181 lines
19 KiB
XML
181 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document id="CB2CD1EFC42FBAE319403F05E700110D" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F507139929FF920371FE2DFEBFF48D" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Budorcas taxicolor Hodgson 1850" docType="treatment" docVersion="15" lastPageNumber="669" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="669" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="860C8C4146BD2CB413E1116ED4E7C5A3" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="9F4CD944A0ACC1076E737D42BD4A056E">
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<mods:title id="66B21353FCEA85D1067710636434C6B8">Bovidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="1CD5E584303279C6A57F5A2761A0AE45" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="A241B2CEE6AD63FEE272673FAFC85CA8">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="252E72B3F5ED9C1A0BD3290684075860" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="FEDCAACB0E9545AEA8975CA7A9E55509">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="9FCF21EF0438B56C9B59EBCA2465D021">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="FDA3A28A849E620094199EA35B5A91C7">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="ACDE04A83DC5CD13AB12FFDF4324F950" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="F07D90EA7BC17DC9FF8FD22214577FA8">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="1FF8A7DAF887FC7282B05B7735CE19A6">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="741396DC4B159237DAB5FA96029A2FC7">
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<mods:title id="452C77D995EB5CC05EA1F2E336D1CFEE">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="15BC62C91F7187038AE970D8666A8E17">
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<mods:identifier id="A1014E368BF737E8D562542F251E9E6C" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F507139929FF920371FE2DFEBFF48D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6636911" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659226" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6636911" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F507139929FF920371FE2DFEBFF48D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F507139929FF920371FE2DFEBFF48D" lastPageNumber="669" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF920371FE2DFF5BFE54" box="[103,182,431,469]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF920371FE2DFF5BFE54" blockId="98.[100,894,431,508]" box="[103,182,431,469]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<heading id="D0AB01699929FF920371FE2DFF5BFE54" box="[103,182,431,469]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<figureCitation id="1367AA809929FF920371FE2DFF5BFE54" box="[103,182,431,469]" captionStart="Plate 44: Bovidae" captionStartId="96.[94,124,3392,3417]" captionTargetBox="[13,2757,13,3636]" captionTargetPageId="95" captionText="167. Chiru (Pantholops hodgsonii), 168. Rocky Mountain Goat (Oreamnos americanus), 169. Mishmi Takin (Budorcas taxicolor), 170. Bhutan Takin (Budorcas whitei), 171. Sichuan Takin (Budorcas tibetana), 172. Golden Takin (Budorcas bedfordi), 173. Aoudad (Ammotragus lervia), 174. Arabian Tahr (Avabitragus jayakari), 175. Himalayan Tahr (Hemutragus jemlahicus), 176. Greater Blue Sheep (Pseudois nayawr), 177. Dwarf Blue Sheep (Pseudois schaeferi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512953" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512953/files/figure.png" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">169.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF9203D1FE2DFE09FE54" box="[199,484,431,469]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF9203D1FE2DFE09FE54" blockId="98.[100,894,431,508]" box="[199,484,431,469]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<heading id="D0AB01699929FF9203D1FE2DFE09FE54" box="[199,484,431,469]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9929FF9203D1FE2DFE09FE54" box="[199,484,431,469]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Mishmi Takin</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF92013DFE2DFC99FE54" box="[555,884,431,469]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF92013DFE2DFC99FE54" blockId="98.[100,894,431,508]" box="[555,884,431,469]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<heading id="D0AB01699929FF92013DFE2DFC99FE54" box="[555,884,431,469]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869929FF92013DFE2DFC99FE54" ID-CoL="694JF" authority="Hodgson, 1850" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1850" box="[555,884,431,469]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Budorcas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taxicolor">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF92013DFE2DFC99FE54" box="[555,884,431,469]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Budorcas taxicolor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF920372FE65FC93FE7D" box="[100,894,487,508]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF920372FE65FC93FE7D" blockId="98.[100,894,431,508]" box="[100,894,487,508]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<heading id="D0AB01699929FF920372FE65FC93FE7D" box="[100,894,487,508]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF920372FE65FF5DFE7D" bold="true" box="[100,176,487,508]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9929FF9203AEFE65FE8BFE7D" box="[184,358,487,508]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Takin des Mishmi</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF92026AFE65FE3AFE7D" bold="true" box="[380,471,487,508]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9929FF9202F7FE65FD8FFE7D" box="[481,610,487,508]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Mishmi-Takin</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF92016EFE65FD3EFE7D" bold="true" box="[632,723,487,508]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9929FF9201CDFE65FC93FE7D" box="[731,894,487,508]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Takin de Mishmi</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF9201DCFDAFFCF9FDF0" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF9201DCFDAFFCF9FDF0" blockId="98.[714,1302,557,979]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF9201DCFDAFFC88FDCB" bold="true" box="[714,869,557,586]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869929FF920096FDAFFCFDFDF0" ID-CoL="694JF" authority="Hodgson, 1850" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1850" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Budorcas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taxicolor">Budorcas taxicolor Hodgson, 1850</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF920009FDDAFB78FDF0" box="[799,1173,600,625]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF920009FDDAFB78FDF0" blockId="98.[714,1302,557,979]" box="[799,1173,600,625]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<materialsCitation id="3B34BC589929FF920009FDDAFB78FDF0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198407" box="[799,1173,600,625]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Mishmi Hills, E Himalayas.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF9201DDFDF9FC1DFCDD" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF9201DDFDF9FC1DFCDD" blockId="98.[714,1302,557,979]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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The four takin species are differentiated on the basis of body color and mtDNA analysis of Chinese populations. Based on a phylogenetic study, takins are related to caprines and in particular to
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869929FF920762FC9BFAFBFCB7" box="[1140,1302,793,822]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ammotragus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ammotragus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869929FF92001AFCBDFCABFCDD" box="[780,838,831,860]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ouvis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ouvis</taxonomicName>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF9201DDFCE1FBD5FC52" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF23E68D9929FF9201DDFCE1FBD5FC52" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512690" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512690" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512690/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" targetBox="[97,691,562,978]" targetPageId="98">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF9201DDFCE1FBD5FC52" blockId="98.[714,1302,557,979]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF9201DDFCE1FC97FC05" bold="true" box="[715,890,867,900]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Distribution.</emphasis>
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NE
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959929FF9200CCFCE1FBCEFC05" box="[986,1059,867,900]" name="India" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">India</collectingCountry>
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(Mishmi Hills,
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79929FF9201DCFC11FC31FC2D" box="[714,988,915,940]" country="India" name="Arunachal Pradesh" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Arunachal Pradesh</collectingRegion>
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), N
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959929FF920703FC11FB75FC2D" box="[1045,1176,915,940]" name="Myanmar" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
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, S
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959929FF9207D6FC11FAF9FC2D" box="[1216,1300,915,940]" name="China" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">China</collectingCountry>
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(SE
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79929FF920010FC34FC87FC52" box="[774,874,950,979]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Xizang</collectingRegion>
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, NW
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79929FF9200A0FC34FBC6FC52" box="[950,1067,950,979]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF920375FC5BFAFFFADD" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF920375FC5BFAFFFADD" blockId="98.[97,1305,985,2828]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF920375FC5BFEB1FC7B" bold="true" box="[99,348,985,1018]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body ¢.170-220 cm,tail c.10-22 cm, shoulder height c.107-140 cm; weight ¢. 150-350 kg. Male horn measurements of the Mishmi Takin are similar to those of
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79929FF920225FBAAFE4EFBC8" box="[307,419,1064,1097]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
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Takin (B. tibetana). Males are significantly larger than females in horn and body measurements. Horns grow slightly upward, and then turn outward and backward with the horn tips upward. Takins have large, bovine-like bodies, a shaggy coat including long hair on the side and under the jaws, stout legs, prominent dew claws, and are taller at the shoulder than the hip. Mature Mishmi Takins have black haunches, belly, legs, lower neck, and entire face; black coloration under the neck extends to the lower flanks. The upper body parts are pale yellow, with a brindled area between the upper body and the lower dark areas. Diploid chromosome number is 42.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF920375FAE1FBDDF916" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF920375FAE1FBDDF916" blockId="98.[97,1305,985,2828]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF920375FAE1FF3CFA05" bold="true" box="[99,209,1379,1412]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Occur at elevation of 1200-3000 m but may occupy higher elevations in the summer to reach alpine meadows. They also inhabit mixed coniferous and broadleafed deciduous forests where forage can be seasonally more available. They also often occur in densely vegetated areas where they may be difficult to see. Takins are often found in steep terrain; they are most vulnerable to human disturbance at lower elevations, although livestock grazing is practiced at all elevations where they occur. Longevity is 16-18 years but mortality in wild populations is unknown. Larger predators probably do not cause significant mortality because they are rare.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF920375F920FD80F8DD" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF920375F920FD80F8DD" blockId="98.[97,1305,985,2828]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF920375F920FE81F93E" bold="true" box="[99,364,1698,1727]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Detailed studies of food habits have not been conducted. Takins are primarily browsers, feeding on shrubs and tree species, but forage preferences can vary seasonally. Forbs are an important forage in spring. Takins are able to bend or break smaller trees to feed on leaves. They also rear on their hindlimbs to reach higher vegetation. Salt licks are favored sites.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF920375F8E4FF03F7C9" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF920375F8E4FF03F7C9" blockId="98.[97,1305,985,2828]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF920375F8E4FF04F802" bold="true" box="[99,233,1894,1923]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Although males and females reach sexual maturity by 3-5 years of age, males probably do not participate in mating until they are several years older. Older males probably do most of the mating. Mating probably occurs in August-September and births occur in March-April after a gestation period of c.210 days. Only singleton births have been recorded. Pregnant females probably do not leave female herds to give birth.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF920377F7CCFC26F716" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="activity">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF920377F7CCFC26F716" blockId="98.[97,1305,985,2828]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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||
<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF920377F7CCFEA3F7EE" bold="true" box="[97,334,2126,2159]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Takins are usually most active in early morning and late afternoon but in winter they may feed intermittently throughout the day.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF920375F71FFE70F6DD" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF920375F71FFE70F6DD" blockId="98.[97,1305,985,2828]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF920375F71FFCF0F73F" bold="true" box="[99,797,2205,2238]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Detailed studies are lacking. Takins make seasonal movements from alpine meadows in summer to lower-elevation forested habitats in winter. Herds that exceed 100 animals form in spring, but large herds break up into smaller groups of 10-40 animals by autumn. Single males or two males together are common.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF920372F6E0FC34F5EE" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="conservation">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF920372F6E0FC34F5EE" blockId="98.[97,1305,985,2828]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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||
<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF920372F6E0FE2BF602" bold="true" box="[100,454,2402,2435]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List and in Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act of
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959929FF9200B5F60BFC03F62B" box="[931,1006,2441,2474]" name="India" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">India</collectingCountry>
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. Status and numbers of most populations are unknown. Monitoring, population studies, and management programs are urgently needed. Illegal hunting, habitat loss due to deforestation, and habitat degradation due to livestock use of forage resources are threats. In
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959929FF9207F2F67DFF50F5C6" name="Myanmar" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
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, takins are rare due to poaching. Cooperative management programs between countries that share takin populations should be implemented.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9929FF920373F5FFFEBFF48D" pageId="98" pageNumber="669" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059929FF920373F5FFFEBFF48D" blockId="98.[97,1305,985,2828]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179929FF920373F5FFFF13F517" bold="true" box="[101,254,2685,2710]" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
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Ellerman & Morrison-Scott (1966), Fox & Johnsingh (1997), Groves & Grubb (2011), Grubb (2005), Li Ming, Meng Shijie et al. (2003), Li Ming, Wei Fuwen et al. (2003), MacKinnon (2008), Menon (2009), Neas & Hoffmann (1987), Salter & Shackleton (1997),
|
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79929FF9201A1F54EFD01F564" box="[695,748,2764,2789]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="98" pageNumber="669">Song</collectingRegion>
|
||
Yanling et al. (2008), Wang Sung et al. (1997), Wu Chunhua et al. (2003).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
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</treatment>
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||
</document> |