473 lines
57 KiB
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473 lines
57 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="37FF76EA83A70924B9A8C851E76F7D87">Revision of the poorly known Neotropical butterfly genus Zischkaia Forster, 1964 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), with descriptions of nine new species</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="FACC1AD300925E7BF0439A5268CC7F7D">McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA. & Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA. & Departamento de Entomología, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="DE1C29B60AE45C2D43F846F6883500B7">McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA. & Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="3351658EC4C080D1036E22D3EFAF7467">McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="03F587B3FF8FFF98070DFDCF13AEFA32" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3477362" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159660806" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3477362" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AF533240-EA7F-41D3-8100-F9675291FF95" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F587B3FF8FFF98070DFDCF13AEFA32" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D26FF8FFF9A070DFDCF14ABFDBC" authority="Nakahara" authorityName="Nakahara " authorityYear="2019" box="[580,905,588,615]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Zischkaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arctoa" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B928EAB7FF8FFF9A070DFDCF142DFDBD" bold="true" box="[580,783,588,615]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Zischkaia arctoa</emphasis>
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Nakahara
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,
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<figureCitation id="13672A20FF8FFF9A07E2FD1715D1FD74" box="[683,755,660,686]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1648,1674]" captionTargetBox="[262,1313,277,1607]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[257,1315,265,1627]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 2. Zischkaia “pacarus clade”, wing plate. A–B. Z. amalda (Weymer, 1911), lectotype, ♂, dorsal and ventral views. C–D. Z. arctoa Nakahara, sp. nov., paratype, ♂ (in RFC, collected in 1975), dorsal and ventral views. E–F. Z. chullachaki Nakahara & Zacca, sp. nov., holotype, ♂, dorsal and ventral views. G–H. Z. chullachaki sp. nov., paratype, ♀ (DZ 36. 508), dorsal and ventral views. I–J. Z. baku Zacca, Dolibaina & Dias, sp. nov., holotype, ♂, dorsal and ventral views. K–L. Z. baku sp. nov., paratype, ♀ (DZ 36. 404), dorsal and ventral views. M–N. Z. arenisca Nakahara, Willmott & Hall, sp. nov., holotype, ♂, dorsal and ventral views. O–P. Z. arenisca sp. nov., paratype, ♀ (FLMNH-MGCL 297320), dorsal and ventral views. Q–R. Z. argyrosflecha Nakahara, L. Miller & Huertas, sp. nov., holotype, ♂, dorsal and ventral views. S–T. Z. pacarus (Godart, [1824]), neotype, ♂, dorsal and ventral views. U–V. Z. pacarus, ♀ (DZ 36. 909), dorsal and ventral views. W–X. Z. abanico Nakahara & Petit, sp. nov., holotype, ♂, dorsal and ventral views. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3476680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3476680/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figs 2</figureCitation>
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C–D,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A20FF8FFF9A0673FD171468FD74" box="[826,842,660,686]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[189,232,906,932]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,862]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[189,1398,265,862]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 4. Zischkaia “pacarus clade”, male genitalia. A. Z. amalda (Weymer, 1911), lectotype, ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (winglet on aedeagus shown inside rectangle) (Genitalic vial: SN-17- 21). B. Z. arctoa Nakahara, sp. nov., ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (Genitalic vial: SN-17-9). C. Z. chullachaki Nakahara & Zacca, sp. nov., ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (Genitalic vial: DZ 21. 235). D. Z. baku Zacca, Dolibaina & Dias, sp. nov., ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (Genitalic vial: DZ 5. 573). E. Z. arenisca Nakahara, Willmott & Hall, sp. nov., ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (Genitalic vial: SN-17-16). F. Z. argyrosflecha Nakahara, L. Miller & Huertas, sp. nov. ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (two winglets on aedeagus shown inside rectangle) (Genitalic vial: M-9142 ♂, Lee D. Miller). G. Z. pacarus (Godart, [1824]), ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (Genitalic vial: DZ 5. 578). H. Z. abanico Nakahara & Petit, sp. nov., ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (Genitalic vial: 575/19.07.2017, J. Lorenc-Brudecka, MZUJ)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3476684" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3476684/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">4</figureCitation>
|
||
B,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A20FF8FFF9A0622FD1714AAFD74" box="[875,904,660,686]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="56.[189,232,1998,2024]" captionTargetBox="[199,1389,642,1946]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[189,1398,633,1956]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="Fig. 14. Distribution maps for taxa of Zischkaia Forster, 1964." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3476704" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3476704/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">14</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346652EFF8FFF9A05F4FD5516C9FBE5" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FF8FFF9A05F4FD551614FD2A" blockId="21.[189,310,726,752]" box="[189,310,726,752]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<heading id="D0AB81C9FF8FFF9A05F4FD551614FD2A" bold="true" box="[189,310,726,752]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FF8FFF9A05F4FD551614FD2A" bold="true" box="[189,310,726,752]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FF8FFF9A05F4FC8516C9FBE5" blockId="21.[189,1399,773,1087]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D26FF8FFF9A05F4FC8516A6FCC5" authority="Nakahara & Zacca & Dias & Dolibaina & Xiao & Espeland & Casagrande & Mielke & Lamas & Huertas & Kleckner & Willmott, 2019" authorityName="Nakahara & Zacca & Dias & Dolibaina & Xiao & Espeland & Casagrande & Mielke & Lamas & Huertas & Kleckner & Willmott" authorityYear="2019" box="[189,388,774,800]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Zischkaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arctoa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FF8FFF9A05F4FC8516A6FCC5" box="[189,388,774,800]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Zischkaia arctoa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21B57CCFF8FFF9A04C4FC8516C8FCFA" box="[397,490,774,800]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D26FF8FFF9A07C2FC851426FCFA" box="[651,772,774,800]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Zischkaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amalda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FF8FFF9A07C2FC851426FCFA" box="[651,772,774,800]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Z. amalda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but is distinguished by the concavity of the ventral margin of the apical process of the valva, in addition to the distal margin of the winglet of the aedeagus being shorter compared to the basal margin. The ventral margin of the apical process of the valva is less concave than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D26FF8FFF9A0430FCF116CDFC51" box="[377,495,881,907]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Zischkaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amalda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FF8FFF9A0430FCF116CDFC51" box="[377,495,881,907]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Z. amalda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the length of the distal margin of the winglet of the aedeagus is similar to that of the basal margin in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D26FF8FFF9A04BEFC15154CFC75" box="[503,622,917,943]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Zischkaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amalda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FF8FFF9A04BEFC15154CFC75" box="[503,622,917,943]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Z. amalda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, given the limited number of specimens of both species available for examination, we suggest diagnosing these two species based on their locality;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D26FF8FFF9A0043FC391255FC09" authority="Nakahara & Zacca & Dias & Dolibaina & Xiao & Espeland & Casagrande & Mielke & Lamas & Huertas & Kleckner & Willmott, 2019" authorityName="Nakahara & Zacca & Dias & Dolibaina & Xiao & Espeland & Casagrande & Mielke & Lamas & Huertas & Kleckner & Willmott" authorityYear="2019" box="[1290,1399,954,979]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Zischkaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arctoa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FF8FFF9A0043FC391255FC09" box="[1290,1399,954,979]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Z. arctoa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21B57CCFF8FFF9A05F4FC5D163AFC22" box="[189,280,990,1016]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is currently known from the Cordillera de la Costa,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B7635FF8FFF9A06CBFC5E14D9FC2D" box="[898,1019,989,1015]" name="Venezuela" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D26FF8FFF9A017DFC5D138EFC2D" box="[1076,1196,989,1015]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Zischkaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amalda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FF8FFF9A017DFC5D138EFC2D" box="[1076,1196,989,1015]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Z. amalda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known to date from the east Andean foothills from central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B7635FF8FFF9A0799FB811424FBC6" box="[720,774,1026,1052]" name="Peru" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B7635FF8FFF9A0679FB8214A8FBC1" box="[816,906,1025,1051]" name="Bolivia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. We do not know of any putative female specimen for this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346652EFF8FFF9A05F4FBE415BEFB23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FF8FFF9A05F4FBE41666FB5B" blockId="21.[189,324,1127,1153]" box="[189,324,1127,1153]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<heading id="D0AB81C9FF8FFF9A05F4FBE41666FB5B" bold="true" box="[189,324,1127,1153]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FF8FFF9A05F4FBE41666FB5B" bold="true" box="[189,324,1127,1153]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FF8FFF9A05F4FB1515BEFB23" blockId="21.[189,1398,1174,1273]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
This specific epithet is based on the feminine Latin adjective ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D26FF8FFF9A06D0FB1414C7FB6A" authorityName="Nakahara & Zacca & Dias & Dolibaina & Xiao & Espeland & Casagrande & Mielke & Lamas & Huertas & Kleckner & Willmott" authorityYear="2019" box="[921,997,1175,1200]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Zischkaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arctoa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FF8FFF9A06D0FB1414C7FB6A" box="[921,997,1175,1200]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">arctoa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’, in accordance with the feminine generic name, meaning ‘northern’, ‘of the far north’, in reference to the fact that this species is the most northerly occurring species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D26FF8FFF9A076AFB5D15B7FB22" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1964" box="[547,661,1246,1272]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Zischkaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FF8FFF9A076AFB5D15B7FB22" box="[547,661,1246,1272]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Zischkaia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346652EFF8FFF9A05F4FAA2131BF95E" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FF8FFF9A05F4FAA216CEFAE0" blockId="21.[189,492,1312,1339]" box="[189,492,1312,1339]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<heading id="D0AB81C9FF8FFF9A05F4FAA216CEFAE0" bold="true" box="[189,492,1312,1339]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FF8FFF9A05F4FAA216CEFAE0" bold="true" box="[189,492,1312,1339]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Type material examined</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B343CF8FF8FFF9A05A3FAD3169DFA0C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2425040032" collectingDate="1943-07-28" collectionCode="FLMNH" collectorName="R. Lichy & S. Nakahara" country="Venezuela" elevation="760" location="DIST. FEDERAL Massif du Naiguata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCode="MGCL 1036042" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FF8FFF9A05A3FAD3167EFAB0" blockId="21.[189,1399,1360,1494]" box="[234,348,1360,1386]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FF8FFF9A05A3FAD3167EFAB0" bold="true" box="[234,348,1360,1386]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E78807FF8FFF9A05A3FAD3167EFAB0" box="[234,348,1360,1386]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FF8FFF9A05F4FAF7169DFA0C" blockId="21.[189,1399,1360,1494]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B7635FF8FFF9A05F4FAF71649FA54" box="[189,363,1396,1422]" name="Venezuela" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">VENEZUELA</collectingCountry>
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FF8FFF9A043AFAF716B9FA54" bold="true" box="[371,411,1394,1422]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D5AFD2CFF8FFF9A04CCFAF116B9FA54" box="[389,411,1394,1422]" count="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; “
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FF8FFF9A04F1FAF016EAFA57" bold="true" box="[440,456,1395,1421]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">//</emphasis>
|
||
VENEZUELA:
|
||
<location id="8E83607EFF8FFF9A07C7FAF7136FFA54" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F587B3FF8FFF98070DFDCF13AEFA32:8E83607EFF8FFF9A07C7FAF7136FFA54" box="[654,1101,1396,1422]" country="Venezuela" name="DIST. FEDERAL Massif du Naiguata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">DIST. FEDERAL Massif du Naiguata</location>
|
||
<quantity id="4CA49B40FF8FFF9A011DFAF713FFFA54" box="[1108,1245,1396,1422]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.6" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="7.2" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="760.0" valueMax="800.0" valueMin="720.0">
|
||
<elevation id="0071D196FF8FFF9A011DFAF713FFFA54" box="[1108,1245,1396,1422]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.6" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="7.2" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="760.0" valueMax="800.0" valueMin="720.0">720–800 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<date id="FFE21065FF8FFF9A01A1FAF71250FA54" box="[1256,1394,1396,1422]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1943-07-28">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFA6E98DFF8FFF9A01A1FAF71250FA54" box="[1256,1394,1396,1422]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1943-07-28">28.vii 1943</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="26A95373FF8FFF9A05F4FA1B1607FA68" box="[189,293,1432,1458]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">R. Lichy</collectorName>
|
||
// Allyn Museum Acc. 1986-5// Genitalic vial SN-17-73
|
||
<collectorName id="26A95373FF8FFF9A069CFA1B1344FA68" box="[981,1126,1432,1458]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">S. Nakahara</collectorName>
|
||
// UF FLMNH
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBFA9EDEFF8FFF9A006AFA1B160AFA0F" collectionCode="FLMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/24h4-51mc" name="Florida Museum of Natural History" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="Museum">MGCL 1036042</specimenCode>
|
||
//”;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4DAE60FF8FFF9A0419FA3F1699FA0C" box="[336,443,1468,1494]" collectionName="FLMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/24h4-51mc" name="Florida Museum of Natural History" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="Museum">FLMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B343CF8FF8FFF9A05A3FA7D1391F9E6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2425040069" collectionCode="RFC" collectorName="Choroni" country="Venezuela" elevation="1250" latitude="10.483334" location="Aragua" longLatPrecision="1298" longitude="-67.61667" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-male="4" stateProvince="Aragua" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FF8FFF9A05A3FA7D16E7F9C2" blockId="21.[189,1399,1534,1668]" box="[234,453,1534,1560]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FF8FFF9A05A3FA7D1645F9C2" bold="true" box="[234,359,1534,1560]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E78807FF8FFF9A05A3FA7D1645F9C2" box="[234,359,1534,1560]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D5AFD2CFF8FFF9A0430FA7D169EF9C2" box="[377,444,1534,1560]" count="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="male">3 ♂♂</specimenCount>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FF8FFF9A05F4F9A1131BF95E" blockId="21.[189,1399,1534,1668]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B7635FF8FFF9A05F4F9A11649F9E6" box="[189,363,1570,1596]" name="Venezuela" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">VENEZUELA</collectingCountry>
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FF8FFF9A043DF9A116C9F9E1" bold="true" box="[372,491,1569,1596]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
–
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4998F847FF8FFF9A04C5F9A216C9F9E1" box="[396,491,1569,1595]" country="Venezuela" name="Aragua" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Aragua</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D5AFD2CFF8FFF9A074FF9A11514F9E6" box="[518,566,1570,1596]" count="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="26A95373FF8FFF9A070DF9A1158AF9E6" box="[580,680,1570,1596]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Choroní</collectorName>
|
||
; [
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE685062FF8FFF9A07F4F9A3140FF9E6" box="[701,813,1568,1596]" degrees="10" direction="north" minutes="29" orientation="latitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="925" value="10.483334">10°29′ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE685062FF8FFF9A0673F9A31492F9E6" box="[826,944,1568,1596]" degrees="67" direction="west" minutes="37" orientation="longitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="925" value="-67.61667">67°37′ W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
];
|
||
<quantity id="4CA49B40FF8FFF9A068FF9A21301F9E6" box="[966,1059,1569,1596]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="1250.0">
|
||
<elevation id="0071D196FF8FFF9A068FF9A21301F9E6" box="[966,1059,1569,1596]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="1250.0">1250 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
; 1975;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4DAE60FF8FFF9A0135F9A11391F9E6" box="[1148,1203,1570,1596]" collectionName="RFC" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">RFC</collectionCode>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B343CF8FF8FFF9A0199F9A115DDF9BA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2425040165" collectingDate="1979-05" collectionCode="RFC" country="Venezuela" elevation="850" latitude="10.483334" location="Choroni" longLatPrecision="1298" longitude="-67.61667" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Aragua">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D5AFD2CFF8FFF9A0199F9A11222F9E6" box="[1232,1280,1570,1596]" count="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="8E83607EFF8FFF9A0047F9A11250F9E6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F587B3FF8FFF98070DFDCF13AEFA32:8E83607EFF8FFF9A0047F9A11250F9E6" box="[1294,1394,1570,1596]" country="Venezuela" latitude="10.483334" longLatPrecision="1298" longitude="-67.61667" name="Choroni" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" stateProvince="Aragua">Choroní</location>
|
||
; [
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE685062FF8FFF9A058DF9C71614F9BA" box="[196,310,1604,1632]" degrees="10" direction="north" minutes="29" orientation="latitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="925" value="10.483334">10°29′ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE685062FF8FFF9A040FF9C7169CF9BA" box="[326,446,1604,1632]" degrees="67" direction="west" minutes="37" orientation="longitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="925" value="-67.61667">67°37′ W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
];
|
||
<quantity id="4CA49B40FF8FFF9A049CF9C61504F9BA" box="[469,550,1605,1632]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="850.0">
|
||
<elevation id="0071D196FF8FFF9A049CF9C61504F9BA" box="[469,550,1605,1632]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="850.0">850 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="FFE21065FF8FFF9A077FF9C51597F9BA" box="[566,693,1606,1632]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1979-05">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFA6E98DFF8FFF9A077FF9C51597F9BA" box="[566,693,1606,1632]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1979-05">May 1979</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4DAE60FF8FFF9A078DF9C515DDF9BA" box="[708,767,1606,1632]" collectionName="RFC" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">RFC</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
. –
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B343CF8FF8FFF9A066EF9C61314F95E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2425040071" collectingDate="1940-06-03" collectionCode="FLMNH" collectorName="R. Lichy" country="Venezuela" latitude="10.516666" location="Massif du Naiguata" longLatPrecision="1297" longitude="-66.816666" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCode="FLMNH-MGCL-1036041" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Miranda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FF8FFF9A066EF9C614B4F985" bold="true" box="[807,918,1605,1631]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4998F847FF8FFF9A066EF9C614B4F985" box="[807,918,1605,1631]" country="Venezuela" name="Miranda" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Miranda</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D5AFD2CFF8FFF9A06FFF9C514CBF9BA" box="[950,1001,1606,1632]" count="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="8E83607EFF8FFF9A06B0F9C513C8F9BA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F587B3FF8FFF98070DFDCF13AEFA32:8E83607EFF8FFF9A06B0F9C513C8F9BA" box="[1017,1258,1606,1632]" country="Venezuela" latitude="10.516666" longLatPrecision="1297" longitude="-66.816666" name="Massif du Naiguata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" stateProvince="Miranda">Massif du Naiguatá</location>
|
||
; [
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE685062FF8FFF9A0049F9C71250F9BA" box="[1280,1394,1604,1632]" degrees="10" direction="north" minutes="31" orientation="latitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="925" value="10.516666">10°31′ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE685062FF8FFF9A05F4F9EB1610F95E" box="[189,306,1640,1668]" degrees="66" direction="west" minutes="49" orientation="longitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="925" value="-66.816666">66°49′ W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
];
|
||
<date id="FFE21065FF8FFF9A040FF9E916F3F95E" box="[326,465,1642,1668]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1940-06-03">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFA6E98DFF8FFF9A040FF9E916F3F95E" box="[326,465,1642,1668]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1940-06-03">3 Jun. 1940</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="26A95373FF8FFF9A0494F9E91561F959" box="[477,579,1641,1668]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">R. Lichy</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBFA9EDEFF8FFF9A07CFF9EA149DF959" box="[646,959,1641,1667]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">FLMNH-MGCL-1036041</specimenCode>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4DAE60FF8FFF9A0682F9E91314F95E" box="[971,1078,1642,1668]" collectionName="FLMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/24h4-51mc" name="Florida Museum of Natural History" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="Museum">FLMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346652EFF8FFF9805F4F92F144EFC7E" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FF8FFF9A05F4F92F166CF91C" blockId="21.[189,334,1708,1734]" box="[189,334,1708,1734]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<heading id="D0AB81C9FF8FFF9A05F4F92F166CF91C" bold="true" box="[189,334,1708,1734]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FF8FFF9A05F4F92F166CF91C" bold="true" box="[189,334,1708,1734]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Description</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FF8FFF9A05A3F9581608F92F" blockId="21.[189,627,1755,1817]" box="[234,298,1755,1781]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FF8FFF9A05A3F9581608F92F" bold="true" box="[234,298,1755,1781]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Male</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FF8FFF9A05F4F97C1551F8C3" blockId="21.[189,627,1755,1817]" box="[189,627,1791,1817]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
FOREWING LENGTH.
|
||
<quantity id="4CA49B40FF8FFF9A04DFF97C1537F8C3" box="[406,533,1791,1817]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="2.1" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="22.0" valueMax="23.0" valueMin="21.0">21–23 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 4).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FF8FFF9905F4F8C2136FFEB7" blockId="21.[189,1399,1857,2027]" lastBlockId="22.[189,1398,267,366]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">HEAD. Eyes naked, with grayish scales at base; frons brownish; post-genal area with lightly colored long hair-like scales and grayish scales; labial palpi with first segment mostly with brownish long hairlike scales; second segment length almost twice as great as eye depth and adorned with brown scales laterally, dorsally mostly with light brownish long hair-like scales, ventrally adorned with brownish and white hair-like scales, about 3–4 times as long as segment width; third segment about two-fifth of second segment in length and covered with brownish scales, ventrally with brownish hair-like scales, with slight patch of creamy-white scales laterally; antennae approximately two-fifth of forewing length, with ca 39 segments (n = 1), distal 13–15 segments composing club, club not prominent.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FF8CFF9905F4FE161629FE09" blockId="22.[189,1399,405,467]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">THORAX. Dorsally, laterally and ventrally scattered with grayish scales with long multi-colored hair-like scales.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FF8CFF9905F4FE78138DFD86" blockId="22.[189,1398,507,605]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">LEGS. Foreleg brownish, foretarsus slightly shorter than tibia, femur similar to tarsus in length; midleg and hindleg with femur creamy white ventrally, tibia and tarsus grayish dorsally, whitish ventrally, tarsus and tibia spined ventrally, and a pair of tibial spurs present at distal end of tibia.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FF8CFF9905F4FD071461FD18" blockId="22.[189,1399,644,707]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">ABDOMEN. Eighth tergite as stripe at base of eighth abdominal segment, in addition to presence of distal broader patch; eighth sternite divided into two patches.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FF8CFF9905F4FD681358FCF2" blockId="22.[189,1399,746,814]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
WING VENATION. Basal half of forewing Subcosta swollen; base of Cubitus swollen; forewing recurrent vein absent; origin of M
|
||
<subScript id="17D834E0FF8CFF990491FCA316C3FCF4" attach="left" box="[472,481,800,814]" fontSize="6" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">2</subScript>
|
||
towards M
|
||
<subScript id="17D834E0FF8CFF99072EFCA31552FCF4" attach="left" box="[615,624,800,814]" fontSize="6" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">1</subScript>
|
||
than M
|
||
<subScript id="17D834E0FF8CFF990783FCA315F1FCF4" attach="left" box="[714,723,800,814]" fontSize="6" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">3</subScript>
|
||
; hindwing humeral vein developed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FF8CFF9905F4FCD313E2FC0F" blockId="22.[189,1399,848,982]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">WING SHAPE. Forewing subtriangular, apex rounded, costal margin convex, outer margin slightly convex (almost straight), inner margin straight, but rounded towards thorax near base; hindwing slightly elongate, rounded, costal margin almost straight, angled towards thorax near base, outer margin slightly undulating, inner margin slightly concave near tornus, anal lobe convex, slightly round.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FF8CFF9905F4FC7D1608FB85" blockId="22.[189,1398,1021,1119]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">DORSAL FOREWING. Ground color light brownish, distally slightly paler; black androconial scales, not prominent, present in middle of DFW, from base to submedian area; trace of submarginal band almost invisible.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FF8CFF9905F4FB04164DFB33" blockId="22.[189,1399,1159,1257]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">DORSAL HINDWING. Ground color similar to forewing, black androconial scales present in discal and adjacent area, not as prominent as DFW; trace of submarginal band almost invisible (clearly visible in one specimen).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FF8CFF9905F4FA921565FA63" blockId="22.[189,1398,1296,1466]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
VENTRAL FOREWING. Ground color light chestnut brown; submedian line invisible; dark brown narrow median line extends from near costa to Cu
|
||
<subScript id="17D834E0FF8CFF99078CFAC515ECFA8E" attach="left" box="[709,718,1350,1364]" fontSize="6" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">2</subScript>
|
||
-2A, in outward diagonal direction, concolorous slightly sinuate submarginal line extending from apex towards tornus, but terminates around 2A; concolorous marginal line, narrower than submarginal line, extending from apex towards tornus, but terminates around 2A; fringe dark brownish.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FF8CFF9905F4FA61156DF8BB" blockId="22.[189,1399,1505,1889]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
VENTRAL HINDWING. Ground color similar to forewing; regular dark-brown submedian line almost straight, extending from costal to inner margin; median line almost parallel to submedian line, concolorous, similar in width, passing origin of M
|
||
<subScript id="17D834E0FF8CFF99066EF9B81412F993" attach="left" box="[807,816,1595,1609]" fontSize="6" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">3</subScript>
|
||
, curved inwards after passing origin of M
|
||
<subScript id="17D834E0FF8CFF990070F9B81260F993" attach="left" box="[1337,1346,1595,1609]" fontSize="6" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">3</subScript>
|
||
and posterior end bent inwards in 2A-A; submarginal line extending from apex towards tornus, anterior end occasionally fused with submedian line near costa, undulating, posterior end slightly broadening and occasionally fused to submedian line in 2A-3A; marginal line, concolorous, slightly undulating along outer margin, thinner than submarginal line; submarginal ocelli from M
|
||
<subScript id="17D834E0FF8CFF99015DF949133FF902" attach="left" box="[1044,1053,1738,1752]" fontSize="6" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">1</subScript>
|
||
to 2A (tiny ocellus in Rs-M
|
||
<quantity id="4CA49B40FF8CFF990027F94917F6F92C" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="in" value="1.0">
|
||
<subScript id="17D834E0FF8CFF990027F9491255F902" attach="left" box="[1390,1399,1738,1752]" fontSize="6" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">1</subScript>
|
||
in
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
three specimens), rounded, pupil appear as scattered silverish scales placed distally, black central spot ringed with orangish ring then with thin dark brownish indistinct ring, ocellus in Cu
|
||
<subScript id="17D834E0FF8CFF990198F89213F8F8C5" attach="left" box="[1233,1242,1809,1823]" fontSize="6" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">2</subScript>
|
||
-2A smallest; bright silvery purple ground color visible between submedian line and submarginal line when seen under light; fringe dark brownish.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FF8CFF9805F4F80A135EFDBE" blockId="22.[189,1399,1929,2027]" lastBlockId="23.[189,1399,267,613]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
GENITALIA (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A20FF8CFF99040EF80A168BF879" box="[327,425,1929,1956]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[189,232,906,932]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,862]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[189,1398,265,862]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 4. Zischkaia “pacarus clade”, male genitalia. A. Z. amalda (Weymer, 1911), lectotype, ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (winglet on aedeagus shown inside rectangle) (Genitalic vial: SN-17- 21). B. Z. arctoa Nakahara, sp. nov., ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (Genitalic vial: SN-17-9). C. Z. chullachaki Nakahara & Zacca, sp. nov., ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (Genitalic vial: DZ 21. 235). D. Z. baku Zacca, Dolibaina & Dias, sp. nov., ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (Genitalic vial: DZ 5. 573). E. Z. arenisca Nakahara, Willmott & Hall, sp. nov., ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (Genitalic vial: SN-17-16). F. Z. argyrosflecha Nakahara, L. Miller & Huertas, sp. nov. ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (two winglets on aedeagus shown inside rectangle) (Genitalic vial: M-9142 ♂, Lee D. Miller). G. Z. pacarus (Godart, [1824]), ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (Genitalic vial: DZ 5. 578). H. Z. abanico Nakahara & Petit, sp. nov., ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (Genitalic vial: 575/19.07.2017, J. Lorenc-Brudecka, MZUJ)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3476684" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3476684/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tegumen rounded in lateral view, elongated posterior projection of tegumen developed, apparently slightly shorter than uncus, tapering posteriorly and hooked at terminal point; combination of ventral arms of tegumen and dorsal arms of saccus sinuous, broadening towards saccus; appendices angulares present, but somewhat reduced; saccus anterior half slightly curved upwards, similar to uncus in length; uncus long and narrow, sparsely with hair-like setae, curved in lateral view, rounded at terminal point, posterior end of ventral margin appearing as small projection; either side of base of uncus with hair-like setae; brachia similar to uncus in length, slightly narrower, curved in lateral view, tapering posteriorly and crossing over each other near terminal point; fultura inferior present; valva subtriangular in lateral view, apical process subtriangular, dorsal and ventral margin almost equally convexed, scarcely covered by hairy-like setae; costa developed and triangular, dorsal margin slightly sinuous; phallobase slightly shorter than half of phallus in length, slightly curved; ductus ejaculatorius coming out higher than anterior end of coecum; aedeagus straight with manica covering approximately one-fifth, winglet present, distal opening located ventrally where vesica is visible.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FF8DFF9805A3FD0F1667FD7C" blockId="23.[189,510,652,714]" box="[234,325,652,678]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FF8DFF9805A3FD0F1667FD7C" bold="true" box="[234,325,652,678]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Female</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FF8DFF9805F4FD3316DCFD10" blockId="23.[189,510,652,714]" box="[189,510,688,714]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Unknown or unrecognized.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FF8DFF9805F4FD721611FCD1" blockId="23.[189,307,753,779]" box="[189,307,753,779]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<heading id="D0AB81C9FF8DFF9805F4FD721611FCD1" bold="true" box="[189,307,753,779]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FF8DFF9805F4FD721611FCD1" bold="true" box="[189,307,753,779]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Variation</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FF8DFF9805F4FCA3144EFC7E" blockId="23.[189,1398,800,938]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
The VFW submedian line traverses in an outward diagonal direction below M
|
||
<quantity id="4CA49B40FF8DFF9801DAFCB113E2FCE0" box="[1171,1216,800,832]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="in" value="3.0">
|
||
<subScript id="17D834E0FF8DFF9801DAFCB113BEFC9A" attach="left" box="[1171,1180,818,832]" fontSize="6" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">3</subScript>
|
||
in
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
one examined specimen, whereas it appears rather straight in the other three examined specimens; the size of ocellus in VHW Rs-M
|
||
<subScript id="17D834E0FF8DFF980425FCFA1657FC5D" attach="left" box="[364,373,889,903]" fontSize="6" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">1</subScript>
|
||
is variable, ranging from being almost absent to being clearly visible; the curvature of the VHW submedian line below M
|
||
<subScript id="17D834E0FF8DFF98071EFC1F1542FC70" attach="left" box="[599,608,924,938]" fontSize="6" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">3</subScript>
|
||
is apparently variable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346652EFF8DFF9805F4FC4F16F6FBE3" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FF8DFF9805F4FC4F16E6FC3C" blockId="23.[189,452,972,998]" box="[189,452,972,998]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FF8DFF9805F4FC4F1674FC3C" bold="true" box="[189,342,972,998]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A20FF8DFF98042FFC4F1699FC3C" box="[358,443,972,998]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="56.[189,232,1998,2024]" captionTargetBox="[199,1389,642,1946]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[189,1398,633,1956]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="Fig. 14. Distribution maps for taxa of Zischkaia Forster, 1964." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3476704" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3476704/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FF8DFF9805F4FC7816F6FBE3" blockId="23.[189,1399,1019,1081]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
This species is known to date from the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4998F847FF8DFF9807D3FC781433FBCF" box="[666,785,1019,1045]" country="Paraguay" name="Cordillera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Cordillera</collectingRegion>
|
||
de la Costa, a mountain range extending along the north Venezuelan coast.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346652EFF8DFF9805F4FBE313AEFA32" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FF8DFF9805F4FBE3160DFBA0" blockId="23.[189,303,1120,1146]" box="[189,303,1120,1146]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<heading id="D0AB81C9FF8DFF9805F4FBE3160DFBA0" bold="true" box="[189,303,1120,1146]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FF8DFF9805F4FBE3160DFBA0" bold="true" box="[189,303,1120,1146]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336A5FF8DFF9805F4FB0C13AEFA32" blockId="23.[189,1399,1167,1513]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D26FF8DFF9805F4FB0C16A1FB73" authority="Nakahara & Zacca & Dias & Dolibaina & Xiao & Espeland & Casagrande & Mielke & Lamas & Huertas & Kleckner & Willmott, 2019" authorityName="Nakahara & Zacca & Dias & Dolibaina & Xiao & Espeland & Casagrande & Mielke & Lamas & Huertas & Kleckner & Willmott" authorityYear="2019" box="[189,387,1167,1193]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Zischkaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arctoa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FF8DFF9805F4FB0C16A1FB73" box="[189,387,1167,1193]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Zischkaia arctoa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21B57CCFF8DFF9804C2FB0C16C5FB73" box="[395,487,1167,1193]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D26FF8DFF9807CAFB1315D9FB73" box="[643,763,1167,1193]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Zischkaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amalda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FF8DFF9807CAFB1315D9FB73" box="[643,763,1167,1193]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Z. amalda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and one might argue their conspecificity due to their morphological resemblance. However, these two taxa are treated as different species here mainly due to their geographical isolation and the presence of allopatrically occurring
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D26FF8DFF980164FB541389FB2A" authority="Nakahara & Zacca & Dias & Dolibaina & Xiao & Espeland & Casagrande & Mielke & Lamas & Huertas & Kleckner & Willmott, 2019" authorityName="Nakahara & Zacca & Dias & Dolibaina & Xiao & Espeland & Casagrande & Mielke & Lamas & Huertas & Kleckner & Willmott" authorityYear="2019" box="[1069,1195,1238,1264]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Zischkaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abanico" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FF8DFF980164FB541389FB2A" box="[1069,1195,1238,1264]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Z. abanico</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21B57CCFF8DFF9801FBFB55122FFB2A" box="[1202,1293,1238,1264]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
between the range of the two species.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D26FF8DFF980756FB7A15C5FAC9" authority="Nakahara & Zacca & Dias & Dolibaina & Xiao & Espeland & Casagrande & Mielke & Lamas & Huertas & Kleckner & Willmott, 2019" authorityName="Nakahara & Zacca & Dias & Dolibaina & Xiao & Espeland & Casagrande & Mielke & Lamas & Huertas & Kleckner & Willmott" authorityYear="2019" box="[543,743,1273,1299]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Zischkaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arctoa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FF8DFF980756FB7A15C5FAC9" box="[543,743,1273,1299]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Zischkaia arctoa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21B57CCFF8DFF9807B9FB79146FFACE" box="[752,845,1274,1300]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
occurs in the Cordillera de la Costa, which is isolated from the adjacent Cordillera de la Mérida (the northeastern extension of the tropical Andes) by the flat and scrubby lowlands of the Depression of Unare;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D26FF8DFF980638FAC214CBFA80" box="[881,1001,1344,1370]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Zischkaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amalda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FF8DFF980638FAC214CBFA80" box="[881,1001,1344,1370]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Z. amalda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known from the eastern slopes of tropical Andes in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B7635FF8DFF9804FBFAE7152AFAA4" box="[434,520,1380,1406]" name="Bolivia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B7635FF8DFF98070CFAE7155CFAA4" box="[581,638,1380,1406]" name="Peru" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which is over
|
||
<quantity id="4CA49B40FF8DFF98067DFAE014BFFAA4" box="[820,925,1379,1406]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="km" value="2500.0">2500 km</quantity>
|
||
(straight line distance) from the known range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D26FF8DFF98046EFA0B16B0FA7B" authority="Nakahara & Zacca & Dias & Dolibaina & Xiao & Espeland & Casagrande & Mielke & Lamas & Huertas & Kleckner & Willmott, 2019" authorityName="Nakahara & Zacca & Dias & Dolibaina & Xiao & Espeland & Casagrande & Mielke & Lamas & Huertas & Kleckner & Willmott" authorityYear="2019" box="[295,402,1416,1441]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Zischkaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arctoa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAB7FF8DFF98046EFA0B16B0FA7B" box="[295,402,1416,1441]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Z. arctoa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21B57CCFF8DFF9804D3FA0B16D5FA78" box="[410,503,1416,1442]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, and with no records in the intervening Andes despite intensive sampling in at least some regions. Unfortunately, we were unable to obtain DNA data for either of these two taxa to help further clarify the taxonomy, and obviously such data would be very valuable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |