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<mods:title id="3F206419DDEFB4B75218C5D2BD79E7D9">Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03966A560F2BC72BBABF8911B40DFBDC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7717828" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209449589" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7717828" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03966A560F2BC72BBABF8911B40DFBDC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03966A560F2BC72BBABF8911B40DFBDC" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
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<paragraph id="8B80DB400F2BC72BBABF8911B7D8FDF1" blockId="64.[151,1437,546,1041]" box="[151,694,546,573]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2BC72BBABF8911B5A6FDF1" bold="true" box="[151,200,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">127.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F2BC72BBAF88910B7DCFDF1" ID-CoL="CMJV" authority="(Lucas, 1878)" baseAuthorityName="Lucas" baseAuthorityYear="1878" box="[208,690,546,573]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trimaculatum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2BC72BBAF88910B766FDF1" bold="true" box="[208,520,546,573]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Amblyomma trimaculatum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F2BC72BB8318911B7C4FDF1" author="Lucas, H." box="[537,682,547,573]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="87 - 88" refId="ref226918" refString="Lucas, H. (1878) Note sur Arachnide tracheeme nouvelle, l' Ixodes trimaculatus. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 2 e Partie, Bulletin des Seances, Serie 5, 8, 87 - 88." type="journal article" year="1878">Lucas, 1878</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F2BC72BB8958911B6E3FD65" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F2BC72BB8958911B6E3FD65" blockId="64.[151,1437,546,1041]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
Australasian: 1)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F2BC72BB9518911B68DFDF1" box="[889,995,547,573]" name="Australia" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Australia</collectingCountry>
, 2)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F2BC72BBE388911B113FDF1" box="[1040,1149,547,573]" name="Indonesia" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(east of Wallaces Line), 3)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F2BC72BBA9F8975B4FAFDAD" box="[183,404,583,609]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
, 4)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F2BC72BBB978975B7EEFDAD" box="[447,640,583,609]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
; Oriental: 1)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F2BC72BB93F8975B6EAFDAD" box="[791,900,583,609]" name="Indonesia" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(west of Wallaces Line), 2)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F2BC72BBEE78975B03EFDAD" box="[1231,1360,583,609]" name="Philippines" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Philippines</collectingCountry>
, 3)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F2BC72BBF548975B58EFD49" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
, 4)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F2BC72BBB248959B41EFD49" box="[268,368,619,645]" name="Thailand" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Thailand</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F2BC72BBBA98959B72CFD49" author="Warburton, C." box="[385,578,618,645]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="255 - 256" refId="ref264089" refString="Warburton, C. (1925) Reports on Ixodidae of the Colombo Museum. Spolia Zeylanica, 13, 255 - 256." type="journal article" year="1925">Warburton, 1925</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F2BC72BB8658959B785FD49" author="Anastos, G." box="[589,747,618,645]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="1 - 144" refId="ref168815" refString="Anastos, G. (1950) The scutate ticks, or Ixodidae, of Indonesia. Entomologica Americana, 30, 1 - 144." type="journal article" year="1950">Anastos 1950</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F2BC72BB8DF8959B6FCFD49" author="Roberts, F. H. S." box="[759,914,619,645]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" refId="ref247734" refString="Roberts, F. H. S. (1970) Australian ticks. CSIRO, Melbourne, 267 pp." type="book" year="1970">Roberts 1970</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F2BC72BB9B68959B129FD49" author="Keirans, J. E." box="[926,1095,618,645]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="1 - 1785" refId="ref214582" refString="Keirans, J. E. (1985 b) George Henry Falkiner Nuttall and the Nuttall tick catalogue. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Miscellaneous Publication, (1438), 1 - 1785. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65326" type="journal article" year="1985">Keirans 1985b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F2BC72BBE7B8959B042FD49" author="Durden, L. A. &amp; Merker, S. &amp; Beati, L." box="[1107,1324,619,645]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="85 - 110" refId="ref189743" refString="Durden, L. A., Merker, S. &amp; Beati, L. (2008) The tick fauna of Sulawesi, Indonesia (Acari: Ixodoidea: Argasidae and Ixodidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 45, 85 - 110. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10493 - 008 - 9144 - z" type="journal article" year="2008">
Durden
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2BC72BBE878959B187FD49" box="[1199,1257,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F2BC72BBF118959B5BFFD65" author="Burridge, M. J." pageId="64" pageNumber="65" refId="ref178986" refString="Burridge, M. J. (2011) Non-Native and Invasive Ticks. Threats to Human and Animal Health in the United States. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, 448 pp." type="book" year="2011">Burridge 2011</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F2BC72BBAF489BDB40EFD65" author="Owen, I. L." box="[220,352,655,681]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="1 - 163" refId="ref240497" refString="Owen, I. L. (2011) Parasites of animals in Papua New Guinea recorded at the National Veterinary Laboratory: a catalogue, historical review and zoogeographical affiliations. Zootaxa, 3143, 1 - 163. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3143.1.1" type="journal article" year="2011">Owen 2011</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F2BC72BBB4389BDB7C8FD65" author="Liyanaarachchi, D. R. &amp; Rajakaruna, R. S. &amp; Dikkumbura, A. &amp; De Silva, A. &amp; Rajapakse, R. P. V. J." box="[363,678,654,681]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="146 - 148" refId="ref226043" refString="Liyanaarachchi, D. R., Rajakaruna, R. S., Dikkumbura, A. W, De Silva, A. &amp; Rajapakse, R. P. V. J. (2015 b) Ticks (Acarina: Ixodida) infesting five reptile species in Sri Lanka with sixteen new host records. Zootaxa, 3964, 146 - 148. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3964.1.11" type="journal article" year="2015">
Liyanaarachchi
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2BC72BB83789BDB739FD65" box="[543,599,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">et al.</emphasis>
2015b
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F2BC72BB89A89BDB6EFFD65" author="Petney, T. N. &amp; Saijuntha, W. &amp; Boulanger, N. &amp; Chitimia-Dobler, L. &amp; Pfeffer, M. &amp; Eamudomkarn, C. &amp; Andrews, R. H. &amp; Ahamad, M. &amp; Putthasorn, N. &amp; Muders, S. V. &amp; Petney, D. A. &amp; Robbins, R. G." box="[690,897,655,681]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="1 - 89" refId="ref243024" refString="Petney, T. N., Saijuntha, W., Boulanger, N., Chitimia-Dobler, L., Pfeffer, M., Eamudomkarn, C., Andrews, R. H., Ahamad, M., Putthasorn, N., Muders, S. V., Petney, D. A. &amp; Robbins, R. G. (2019) Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia. Zootaxa, 4558, 1 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4558.1.1" type="journal article" year="2019">
Petney
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2BC72BB92D89BDB653FD65" box="[773,829,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">et al.</emphasis>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F2BC72BBAEF8981B40DFBDC" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F2BC72BBAEF8981B158FCF5" blockId="64.[151,1437,546,1041]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
Most records of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F2BC72BBBA28981B7D9FD01" baseAuthorityName="Lucas" baseAuthorityYear="1878" box="[394,695,691,717]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trimaculatum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2BC72BBBA28981B7D9FD01" box="[394,695,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Amblyomma trimaculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been published under the name
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2BC72BBE5C8981B0F3FD01" box="[1140,1437,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F2BC72BBE5C8981B0F7FD01" box="[1140,1433,691,717]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Aponomma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trimaculatum">Aponomma trimaculatum</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The morphological definition of this species is somewhat unclear (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F2BC72BB9AC89E5B178FD3D" author="Wilson, N." box="[900,1046,727,753]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="285 - 288" refId="ref265162" refString="Wilson, N. (1969) Ticks (Metastigmata: Ixodidae) collected by the Noona Dan expedition to the Philippine and Bismarck archipelagos. Entomologiske Meddelelser, 37, 285 - 288." type="journal article" year="1969">Wilson 1969</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F2BC72BBE0989E5B1D1FD3D" author="Kolonin, G. V." box="[1057,1215,727,753]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" refId="ref221361" refString="Kolonin, G. V. (2009) Fauna of ixodid ticks of the world. https: // archive. is / CtZk. Last accessed February 11, 2022." type="url" year="2009">Kolonin 2009</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F2BC72BBEE389E5B5BDFCD9" author="Guglielmone, A. A. &amp; Petney, T. N. &amp; Robbins, R. G." pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="1 - 322" refId="ref199904" refString="Guglielmone, A. A., Petney, T. N. &amp; Robbins, R. G. (2020) Ixodidae (Acari: Ixodoidea): descriptions and redescriptions of all known species from 1758 to December 31, 2019. Zootaxa, 4871, 1 - 322. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4871.1.1" type="journal article" year="2020">
Guglielmone
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2BC72BBF4C89E5B0F3FD3D" box="[1380,1437,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">et al.</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
), and morphological identification of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F2BC72BB8A089C9B6DAFCD9" baseAuthorityName="Lucas" baseAuthorityYear="1878" box="[648,948,763,789]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trimaculatum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2BC72BB8A089C9B6DAFCD9" box="[648,948,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Amblyomma trimaculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is therefore difficult. As a result, the geographic distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F2BC72BBBB1882DB7ADFCF5" baseAuthorityName="Lucas" baseAuthorityYear="1878" box="[409,707,799,825]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trimaculatum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2BC72BBBB1882DB7ADFCF5" box="[409,707,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Amblyomma trimaculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be considered cautiously.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F2BC72BBAEF8871B40DFBDC" blockId="64.[151,1437,546,1041]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F2BC72BBAEF8871B4D7FC91" author="Camicas, J. L. &amp; Hervy, J. P. &amp; Adam, F. &amp; Morel, P. C." box="[199,441,835,861]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" refId="ref179770" refString="Camicas, J. L., Hervy, J. P., Adam, F. &amp; Morel, P. C. (1998) Les tiques du monde. Nomenclature, stades decrits, hotes, repartition (Acarida, Ixodida). Orstom, Paris, 233 pp." type="book" year="1998">
Camicas
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2BC72BBB078871B406FC91" box="[303,360,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">et al.</emphasis>
(1998)
</bibRefCitation>
regarded
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F2BC72BB8028871B63AFC91" baseAuthorityName="Lucas" baseAuthorityYear="1878" box="[554,852,835,861]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trimaculatum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2BC72BB8028871B63AFC91" box="[554,852,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Amblyomma trimaculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(under the former genus
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F2BC72BBE598871B19FFC91" box="[1137,1265,835,861]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Aponomma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2BC72BBE598871B19FFC91" box="[1137,1265,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Aponomma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) as an Australasian species, but Guglielmone
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2BC72BBBDE8855B743FC4D" box="[502,557,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">et al.</emphasis>
(2014) also accepted as valid records from the Oriental Region.
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F2BC72BBEDA8855B0F2FC4D" author="Anastos, G." box="[1266,1436,870,897]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="1 - 144" refId="ref168815" refString="Anastos, G. (1950) The scutate ticks, or Ixodidae, of Indonesia. Entomologica Americana, 30, 1 - 144." type="journal article" year="1950">Anastos (1950)</bibRefCitation>
doubted records of this tick from
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F2BC72BB83B88B9B714FC69" box="[531,634,907,933]" name="Australia" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Australia</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F2BC72BB89B88B9B64AFC69" box="[691,804,907,933]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
, but the presence of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F2BC72BBE3888B9B055FC69" baseAuthorityName="Lucas" baseAuthorityYear="1878" box="[1040,1339,907,933]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trimaculatum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2BC72BBE3888B9B055FC69" box="[1040,1339,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Amblyomma trimaculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in those countries is supported by records published after 1950. Nevertheless, morphological and molecular comparisons of specimens from different populations of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F2BC72BB87188E1B6ECFC21" baseAuthorityName="Lucas" baseAuthorityYear="1878" box="[601,898,979,1005]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trimaculatum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2BC72BB87188E1B6ECFC21" box="[601,898,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Amblyomma trimaculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might be expected to shed light on the systematics of this species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>