873 lines
138 KiB
XML
873 lines
138 KiB
XML
<document id="5F791A2F57DE6881CC7734C0B6A0D2AD" ID-CLB-Dataset="20065" ID-DOI="10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a12" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d3b29224-e672-4a29-b553-1186211e3559" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6391240" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:231E3A73-1800-4559-A995-013482DEA623" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1648490830014" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Monvoisin, Evariste, Allain, Ronan, Buffetaut, Eric & Picot, Laurent" docDate="2022" docId="03F29C74FFEB960AD66E6CB1FCDC9BE4" docLanguage="en" docName="Geodiversitas.44.12.385-415.pdf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 44 (12)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00.4:Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Allosauroidea Currie & Zhao 1994" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="411" masterDocId="FFCBE40CFFF29617D5436C66FFD49F4A" masterDocTitle="New data on the theropod diversity from the Middle to Late Jurassic of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France)" masterLastPageNumber="415" masterPageNumber="385" pageNumber="408" updateTime="1699318653955" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
|
||
<mods:mods id="1FD56F9012F81FF2CEEC3ED6FDF497AC" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="0E836813FE9A9BA76CFDE3BF54CDE763">
|
||
<mods:title id="AFD9ABCDB1A6887B578C0871C791AC1A">New data on the theropod diversity from the Middle to Late Jurassic of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="A85F55D1D041224715259DFB5FB52A34" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="6FA9E4AB221B26777D08227C4ADE1C4F">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="07ABBD455D69F0FC77ECAFCDB10CBAF7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="759386154067EDF5519921525EDBD70F">Monvoisin, Evariste</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="975CC19C3B79ADB968B8CFAA54F64522" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="57AA18AD5E38343B9489BE44823E9734">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="2FA3B5F471FD8FDF2A49DBFE6A5289E0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="5CD9EDB72CBC5F35268125633E6398BD">Allain, Ronan</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="2F722DD22F45B046A0930C22FA93E564" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="5B20DB57123A8F53592A84DC6E45FB9A">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="43A654681D47AE3BE674815FB2190467">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="D3EAC622647AC8E6BB3D6AE6727CA928">Buffetaut, Eric</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="8CD5E7B7EFBFCE6F08596506A20E3EE1" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="1F8FF50B40E461E741F5BF479B3AD160">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="14C0747A049CF8E1E4BD00A474C84CF3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="B8FA6C95FB73B939F0E4656C514E54BE">Picot, Laurent</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="C46AAFF12FA93AB173917D3DBDB04B02">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="FA70CE6B5D5C7C5C612BD412C72EAFD4" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="4BCF0C730A81B0F4F58A36A54DA74211">
|
||
<mods:title id="DC7B7A3B2C880093C9172F8C3B023D9E">Geodiversitas</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="AC48E5E061C1016ECC4ACFEAB4FAA93E">
|
||
<mods:date id="87FBECF1B4C374816522B38F12B2E57C">2022</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="5686E2E09881C650FC7975D35BCE9583" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="CC5B9B424BBDEF36635A79A15AFA89E7">2022-03-24</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="0D3C67F71B1291D99AB9FC6EDA188CA1" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="CAE6C48908C4A1B6B228E9107283CCDD">44</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="FD6C396F39FE6EF8A480C4B878183045" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="6846FAFA2949AFEC537E5D82E9FDFEF9">12</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="BD4DA915064A03DC05DB97580052365B" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="55245E2ADB2576191566D11EE2404E49">385</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="22E4ECC90804BB7BCD0DE16B4C16639A">415</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="BEEBC4E965A73FAFD0FB973D716D89CA">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="23377AE2E8089B08CD1B0067337E7D43" type="CLB-Dataset">20065</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="F9AE5372EA5DB4AB90BF74B9D81A0EA9" type="DOI">10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a12</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="2B28896B6617A863302F8A0FCA006713" type="GBIF-Dataset">d3b29224-e672-4a29-b553-1186211e3559</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="B4393AEA36AB82563F59A2CE8F79B427" type="ISSN">1638-9395</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="A2F40D28342C0679BAF1BD801073E268" type="Zenodo-Dep">6391240</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="873D9F3E5F200482BFB6898C7989CB42" type="ZooBank">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:231E3A73-1800-4559-A995-013482DEA623</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="03F29C74FFEB960AD66E6CB1FCDC9BE4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6399034" ID-GBIF-Taxon="194312172" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6399034" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F29C74FFEB960AD66E6CB1FCDC9BE4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F29C74FFEB960AD66E6CB1FCDC9BE4" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="411" pageId="25" pageNumber="408">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3417EE9FFEB960ED66E6CB1FB849FBB" box="[813,1104,215,241]" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFEB960ED66E6CB1FB849FBB" blockId="25.[813,1104,215,241]" box="[813,1104,215,241]" pageId="25" pageNumber="408">
|
||
<heading id="D0AC9A0EFFEB960ED66E6CB1FB849FBB" box="[813,1104,215,241]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEB960ED66E6CB1FB849FBB" box="[813,1104,215,241]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="408">
|
||
Indeterminate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEB960ED6866CB1FB849FBB" authorityName="Currie & Zhao" authorityYear="1994" box="[965,1104,215,241]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="407" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Allosauroidea">Allosauroidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3417EE9FFEB960ED66E6C91FC319E1B" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFEB960ED66E6C91FC319E1B" blockId="25.[811,1457,247,1581]" pageId="25" pageNumber="408">
|
||
A1, MPV
|
||
<date id="FFE50BA2FFEB960ED6DC6C91FBD79E5B" box="[927,1027,247,273]" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" value="2020-01-01">2020.1.1</date>
|
||
, B3, MPV
|
||
<date id="FFE50BA2FFEB960ED1C06C91FB3C9E5B" box="[1155,1256,247,273]" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" value="2020-01-09">2020.1.9</date>
|
||
, are interpreted as belonging to indeterminate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEB960ED1236D71FB229E7B" authorityName="Currie & Zhao" authorityYear="1994" box="[1120,1270,279,305]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="407" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Allosauroidea">Allosauroidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This assignment is discussed here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3417EE9FFEB960AD6006D31FCDC9BE4" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="412" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFEB960ED6006D31FBD39CC5" blockId="25.[811,1457,247,1581]" pageId="25" pageNumber="408">
|
||
Regarding morphological similarities between the two maxillae A1 and MPV
|
||
<date id="FFE50BA2FFEB960ED1666D11FB5D9EDB" box="[1061,1161,375,401]" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" value="2020-01-01">2020.1.1</date>
|
||
, it is likely that they belong to closely related taxa. The presence of a maxillary fenestra (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFEB960ED61C6DD0FC749E9B" box="[863,928,438,465]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[132,143,939,956]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,164,916]" captionTargetId="figure-613@15.[132,1455,190,916]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 9. — Allosauroidea indet., left maxilla and dentary (A1). Tentative positioning of A1 specimen in an “allosauroid like” skull (A); maxillary in dorsal view (A) and interpretative drawing (C). Abbreviations: amp, anteromedial process; man, maxillary antrum; pmf, promaxillary fossa; pmr, promaxillary recess; poas, postantral strut; pras, preantral strut. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391258" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391258/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="408">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
) is informative to differentiate megalosauroids from allosauroids. Indeed megalosauroid like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEB960ED0596DB1FCB59D5A" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Eustreptospondylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEB960ED0596DB1FCB59D5A" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="408">Eustreptospondylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEB960ED6C56D90FBEC9D5A" authorityName="Allain" authorityYear="2005" box="[902,1080,502,528]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Dubreuillosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEB960ED6C56D90FBEC9D5A" box="[902,1080,502,528]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="408">Dubreuillosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possess a maxillary fossa (medially closed maxillary fenestra
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEB960ED17F6E71FBA49D7A" box="[1084,1136,535,560]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="408">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEB960ED1346E70FADD9D7B" author="ALLAIN R." box="[1143,1289,534,561]" firstAuthor="Allain" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" pagination="548 - 563" part="22" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/bs2r3k" refId="ref19756" refString="ALLAIN R. 2002. - Discovery of megalosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) in the middle Bathonian of Normandy (France) and its implications for the phylogeny of basal Tetanurae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22 (3): 548 - 563. https: // doi. org / bs 2 r 3 k" title="Discovery of megalosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) in the middle Bathonian of Normandy (France) and its implications for the phylogeny of basal Tetanurae" type="journal article" year="2002">Allain (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEB960ED0036E70FC749D1B" author="RAUHUT O. W. M. & POL D." firstAuthor="Rauhut" journalOrPublisher="Scientific Reports" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" pagination="1 - 9" part="9" refId="ref23508" refString="RAUHUT O. W. M. & POL D. 2019. - Probable basal allosauroid from the early Middle Jurassic Canadon Asfalto Formation of Argentina highlights phylogenetic uncertainty in tetanuran theropod dinosaurs. Scientific Reports 9 (1): 1 - 9. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41598 - 019 - 53672 - 7" title="Probable basal allosauroid from the early Middle Jurassic Canadon Asfalto Formation of Argentina highlights phylogenetic uncertainty in tetanuran theropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2019">Rauhut & Pol (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
here considered as maxillary fossa) in contrast to more derived
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEB960ED6876E30FBFB9D3A" authorityName="Gauthier" authorityYear="1986" box="[964,1071,598,624]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="396" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Tetanurae">Tetanurae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEB960ED1036E30FB019D3A" authorityName="Currie & Zhao" authorityYear="1994" box="[1088,1237,598,624]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="407" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Allosauroidea">Allosauroidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Coelurosauria) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEB960ED6766E10FC7A9DDA" author="ALLAIN R." box="[821,942,630,656]" firstAuthor="Allain" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" pagination="548 - 563" part="22" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/bs2r3k" refId="ref19756" refString="ALLAIN R. 2002. - Discovery of megalosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) in the middle Bathonian of Normandy (France) and its implications for the phylogeny of basal Tetanurae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22 (3): 548 - 563. https: // doi. org / bs 2 r 3 k" title="Discovery of megalosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) in the middle Bathonian of Normandy (France) and its implications for the phylogeny of basal Tetanurae" type="journal article" year="2002">Allain 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEB960ED6F96E10FB549DDA" author="CARRANO M. T. & BENSON R. B. J. & SAMPSON S. D." box="[954,1152,630,656]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Carrano" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" pagination="211 - 300" part="10" refId="ref21456" refString="CARRANO M. T., BENSON R. B. J. & SAMPSON S. D. 2012. - The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 10 (2): 211 - 300. https: // doi. org / 10.10 80 / 14772019.2011.630927" title="The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Carrano
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEB960ED1566E11FB919DDA" box="[1045,1093,630,656]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="408">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEB960ED1D36E10FA7C9DDA" author="HENDRICKX C. & MATEUS O." box="[1168,1448,630,656]" firstAuthor="Hendrickx" journalOrPublisher="Plos One" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" pagination="e 88905" part="9" refId="ref22313" refString="HENDRICKX C. & MATEUS O. 2014. - Torvosaurus gurneyi n. sp., the Largest Terrestrial Predator from Europe, and a Proposed Terminology of the Maxilla Anatomy in Nonavian Theropods. Plos One 9 (3): e 88905. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0088905" title="Torvosaurus gurneyi n. sp., the Largest Terrestrial Predator from Europe, and a Proposed Terminology of the Maxilla Anatomy in Nonavian Theropods" type="journal article" year="2014">Hendrickx & Mateus 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEB960ED66E6EF0FC2A9DFA" author="RAUHUT O. W. M. & POL D." box="[813,1022,662,688]" firstAuthor="Rauhut" journalOrPublisher="Scientific Reports" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" pagination="1 - 9" part="9" refId="ref23508" refString="RAUHUT O. W. M. & POL D. 2019. - Probable basal allosauroid from the early Middle Jurassic Canadon Asfalto Formation of Argentina highlights phylogenetic uncertainty in tetanuran theropod dinosaurs. Scientific Reports 9 (1): 1 - 9. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41598 - 019 - 53672 - 7" title="Probable basal allosauroid from the early Middle Jurassic Canadon Asfalto Formation of Argentina highlights phylogenetic uncertainty in tetanuran theropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2019">Rauhut & Pol 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A1, with a maxillary fenestra and hence MPV
|
||
<date id="FFE50BA2FFEB960ED62D6ED0FC069D9A" box="[878,978,694,720]" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" value="2020-01-01">2020.1.1</date>
|
||
, appear closer to allosauroids like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEB960ED0056ED3FA649D85" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[1350,1456,693,719]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEB960ED0056ED3FA649D85" box="[1350,1456,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="408">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEB960ED6096EB0FC7F9DBA" baseAuthorityName="Currie & Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[842,939,726,752]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEB960ED6096EB0FC7F9DBA" box="[842,939,726,752]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="408">Sinraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEB960ED6F86EB3FB9B9DA5" author="MADSEN J. H. A." box="[955,1103,725,751]" firstAuthor="Madsen" journalOrPublisher="Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, Bulletin" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" pagination="1 - 163" part="109" refId="ref22910" refString="MADSEN J. H. A. 1976. - Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, Bulletin 109: 1 - 163." title="Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology" type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEB960ED11E6EB3FAEB9DBA" author="CURRIE P. J. & ZHAO X. - J." box="[1117,1343,725,752]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" pagination="2037 - 2081" part="30" refId="ref21624" refString="CURRIE P. J. & ZHAO X. - J. 1994. - A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30 (10): 2037 - 2081. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" title="A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China" type="journal article" year="1994">Currie & Zhao 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEB960ED00E6EB3FC149C45" author="CHURE D. J. & LOEWEN M. A." firstAuthor="Chure" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" pagination="e 7803" part="8" refId="ref21541" refString="CHURE D. J. & LOEWEN M. A. 2020. - Cranial anatomy of Allosaurus jimmadseni, a new species from the lower part of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Western North America. PeerJ 8: e 7803. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 7803" title="Cranial anatomy of Allosaurus jimmadseni, a new species from the lower part of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Western North America" type="journal article" year="2020">Chure & Loewen 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is then relevant to assign the specimens to an indeterminate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEB960ED6AF6F73FB569C65" authorityName="Currie & Zhao" authorityYear="1994" box="[1004,1154,789,815]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="407" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Allosauroidea">Allosauroidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In addition to this, following
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEB960ED6146F53FBE99C05" author="CARRANO M. T. & BENSON R. B. J. & SAMPSON S. D." box="[855,1085,821,847]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Carrano" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" pagination="211 - 300" part="10" refId="ref21456" refString="CARRANO M. T., BENSON R. B. J. & SAMPSON S. D. 2012. - The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 10 (2): 211 - 300. https: // doi. org / 10.10 80 / 14772019.2011.630927" title="The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Carrano
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEB960ED6F46F50FC3F9C05" box="[951,1003,821,847]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="408">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2012)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the peculiar short anterior ramus similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEB960ED6DD6F33FC2B9C25" baseAuthorityName="Currie & Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[926,1023,853,879]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEB960ED6DD6F33FC2B9C25" box="[926,1023,853,879]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="408">Sinraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would allow to assign the maxillae to a metriacanthosaurid.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFEB960ED6006FF3FAA59966" blockId="25.[811,1457,247,1581]" pageId="25" pageNumber="408">
|
||
The description and placement of the cervical B3 and the cervical/dorsal MPV
|
||
<date id="FFE50BA2FFEB960ED14F6FD3FBB99C85" box="[1036,1133,949,975]" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" value="2020-01-09">2020.1.9</date>
|
||
was especially helped and supported by comparisons with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEB960ED1106FB2FB6F9CA4" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[1107,1211,980,1006]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEB960ED1106FB2FB6F9CA4" box="[1107,1211,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="408">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEB960ED1AF6FB3FA9F9CA5" baseAuthorityName="Currie & Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[1260,1355,981,1007]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEB960ED1AF6FB3FA9F9CA5" box="[1260,1355,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="408">Sinraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEB960ED0186FB2FCB19B44" author="MADSEN J. H. A." firstAuthor="Madsen" journalOrPublisher="Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, Bulletin" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" pagination="1 - 163" part="109" refId="ref22910" refString="MADSEN J. H. A. 1976. - Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, Bulletin 109: 1 - 163." title="Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology" type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEB960ED6376F92FB899B45" author="CURRIE P. J. & ZHAO X. - J." box="[884,1117,1012,1039]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" pagination="2037 - 2081" part="30" refId="ref21624" refString="CURRIE P. J. & ZHAO X. - J. 1994. - A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30 (10): 2037 - 2081. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" title="A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China" type="journal article" year="1994">Currie & Zhao 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The two vertebrae are highly pneumatized and present an organization of laminae similar to that of the two above-mentioned allosauroids. In contrast to megalosauroid, the centra are rather short. Yet,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEB960ED0706833FA799B24" box="[1331,1453,1109,1134]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEB960ED0706833FA799B24" box="[1331,1453,1109,1134]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="408">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an exception with short and well pneumatized vertebrae. However, the rim around the anterior articular facet is absent in these specimens although clearly marked in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEB960ED07668D3FA659B84" box="[1333,1457,1205,1230]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEB960ED07668D3FA659B84" box="[1333,1457,1205,1230]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="408">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and megalosauroids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEB960ED14B68B2FBA19BA4" author="BRITT B. B." box="[1032,1141,1236,1262]" firstAuthor="Britt" journalOrPublisher="Brigham Young University Geology Studies" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" pagination="1 - 72" part="37" refId="ref20699" refString="BRITT B. B. 1991. - Theropods of Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri. Brigham Young University Geology Studies 37: 1 - 72." title="Theropods of Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri" type="journal article" year="1991">Britt 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEB960ED1C268B2FA9D9BA4" author="CARRANO M. T. & BENSON R. B. J. & SAMPSON S. D." box="[1153,1353,1236,1262]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Carrano" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" pagination="211 - 300" part="10" refId="ref21456" refString="CARRANO M. T., BENSON R. B. J. & SAMPSON S. D. 2012. - The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 10 (2): 211 - 300. https: // doi. org / 10.10 80 / 14772019.2011.630927" title="The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Carrano
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEB960ED19E68B2FADA9BA4" box="[1245,1294,1236,1262]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="408">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) Furthermore, the highly pneumatized nature of these two vertebrae is more closely comparable to
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEB960ED1186972FB169A64" box="[1115,1218,1300,1326]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="408">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEB960ED1186972FB6A9A64" baseAuthorityName="Currie & Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[1115,1214,1300,1326]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sinraptor</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Indeed, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEB960ED07D6975FA7C9A67" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[1342,1448,1299,1325]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEB960ED07D6975FA7C9A67" box="[1342,1448,1299,1325]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="408">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, pleurocoels are relatively smaller than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEB960ED1AD6955FA809A07" baseAuthorityName="Currie & Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[1262,1364,1331,1357]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sinraptor</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the specimens described here. (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEB960ED1086935FB099A27" author="MADSEN J. H. A." box="[1099,1245,1363,1389]" firstAuthor="Madsen" journalOrPublisher="Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, Bulletin" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" pagination="1 - 163" part="109" refId="ref22910" refString="MADSEN J. H. A. 1976. - Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, Bulletin 109: 1 - 163." title="Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology" type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This seems appropriate considering the Oxfordian age of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEB960ED1996915FC7B9AE4" authority="(Currie & Zhao 1994)" baseAuthorityName="Currie & Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1994" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEB960ED1996915FAEF9AC7" box="[1242,1339,1395,1421]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="408">Sinraptor</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEB960ED0086915FC729AE7" author="CURRIE P. J. & ZHAO X. - J." firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" pagination="2037 - 2081" part="30" refId="ref21624" refString="CURRIE P. J. & ZHAO X. - J. 1994. - A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30 (10): 2037 - 2081. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" title="A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China" type="journal article" year="1994">Currie & Zhao 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEB960ED6AB69F5FA849AE7" authority="Walker, 1964" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1964" box="[1000,1360,1427,1453]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Metriacanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEB960ED6AB69F5FB619AE7" box="[1000,1205,1427,1453]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="408">Metriacanthosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEB960ED1F869F5FA849AE7" author="WALKER A. D." box="[1211,1360,1427,1453]" firstAuthor="Walker" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" pagination="53 - 134" part="248" refId="ref23786" refString="WALKER A. D. 1964. - Triassic reptiles from the Elgin area: Ornithosuchus and the origin of carnosaurs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 248 (744): 53 - 134. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 1964.0009" title="Triassic reptiles from the Elgin area: Ornithosuchus and the origin of carnosaurs" type="journal article" year="1964">Walker, 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, another metriacanthosaurid, which is stratigraphically and geographically close from above specimens. Finally, considering their dimensions and similarities, it is possible that these two bones belong to the same taxon or even the same individual.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFEB960ED66E6A35FAC09921" blockId="25.[811,1458,1619,2028]" box="[813,1300,1619,1645]" pageId="25" pageNumber="408">MINIMAL NUMBER OF TAXA AND INDIVIDUALS</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFEB960DD66E6A14FAD598A6" blockId="25.[811,1458,1619,2028]" lastBlockId="26.[811,1457,1427,2028]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="409" pageId="25" pageNumber="408">
|
||
The study of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D5DE6EBFFEB960ED6F46A14FB9C99C6" box="[951,1096,1650,1676]" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" type="generic">26 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
allows to determine that, at least, three different taxa were found in the Vaches Noires cliffs. The first is an indeterminate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEB960ED12A6AD4FB2B9986" authorityName="Currie & Zhao" authorityYear="1994" box="[1129,1279,1714,1740]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="407" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Allosauroidea">Allosauroidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFEB960ED04C6AD4FABB9986" box="[1295,1391,1714,1740]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="26.[132,143,1313,1330]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,197,1296]" captionTargetId="figure-389@26.[698,1267,202,767]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIG. 19. — Representation of the supposed three theropods taxon of the Vaches Noires cliffs with anatomic referred specimen positioning. Indeterminate Allosauroidea (A). Streptospondylus altdorfensis with the probable individual from Oolithes Ferrugineuse de Villers (B). Indeterminate Megalosauroidea distinct from Streptospondylus altdorfensis (C). Scale bars: 1 m." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391280/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="408">Fig. 19A</figureCitation>
|
||
) with a minimum of two individuals: one being represented by the A
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D5DE6EBFFEB960ED6336A94FC3D9846" box="[880,1001,1778,1804]" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
and the other by the maxillary fragment MPV
|
||
<date id="FFE50BA2FFEB960ED6356B74FC359866" box="[886,993,1810,1836]" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" value="2020-01-01">2020.1.1</date>
|
||
. To these allosauroids can be added the vertebrae B3 and MPV
|
||
<date id="FFE50BA2FFEB960ED1066B54FB789806" box="[1093,1196,1842,1868]" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" value="2020-01-09">2020.1.9</date>
|
||
and the reconstructed braincase APVSM1+B25392 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFEB960ED1CB6B37FB1F9826" box="[1160,1227,1873,1900]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[132,143,1376,1393]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,872,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-468@11.[131,794,871,1334]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 5. — Specimen MNHN.F.RJN472, anterior dorsal vertebra of Streptospondylus altdorfensis from Oolithes Ferrugineuse de Villers, in left lateral (A), posterior (B), dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views. Abbreviations: pcd, pleurocentral depression; pp, parapophysis; vp, ventral plateau. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391250/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="408">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The second taxon is
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEB960ED6046B17FC2098C1" box="[839,1012,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="408">Streptospondylus</emphasis>
|
||
, represented by potentially 4 individuals: one is the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E093C0FFEB960ED6936BF4FC2B98E6" box="[976,1023,1938,1964]" pageId="25" pageNumber="408">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen to which the vertebra MPV
|
||
<date id="FFE50BA2FFEB960ED66C6BD7FC759881" box="[815,929,1969,1995]" pageId="25" pageNumber="408" value="2020-01-10">2020.1.10</date>
|
||
and the femur of the Pezy collection (EM pers. obs) may be associated. The second is represented by the cervical vertebra MPV
|
||
<date id="FFE50BA2FFE8960DD4CC69F5FDDC9AE7" box="[399,520,1427,1453]" pageId="26" pageNumber="409" value="2020-01-11">2020.1.11</date>
|
||
. Then, the tibia MPV
|
||
<date id="FFE50BA2FFE8960DD5C469D5FF399A87" box="[135,237,1459,1485]" pageId="26" pageNumber="409" value="2020-01-02">2020.1.2</date>
|
||
referred to
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE8960DD43A69D5FDFE9A87" box="[377,554,1459,1485]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="409">Streptospondylus</emphasis>
|
||
is smaller than the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E093C0FFE8960DD5C469B5FF639AA7" box="[135,183,1491,1517]" pageId="26" pageNumber="409">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen and indicates a third individual, the size of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE8960DD5E66995FD859947" authority="OUM J." authorityName="OUM J." box="[165,593,1522,1549]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Eustreptospondylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="409" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oxoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE8960DD5E66995FE329946" box="[165,486,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="409">Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
OUM J.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
13558. The last is a large adult from the Oolithe Ferrugineuse de Villers (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFE8960DD5CD6A54FF259907" box="[142,241,1586,1613]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="26.[132,143,1313,1330]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,197,1296]" captionTargetId="figure-389@26.[698,1267,202,767]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIG. 19. — Representation of the supposed three theropods taxon of the Vaches Noires cliffs with anatomic referred specimen positioning. Indeterminate Allosauroidea (A). Streptospondylus altdorfensis with the probable individual from Oolithes Ferrugineuse de Villers (B). Indeterminate Megalosauroidea distinct from Streptospondylus altdorfensis (C). Scale bars: 1 m." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391280/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="409">Fig. 19B</figureCitation>
|
||
). This one is based on specimens B1, B5, MPV
|
||
<date id="FFE50BA2FFE8960DD5C56A34FF2D9926" box="[134,249,1618,1644]" pageId="26" pageNumber="409" value="2020-01-12">2020.1.12</date>
|
||
and MNHN.F.RJN472 and could be the single theropod known from this formation. The last taxon is an indeterminate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE8960DD4696AF4FE0399E6" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[298,471,1682,1708]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="409" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Megalosauridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
with two large individuals represented by femora (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFE8960DD4CD6AD4FE279986" box="[398,499,1714,1740]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="26.[132,143,1313,1330]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,197,1296]" captionTargetId="figure-389@26.[698,1267,202,767]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIG. 19. — Representation of the supposed three theropods taxon of the Vaches Noires cliffs with anatomic referred specimen positioning. Indeterminate Allosauroidea (A). Streptospondylus altdorfensis with the probable individual from Oolithes Ferrugineuse de Villers (B). Indeterminate Megalosauroidea distinct from Streptospondylus altdorfensis (C). Scale bars: 1 m." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391280/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="409">Fig. 19C</figureCitation>
|
||
): one is NMH1 and the other is MNHN.F.RJN471 from H14 level of the Marnes de Villers. However, the distinction between this taxon and
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE8960DD5C06B74FEFB9866" box="[131,303,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="409">Streptospondylus</emphasis>
|
||
is subject to caution because it is based on the femur MNHN.F.RJN93, which is a referred specimen of
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE8960DD5C06B37FEF89821" box="[131,300,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="409">Streptospondylus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE8960DD47F6B37FE6F9826" author="ALLAIN R." box="[316,443,1873,1900]" firstAuthor="Allain" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="26" pageNumber="409" pagination="349 - 367" part="23" refId="ref19724" refString="ALLAIN R. 2001. - Redescription de Streptospondylus altdorfensis, le dinosaure theropode de Cuvier, du Jurassique de Normandie. Geodiversitas 23 (3): 349 - 367." title="Redescription de Streptospondylus altdorfensis, le dinosaure theropode de Cuvier, du Jurassique de Normandie" type="journal article" year="2001">Allain 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nevertheless, these
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D5DE6EBFFE8960DD7E26B34FCD29826" box="[673,774,1874,1900]" pageId="26" pageNumber="409" type="generic" typeStatus="types">two types</specimenCount>
|
||
of femur still indicate two different megalosauroids. The rest of the bones from the Callovian and Oxfordian marls without more detailed taxonomic assignments are mostly vertebrae. None of their stratigraphic origin and size seem to increase the MNI. Thus, it has to be noticed that these specimens of indeterminate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE8960DD6A969D5FB839A87" authorityName="Gauthier" authorityYear="1986" box="[1002,1111,1459,1485]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="396" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Tetanurae">Tetanurae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as well as other bones that were not considered in this study (i.e the allosaurid metatarsal described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE8960DD6FC6995FB609947" author="BUFFETAUT E. & HEBERT F. & REBOURS T." box="[959,1204,1522,1549]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Buffetaut" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin Sciences et Geologie Normandes" pageId="26" pageNumber="409" pagination="49 - 53" part="1" refId="ref21191" refString="BUFFETAUT E., HEBERT F. & REBOURS T. 2010. - Un metatarsien de dinosaure theropode dans le Jurassique des falaises des Vaches Noires (Calvados, Normandie, France). Bulletin Sciences et Geologie Normandes 1: 49 - 53." title="Un metatarsien de dinosaure theropode dans le Jurassique des falaises des Vaches Noires (Calvados, Normandie, France)" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Buffetaut
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE8960DD16E6995FBB69947" box="[1069,1122,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="409">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
[2010]
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) might be parts of the above-mentioned individuals. Likewise,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE8960DD0476A75FA7C9966" authorityName="Taquet & Welles" authorityYear="1977" box="[1284,1448,1555,1580]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Piveteausaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="409" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE8960DD0476A75FA7C9966" box="[1284,1448,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="409">Piveteausaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, represented by a unique braincase is problematic. First, it has received various taxonomic assignments:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE8960DD0586A34FA649926" authorityName="Currie & Zhao" authorityYear="1994" box="[1307,1456,1618,1644]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="407" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Allosauroidea">Allosauroidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
following
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE8960DD6DB6A14FBFC99C7" author="ALLAIN R." box="[920,1064,1650,1677]" firstAuthor="Allain" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="26" pageNumber="409" pagination="349 - 367" part="23" refId="ref19724" refString="ALLAIN R. 2001. - Redescription de Streptospondylus altdorfensis, le dinosaure theropode de Cuvier, du Jurassique de Normandie. Geodiversitas 23 (3): 349 - 367." title="Redescription de Streptospondylus altdorfensis, le dinosaure theropode de Cuvier, du Jurassique de Normandie" type="journal article" year="2001">Allain (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE8960DD10A6A14FB2B99C6" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[1097,1279,1650,1676]" family="Megalosauroidea" pageId="26" pageNumber="389" rank="family">Megalosauroidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE8960DD05D6A14FCAE99E7" author="CARRANO M. T. & BENSON R. B. J. & SAMPSON S. D." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Carrano" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="26" pageNumber="409" pagination="211 - 300" part="10" refId="ref21456" refString="CARRANO M. T., BENSON R. B. J. & SAMPSON S. D. 2012. - The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 10 (2): 211 - 300. https: // doi. org / 10.10 80 / 14772019.2011.630927" title="The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Carrano
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE8960DD03D6A15FA6499C6" box="[1406,1456,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="409">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2012)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Moreover, a braincase does not increase the MNI in terms of anatomical concordance with the whole studied specimens which are mainly axial elements. It is the same for its stratigraphic origin, which is unknown. Thus, it is also possible that it belongs to one of the above individuals or might even be a braincase of
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE8960DD1C86B57FAEA9801" box="[1163,1342,1841,1867]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="409">Streptospondylus,</emphasis>
|
||
as already thought by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE8960DD6E76B37FB999826" author="PIVETEAU J." box="[932,1101,1873,1900]" firstAuthor="Piveteau" journalOrPublisher="Annales de Paleontologie" pageId="26" pageNumber="409" pagination="1 - 11" part="12" refId="ref23288" refString="PIVETEAU J. 1923. - L'arriere-crane d'un dinosaurien carnivore de l'Oxfordien de Dives. Annales de Paleontologie 12: 1 - 11." title="L'arriere-crane d'un dinosaurien carnivore de l'Oxfordien de Dives" type="journal article" year="1923">Piveteau (1923)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE8960DD13E6B37FACD9826" author="WALKER A. D." box="[1149,1305,1873,1900]" firstAuthor="Walker" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences" pageId="26" pageNumber="409" pagination="53 - 134" part="248" refId="ref23786" refString="WALKER A. D. 1964. - Triassic reptiles from the Elgin area: Ornithosuchus and the origin of carnosaurs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 248 (744): 53 - 134. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 1964.0009" title="Triassic reptiles from the Elgin area: Ornithosuchus and the origin of carnosaurs" type="journal article" year="1964">Walker (1964)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and although this braincase is certainly of a much bigger animal than the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E093C0FFE8960DD66F6BF4FC8F98E6" box="[812,859,1938,1964]" pageId="26" pageNumber="409">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE8960DD6C66BF7FBE498E1" box="[901,1072,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="409">Streptospondylus</emphasis>
|
||
. A new study of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE8960DD1B66BF4FA4698E1" authorityName="Taquet & Welles" authorityYear="1977" box="[1269,1426,1938,1963]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Piveteausaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="409" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE8960DD1B66BF4FA4698E1" box="[1269,1426,1938,1963]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="409">Piveteausaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in order to clarify its taxonomic affinities is thus essential and in progress (Monvoisin
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE8960DD1776BB4FBBD98A1" box="[1076,1129,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="409">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
pers comm.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF247DEAFFE8960DD5C76947FDFF9A15" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391280" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6391280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391280/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="409" startId="26.[132,143,1313,1330]" targetBox="[132,1456,197,1296]" targetPageId="26">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFE8960DD5C76947FDFF9A15" blockId="26.[132,1455,1313,1375]" pageId="26" pageNumber="409">
|
||
FIG. 19. — Representation of the supposed three theropods taxon of the Vaches Noires cliffs with anatomic referred specimen positioning. Indeterminate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE8960DD0CA6947FF029A03" authorityName="Currie & Zhao" authorityYear="1994" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="407" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Allosauroidea">Allosauroidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE8960DD5A3695EFF399A03" bold="true" box="[224,237,1336,1353]" pageId="26" pageNumber="409">A</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE8960DD5BF695EFE279A03" box="[252,499,1336,1353]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="409">Streptospondylus altdorfensis</emphasis>
|
||
with the probable individual from Oolithes Ferrugineuse de Villers (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE8960DD15D695EFBFF9A03" bold="true" box="[1054,1067,1336,1353]" pageId="26" pageNumber="409">B</emphasis>
|
||
). Indeterminate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE8960DD1F1695EFA969A03" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[1202,1346,1336,1353]" family="Megalosauroidea" pageId="26" pageNumber="389" rank="family">Megalosauroidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
distinct from
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE8960DD5C76928FEA89A15" box="[132,380,1358,1375]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="409">Streptospondylus altdorfensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE8960DD4C56928FE409A15" bold="true" box="[390,404,1358,1375]" pageId="26" pageNumber="409">C</emphasis>
|
||
). Scale bars: 1 m.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF247DEAFFE9960CD5C76CBDFD809E0D" ID-Table-UUID="DF247DEAFFE9960CD5C76CBDFD809E0D" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF247DEAFFE9960CD5C76CBDFD809E0D" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" startId="27.[132,143,219,236]" targetBox="[140,1444,386,1052]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="27">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFE9960CD5C76CBDFD809E0D" blockId="27.[132,1456,219,327]" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
TABLE 3. — Summary table of minimal individuals and taxa from Vaches Noires cliffs.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE9960CD60C6CBDFB719FA6" authority="(Walker, 1964)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[847,1189,219,236]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Piveteausaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="divesensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE9960CD60C6CBDFBFC9FA6" box="[847,1064,219,236]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">Piveteausaurus divesensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE9960CD1706CBDFB769FA6" author="WALKER A. D." box="[1075,1186,219,236]" firstAuthor="Walker" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" pagination="53 - 134" part="248" refId="ref23786" refString="WALKER A. D. 1964. - Triassic reptiles from the Elgin area: Ornithosuchus and the origin of carnosaurs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 248 (744): 53 - 134. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 1964.0009" title="Triassic reptiles from the Elgin area: Ornithosuchus and the origin of carnosaurs" type="journal article" year="1964">Walker, 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is with dotted frame because it represents a taxon and specimen that could possibly merge with above taxa and specimens.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE9960CD6C96C94FBB69E49" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[906,1122,242,259]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Piveteausaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="divesensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE9960CD6C96C94FBB69E49" box="[906,1122,242,259]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">Piveteausaurus divesensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is then not used as a unit of the minimal number of individual (MNI)/Minimal number of taxa (MNT). Reportable specimens are specific to an individual or taxon. Distributable specimen belongs to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE9960CD0C06D6FFF679E7A" authorityName="Gauthier" authorityYear="1986" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="396" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Tetanurae">Tetanurae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and could, with MNI and MNT hypothesis be part of mentioned taxon and individuals without increasing their numbers. Bold “distributable” specimens are incompatible (dimension and anatomy) with each other.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFE9960CD6E16DE4FE659B56" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<table id="F95BDFC2FFE969E8D5CF6DE4FA709B56" box="[140,1444,386,1052]" gridcols="4" gridrows="21" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<tr id="356B2F20FFE969E8D5CF6DE4FA709EDC" box="[140,1444,386,406]" gridrow="0" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76BA465CFFE969E8D6E16DE4FB8F9EDC" box="[930,1115,386,406]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE9960CD6E16DE4FBC79EDC" bold="true" box="[930,1043,386,406]" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">Reportable</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="356B2F20FFE969E8D5CF6DFDFA709EE5" box="[140,1444,411,431]" gridrow="1" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<th id="76BA465CFFE969E8D5CF6DFDFE6D9EE5" box="[140,441,411,431]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">Taxon</th>
|
||
<td id="76BA465CFFE969E8D4926DFDFB8F9EE5" box="[465,1115,411,431]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">Representant specimen/ minimum individual specimen</td>
|
||
<td id="76BA465CFFE969E8D12F6DFDFA709EE5" box="[1132,1444,411,431]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE9960CD12F6DFDFABF9EE5" bold="true" box="[1132,1387,411,431]" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">“Distributable” specimen</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="356B2F20FFE969E8D5CF6DD9FA709E99" box="[140,1444,447,467]" gridrow="2" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76BA465CFFE969E8D5CF6DD9FE6D9E99" box="[140,441,447,467]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE9960CD5CF6DD9FE739E99" box="[140,423,447,467]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">Streptospondylus altdorfensis</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76BA465CFFE969E8D4926DD9FC459E99" box="[465,913,447,467]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
Type specimen (
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E093C0FFE9960CD72E6DD9FD129E99" box="[621,710,447,467]" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
) MNHN.F.RJN78 à
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76BA465CFFE969E8D6E16DD9FB8F9E99" box="[930,1115,447,467]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
MPV
|
||
<date id="FFE50BA2FFE9960CD6966DD9FBE19E99" box="[981,1077,447,467]" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" value="2020-01-10">2020.1.10</date>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="356B2F20FFE969E8D5CF6DB3FA709EA6" box="[140,1444,469,492]" gridrow="3" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="76BA465CFFE969E8D5CF6DB3FE6D9EA6" box="[140,441,469,492]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">Callovian or Oxfordian marls</th>
|
||
<td id="76BA465CFFE969E8D4926DB3FC459EA6" box="[465,913,469,492]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">RJN92 + rapported material MNHN.F.RJN93</td>
|
||
<td id="76BA465CFFE969E8D12F6DB3FA709EA6" box="[1132,1444,469,492]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">Dorsal vertebrae:</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="356B2F20FFE969E8D5CF6D88FA709D4E" box="[140,1444,494,516]" gridrow="4" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<th id="76BA465CFFE969E8D5CF6D88FE6D9D4E" box="[140,441,494,516]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
?
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE9960CD5DB6D96FE669D4E" box="[152,434,496,516]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">Streptospondylus altdorfensis</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76BA465CFFE969E8D4926D88FC459D4E" box="[465,913,494,516]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
MPV
|
||
<date id="FFE50BA2FFE9960CD7476D96FDB79D4E" box="[516,611,496,516]" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" value="2020-01-11">2020.1.11</date>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76BA465CFFE969E8D6E16D88FB8F9D4E" box="[930,1115,494,516]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76BA465CFFE969E8D12F6D88FA709D4E" box="[1132,1444,494,516]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
B4, MPV
|
||
<date id="FFE50BA2FFE9960CD1856D88FAC89D48" box="[1222,1308,494,514]" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" value="2020-01-07">2020.1.7</date>
|
||
, MPV V869
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="356B2F20FFE969E8D5CF6E6CFA709D54" box="[140,1444,522,542]" gridrow="5" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76BA465CFFE969E8D5CF6E6CFE6D9D54" box="[140,441,522,542]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">Oxfordian marls</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="356B2F20FFE969E8D5CF6E44FA709D7C" box="[140,1444,546,566]" gridrow="6" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76BA465CFFE969E8D5CF6E44FE6D9D7C" box="[140,441,546,566]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
?
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE9960CD5DB6E44FE669D7C" box="[152,434,546,566]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">Streptospondylus altdorfensis</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76BA465CFFE969E8D4926E44FC459D7C" box="[465,913,546,566]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
MPV
|
||
<date id="FFE50BA2FFE9960CD7476E44FD839D7C" box="[516,599,546,566]" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" value="2020-01-02">2020.1.2</date>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76BA465CFFE969E8D6E16E44FB8F9D7C" box="[930,1115,546,566]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="356B2F20FFE969E8D5CF6E5AFA709D1A" box="[140,1444,572,592]" gridrow="7" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76BA465CFFE969E8D5CF6E5AFE6D9D1A" box="[140,441,572,592]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">Callovian or Oxfordian marls</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="356B2F20FFE969E8D5CF6E32FA709D22" box="[140,1444,596,616]" gridrow="8" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76BA465CFFE969E8D5CF6E32FE6D9D22" box="[140,441,596,616]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
?
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE9960CD5DB6E32FE649D22" box="[152,432,596,616]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">Streptospondylus altdorfensis</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76BA465CFFE969E8D4926E32FC459D22" box="[465,913,596,616]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">B1, B5, MNHN.F.RJN472</td>
|
||
<td id="76BA465CFFE969E8D6E16E32FB8F9D22" box="[930,1115,596,616]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
MPV
|
||
<date id="FFE50BA2FFE9960CD6966E32FBE19D22" box="[981,1077,596,616]" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" value="2020-01-12">2020.1.12</date>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="356B2F20FFE969E8D5CF6E08FA709DC8" box="[140,1444,622,642]" gridrow="9" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76BA465CFFE969E8D5CF6E08FC459DC8" box="[140,913,622,642]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE9960CD5EB6E08FE9F9DC8" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[168,331,622,642]" family="Megalosauroidea" pageId="27" pageNumber="389" rank="family">Megalosauroidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Oolithes
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="356B2F20FFE969E8D5CF6EE1FA709DD1" box="[140,1444,647,667]" gridrow="10" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76BA465CFFE969E8D5CF6EE1FE6D9DD1" box="[140,441,647,667]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">ferrugineuses de Villers)</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="356B2F20FFE969E8D5CF6ECDFA709DF5" box="[140,1444,683,703]" gridrow="11" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76BA465CFFE969E8D5CF6ECDFE6D9DF5" box="[140,441,683,703]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE9960CD5CF6ECDFEF09DF5" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[140,292,683,703]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Megalosauridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
indet. (distinct
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76BA465CFFE969E8D4926ECDFC459DF5" box="[465,913,683,703]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">MNHN.F.RJN471</td>
|
||
<td id="76BA465CFFE969E8D6E16ECDFB8F9DF5" box="[930,1115,683,703]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="356B2F20FFE969E8D5CF6EA2FA709D97" box="[140,1444,708,733]" gridrow="12" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="76BA465CFFE969E8D5CF6EA2FE6D9D97" box="[140,441,708,733]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
from
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE9960CD5966EA2FEA99D92" box="[213,381,708,728]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">Streptospondylus</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76BA465CFFE969E8D12F6EA2FA709D97" box="[1132,1444,708,733]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">Caudal vertebrae:</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="356B2F20FFE969E8D5CF6EB8FA709C1D" box="[140,1444,734,855]" gridrow="13" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<th id="76BA465CFFE969E8D5CF6EB8FE6D9C1D" box="[140,441,734,855]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE9960CD5E06EB8FEC49DB8" box="[163,272,734,754]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">altdorfensis</emphasis>
|
||
), Oxfordian marls
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE9960CD5CF6E90FEF09C40" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[140,292,758,778]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Megalosauridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
indet. (distinct from
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE9960CD5966F76FEA99C6E" box="[213,381,784,804]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">Streptospondylus</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE9960CD5E06F4FFEC49C77" box="[163,272,809,829]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">altdorfensis</emphasis>
|
||
), Callovian or Oxfordian marls
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76BA465CFFE969E8D4926EB8FC459C1D" box="[465,913,734,855]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">NMH1</td>
|
||
<td id="76BA465CFFE969E8D6E16EB8FB8F9C1D" box="[930,1115,734,855]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76BA465CFFE969E8D12F6EB8FA709C1D" box="[1132,1444,734,855]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE9960CD12F6E85FB109DBD" bold="true" box="[1132,1220,739,759]" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">APVSM2</emphasis>
|
||
, B7, NMH2,
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE9960CD1C06E9AFADF9C5A" bold="true" box="[1155,1291,764,784]" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
MPV
|
||
<date id="FFE50BA2FFE9960CD1FB6E9AFADF9C5A" box="[1208,1291,764,784]" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" value="2020-01-04">2020.1.4</date>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, MPV
|
||
<date id="FFE50BA2FFE9960CD0096E9AFA749C5A" box="[1354,1440,764,784]" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" value="2020-01-05">2020.1.5</date>
|
||
, MPV
|
||
<date id="FFE50BA2FFE9960CD1F56F70FAD89C60" box="[1206,1292,790,810]" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" value="2020-01-08">2020.1.8</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE9960CD1C06F49FAD19C09" bold="true" box="[1155,1285,815,835]" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
MPV
|
||
<date id="FFE50BA2FFE9960CD1F16F49FAD19C09" box="[1202,1285,815,835]" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" value="2020-01-06">2020.1.6</date>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, MPV V795
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="356B2F20FFE969E8D5CF6F00FA709C30" box="[140,1444,870,890]" gridrow="14" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76BA465CFFE969E8D5CF6F00FE6D9C30" box="[140,441,870,890]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE9960CD5CF6F00FED99C30" authorityName="Currie & Zhao" authorityYear="1994" box="[140,269,870,890]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="407" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Allosauroidea">Allosauroidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
indet.,
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76BA465CFFE969E8D4926F00FC459C30" box="[465,913,870,890]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">A1</td>
|
||
<td id="76BA465CFFE969E8D6E16F00FB8F9C30" box="[930,1115,870,890]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">APVSM1+ B25192,</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="356B2F20FFE969E8D5CF6FE6FA709CDE" box="[140,1444,896,916]" gridrow="15" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76BA465CFFE969E8D5CF6FE6FE6D9CDE" box="[140,441,896,916]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">Oxfordian marls</th>
|
||
<td id="76BA465CFFE969E8D6E16FE6FB8F9CDE" box="[930,1115,896,916]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">B3, MPV</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="356B2F20FFE969E8D5CF6FFFFA709CE7" box="[140,1444,921,941]" gridrow="16" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<td id="76BA465CFFE969E8D6E16FFFFB8F9CE7" box="[930,1115,921,941]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<date id="FFE50BA2FFE9960CD6FA6FFFFBD89CE7" box="[953,1036,921,941]" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" value="2020-01-09">2020.1.9</date>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="356B2F20FFE969E8D5CF6FD7FA709C8F" box="[140,1444,945,965]" gridrow="17" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76BA465CFFE969E8D5CF6FD7FE6D9C8F" box="[140,441,945,965]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE9960CD5CF6FD7FED99C8F" authorityName="Currie & Zhao" authorityYear="1994" box="[140,269,945,965]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="407" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Allosauroidea">Allosauroidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
indet.,
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76BA465CFFE969E8D4926FD7FC459C8F" box="[465,913,945,965]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
MPV
|
||
<date id="FFE50BA2FFE9960CD7476FD7FD8C9C8F" box="[516,600,945,965]" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" value="2020-01-01">2020.1.1</date>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="356B2F20FFE969E8D5CF6FADFA709C95" box="[140,1444,971,991]" gridrow="18" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76BA465CFFE969E8D5CF6FADFE6D9C95" box="[140,441,971,991]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">Callovian or Oxfordian marls</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="356B2F20FFE969E8D5CF6F88FA709B49" box="[140,1444,1006,1027]" gridrow="19" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<th id="76BA465CFFE969E8D5CF6F88FE6D9B49" box="[140,441,1006,1027]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE9960CD5CF6F89FE509B49" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[140,388,1007,1027]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Piveteausaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="divesensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE9960CD5CF6F89FE509B49" box="[140,388,1007,1027]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">Piveteausaurus divesensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76BA465CFFE969E8D4926F88FC459B49" box="[465,913,1006,1027]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E093C0FFE9960CD4926F88FDD49B48" box="[465,512,1006,1026]" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen (MNHN.F.1920-7)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76BA465CFFE969E8D6E16F88FB8F9B49" box="[930,1115,1006,1027]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76BA465CFFE969E8D12F6F88FA709B49" box="[1132,1444,1006,1027]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="356B2F20FFE969E8D5CF686EFA709B56" box="[140,1444,1032,1052]" gridrow="20" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76BA465CFFE969E8D5CF686EFE6D9B56" box="[140,441,1032,1052]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">Callovian or Oxfordian marls</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFE9960CD5D86812FD8B9A87" blockId="27.[130,777,1140,1485]" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
With a minimum number approach, there are three theropod taxa at the Vaches Noires cliffs and eight individuals (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6D918D9FFE9960CD7E968F2FD239BE4" box="[682,759,1172,1198]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="27.[132,143,219,236]" captionTargetId="graphics-665@27.[132,1456,372,1056]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="TABLE 3. — Summary table of minimal individuals and taxa from Vaches Noires cliffs. Piveteausaurus divesensis (Walker, 1964) is with dotted frame because it represents a taxon and specimen that could possibly merge with above taxa and specimens. Piveteausaurus divesensis is then not used as a unit of the minimal number of individual (MNI)/Minimal number of taxa (MNT). Reportable specimens are specific to an individual or taxon. Distributable specimen belongs to Tetanurae and could, with MNI and MNT hypothesis be part of mentioned taxon and individuals without increasing their numbers. Bold “distributable” specimens are incompatible (dimension and anatomy) with each other." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF247DEAFFE9960CD5C76CBDFD809E0D" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" tableUuid="DF247DEAFFE9960CD5C76CBDFD809E0D">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
). Many of them come from the lower Oxfordian (Marnes de Villers, Oolithe Ferrugineuse de Villers and Argiles à
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE9960CD78B68B2FF029A47" authorityName="Sowerby" authorityYear="1816" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Lopha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreida" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gregarea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE9960CD78B68B2FF029A47" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">Lopha gregarea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) instead of the traditionally envisioned upper Callovian (Marnes de Dives). Moreover, they are based on several observations that are subject to bias especially for taxonomic assignments.Nevertheless, the information gathered from these bones indicates an overestimation of the number of theropod individuals, leading to an over-representation that does not reflect the real composition of an ecosystem.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFE9960CD5C76995FDF89961" blockId="27.[130,777,1523,2028]" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">NEW INSIGHTS ABOUT THE THEROPOD OVER- REPRESENTATION OF THE DEPOSIT</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFE9960BD5C76A55FE049B65" blockId="27.[130,777,1523,2028]" lastBlockId="28.[130,777,215,2028]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="411" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">
|
||
As mentioned before, most of the dinosaur remains from the Vaches Noires cliffs belong to theropods. Only very scarce remains of other groups have been found. A caudal vertebra from the Pezy collection (EM pers.obs) represents the second bone referred to a sauropod but also the only one that is left because the first, a vertebra mentioned by Bigot in 1895, was destroyed during World War II (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE9960CD4996A94FD869847" author="BIGOT A." box="[474,594,1778,1805]" firstAuthor="Bigot" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe linneenne de Normandie, suppl" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref20489" refString="BIGOT A. 1945. - La destruction des collections et des bibliotheques scientifiques de Caen. Bulletin de la Societe linneenne de Normandie, suppl.: 1 - 75." title="La destruction des collections et des bibliotheques scientifiques de Caen" type="book chapter" year="1945">Bigot 1945</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE9960CD71D6A94FCD49846" author="BUFFETAUT E." box="[606,768,1778,1804]" firstAuthor="Buffetaut" journalOrPublisher="Fossiles: Revue francaise de Paleontologie, hors-serie" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" pagination="105 - 110" part="4" refId="ref20951" refString="BUFFETAUT E. 2013. - Les dinosaures des Vaches-Noires. Fossiles: Revue francaise de Paleontologie, hors-serie (4): 105 - 110." title="Les dinosaures des Vaches-Noires" type="journal article" year="2013">Buffetaut 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE9960CD5C76B74FE529866" author="PLASSE M. & BUFFETAUT E." box="[132,390,1810,1836]" firstAuthor="Plasse" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin Sciences et Geologie normandes" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" pagination="5 - 13" part="8" refId="ref23312" refString="PLASSE M. & BUFFETAUT E. 2016. - Une vertebre dorsale de dinosaure theropode. Bulletin Sciences et Geologie normandes 8: 5 - 13." title="Une vertebre dorsale de dinosaure theropode" type="journal article" year="2016">Plasse & Buffetaut 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The recently described thyreophoran vertebrae (probably from a stegosaur) add another clade to the Vaches Noires Cliffs dinosaurs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE9960CD75A6B37FF6E98C1" author="BUFFETAUT E. & TABOUELLE J." firstAuthor="Buffetaut" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Palevol" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" pagination="891 - 896" part="18" refId="ref21335" refString="BUFFETAUT E. & TABOUELLE J. 2019. - Thyreophoran vertebrae from the Callovian (Middle Jurassic) of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France), with remarks on the dinosaur assemblage from the Vaches Noires. Comptes Rendus Palevol 18 (7): 891 - 896. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. crpv. 2019.04.009" title="Thyreophoran vertebrae from the Callovian (Middle Jurassic) of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France), with remarks on the dinosaur assemblage from the Vaches Noires" type="journal article" year="2019">Buffetaut & Tabouelle 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, theropod remains are still over-represented. Most of these remains belong to large carnivorous dinosaurs that represent obvious apex predators. It is difficult to imagine an ecosystem mainly composed of predators. Indeed, it is usually accepted that predators are less abundant than their prey (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE9960CD6E168F2FBFC9BE4" author="FARLOW J. O." box="[930,1064,1172,1198]" firstAuthor="Farlow" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Science" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" pagination="167 - 199" part="293" refId="ref22087" refString="FARLOW J. O. 1993. - On the rareness of big, fierce animals; speculations about the body sizes, population densities, and geographic ranges of predatory mammals and large carnivorous dinosaurs. American Journal of Science 293 (A): 167 - 199. https: // doi. org / 10.2475 / ajs. 293. A. 167" title="On the rareness of big, fierce animals; speculations about the body sizes, population densities, and geographic ranges of predatory mammals and large carnivorous dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1993">Farlow 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE9960CD17668F2FB3C9BE4" author="NAISH D. & MARTILL D. M. & FREY E." box="[1077,1256,1172,1198]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Naish" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" pagination="57 - 70" part="16" refId="ref23221" refString="NAISH D., MARTILL D. M. & FREY E. 2004. - Ecology, Systematics and Biogeographical Relationships of Dinosaurs, Including a New Theropod, from the Santana Formation (? Albian, Early Cretaceous) of Brazil. Historical Biology 16 (2 - 4): 57 - 70. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 08912960410001674200" title="Ecology, Systematics and Biogeographical Relationships of Dinosaurs, Including a New Theropod, from the Santana Formation (? Albian, Early Cretaceous) of Brazil" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Naish
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE9960CD13A68F3FB7F9BE4" box="[1145,1195,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE9960CD1B668F2FA4B9BE4" author="LANG E. & BOUDAD L. & MAIO L. & SAMANKASSOU E. & TABOUELLE J. & TONG H. & CAVIN L." box="[1269,1439,1172,1198]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Lang" journalOrPublisher="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" pagination="26 - 32" part="381" refId="ref22662" refString="LANG E., BOUDAD L., MAIO L., SAMANKASSOU E., TABOUELLE J., TONG H. & CAVIN L. 2013. - Unbalanced food web in a Late Cretaceous dinosaur assemblage. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 381 - 382: 26 - 32." title="Unbalanced food web in a Late Cretaceous dinosaur assemblage" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Läng
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE9960CD07368F3FAB69BE4" box="[1328,1378,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Overabundance of theropods found in other deposits is often explained by an environment that is not suitable to the development of a sufficient flora to feed herbivores (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE9960CD0706895FCB19A64" author="NAISH D. & MARTILL D. M. & FREY E." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Naish" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" pagination="57 - 70" part="16" refId="ref23221" refString="NAISH D., MARTILL D. M. & FREY E. 2004. - Ecology, Systematics and Biogeographical Relationships of Dinosaurs, Including a New Theropod, from the Santana Formation (? Albian, Early Cretaceous) of Brazil. Historical Biology 16 (2 - 4): 57 - 70. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 08912960410001674200" title="Ecology, Systematics and Biogeographical Relationships of Dinosaurs, Including a New Theropod, from the Santana Formation (? Albian, Early Cretaceous) of Brazil" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Naish
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE9960CD0386892FA649A47" box="[1403,1456,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE9960CD6316972FBF49A64" author="LANG E. & BOUDAD L. & MAIO L. & SAMANKASSOU E. & TABOUELLE J. & TONG H. & CAVIN L." box="[882,1056,1299,1326]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Lang" journalOrPublisher="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" pagination="26 - 32" part="381" refId="ref22662" refString="LANG E., BOUDAD L., MAIO L., SAMANKASSOU E., TABOUELLE J., TONG H. & CAVIN L. 2013. - Unbalanced food web in a Late Cretaceous dinosaur assemblage. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 381 - 382: 26 - 32." title="Unbalanced food web in a Late Cretaceous dinosaur assemblage" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Läng
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE9960CD6EC6972FC369A67" box="[943,994,1299,1325]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, studies of the palaeoflora of the Armorican massif during the Bathonian to Oxfordian show that coastal forests were present and thus allowed the development of a herbivorous population (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE9960CD04F6912FCB19AE7" author="LE COULS M. & HILTON J. & GUILLOCHEAU F. & MOREL N. & COUR- VILLE P." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Le Couls" journalOrPublisher="Annales de Paleontologie" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" pagination="95 - 101" part="102" refId="ref22752" refString="LE COULS M., HILTON J., GUILLOCHEAU F., MOREL N. & COUR- VILLE P. 2016. - Becklesia maulnyi sp. nov.: A new cycadean species from the Lower Oxfordian (Upper Jurassic) ofEcommoy (Sarthe, NW France). Annales de Paleontologie 102 (2): 95 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. annpal. 2016.05.005" title="Becklesia maulnyi sp. nov.: A new cycadean species from the Lower Oxfordian (Upper Jurassic) ofEcommoy (Sarthe, NW France)" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Le Couls
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE9960CD0386912FA669AC7" box="[1403,1458,1395,1421]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE9960CD63769F2FBCC9AE7" author="LE COULS M." bookContentInfo="335 p." box="[884,1048,1427,1454]" firstAuthor="Le Couls" journalOrPublisher="Universite Rennes" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" refId="ref22715" refString="LE COULS M. 2017. - Les paleoflores du Jurassique moyen et superieur (Bathonien - Oxfordien) du bassin parisien et de ses marges. Phd Thesis, Universite Rennes 1, 335 p." title="Les paleoflores du Jurassique moyen et superieur (Bathonien - Oxfordien) du bassin parisien et de ses marges" type="book" year="2017">Le Couls 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Therefore, the Vaches Noires Cliffs assemblage obviously does not faithfully reflect the ecosystem from which the animals are derived. Noteworthy the marine taphocoenosis bring a consequent bias to reconstruct a terrestrial ecosystem. However, in other similar marine deposits, like the Callovian clay pit at Argences (Calvados, Normandy), no theropod remains were found, but a sauropod (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE9960CD0546A34FCB199C7" author="BUFFETAUT E. & CUNY G. & LACHKAR G. & CONTINI D. & PHARISAT A. & VIENET B." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Buffetaut" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" pagination="69 - 75" part="166" refId="ref21121" refString="BUFFETAUT E., CUNY G., LACHKAR G., CONTINI D., PHARISAT A. & VIENET B. 1995. - Le femur de dinosaure theropode du Musee d'Histoire naturelle de Gray (Haute-Saone); identification, datation et essai de localisation de l'origine d'un fossile inhabituel. Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France 166 (1): 69 - 75." title="Le femur de dinosaure theropode du Musee d'Histoire naturelle de Gray (Haute-Saone); identification, datation et essai de localisation de l'origine d'un fossile inhabituel" type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
Buffetaut
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE9960CD03C6A35FA649926" box="[1407,1456,1618,1644]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and stegosaurs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE9960CD15B6A14FAF699C7" author="HOFFSTETTER R. & BRUN R." box="[1048,1314,1650,1677]" firstAuthor="Hoffstetter" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" pagination="1651 - 1653" part="243" publicationUrl="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k694g/f731.item" refId="ref22455" refString="HOFFSTETTER R. & BRUN R. 1956. - Un dinosaurien stegosaurine dans le Callovien du Calvados. Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences 243: 1651 - 1653. https: // gallica. bnf. fr / ark: / 12148 / bpt 6 k 694 g / f 731. item" title="Un dinosaurien stegosaurine dans le Callovien du Calvados" type="journal article" year="1956">Hoffstetter & Brun 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE9960CD06D6A14FCB199E6" author="GALTON P. & BRUN R. & RIOULT M." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Galton" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin trimestriel de la Societe geologique de Normandie et des Amis du Museum du Havre" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" pagination="39 - 60" part="67" refId="ref22190" refString="GALTON P., BRUN R. & RIOULT M. 1980. - Skeleton of the stegosaurian dinosaur Lexovisaurus from the lower part of the Middle Callovian (Middle Jurassic) of Argences (Calvados), Normandy. Bulletin trimestriel de la Societe geologique de Normandie et des Amis du Museum du Havre 67: 39 - 60." title="Skeleton of the stegosaurian dinosaur Lexovisaurus from the lower part of the Middle Callovian (Middle Jurassic) of Argences (Calvados), Normandy" type="journal article" year="1980">
|
||
Galton
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE9960CD03D6A15FA6499C6" box="[1406,1456,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1980
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE9960CD6326AF4FC2E99E6" author="GALTON P." box="[881,1018,1682,1708]" firstAuthor="Galton" journalOrPublisher="Geologica et Palaeontologica" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" pagination="185 - 199" part="24" refId="ref22153" refString="GALTON P. 1990. - A partial skeleton of the stegosaurian dinosaur Lexovisaurus from the uppermost Lower Callovian (Middle Jurassic) of Normandy, France. Geologica et Palaeontologica 24: 185 - 199." title="A partial skeleton of the stegosaurian dinosaur Lexovisaurus from the uppermost Lower Callovian (Middle Jurassic) of Normandy, France" type="journal article" year="1990">Galton 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE9960CD1456AF4FACC99E6" author="ALLAIN R. & SUBERBIOLA X. P." box="[1030,1304,1682,1708]" firstAuthor="Allain" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Palevol" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" pagination="27 - 44" part="2" refId="ref19914" refString="ALLAIN R. & SUBERBIOLA X. P. 2003. - Dinosaurs of France. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2 (1): 27 - 44. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 1631 - 0683 (03) 00002 - 2" title="Dinosaurs of France" type="journal article" year="2003">Allain & Suberbiola 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE9960CD06C6AF4FC009986" author="BUFFETAUT E. & TABOUELLE J." firstAuthor="Buffetaut" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Palevol" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" pagination="891 - 896" part="18" refId="ref21335" refString="BUFFETAUT E. & TABOUELLE J. 2019. - Thyreophoran vertebrae from the Callovian (Middle Jurassic) of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France), with remarks on the dinosaur assemblage from the Vaches Noires. Comptes Rendus Palevol 18 (7): 891 - 896. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. crpv. 2019.04.009" title="Thyreophoran vertebrae from the Callovian (Middle Jurassic) of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France), with remarks on the dinosaur assemblage from the Vaches Noires" type="journal article" year="2019">Buffetaut & Tabouelle 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) have been reported. Still in Normandy, but from the Kimmeridgian, similar marine deposits, have yielded a more balanced fauna with theropods, sauropods, stegosaurs and ornithopods. (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE9960CD6BB6B74FB739866" author="BUFFETAUT E." box="[1016,1191,1810,1836]" firstAuthor="Buffetaut" journalOrPublisher="Berliner geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" pagination="125 - 133" part="13" refId="ref20874" refString="BUFFETAUT E. 1994 a. - The significance of dinosaur remains in marine sediments: an investigation base on the French record. Berliner geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen 13: 125 - 133." title="The significance of dinosaur remains in marine sediments: an investigation base on the French record" type="journal article" year="1994" yearSuffix="a">Buffetaut 1994a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE9960CD1F66B74FCB19806" author="BUFFETAUT E. & CACHELEUX E." firstAuthor="Buffetaut" journalOrPublisher="Sciences de la Terre et des Planetes" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" pagination="499 - 503" part="3246" refId="ref21054" refString="BUFFETAUT E. & CACHELEUX E. 1997. - The dinosaur Dryosaurus Ornithopoda, Dryosauridae in the Kimmeridgian Late Jurassic of Normandy palaeobiogeographical implications / Le dinosaure Dryosaurus Ornithopoda, Dryosauridae dans le Kimmeridgien Jurassique superieur de Normandie implications paleobiogeographiques. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, serie II, A, Sciences de la Terre et des Planetes 3246: 499 - 503." title="The dinosaur Dryosaurus Ornithopoda, Dryosauridae in the Kimmeridgian Late Jurassic of Normandy palaeobiogeographical implications / Le dinosaure Dryosaurus Ornithopoda, Dryosauridae dans le Kimmeridgien Jurassique superieur de Normandie implications paleobiogeographiques. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences" type="journal article" year="1997">Buffetaut & Cacheleux 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE9960CD6376B57FB459806" author="ALLAIN R. & SUBERBIOLA X. P." box="[884,1169,1841,1868]" firstAuthor="Allain" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Palevol" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" pagination="27 - 44" part="2" refId="ref19914" refString="ALLAIN R. & SUBERBIOLA X. P. 2003. - Dinosaurs of France. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2 (1): 27 - 44. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 1631 - 0683 (03) 00002 - 2" title="Dinosaurs of France" type="journal article" year="2003">Allain & Suberbiola 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As in the Vaches Noires cliffs, the Oxford Clay Formation of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34C6DF2FFE9960CD1FE6B37FACC9821" box="[1213,1304,1873,1899]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="27" pageNumber="410">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
includes both Callovian and Oxfordian marls. However, the preserved fauna is more diverse, with many dinosaur groups (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE9960CD05F6BF7FA7C98E1" author="MARTILL D. M." box="[1308,1448,1937,1963]" firstAuthor="Martill" journalOrPublisher="Mercian Geologist" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" pagination="171 - 190" part="11" refId="ref23070" refString="MARTILL D. M. 1988. - A review of the terrestrial vertebrate fossils of the Oxford Clay (Callovian-Oxfordian) of England. Mercian Geologist 11: 171 - 190." title="A review of the terrestrial vertebrate fossils of the Oxford Clay (Callovian-Oxfordian) of England" type="journal article" year="1988">Martill 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE9960CD66E6BD4FBFC9881" author="LOMAX D. R. & TAMURA N." bookContentInfo="416 p." box="[813,1064,1969,1996]" firstAuthor="Lomax" journalOrPublisher="Siri Scientific Press" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" refId="ref22885" refString="LOMAX D. R. & TAMURA N. 2014. - Dinosaurs of the British Isles. Siri Scientific Press, 416 p." title="Dinosaurs of the British Isles" type="book" year="2014">Lomax & Tamura 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE9960CD1776BD7FA8A9881" author="BUFFETAUT E. & TABOUELLE J." box="[1076,1374,1969,1995]" firstAuthor="Buffetaut" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Palevol" pageId="27" pageNumber="410" pagination="891 - 896" part="18" refId="ref21335" refString="BUFFETAUT E. & TABOUELLE J. 2019. - Thyreophoran vertebrae from the Callovian (Middle Jurassic) of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France), with remarks on the dinosaur assemblage from the Vaches Noires. Comptes Rendus Palevol 18 (7): 891 - 896. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. crpv. 2019.04.009" title="Thyreophoran vertebrae from the Callovian (Middle Jurassic) of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France), with remarks on the dinosaur assemblage from the Vaches Noires" type="journal article" year="2019">Buffetaut & Tabouelle 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Thus, the over-representation of theropods at the Vaches Noires is enigmatic and many hypotheses have been put forward to explain it. It is possible that theropods frequented coastlines to feed on beached carcasses, which made them more likely to end up in the sea. Piscivorous tendencies among theropods have been demonstrated by geochemical studies, notably in spinosaurid megalosauroids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEE960BD4F36D11FDB79EDB" author="AMIOT R. & BUFFETAUT E. & LECUYER C. & WANG X. & BOUDAD L. & DING Z. & FOUREL F. & HUTT S. & MARTINEAU F. & MEDEIROS M. A. & MO J. & SIMON L. & SUTEETHORN V. & SWEETMAN S. & TONG H. & ZHANG F. & ZHOU Z." box="[432,611,375,401]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Amiot" journalOrPublisher="Geology" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" pagination="139 - 142" part="38" refId="ref20024" refString="AMIOT R., BUFFETAUT E., LECUYER C., WANG X., BOUDAD L., DING Z., FOUREL F., HUTT S., MARTINEAU F., MEDEIROS M. A., MO J., SIMON L., SUTEETHORN V., SWEETMAN S., TONG H., ZHANG F. & ZHOU Z. 2010. - Oxygen isotope evidence for semi-aquatic habits among spinosaurid theropods. Geology 38 (2): 139 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.1130 / G 30402.1" title="Oxygen isotope evidence for semi-aquatic habits among spinosaurid theropods" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Amiot
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEE960BD4BB6D11FDFC9EDB" box="[504,552,375,401]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEE960BD72D6D11FCD49EDB" author="BRUSATTE S. L." bookContentInfo="336 p." box="[622,768,375,401]" firstAuthor="Brusatte" journalOrPublisher="Chichester, West Sussex; Hoboken, NJ, Wiley-Blackwell" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" refId="ref20742" refString="BRUSATTE S. L. 2012. - Dinosaur Paleobiology. Chichester, West Sussex; Hoboken, NJ, Wiley-Blackwell, 336 p." title="Dinosaur Paleobiology" type="book" year="2012">Brusatte 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEE960BD5C76DF0FEE59EFB" author="ALLAIN R. & XAISANAVONG T. & RICHIR P. & KHENTAVONG B." box="[132,305,406,433]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Allain" journalOrPublisher="Die Naturwissenschaften" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" pagination="369 - 377" part="99" refId="ref19961" refString="ALLAIN R., XAISANAVONG T., RICHIR P. & KHENTAVONG B. 2012. - The first definitive Asian spinosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of Laos. Die Naturwissenschaften 99 (5): 369 - 377. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00114 - 012 - 0911 - 7" title="The first definitive Asian spinosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of Laos" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Allain
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEE960BD5846DF1FF239EFA" box="[199,247,406,432]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Other megalosauroids were likely to feed on fish, as shown by the gastric remains of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEE960BD75C6DD0FD639E9A" box="[543,695,438,464]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Poekilopleuron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEE960BD75C6DD0FD639E9A" box="[543,695,438,464]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">Poekilopleuron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1838 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEE960BD4C66DB0FDD09EBB" author="ALLAIN R." box="[389,516,470,497]" firstAuthor="Allain" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" pagination="850 - 858" part="25" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/d589xn" refId="ref19814" refString="ALLAIN R. 2005. - The postcranial anatomy of the megalosaur Dubreuillosaurus valesdunensis (Dinosauria Theropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Normandy, France. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (4): 850 - 858. https: // doi. org / d 589 xn" title="The postcranial anatomy of the megalosaur Dubreuillosaurus valesdunensis (Dinosauria Theropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Normandy, France" type="journal article" year="2005">Allain 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This hypothesis is also supported by the fact that megalosauroids may have preferred nearshore environments as suggested by the study of theropod paleogeographic distribution of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEE960BD4906E50FD789D1B" author="RAUHUT O. W. M. & HUBNER T. & LANSER K. - P." box="[467,684,566,593]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Rauhut" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Electronica" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" pagination="1 - 65" part="19" refId="ref23365" refString="RAUHUT O. W. M., HUBNER T. & LANSER K. - P. 2016. - A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic. Palaeontologia Electronica 19 (2): 1 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.26879 / 654" title="A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Rauhut
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEE960BD7686E51FD889D1A" box="[555,604,566,592]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2016)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Moreover, theropod swimming tracks have been found, supporting occasionally aquatic behaviour (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEE960BD4996E10FD4E9DDA" author="MILNER A. & LOCKLEY M. & KIRKLAND J." box="[474,666,630,656]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Milner" journalOrPublisher="New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" pagination="315 - 328" part="37" refId="ref23132" refString="MILNER A., LOCKLEY M. & KIRKLAND J. 2006. - A large collection of well-preserved theropod dinosaur swim tracks from the Lower Jurassic Moenave Formation, St. George, Utah. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 37: 315 - 328." title="A large collection of well-preserved theropod dinosaur swim tracks from the Lower Jurassic Moenave Formation, St. George, Utah" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Milner
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEE960BD7696E11FD899DDA" box="[554,605,630,656]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEE960BD7E46E10FF219DFA" author="EZQUERRA R. & DOUBLET S. & COSTEUR L. & GALTON P. M. & PEREZ- LO- RENTE F." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ezquerra" journalOrPublisher="Geology" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" pagination="507 - 510" part="35" refId="ref21942" refString="EZQUERRA R., DOUBLET S., COSTEUR L., GALTON P. M. & PEREZ- LO- RENTE F. 2007. - Were non-avian theropod dinosaurs able to swim? Supportive evidence from an Early Cretaceous trackway, Cameros Basin (La Rioja, Spain). Geology 35 (6): 507 - 510. https: // doi. org / 10.1130 / G 23452 A. 1" title="Were non-avian theropod dinosaurs able to swim? Supportive evidence from an Early Cretaceous trackway, Cameros Basin (La Rioja, Spain)" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Ezquerra
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEE960BD5C76EF0FF639DFA" box="[132,183,662,688]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, these tracks are from freshwater environments. Nevertheless, a possible nearshore palaeobehaviour is not sufficient to explain the over-representation, because, as explained before, other marine deposits and especially the Oxford Clay present a more balanced fauna. Finally, a statistical effect is more likely (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEE960BD43F6F53FD759C05" author="BUFFETAUT E. & TABOUELLE J." box="[380,673,821,847]" firstAuthor="Buffetaut" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Palevol" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" pagination="891 - 896" part="18" refId="ref21335" refString="BUFFETAUT E. & TABOUELLE J. 2019. - Thyreophoran vertebrae from the Callovian (Middle Jurassic) of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France), with remarks on the dinosaur assemblage from the Vaches Noires. Comptes Rendus Palevol 18 (7): 891 - 896. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. crpv. 2019.04.009" title="Thyreophoran vertebrae from the Callovian (Middle Jurassic) of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France), with remarks on the dinosaur assemblage from the Vaches Noires" type="journal article" year="2019">Buffetaut &Tabouelle 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Indeed, the Vaches Noires cliffs are a
|
||
<quantity id="4CA38087FFEE960BD4F76F33FE389C25" box="[436,492,853,880]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
|
||
long costal outcrop which has yielded only a few dinosaurs remains so that it is difficult to compare it with a much more extensive geological formation such as the Oxford Clay. The over-representation may be due mainly to the small sample available from the Vaches Noires and may not represent the real ecosystem of nearby islands (i.e Armorican massif).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFEE960BD5D86852FBE79E38" blockId="28.[130,777,215,2028]" lastBlockId="28.[811,1457,215,370]" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">
|
||
Another peculiar aspect of the Vaches Noires cliffs is the way fossils are found, especially concerning dinosaur bones from marls situated above the Marnes de Dives, which crop out at the bottom of the cliffs. These remains, usually collected on the beach at the bottom of the cliffs, come from marl flows, the result of which is a huge mixing of the different fossilbearing layers. Only index fossils or a peculiar matrix can help to identify the exact origin of specimens. It was traditionally argued that dinosaur remains from the Vaches Noires cliffs are scattered because of the long time they have spent floating in the sea, during which they decomposed before dropping to the bottom (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEE960BD46869F5FE0E9AE7" author="BUFFETAUT E." box="[299,474,1427,1453]" firstAuthor="Buffetaut" journalOrPublisher="Berliner geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" pagination="125 - 133" part="13" refId="ref20874" refString="BUFFETAUT E. 1994 a. - The significance of dinosaur remains in marine sediments: an investigation base on the French record. Berliner geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen 13: 125 - 133." title="The significance of dinosaur remains in marine sediments: an investigation base on the French record" type="journal article" year="1994" yearSuffix="a">Buffetaut 1994a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEE960BD4AB69F5FDF49AE7" author="BUFFETAUT E." box="[488,544,1427,1453]" firstAuthor="Buffetaut" journalOrPublisher="Fossiles: Revue francaise de Paleontologie, hors-serie" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" pagination="105 - 110" part="4" refId="ref20951" refString="BUFFETAUT E. 2013. - Les dinosaures des Vaches-Noires. Fossiles: Revue francaise de Paleontologie, hors-serie (4): 105 - 110." title="Les dinosaures des Vaches-Noires" type="journal article" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, partial to quite complete skeletons have been found in other similar deposits. It is the case with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEE960BD4D869B5FD8C9AA7" box="[411,600,1491,1517]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Eustreptospondylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEE960BD4D869B5FD8C9AA7" box="[411,600,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">Eustreptospondylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or other Oxford Clay dinosaurs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEE960BD47A6995FE129947" author="MARTILL D. M." box="[313,454,1523,1549]" firstAuthor="Martill" journalOrPublisher="Mercian Geologist" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" pagination="171 - 190" part="11" refId="ref23070" refString="MARTILL D. M. 1988. - A review of the terrestrial vertebrate fossils of the Oxford Clay (Callovian-Oxfordian) of England. Mercian Geologist 11: 171 - 190." title="A review of the terrestrial vertebrate fossils of the Oxford Clay (Callovian-Oxfordian) of England" type="journal article" year="1988">Martill 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEE960BD4956995FD0A9947" author="LOMAX D. R. & TAMURA N." bookContentInfo="416 p." box="[470,734,1523,1549]" firstAuthor="Lomax" journalOrPublisher="Siri Scientific Press" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" refId="ref22885" refString="LOMAX D. R. & TAMURA N. 2014. - Dinosaurs of the British Isles. Siri Scientific Press, 416 p." title="Dinosaurs of the British Isles" type="book" year="2014">Lomax & Tamura 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or even the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEE960BD5A86A75FEBB9966" authorityName="Hoffstetter" authorityYear="1957" box="[235,367,1555,1580]" class="Reptilia" family="Stegosauridae" genus="Lexovisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEE960BD5A86A75FEBB9966" box="[235,367,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">Lexovisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the clay pit of Argences (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEE960BD7896A74FEB09907" author="HOFFSTETTER R. & BRUN R." firstAuthor="Hoffstetter" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" pagination="1651 - 1653" part="243" publicationUrl="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k694g/f731.item" refId="ref22455" refString="HOFFSTETTER R. & BRUN R. 1956. - Un dinosaurien stegosaurine dans le Callovien du Calvados. Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences 243: 1651 - 1653. https: // gallica. bnf. fr / ark: / 12148 / bpt 6 k 694 g / f 731. item" title="Un dinosaurien stegosaurine dans le Callovien du Calvados" type="journal article" year="1956">Hoffstetter & Brun 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEE960BD4306A54FDEE9907" author="GALTON P. & BRUN R. & RIOULT M." box="[371,570,1586,1613]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Galton" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin trimestriel de la Societe geologique de Normandie et des Amis du Museum du Havre" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" pagination="39 - 60" part="67" refId="ref22190" refString="GALTON P., BRUN R. & RIOULT M. 1980. - Skeleton of the stegosaurian dinosaur Lexovisaurus from the lower part of the Middle Callovian (Middle Jurassic) of Argences (Calvados), Normandy. Bulletin trimestriel de la Societe geologique de Normandie et des Amis du Museum du Havre 67: 39 - 60." title="Skeleton of the stegosaurian dinosaur Lexovisaurus from the lower part of the Middle Callovian (Middle Jurassic) of Argences (Calvados), Normandy" type="journal article" year="1980">
|
||
Galton
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEE960BD4846A55FE2F9906" box="[455,507,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1980
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEE960BD70A6A54FD019907" author="GALTON P." box="[585,725,1586,1613]" firstAuthor="Galton" journalOrPublisher="Geologica et Palaeontologica" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" pagination="185 - 199" part="24" refId="ref22153" refString="GALTON P. 1990. - A partial skeleton of the stegosaurian dinosaur Lexovisaurus from the uppermost Lower Callovian (Middle Jurassic) of Normandy, France. Geologica et Palaeontologica 24: 185 - 199." title="A partial skeleton of the stegosaurian dinosaur Lexovisaurus from the uppermost Lower Callovian (Middle Jurassic) of Normandy, France" type="journal article" year="1990">Galton 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As a matter of fact, it is likely that specimens from fossiliferous layers in cliffs that flow to the foreshore are originally more complete but dissociated by natural erosion. Then those bones are collected at various times by various people so that they are kept apart. This contributes to the over-representation of theropods, insofar as it inflates the sample size. This effect is demonstrated here with the MNI of 8 individuals. Although not absolute, it demonstrates the probable inflation of the number of theropods yielded by the Vaches Noires cliffs. An explicit example are the bones from the same individual found in different collections (i.e APVSM1 frontals with B25392 braincase). Another is the history of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E093C0FFEE960BD70F6BD4FDAF9886" box="[588,635,1970,1996]" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen of
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEE960BD5C56BB7FE7098A1" box="[134,420,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">Streptospondylus altdorfensis</emphasis>
|
||
. The bones of that theropod were gathered at different times and not mentioned in the same article although they came from the same skeleton (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEE960BD02D6C91FCB29E7B" author="ALLAIN R." firstAuthor="Allain" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" pagination="349 - 367" part="23" refId="ref19724" refString="ALLAIN R. 2001. - Redescription de Streptospondylus altdorfensis, le dinosaure theropode de Cuvier, du Jurassique de Normandie. Geodiversitas 23 (3): 349 - 367." title="Redescription de Streptospondylus altdorfensis, le dinosaure theropode de Cuvier, du Jurassique de Normandie" type="journal article" year="2001">Allain 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Moreover, a new succession of vertebrae, in direct connection with previously known ones has been recovered (RA, unpublished data).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFEE960BD66E6DF1FAC69E85" blockId="28.[810,1456,407,2028]" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE FOSSILS FROM THE VACHES NOIRES TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THEROPODS</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFEE960BD6726DB0FB7B9AC4" blockId="28.[810,1456,407,2028]" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">
|
||
The study of unpublished specimens has provided new insights about theropod diversity at the Vaches Noires. For example,
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEE960BD66F6E70FC009D7A" box="[812,980,534,560]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">Streptospondylus</emphasis>
|
||
, an iconic dinosaur from that locality is now better known, since it is now known from the Oxfordian. The highly pyritised
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E093C0FFEE960BD6926E30FC2A9D3A" box="[977,1022,598,624]" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen rather indicates more Callovian provenance, but as mentioned before, an unambiguous dating is not possible. Thus, with newly referred specimens of this study,
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEE960BD6336ED3FBC29D85" box="[880,1046,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">Streptospondylus</emphasis>
|
||
is known from the Oxfordian and possibly the Callovian. Based on our observations, it seems that this theropod, hitherto know from a juvenile (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEE960BD0656E93FA729C45" author="ALLAIN R." box="[1318,1446,757,783]" firstAuthor="Allain" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" pagination="349 - 367" part="23" refId="ref19724" refString="ALLAIN R. 2001. - Redescription de Streptospondylus altdorfensis, le dinosaure theropode de Cuvier, du Jurassique de Normandie. Geodiversitas 23 (3): 349 - 367." title="Redescription de Streptospondylus altdorfensis, le dinosaure theropode de Cuvier, du Jurassique de Normandie" type="journal article" year="2001">Allain 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) could reach a very large size, when adult, in the size range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEE960BD66F6F50FC719C05" box="[812,933,822,847]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEE960BD66F6F50FC719C05" box="[812,933,822,847]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The probably close relationships between
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEE960BD01C6F53FC5A9C25" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">Streptospondylus</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEE960BD6866F33FB519C25" box="[965,1157,853,879]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Eustreptospondylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEE960BD6866F33FB519C25" box="[965,1157,853,879]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">Eustreptospondylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are once again highlighted. A comparative study of these two taxa is highly needed and could provide new insights about the validity of their division into two genera, especially if this distinction is in fact based on different ontogenic stages. Moreover, there are similarities between Jurassic faunas from Normandy and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34C6DF2FFEE960BD1BD6F92FA8D9B44" box="[1278,1369,1012,1038]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
, leading to taxonomic revision. This is for example the case with the stegosaur genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEE960BD6976853FAC39B05" authority="Hoffstetter, 1957" authorityName="Hoffstetter" authorityYear="1957" box="[980,1303,1076,1103]" class="Reptilia" family="Stegosauridae" genus="Lexovisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEE960BD6976853FB839B04" box="[980,1111,1077,1102]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">Lexovisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
Hoffstetter, 1957
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, present in the English and French Callovian. It is currently considered to be a
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEE960BD67C6813FC0B9BC4" box="[831,991,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">nomen dubium</emphasis>
|
||
and replaced by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEE960BD1DA6813FB7A9BE4" authority="Maidment, Norman, Barrett & Upchurch, 2008" authorityName="Maidment, Norman, Barrett & Upchurch" authorityYear="2008" class="Reptilia" family="Stegosauridae" genus="Loricatosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEE960BD1DA6813FAFB9BC4" box="[1177,1327,1141,1166]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">Loricatosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEE960BD0756812FB7A9BE4" author="MAIDMENT S. C. R. & NORMAN D. B. & BARRETT P. M. & UPCHURCH P." firstAuthor="Maidment" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" pagination="367 - 407" part="6" refId="ref22940" refString="MAIDMENT S. C. R., NORMAN D. B., BARRETT P. M. & UPCHURCH P. 2008. - Systematics and Phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria: Ornithischia). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 6: 367 - 407. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1477201908002459" title="Systematics and Phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)" type="journal article" year="2008">Maidment, Norman, Barrett & Upchurch, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEE960BD1FF68F2FA4B9BE4" author="MAIDMENT S. C. R. & NORMAN D. B. & BARRETT P. M. & UPCHURCH P." box="[1212,1439,1172,1198]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Maidment" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" pagination="367 - 407" part="6" refId="ref22940" refString="MAIDMENT S. C. R., NORMAN D. B., BARRETT P. M. & UPCHURCH P. 2008. - Systematics and Phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria: Ornithischia). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 6: 367 - 407. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1477201908002459" title="Systematics and Phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Maidment
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEE960BD07168F3FAB79BE4" box="[1330,1379,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but this suggestion is debated (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEE960BD1C968D2FA4B9B84" author="BUFFETAUT E. & MOREL N." box="[1162,1439,1204,1230]" firstAuthor="Buffetaut" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Palevol" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" pagination="545 - 549" part="8" refId="ref21237" refString="BUFFETAUT E. & MOREL N. 2009. - A stegosaur vertebra (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Callovian (Middle Jurassic) of Sarthe, western France. Comptes Rendus Palevol 8 (6): 545 - 549. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. crpv. 2009.05.001" title="A stegosaur vertebra (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Callovian (Middle Jurassic) of Sarthe, western France" type="journal article" year="2009">Buffetaut & Morel 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The supposed «source» of dinosaurs from these two marine deposits are considered as distinct: London-Brabant Massif for the Oxford Clay and Armorican Massif for the Vaches Noires cliffs and other localities in Normandy (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEE960BD1896955FABD9A07" author="BUFFETAUT E." box="[1226,1385,1331,1357]" firstAuthor="Buffetaut" journalOrPublisher="Fossiles: Revue francaise de Paleontologie, hors-serie" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" pagination="105 - 110" part="4" refId="ref20951" refString="BUFFETAUT E. 2013. - Les dinosaures des Vaches-Noires. Fossiles: Revue francaise de Paleontologie, hors-serie (4): 105 - 110." title="Les dinosaures des Vaches-Noires" type="journal article" year="2013">Buffetaut 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), both representing Jurassic insular ecosystems from the European Archipelago (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEE960BD6FD6915FB4B9AC7" author="BRADSHAW M. J. & COPE J. C. W. & CRIPPS D. W. & DONOVAN D. T. & HOWARTH M. K. & RAWSON P. F. & WEST I. M. & WIMBLEDON W. A." box="[958,1183,1395,1421]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bradshaw" journalOrPublisher="Geological Society, London, Memoirs" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" pagination="107 - 129" part="13" refId="ref20521" refString="BRADSHAW M. J., COPE J. C. W., CRIPPS D. W., DONOVAN D. T., HOWARTH M. K., RAWSON P. F., WEST I. M. & WIMBLEDON W. A. 1992. - Jurassic. Geological Society, London, Memoirs 13 (1): 107 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / GSL. MEM. 1992.013.01.12" title="Jurassic" type="journal article" year="1992">
|
||
Bradshaw
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEE960BD16E6912FBB59AC7" box="[1069,1121,1395,1421]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1992
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFEE960AD60069F5FCDC9BE4" blockId="28.[810,1456,407,2028]" lastBlockId="29.[130,777,215,1198]" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="412" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">
|
||
Despite the limited number of remains and their fragmentary nature, the specimens from the Vaches Noires cliffs have scientific value. They represent remains from a peculiar evolutionary context for theropods. During the Middle to Late Jurassic a faunal transition is observed with a faunal turnover from megalosauroids dominated faunas to allosauroids ones (avetheropods in a broad sense) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEE960BD1C86A35FACD9926" author="BENSON R. B. J." box="[1163,1305,1618,1645]" firstAuthor="Benson" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" pagination="882 - 935" part="158" refId="ref20299" refString="BENSON R. B. J. 2010. - A description of Megalosaurus bucklandii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Bathonian of the UK and the relationships of Middle Jurassic theropods. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158 (4): 882 - 935. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2009.00569. x" title="A description of Megalosaurus bucklandii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Bathonian of the UK and the relationships of Middle Jurassic theropods" type="journal article" year="2010">Benson 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEE960BD0656A34FCB199C6" author="RAUHUT O. W. M. & HUBNER T. & LANSER K. - P." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Rauhut" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Electronica" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" pagination="1 - 65" part="19" refId="ref23365" refString="RAUHUT O. W. M., HUBNER T. & LANSER K. - P. 2016. - A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic. Palaeontologia Electronica 19 (2): 1 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.26879 / 654" title="A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Rauhut
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEE960BD03E6A35FA649926" box="[1405,1456,1618,1644]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although it may provide from an artifact of preservation according to the same authors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEE960BD1946AF4FA7C99E6" author="RAUHUT O. W. M. & HUBNER T. & LANSER K. - P." box="[1239,1448,1682,1708]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Rauhut" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Electronica" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" pagination="1 - 65" part="19" refId="ref23365" refString="RAUHUT O. W. M., HUBNER T. & LANSER K. - P. 2016. - A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic. Palaeontologia Electronica 19 (2): 1 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.26879 / 654" title="A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Rauhut
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEE960BD0716AF5FABC99E6" box="[1330,1384,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEE960BD66E6AD4FCB09986" author="RAUHUT O. W. M. & PINUELA L. & CASTANERA D. & GARCIA- RAMOS J. - C. & CELA I. S." box="[813,868,1714,1740]" firstAuthor="Rauhut" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" pagination="4963" part="6" refId="ref23435" refString="RAUHUT O. W. M., PINUELA L., CASTANERA D., GARCIA- RAMOS J. - C. & CELA I. S. 2018. - The largest European theropod dinosaurs: remains of a gigantic megalosaurid and giant theropod tracks from the Kimmeridgian of Asturias, Spain. PeerJ 6: e 4963. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 4963" title="The largest European theropod dinosaurs: remains of a gigantic megalosaurid and giant theropod tracks from the Kimmeridgian of Asturias, Spain" type="journal article" year="2018">2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), this effect is also visible in time calibrated trees of recent theropod phylogenies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEE960BD1666AB4FB2199A6" author="CARRANO M. T. & BENSON R. B. J. & SAMPSON S. D." box="[1061,1269,1746,1772]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Carrano" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" pagination="211 - 300" part="10" refId="ref21456" refString="CARRANO M. T., BENSON R. B. J. & SAMPSON S. D. 2012. - The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 10 (2): 211 - 300. https: // doi. org / 10.10 80 / 14772019.2011.630927" title="The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Carrano
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEE960BD1C76AB5FB6399A6" box="[1156,1207,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEE960BD0406AB4FCB09847" author="HENDRICKX C. & HARTMAN S. & MATEUS O." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Hendrickx" journalOrPublisher="PalArch's Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" pagination="1 - 73" part="12" refId="ref22421" refString="HENDRICKX C., HARTMAN S. & MATEUS O. 2015. - An overview of non-avian theropod discoveries and classification. PalArch's Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology 12: 1 - 73." title="An overview of non-avian theropod discoveries and classification" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Hendrickx
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEE960BD03E6AB5FA6499A6" box="[1405,1456,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEE960BD6336A94FBE69846" author="RAUHUT O. W. M. & HUBNER T. & LANSER K. - P." box="[880,1074,1778,1804]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Rauhut" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Electronica" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" pagination="1 - 65" part="19" refId="ref23365" refString="RAUHUT O. W. M., HUBNER T. & LANSER K. - P. 2016. - A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic. Palaeontologia Electronica 19 (2): 1 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.26879 / 654" title="A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Rauhut
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEE960BD6866A95FC229846" box="[965,1014,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The presence of both groups in the Vaches Noires cliffs is therefore informative. Megalosaurids are represented by large size predators and some appear to be close relative to megalosaurines. It is noteworthy that after the Callovian, megalosaurids yet quite common in Europe (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEE960BD6756BF7FC2B98E1" author="RAUHUT O. W. M. & HUBNER T. & LANSER K. - P." box="[822,1023,1937,1963]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Rauhut" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Electronica" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" pagination="1 - 65" part="19" refId="ref23365" refString="RAUHUT O. W. M., HUBNER T. & LANSER K. - P. 2016. - A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic. Palaeontologia Electronica 19 (2): 1 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.26879 / 654" title="A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Rauhut
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEE960BD6CE6BF4FC1598E1" box="[909,961,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEE960BD14F6BF7FB9098E1" author="RAUHUT O. W. M. & PINUELA L. & CASTANERA D. & GARCIA- RAMOS J. - C. & CELA I. S." box="[1036,1092,1937,1963]" firstAuthor="Rauhut" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" pagination="4963" part="6" refId="ref23435" refString="RAUHUT O. W. M., PINUELA L., CASTANERA D., GARCIA- RAMOS J. - C. & CELA I. S. 2018. - The largest European theropod dinosaurs: remains of a gigantic megalosaurid and giant theropod tracks from the Kimmeridgian of Asturias, Spain. PeerJ 6: e 4963. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 4963" title="The largest European theropod dinosaurs: remains of a gigantic megalosaurid and giant theropod tracks from the Kimmeridgian of Asturias, Spain" type="journal article" year="2018">2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) were hitherto represented by the single genus
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEE960BD6F06BD4FBE29881" box="[947,1078,1970,1995]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEE960BD6F06BD4FBE69881" box="[947,1074,1970,1995]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Torvosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
known in North America and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34C6DF2FFEE960BD0C26BD4FCB798A1" name="Portugal" pageId="28" pageNumber="411">Portugal</collectingCountry>
|
||
during the Kimmeridgian and Tithonian (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEE960BD0756BB7FA7C98A1" author="BRITT B. B." box="[1334,1448,2001,2027]" firstAuthor="Britt" journalOrPublisher="Brigham Young University Geology Studies" pageId="28" pageNumber="411" pagination="1 - 72" part="37" refId="ref20699" refString="BRITT B. B. 1991. - Theropods of Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri. Brigham Young University Geology Studies 37: 1 - 72." title="Theropods of Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri" type="journal article" year="1991">Britt 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEF960AD5C76CB1FE799FBB" author="HENDRICKX C. & MATEUS O." box="[132,429,215,242]" firstAuthor="Hendrickx" journalOrPublisher="Plos One" pageId="29" pageNumber="412" pagination="e 88905" part="9" refId="ref22313" refString="HENDRICKX C. & MATEUS O. 2014. - Torvosaurus gurneyi n. sp., the Largest Terrestrial Predator from Europe, and a Proposed Terminology of the Maxilla Anatomy in Nonavian Theropods. Plos One 9 (3): e 88905. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0088905" title="Torvosaurus gurneyi n. sp., the Largest Terrestrial Predator from Europe, and a Proposed Terminology of the Maxilla Anatomy in Nonavian Theropods" type="journal article" year="2014">Hendrickx & Mateus 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEF960AD4FF6CB1FD5C9FBB" author="RAUHUT O. W. M. & HUBNER T. & LANSER K. - P." box="[444,648,215,241]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Rauhut" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Electronica" pageId="29" pageNumber="412" pagination="1 - 65" part="19" refId="ref23365" refString="RAUHUT O. W. M., HUBNER T. & LANSER K. - P. 2016. - A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic. Palaeontologia Electronica 19 (2): 1 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.26879 / 654" title="A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Rauhut
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEF960AD7576CBEFD9D9FBB" box="[532,585,215,241]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="412">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The studied remains found as close relative to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEF960AD7596C9EFD419E5B" box="[538,661,248,273]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEF960AD7596C9EFD419E5B" box="[538,661,248,273]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="412">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as the Callovian megalosaurid
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEF960AD4836D71FD729E7B" box="[448,678,279,305]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="412">Wiehenvenator albati</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEF960AD7EC6D71FE469E1B" author="RAUHUT O. W. M. & HUBNER T. & LANSER K. - P." firstAuthor="Rauhut" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Electronica" pageId="29" pageNumber="412" pagination="1 - 65" part="19" refId="ref23365" refString="RAUHUT O. W. M., HUBNER T. & LANSER K. - P. 2016. - A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic. Palaeontologia Electronica 19 (2): 1 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.26879 / 654" title="A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic" type="journal article" year="2016">Rauhut, Hübner & Lanser, 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, also close to the genus according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEF960AD5E16D31FEAB9E3B" author="RAUHUT O. W. M. & HUBNER T. & LANSER K. - P." box="[162,383,343,369]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Rauhut" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Electronica" pageId="29" pageNumber="412" pagination="1 - 65" part="19" refId="ref23365" refString="RAUHUT O. W. M., HUBNER T. & LANSER K. - P. 2016. - A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic. Palaeontologia Electronica 19 (2): 1 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.26879 / 654" title="A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Rauhut
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEF960AD5B96D3EFEF99E3B" box="[250,301,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="412">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2016)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, suggest the establishment and wide distribution of megalosaurines theropod, surviving through the late Jurassic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEF960AD47C6DF0FDD99EFA" author="RAUHUT O. W. M. & HUBNER T. & LANSER K. - P." box="[319,525,406,432]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Rauhut" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Electronica" pageId="29" pageNumber="412" pagination="1 - 65" part="19" refId="ref23365" refString="RAUHUT O. W. M., HUBNER T. & LANSER K. - P. 2016. - A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic. Palaeontologia Electronica 19 (2): 1 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.26879 / 654" title="A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Rauhut
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEF960AD4DB6DF1FE199EFA" box="[408,461,406,432]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="412">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEF960AD75E6DF0FD239EFB" author="MALAFAIA E. & MOCHO P. & ESCASO F. & ORTEGA F." box="[541,759,406,433]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Malafaia" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Iberian Geology" pageId="29" pageNumber="412" pagination="33 - 59" part="43" refId="ref22998" refString="MALAFAIA E., MOCHO P., ESCASO F. & ORTEGA F. 2017. - New data on the anatomy of Torvosaurus and other remains of megalosauroid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal. Journal of Iberian Geology 43 (1): 33 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 41513 - 017 - 0003 - 9" title="New data on the anatomy of Torvosaurus and other remains of megalosauroid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Malafaia
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEF960AD7C16DF1FD639EFA" box="[642,695,406,432]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="412">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, during this transition period, allosauroids are rather rare, especially in European deposits, the Oxfordian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEF960AD7F56DB1FED39D5A" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1964" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Metriacanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEF960AD7F56DB1FED39D5A" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="412">Metriacanthosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
being the only member known (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEF960AD73C6D90FF689D7A" author="RAUHUT O. W. M. & HUBNER T. & LANSER K. - P." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Rauhut" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Electronica" pageId="29" pageNumber="412" pagination="1 - 65" part="19" refId="ref23365" refString="RAUHUT O. W. M., HUBNER T. & LANSER K. - P. 2016. - A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic. Palaeontologia Electronica 19 (2): 1 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.26879 / 654" title="A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Rauhut
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEF960AD7956D91FCD39D5A" box="[726,775,502,528]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="412">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: table 3). The description of allosauroid remains in the present study provide thus new insights about their presence in the European Archipelago. This is all the more important considering the fragmentary nature of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEF960AD7706E10FCD49DDA" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1964" box="[563,768,630,656]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Metriacanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEF960AD7706E10FCD49DDA" box="[563,768,630,656]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="412">Metriacanthosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Indeed, this theropod is problematic because it has not been fully described. It is clear that the entire material lacks a complete review. Despite this,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEF960AD4846EB3FD409DA5" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1964" box="[455,660,725,751]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Metriacanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEF960AD4846EB3FD409DA5" box="[455,660,725,751]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="412">Metriacanthosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E093C0FFEF960AD79A6EB0FCD39DBA" box="[729,775,726,752]" pageId="29" pageNumber="412">type</typeStatus>
|
||
genus of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEF960AD4446E93FE279C45" box="[263,499,757,783]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="29" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Metriacanthosauridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a subclade of allosauroids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEF960AD5CE6F70FEC89C65" author="BENSON R. B. J." box="[141,284,789,816]" firstAuthor="Benson" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="29" pageNumber="412" pagination="882 - 935" part="158" refId="ref20299" refString="BENSON R. B. J. 2010. - A description of Megalosaurus bucklandii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Bathonian of the UK and the relationships of Middle Jurassic theropods. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158 (4): 882 - 935. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2009.00569. x" title="A description of Megalosaurus bucklandii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Bathonian of the UK and the relationships of Middle Jurassic theropods" type="journal article" year="2010">Benson 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEF960AD46A6F73FE2E9C65" author="CARRANO M. T. & BENSON R. B. J. & SAMPSON S. D." box="[297,506,789,815]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Carrano" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="29" pageNumber="412" pagination="211 - 300" part="10" refId="ref21456" refString="CARRANO M. T., BENSON R. B. J. & SAMPSON S. D. 2012. - The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 10 (2): 211 - 300. https: // doi. org / 10.10 80 / 14772019.2011.630927" title="The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Carrano
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEF960AD4CA6F70FE689C65" box="[393,444,789,815]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="412">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Therefore, the status of the family is likely not definitive. In addition to this, the A
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D5DE6EBFFEF960AD7BE6F53FF3C9C25" pageId="29" pageNumber="412" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
has similarities with metriacanthosaurids also know in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34C6DF2FFEF960AD5DF6F13FF0B9CC5" box="[156,223,885,911]" name="China" pageId="29" pageNumber="412">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with the contemporaneous genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFEF960AD77E6F13FED39CE5" authority="(Currie & Zhao 1994)" baseAuthorityName="Currie & Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1994" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEF960AD77E6F13FD4E9CC5" box="[573,666,885,911]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="412">Sinraptor</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEF960AD7EB6F13FF289CE5" author="CURRIE P. J. & ZHAO X. - J." firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="29" pageNumber="412" pagination="2037 - 2081" part="30" refId="ref21624" refString="CURRIE P. J. & ZHAO X. - J. 1994. - A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30 (10): 2037 - 2081. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" title="A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China" type="journal article" year="1994">Currie & Zhao 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Finally,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEF960AD4256FF3FE2C9CE5" author="ALLAIN R." box="[358,504,917,944]" firstAuthor="Allain" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="29" pageNumber="412" pagination="850 - 858" part="25" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/d589xn" refId="ref19814" refString="ALLAIN R. 2005. - The postcranial anatomy of the megalosaur Dubreuillosaurus valesdunensis (Dinosauria Theropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Normandy, France. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (4): 850 - 858. https: // doi. org / d 589 xn" title="The postcranial anatomy of the megalosaur Dubreuillosaurus valesdunensis (Dinosauria Theropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Normandy, France" type="journal article" year="2005">Allain (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFEF960AD76F6FF3FCD39CE5" author="RAUHUT O. W. M. & HUBNER T. & LANSER K. - P." box="[556,775,917,943]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Rauhut" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Electronica" pageId="29" pageNumber="412" pagination="1 - 65" part="19" refId="ref23365" refString="RAUHUT O. W. M., HUBNER T. & LANSER K. - P. 2016. - A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic. Palaeontologia Electronica 19 (2): 1 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.26879 / 654" title="A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Rauhut
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFEF960AD7C76FF0FD639CE5" box="[644,695,917,943]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="412">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2016)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggest that megalosauroids might have preferred nearshore environments (the origin of the studied bones), whereas allosauroids tend to occur in inland environments. Thus, the rarity of allosauroids in the European Archipelago could be explained by a preferential ecological niche. Finally, finding remains of allosauroids despite the environment supposedly not being their preferred option might reinforce the idea of a faunal transition between megalosauroids and allosauroids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |