1497,1524]" pageId="18" pageNumber="477">
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<taxonomicName id="A0C319E2895A8B39FF69FA50FEF5FA6E" authorityName="O.F.Muller" authorityYear="1773" box="[199,304,1497,1524]" class="Trematoda" family="Colepidae" genus="Cercaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Prostomatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="477" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">Cercaria</taxonomicName>
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behavior:
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</emphasis>
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Fresh, emerged cercariae remain in water column, lengthen body and swim by rapidly ventrally folding body with tail extended (often in a somewhat jerky fashion), and will often encyst on dissection dish or in pipette during transfer.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="677C6261895A8B39FF69F9CCFB4AF932" blockId="18.[151,1436,1390,2029]" pageId="18" pageNumber="477">
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<emphasis id="55B7BE73895A8B39FF69F9CCFE44F9FA" bold="true" box="[199,385,1605,1632]" pageId="18" pageNumber="477">Similar species:</emphasis>
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Pasp is most readily distinguished from the only other philophthalmid (Clmi [8]) by having the long esophagus anterior to gut branching. Pasp also has tegumental spines, but these are not always readily observable. Like Clmi, Pasp is easily separated from the himasthlids by having a distal tail gland.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2FD931EA895A8B38FF69F93BFEDAFDA5" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="478" pageId="18" pageNumber="477" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="677C6261895A8B38FF69F93BFB0EFF61" blockId="18.[151,1436,1390,2029]" lastBlockId="19.[151,1437,153,575]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="478" pageId="18" pageNumber="477">
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<emphasis id="55B7BE73895A8B39FF69F93BFEF8F956" bold="true" box="[199,317,1714,1740]" pageId="18" pageNumber="477">Remarks:</emphasis>
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This species corresponds to “
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<taxonomicName id="A0C319E2895A8B39FD3CF93AFCAEF956" box="[658,875,1714,1741]" class="Trematoda" family="Colepidae" genus="Cercaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Prostomatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="477" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cerithidia">
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<emphasis id="55B7BE73895A8B39FD3CF93AFCAEF956" box="[658,875,1714,1741]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="477">Cercaria cerithidia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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2” of
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<bibRefCitation id="03521F90895A8B39FC1BF93AFB9DF956" author="Hunter, W. S." box="[949,1112,1714,1741]" pageId="18" pageNumber="477" refId="ref20845" refString="Hunter, W. S. (1942) Studies on cercariae of the common mud-flat snail, Cerithidea californica. University of California, Los Angeles, 128 pp." type="book" year="1942">Hunter (1942)</bibRefCitation>
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||
.
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<bibRefCitation id="03521F90895A8B39FBCAF93BFAC6F956" author="Martin, W. E." box="[1124,1283,1714,1740]" pageId="18" pageNumber="477" pagination="39 - 43" refId="ref22195" refString="Martin, W. E. (1972) An annotated key to the cercariae that develop in the snail Cerithidea californica. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 71, 39 - 43." type="journal article" year="1972">Martin (1972)</bibRefCitation>
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included this species in his key, asserting it was
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<taxonomicName id="A0C319E2895A8B39FD82F95FFCCDF96A" baseAuthorityName="Nicoll" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[556,776,1750,1776]" class="Trematoda" family="Philophthalmidae" genus="Parorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="18" pageNumber="477" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="acanthus">
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<emphasis id="55B7BE73895A8B39FD82F95FFCCDF96A" box="[556,776,1750,1776]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="477">Parorchis acanthus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which had been reported from European and East Coast North American birds, with first intermediate host infections in neogastropod snails in eastern North America (e.g., Lebour 1914, Stunkard and Cable 1932). The use of taxonomically disparate first intermediate hosts suggests that
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<taxonomicName id="A0C319E2895A8B39FF39F8CAFED8F8C6" baseAuthorityName="Nicoll" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[151,285,1858,1885]" class="Trematoda" family="Philophthalmidae" genus="Parorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="18" pageNumber="477" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="acanthus">
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<emphasis id="55B7BE73895A8B39FF39F8CAFF6DF8C6" box="[151,168,1859,1884]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="477">P</emphasis>
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||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="55B7BE73895A8B39FF16F8CBFED8F8C6" box="[184,285,1858,1884]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="477">acanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
represents a wide-spread species complex. So too, does careful consideration of adult morphologies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="03521F90895A8B39FF31F8EFFE5BF81A" author="Dronen, N. O. & Blend, C. K." box="[159,414,1894,1920]" pageId="18" pageNumber="477" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref19767" refString="Dronen, N. O. & Blend, C. K. (2008) Observations on the Parorchis acanthus complex (Philophthalmidae: Parorchiinae) with the description of three new species of Parorchis Nicoll, 1907 and the replacement of the preoccupied junior homonym Paratrema Dronen & Badley, 1979 with Stenomesotrema nomen novum. Zootaxa, 1843 (1), 1 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1843.1.1" type="journal article" year="2008">Dronen & Blend 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which suggests that there actually may be no
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C319E2895A8B39FC00F8EEFBF7F81A" baseAuthorityName="Nicoll" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[942,1074,1894,1921]" class="Trematoda" family="Philophthalmidae" genus="Parorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="18" pageNumber="477" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="acanthus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B7BE73895A8B39FC00F8EEFC7AF81A" box="[942,959,1895,1920]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="477">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="55B7BE73895A8B39FC63F8EFFBF7F81A" box="[973,1074,1894,1920]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="477">acanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in North America. We have two cryptic species in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="A507AC83895A8B39FECCF803FE11F83E" box="[354,468,1930,1956]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="18" pageNumber="477">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
horn snails, as indicated by analysis of mitochondrial CO1 sequences [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="03521F90895A8B39FB5BF803FA5DF83E" author="Huspeni, T. C." box="[1269,1432,1930,1956]" pageId="18" pageNumber="477" refId="ref20876" refString="Huspeni, T. C. (2000) A molecular genetic analysis of host specificity, continental geography, and recruitment dynamics of a larval trematode in a salt marsh snail. University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, 145 pp." type="book" year="2000">Huspeni 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, unpublished thesis]). The cercariae of one cryptic species appears to be larger than the other (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="03521F90895A8B39FB6EF827FAA1F852" author="Huspeni, T. C." box="[1216,1380,1966,1992]" pageId="18" pageNumber="477" refId="ref20876" refString="Huspeni, T. C. (2000) A molecular genetic analysis of host specificity, continental geography, and recruitment dynamics of a larval trematode in a salt marsh snail. University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, 145 pp." type="book" year="2000">Huspeni 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but we have not yet confirmed how to distinguish them in practice. It may be that one species has more prominent body spines and an esophagus that branches just anterior to the ventral sucker, while the other has less prominent spines with a shorter esophagus, branching ~midway from pharynx to ventral sucker (unpublished observations). Given all the above, it seems best to abandon referring to this species as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C319E2895B8B38FCFBFF6BFC1CFF61" baseAuthorityName="Nicoll" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[853,985,225,251]" class="Trematoda" family="Philophthalmidae" genus="Parorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="19" pageNumber="478" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="acanthus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B7BE73895B8B38FCFBFF6BFCA3FF61" box="[853,870,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="478">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="55B7BE73895B8B38FCDAFF68FC1CFF61" box="[884,985,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="478">acanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, versus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C319E2895B8B38FB98FF68FB61FF61" authorityName="Nicoll" authorityYear="1907" box="[1078,1188,225,251]" class="Trematoda" family="Philophthalmidae" genus="Parorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="19" pageNumber="478" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B7BE73895B8B38FB98FF68FB61FF61" box="[1078,1188,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="478">Parorchis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="677C6261895B8B38FF69FE8CFD56FED9" blockId="19.[151,1437,153,575]" pageId="19" pageNumber="478">
|
||
Mature, ripe colonies comprise ~26% the soft-tissue weight of an infected snail (summer-time estimate derived from information in [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="03521F90895B8B38FE2DFEA0FDBAFED9" author="Hechinger, R. F. & Lafferty, K. D. & Mancini III, F. T. & Warner, R. R. & Kuris, A. M." box="[387,639,296,323]" pageId="19" pageNumber="478" pagination="651 - 667" refId="ref20498" refString="Hechinger, R. F., Lafferty, K. D., Mancini III, F. T., Warner, R. R. & Kuris, A. M. (2009) How large is the hand in the puppet? Ecological and evolutionary factors affecting body mass of 15 trematode parasitic castrators in their snail host. Evolutionary Ecology, 23, 651 - 667. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10682 - 008 - 9262 - 4" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Hechinger
|
||
<emphasis id="55B7BE73895B8B38FDACFEA3FDF6FED9" box="[514,563,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="478">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="677C6261895B8B38FF69FEC4FE67FE11" blockId="19.[151,1437,153,575]" pageId="19" pageNumber="478">
|
||
This species has a caste of soldier rediae (noted in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="03521F90895B8B38FD5CFEC4FBC4FEF2" author="Hechinger, R. F. & Wood, A. C. & Kuris, A. M." box="[754,1025,333,360]" pageId="19" pageNumber="478" pagination="656 - 665" refId="ref20780" refString="Hechinger, R. F., Wood, A. C. & Kuris, A. M. (2011 b) Social organization in a flatworm: trematode parasites form soldier and reproductive castes. Proceedings of the Royal Society: Biological sciences, 278, 656 - 665. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2010.1753" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Hechinger
|
||
<emphasis id="55B7BE73895B8B38FCC3FEC7FC58FEFD" box="[877,925,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="478">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2011b)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and carefully documented in Garcia- Vedrenne
|
||
<emphasis id="55B7BE73895B8B38FEA6FEFBFEFCFE11" box="[264,313,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="478">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. [2016]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="677C6261895B8B38FF69FE1CFACDFE35" blockId="19.[151,1437,153,575]" box="[199,1288,405,432]" pageId="19" pageNumber="478">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="03521F90895B8B38FF69FE1CFE41FE2A" author="Nadakal, A. M." box="[199,388,405,432]" pageId="19" pageNumber="478" pagination="777 - 786" refId="ref22487" refString="Nadakal, A. M. (1960 b) Types and sources of pigments in certain species of larval trematodes. Journal of Parasitology, 46, 777 - 786. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3275532" type="journal article" year="1960">Nadakal (1960b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
presents information on the pigments of the rediae and cercariae of this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="677C6261895B8B38FF69FE30FAB8FE6D" blockId="19.[151,1437,153,575]" pageId="19" pageNumber="478">
|
||
As part of one of the first studies documenting the syncytial nature of trematode integuments,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="03521F90895B8B38FB42FE30FF27FE62" author="Bils, R. F. & Martin, W. E." pageId="19" pageNumber="478" pagination="78 - 88" refId="ref19555" refString="Bils, R. F. & Martin, W. E. (1966) Fine Structure and Development of the Trematode Integument. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 85, 78 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3224777" type="journal article" year="1966">Bils and Martin (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
examined the fine structure and development of the tegument for the rediae and cercariae of this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="677C6261895B8B38FF39FD88FEDAFDA5" blockId="19.[151,1437,153,575]" pageId="19" pageNumber="478">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="03521F90895B8B38FF39FD88FE5CFD81" author="Fingerut, J. T. & Zimmer, C. A. & Zimmer, R. K." box="[151,409,513,539]" pageId="19" pageNumber="478" pagination="2502 - 2515" refId="ref19848" refString="Fingerut, J. T., Zimmer, C. A. & Zimmer, R. K. (2003 a) Larval swimming overpowers turbulent mixing and facilitates transmission of a marine parasite. Ecology, 84, 2502 - 2515. https: // doi. org / 10.1890 / 02 - 4035" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Fingerut
|
||
<emphasis id="55B7BE73895B8B38FF51FD8BFEF7FD81" box="[255,306,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="478">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2003a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
presents information on the relationship between cercaria emergence and temperature for this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |