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<document id="AAD406AC252E882849BFDF314873D69A" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F507139944FFE006A8F79EFAE1F566" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Syncerus brachyceros" docType="treatment" docVersion="16" lastPageNumber="587" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="586" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="CBB325475877B83D8FA12C90952CA551" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="61F0BD6BB2F3662A4BAEF5ECF5ED0AAB">
<mods:title id="5F197B82F42A1F96753763430EDF857B">Bovidae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="47D6852FA3E3F2651C3957B1CE4C1590" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="FD4C42986CBB6F5B4BA121BDC88D8872">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="327D06FA0D33C25E62101CCBBC1401FC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="8166589678740FC88AF6142FB10AF562">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="001D60A61C7D5196CC3076701A9F5071">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="33738641B43DB0D2E4E3CFC029328855">2011</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:dateOther id="83D25ABE9EED9DE1EEBF73C9BCA75BB8" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher id="71C41BBF79C7467362E66D37C7FADEB1">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
<mods:place id="064189F914BB2C831B306F8D43523C06">
<mods:placeTerm id="1B389C840E5341FE33E6476A0577257B">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="471C5213D6C42ECE7DBF2DB242BC2D45">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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<mods:classification id="C6B87301F574AD5CCE999801F7149B95">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="03F507139944FFE006A8F79EFAE1F566" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6638388" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659369" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6638388" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F507139944FFE006A8F79EFAE1F566" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F507139944FFE006A8F79EFAE1F566" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="587" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9944FFFF06A8F79EFA18F7CB" box="[1470,1525,2076,2122]" pageId="15" pageNumber="586" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059944FFFF06A8F79EFA18F7CB" blockId="15.[1466,2363,2076,2201]" box="[1470,1525,2076,2122]" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">
<heading id="D0AB01699944FFFF06A8F79EFA18F7CB" box="[1470,1525,2076,2122]" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">
<figureCitation id="1367AA809944FFFF06A8F79EFA18F7CB" box="[1470,1525,2076,2122]" captionStart="Plate 22: Bovidae" captionStartId="2.[99,129,3427,3452]" captionTargetBox="[13,2749,13,3634]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="1. Gaur (Bos gaurus), 2. Banteng (Bos javanicus), 3. Kouprey (Bos sauveli)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512919" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512919/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">11.</figureCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9944FFFF0510F79EF866F7CB" box="[1542,1931,2076,2122]" pageId="15" pageNumber="586" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059944FFFF0510F79EF866F7CB" blockId="15.[1466,2363,2076,2201]" box="[1542,1931,2076,2122]" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">
<heading id="D0AB01699944FFFF0510F79EF866F7CB" box="[1542,1931,2076,2122]" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">
<vernacularName id="055FC62B9944FFFF0510F79EF866F7CB" box="[1542,1931,2076,2122]" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">
Lake
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959944FFFF056FF79EF905F7CB" box="[1657,1768,2076,2122]" name="Chad" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Chad</collectingCountry>
Buffalo
</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9944FFFF04C5F79EF6D7F7CB" box="[2003,2362,2076,2122]" pageId="15" pageNumber="586" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059944FFFF04C5F79EF6D7F7CB" blockId="15.[1466,2363,2076,2201]" box="[2003,2362,2076,2122]" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">
<heading id="D0AB01699944FFFF04C5F79EF6D7F7CB" box="[2003,2362,2076,2122]" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869944FFFF04C5F79EF6D7F7CB" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[2003,2362,2076,2122]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Syncerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="15" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyceros">
<emphasis id="B9286A179944FFFF04C5F79EF6D7F7CB" box="[2003,2362,2076,2122]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Syncerus brachyceros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9944FFFF06ADF7DEF7D4F719" pageId="15" pageNumber="586" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059944FFFF06ADF7DEF725F7F0" blockId="15.[1466,2363,2076,2201]" box="[1467,2248,2140,2161]" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">
<heading id="D0AB01699944FFFF06ADF7DEF725F7F0" box="[1467,2248,2140,2161]" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">
<emphasis id="B9286A179944FFFF06ADF7DEF9E5F7F0" bold="true" box="[1467,1544,2140,2161]" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="055FC62B9944FFFF0504F7DEF941F7F0" box="[1554,1708,2140,2161]" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">
Buffle du
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959944FFFF0565F7DEF941F7F0" box="[1651,1708,2140,2161]" name="Chad" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Tchad</collectingCountry>
</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="B9286A179944FFFF05D7F7DEF8F1F7F0" bold="true" box="[1729,1820,2140,2161]" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="055FC62B9944FFFF0433F7DEF849F7F0" box="[1829,1956,2140,2161]" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Sudan-Buffel</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="B9286A179944FFFF04ACF7DEF7F8F7F0" bold="true" box="[1978,2069,2140,2161]" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="055FC62B9944FFFF0B09F7DEF7B0F7F0" box="[2079,2141,2140,2161]" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Bufalo</vernacularName>
de sabana
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059944FFFF06ADF701F7D4F719" blockId="15.[1466,2363,2076,2201]" box="[1467,2105,2179,2200]" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">
<heading id="D0AB01699944FFFF06ADF701F7D4F719" box="[1467,2105,2179,2200]" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">
<emphasis id="B9286A179944FFFF06ADF701F95CF719" bold="true" box="[1467,1713,2179,2200]" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Other common names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="055FC62B9944FFFF05ACF701F8B1F719" box="[1722,1884,2179,2200]" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Savanna Buffalo</vernacularName>
,
<vernacularName id="055FC62B9944FFFF047FF701F7D4F719" box="[1897,2105,2179,2200]" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">West African Buffalo</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9944FFFF0B34F744F587F766" box="[2082,2666,2246,2279]" pageId="15" pageNumber="586" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059944FFFF0B34F744F587F766" blockId="15.[2082,2669,2246,2672]" box="[2082,2666,2246,2279]" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">
<emphasis id="B9286A179944FFFF0B34F744F750F766" bold="true" box="[2082,2237,2246,2279]" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869944FFFF0BDCF744F589F766" authority="Gray, 1837" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1837" box="[2250,2660,2246,2279]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="15" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyceros">Bubalus brachyceros Gray, 1837</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9944FFFF0B35F777F6CBF68F" box="[2083,2342,2293,2318]" pageId="15" pageNumber="586" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059944FFFF0B35F777F6CBF68F" blockId="15.[2082,2669,2246,2672]" box="[2083,2342,2293,2318]" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">
<materialsCitation id="3B34BC589944FFFF0B35F777F6CBF68F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198488" box="[2083,2342,2293,2318]" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">
Lake
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959944FFFF0B66F777F751F68F" box="[2160,2236,2293,2318]" name="Chad" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Chad</collectingCountry>
, Africa.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9944FFFF0B34F696F950F567" pageId="15" pageNumber="586" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059944FFFF0B34F696F950F567" blockId="15.[2082,2669,2246,2672]" lastBlockId="15.[1466,2668,2678,3457]" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">
This taxon has often been called
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869944FFFF0AE0F696F78FF6DC" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="15" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">aequinoctialis</taxonomicName>
, and the name
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869944FFFF0A42F6C2F630F6DC" box="[2388,2525,2368,2397]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="15" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyceros">brachyceros</taxonomicName>
has been applied to what are likely hybrids between this species and the Forest Buffalo (S.
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869944FFFF0B33F638F794F652" box="[2085,2169,2490,2515]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Syncerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="15" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nanus">nanus</taxonomicName>
), which occurs in southern parts of
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959944FFFF0B46F65FF75AF67B" box="[2128,2231,2525,2554]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Guinea</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959944FFFF0BC6F65FF663F67B" box="[2256,2446,2525,2554]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959944FFFF0ABEF65FF5E0F67B" box="[2472,2573,2525,2554]" name="Liberia" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Liberia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959944FFFF0930F65FF79CF5A0" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959944FFFF0BD3F58AF6C9F5A0" box="[2245,2340,2568,2593]" name="Ghana" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Ghana</collectingCountry>
. Recent study of more abundant museum material shows that the buffalo originally found around Lake
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959944FFFF06ADF5F4F9EAF516" box="[1467,1543,2678,2711]" name="Chad" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Chad</collectingCountry>
, the type locality of
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869944FFFF0427F5F4F856F516" box="[1841,1979,2678,2711]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="15" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyceros">brachyceros</taxonomicName>
, represent a different species we are calling the Lake
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959944FFFF051EF524F9BFF53E" box="[1544,1618,2726,2751]" name="Chad" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Chad</collectingCountry>
Buffalo. Synonyms include
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869944FFFF04CDF524F765F53E" box="[2011,2184,2726,2751]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="15" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">aequinoctialis</taxonomicName>
, azrakensis,
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869944FFFF0A3CF524F67FF53E" baseAuthorityName="Hinton" baseAuthorityYear="1921" box="[2346,2450,2726,2751]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Oreotragus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="15" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centralis">centralis</taxonomicName>
, neumanni, and solvayi. Monotypic.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9944FFFF06ACF576F58AF403" pageId="15" pageNumber="586" type="distribution">
<caption id="DF23E68D9944FFFF06ACF576F58AF403" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512511" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512511/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="586" targetBox="[1465,2059,2256,2672]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059944FFFF06ACF576F58AF403" blockId="15.[1466,2668,2678,3457]" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">
<emphasis id="B9286A179944FFFF06ACF576F985F48C" bold="true" box="[1466,1640,2804,2829]" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Distribution.</emphasis>
SE
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959944FFFF05B4F576F8E2F48C" box="[1698,1807,2804,2829]" name="Senegal" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Senegal</collectingCountry>
, extreme SW
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959944FFFF04C3F576F7FEF48C" box="[2005,2067,2804,2829]" name="Serbia" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Mali</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959944FFFF0B32F576F705F48C" box="[2084,2280,2804,2829]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Guinea-Bissau</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959944FFFF0BEFF576F6B2F48C" box="[2297,2399,2804,2829]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Guinea</collectingCountry>
, NW
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959944FFFF0AB9F576F589F48C" box="[2479,2660,2804,2829]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959944FFFF06ADF495F9F2F4B5" box="[1467,1567,2839,2868]" name="Liberia" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Liberia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959944FFFF0526F495F921F4B5" box="[1584,1740,2839,2868]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
, S
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959944FFFF05E1F495F842F4B5" box="[1783,1967,2839,2868]" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Burkina Faso</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959944FFFF04A9F495F7F1F4B5" box="[1983,2076,2839,2868]" name="Ghana" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Ghana</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959944FFFF0B3BF495F798F4B5" box="[2093,2165,2839,2868]" name="Togo" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Togo</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959944FFFF0B90F495F737F4B5" box="[2182,2266,2839,2868]" name="Benin" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Benin</collectingCountry>
, extreme
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869944FFFF0A71F495F620F4B5" box="[2407,2509,2839,2868]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Syncerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="15" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
S
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959944FFFF0A96F495F620F4B5" box="[2432,2509,2839,2868]" name="Niger" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Niger</collectingCountry>
</taxonomicName>
, W &amp; C
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959944FFFF0955F495F9ECF4DD" name="Nigeria" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
, N
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959944FFFF0527F4C1F92BF4DD" box="[1585,1734,2883,2908]" name="Cameroon" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
, S
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959944FFFF05F9F4C1F8D7F4DD" box="[1775,1850,2883,2908]" name="Chad" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Chad</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959944FFFF045CF4C1F74BF4DD" box="[1866,2214,2883,2908]" name="Central African Republic" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
, S &amp; E
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959944FFFF0A1FF4C1F68CF4DD" box="[2313,2401,2883,2908]" name="Sudan" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Sudan</collectingCountry>
, N
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959944FFFF0A84F4C1F5C8F4DD" box="[2450,2597,2883,2908]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
, lowland parts of W
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959944FFFF0581F4E3F8E3F403" box="[1687,1806,2913,2946]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959944FFFF0409F4E3F860F403" box="[1823,1933,2913,2946]" name="Uganda" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Uganda</collectingCountry>
(not extreme S), NW
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959944FFFF0BD2F4E3F6F4F403" box="[2244,2329,2913,2946]" name="Kenya" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Kenya</collectingCountry>
(Lake
<collectingRegion id="499878E79944FFFF0A6DF4E3F5B4F403" box="[2427,2649,2913,2946]" country="Kenya" name="Turkana" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Turkana region</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9944FFE006ACF40BFE26FDF4" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="587" pageId="15" pageNumber="586" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059944FFE006ACF40BFE26FDF4" blockId="15.[1466,2668,2678,3457]" lastBlockId="16.[89,1296,285,2795]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="587" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">
<emphasis id="B9286A179944FFFF06ACF40BF956F42B" bold="true" box="[1466,1723,2953,2986]" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head-body 200-245 cm, tail 55-70 cm, shoulder height 120-145 cm; weight 350-500 kg (males) and 250-450 kg (females). The Lake
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Buffalo is smaller than the Cape Buffalo. It is stocky in build, with relatively short legs. Both sexes of the Lake
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959944FFFF05ACF47DF8E9F3A1" box="[1722,1796,3071,3104]" name="Chad" pageId="15" pageNumber="586">Chad</collectingCountry>
Buffalo have a smooth, dark brown coat, usually only slightly reddish and apparently never quite black. The horns of both sexes are widely spread laterally, but much less curved than on the Cape Buffalo, so that the length of each horn is noticeably less than the total span. Horn span is 56.2-103 cm, and horn length along the curve is 53-94.
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. In males, the bases of horns of the Lake
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Buffalo are greatly expanded, nearly meeting in midline, but not forming a convex boss. The skull is massive but short and broad, and convex in profile. The greatest length of the skull is 43.3-59.
<quantity id="4CA41BE09944FFFF0581F294F933F2B2" box="[1687,1758,3350,3379]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="586" unit="cm" value="9.0">9 cm</quantity>
, and the mastoid breadth is 15-31.
<quantity id="4CA41BE09944FFFF0BDFF294F6FCF2B2" box="[2249,2321,3350,3379]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="586" unit="cm" value="7.0">7 cm</quantity>
. The mouth is wide, and the nose is moist and bare. Similar to the Cape Buffalo, the ears are large, droopy, and meagerly fringed, and the tail is tufted. No scent glands have been described in the Lake
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695995BFFE003F2FE9FFEC3FEBB" box="[228,302,285,314]" name="Chad" pageId="16" pageNumber="587">Chad</collectingCountry>
Buffalo. Dental formulais 10/3, C0/1, P 3/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 32. In
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, West Africa, 34 samples of maxillae from three sites showed that measurements of tooth size and wear and enamel height of M' were useful to age Lake
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695995BFFE0034DFE0DFF48FE31" box="[91,165,399,432]" name="Chad" pageId="16" pageNumber="587">Chad</collectingCountry>
Buffaloes. In contrast to the Cape Buffalo, cementum annuli on M' of the Lake
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695995BFFE0034DFE34FF48FE56" box="[91,165,438,471]" name="Chad" pageId="16" pageNumber="587">Chad</collectingCountry>
Buffalo in
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provided inconsistent results because annuli were very irregular in appearance and intensity, despite the punctuated and long dry season that was expected to produce clear annuli. In western
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695995BFFE0000AFD87FC66FDA7" box="[796,907,517,550]" name="Uganda" pageId="16" pageNumber="587">Uganda</collectingCountry>
, the number of cementum annuli and the heights of the crowns of M, and M' were highly correlated, providing a useful method for aging.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E995BFFE0034CFDF9FB48FD42" pageId="16" pageNumber="587" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BE3B605995BFFE0034CFDF9FB48FD42" blockId="16.[89,1296,285,2795]" pageId="16" pageNumber="587">
<emphasis id="B9286A17995BFFE0034CFDF9FF24FD1D" bold="true" box="[90,201,635,668]" pageId="16" pageNumber="587">Habitat.</emphasis>
Lake
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695995BFFE00236FDF9FE87FD1D" box="[288,362,635,668]" name="Chad" pageId="16" pageNumber="587">Chad</collectingCountry>
Buffaloes occur in the long savanna belt across sub-Saharan Africa. They use open grasslands but are never far from shrub/forest cover and water.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E995BFFE0034CFD4BFCDFFBCC" pageId="16" pageNumber="587" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="8BE3B605995BFFE0034CFD4BFCDFFBCC" blockId="16.[89,1296,285,2795]" pageId="16" pageNumber="587">
<emphasis id="B9286A17995BFFE0034CFD4BFE8BFD6B" bold="true" box="[90,358,713,746]" pageId="16" pageNumber="587">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
[Lake
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695995BFFE002D0FD4BFDFDFD6B" box="[454,528,713,746]" name="Chad" pageId="16" pageNumber="587">Chad</collectingCountry>
Buffaloes are predominantly grazers. In Benoue National Park, northern
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695995BFFE00286FD73FDCAFC93" box="[400,551,753,786]" name="Cameroon" pageId="16" pageNumber="587">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
, they ate 16 plant species and preferred grasses, particularly Andropogon gayanus and A. tectorum, in both the dry (74% of the diet) and rainy seasons (86%). Woody plant species, particularly Piliostigma thonningu (including fruits) and Gardenia
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86995BFFE00292FCE9FDEFFC09" box="[388,514,875,904]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Cortinariaceae" genus="Bovini" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="16" pageNumber="587" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="erubescens">erubescens</taxonomicName>
(including flowers), were more important during the dry season (26%) than in the rainy season (14%). Early dry season fires in northern
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result in a subsequent flush of green grasses, which are sought out by grazing Buffaloes. Lake
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Buffaloes drank daily from the Benoue River or standing waterholes either between 11:00 h and 12:45 h or 16:00 h and 19:30 h. They drank intermittently available water whereverit was found.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E995BFFE0034CFBD1FAEDFB43" pageId="16" pageNumber="587" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="8BE3B605995BFFE0034CFBD1FAEDFB43" blockId="16.[89,1296,285,2795]" pageId="16" pageNumber="587">
<emphasis id="B9286A17995BFFE0034CFBD1FF0DFBF5" bold="true" box="[90,224,1107,1140]" pageId="16" pageNumber="587">Breeding.</emphasis>
There is no specific information available for this species, but probably very comparable to the
<collectingRegion id="499878E7995BFFE0027EFBF8FE42FB1A" box="[360,431,1146,1179]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="16" pageNumber="587">Cape</collectingRegion>
Buffalo. Maximum longevity in the wild may be 18-20 years, perhaps less, and at least two individuals have lived to 21-4 and 23-3 years in captivity.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E995BFFE0034FFB4FFEB0F9CD" pageId="16" pageNumber="587" type="activity">
<paragraph id="8BE3B605995BFFE0034FFB4FFEB0F9CD" blockId="16.[89,1296,285,2795]" pageId="16" pageNumber="587">
<emphasis id="B9286A17995BFFE0034FFB4FFEA8FB6B" bold="true" box="[89,325,1229,1258]" pageId="16" pageNumber="587">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
Lake
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695995BFFE002B4FB4FFE01FB6B" box="[418,492,1229,1258]" name="Chad" pageId="16" pageNumber="587">Chad</collectingCountry>
Buffaloes in northern
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spent more time grazing during the day than during the night. Over 24 hours in the dry season, they spent 7-9 hours grazing (3:7 hours at night) and 9-6 hours resting (4-6 hours at night). Estimates of activities for a full 24 hours during the rainy season were not possible in this study, but during the daylight, they spent only 3-1 hours grazing and 3-8 hours resting. Grazing during the dry season was most intense from 09:00 h to 10:20 h, with rest from 10:45 h to 12:10 h and again from 14:30 h to 15:40 h. During the rainy season, peak morning grazing occurred from 10:10 h to 11:20 h and was light but constant in the afternoon until dusk; rest periods occurred from 09:25 h to 10:00 h and again from 13:10 h to 14:55 h.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E995BFFE0034DF9D0FCBCF7A5" pageId="16" pageNumber="587" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BE3B605995BFFE0034DF9D0FCBCF7A5" blockId="16.[89,1296,285,2795]" pageId="16" pageNumber="587">
<emphasis id="B9286A17995BFFE0034DF9D0FCFBF9F2" bold="true" box="[91,790,1618,1651]" pageId="16" pageNumber="587">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
Densities of the Lake
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Buffalo are 0-3-0-6 ind/km* where the species is considered common and often less than 0-2 ind/km?* in depleted populations; both are considerably less than many Cape Buffalo populations. In Benoue National Park, northern
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695995BFFE00053F94AFC31F968" box="[837,988,1736,1769]" name="Cameroon" pageId="16" pageNumber="587">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
, Lake
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695995BFFE0072EF94AFB6FF968" box="[1080,1154,1736,1769]" name="Chad" pageId="16" pageNumber="587">Chad</collectingCountry>
Buffaloes moved with daily regularity from feeding sites to water sources during the dry season, but no regular pattern was observed during the rainy season, when both food and water were more readily available. Mean daily distances moved were 5-6 km in the rainy season and 7-2 km in the dry season. Home ranges were small in the rainy season (
<quantity id="4CA41BE0995BFFE0037EF813FF52F82F" box="[104,191,1937,1966]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="16" pageNumber="587" unit="km" value="46.0">46 km</quantity>
?) and larger in the dry season (
<quantity id="4CA41BE0995BFFE0016BF813FD35F82F" box="[637,728,1937,1966]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" pageId="16" pageNumber="587" unit="km" value="61.0">61 km</quantity>
?), and their overlap of 54% showed that Lake
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695995BFFE003B8F836FF15F854" box="[174,248,1972,2005]" name="Chad" pageId="16" pageNumber="587">Chad</collectingCountry>
Buffaloes did not occupy disjunct seasonal ranges. Densities in Benoue National Park were higher than average for the species and estimated at 1-2 ind/km? in the rainy season and 0-8 ind/km? in the dry season.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E995BFFE0034AF7ACFCD3F5F0" pageId="16" pageNumber="587" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="8BE3B605995BFFE0034AF7ACFCD3F5F0" blockId="16.[89,1296,285,2795]" pageId="16" pageNumber="587">
<emphasis id="B9286A17995BFFE0034AF7ACFE57F7CA" bold="true" box="[92,442,2094,2123]" pageId="16" pageNumber="587">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (included underS. cafferas all African buffaloes). Range-wide, numbers of African buffaloes have been greatly reduced from historical levels because of land-use changes, disease (notably anthrax, rinderpest, and bovine tuberculosis), poaching, and extended drought, and these are still common threats in localized areas. In the late 1990s, numbers of non-forest African buffaloes were estimated at 500,000-1,000,000, with 70% of them occurring in and around protected areas. If indeed the Lake
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695995BFFE000BDF694FC18F6B6" box="[939,1013,2326,2359]" name="Chad" pageId="16" pageNumber="587">Chad</collectingCountry>
Buffalo is the dominant species in
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695995BFFE00257F6BFFE5DF6DF" box="[321,432,2365,2398]" name="Uganda" pageId="16" pageNumber="587">Uganda</collectingCountry>
, as proposed here, population levels are the highest there. Elsewhere, particularly through the sub-Saharan savanna belt in West Africa, populations are smaller and likely decreasing where not protected. Populations of Lake
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Buffaloes have been greatly reduced in
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(one population left),
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(perhaps only vagrants from
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), northern
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(close to extinction), western and central
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(two isolated populations),
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(eliminated from most ofits former central range, including the type locality),
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(eliminated from most ofits former central range). The species is extinct in
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and
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.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E995BFFE0034BF502FAE1F566" pageId="16" pageNumber="587" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="8BE3B605995BFFE0034BF502FAE1F566" blockId="16.[89,1296,285,2795]" pageId="16" pageNumber="587">
<emphasis id="B9286A17995BFFE0034BF502FF18F518" bold="true" box="[93,245,2688,2713]" pageId="16" pageNumber="587">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Blancou (1935), East (1999), Estes (1991a, 1991b), Field (1972), Grimsdell (1973), Groves &amp; Grubb (2011), Grubb (1972), Huffman (2010d), Kingdon (1982), Lydekker (1913), de Mazancourt et al. (1999), Nowak (1999), Sinclair (1977), Spinage &amp; Brown (1988), Stark (1986),
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Hooft et al. (2000, 2002), Weigl (2005).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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