1000 lines
113 KiB
XML
1000 lines
113 KiB
XML
<document id="0A8073B13E015371C49A066E2D58198F" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4786.2.8" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3874780" ID-ZooBank="D9917539-F122-437C-B609-4DEACA06CDDE" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1591189268029" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Rabaglia, Robert J., Smith, Sheri L., Rugman-Jones, Paul, Digirolomo, Marc F., Ewing, Curtis & Eskalen, Akif" docDate="2020" docId="03F2065AF00A2204FF3B9E2EFBB21952" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4786.2.8.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4786 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Xyleborus monographus" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="274" masterDocId="FFCB7E22F00B2201FFAC9A4BFFF61811" masterDocTitle="Establishment of a non-native xyleborine ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus monographus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), new to North America in California" masterLastPageNumber="276" masterPageNumber="269" pageNumber="270" updateTime="1700276372279" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="BAEB89F1F79561DBB09D2D8996243832">Establishment of a non-native xyleborine ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus monographus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), new to North America in California</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="602FD2BE4CDFCFE42D2C7265B7810B7B">Rabaglia, Robert J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B87C4C15EA87A9FEC8975F58BA205EA2">USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, Washington, DC, 20250, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="ADBBB9FF604985E6B58F1519561E02AE">Smith, Sheri L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="EBCC4AAFA4F88BF4CCC0895641ADA841">USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, Vallejo, CA 94592, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5266779CC099BB3129844C3D7DBB387D">Rugman-Jones, Paul</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="FA37FF8E988132D943886F4AF4887BD9">Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1EEA421E960AE8AB986F8FC16308000C">Digirolomo, Marc F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="06338D3A595242892935E0F2E3A9E9C3">USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, Durham, New Hampshire, 03824, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="93BAD7FE0FFD5D82A8F8ADEA2F0B61EF">Ewing, Curtis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5FCB6843988710B21F6EFDC4F00E2B08">California Department of Forestry and Fire Prevention, Forest Pest Management, Davis, California, 95618, U. S. A. curtis. ewing @ fire. ca. gov; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 4567 - 1655</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E07DD22275A7DEBF26CB5041871DDCE1">Eskalen, Akif</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="51604314573F82B237E680C58826D14C">Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="73A902B009957EB3F5F226D1603892CE">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="43E16FF8094E381B707D15594F6C71D9">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="2BA2CB3EEF0CFFDC7B5C73F5D9BF8EC2">2020-06-02</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="A3624CA5C6F4D6EF71466C57146AD78F">4786</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="E8A11BAFCF3F2469111A85D8E2197943" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4786.2.8</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="BE75D9D34CEEEC6CA3952EC0833DE332" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="8D1C1D53E6FF6F0E30EBBCA2C152BEBB" type="Zenodo-Dep">3874780</mods:identifier>
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<heading id="D0AC0020F00A2200FF3B9E2EFD6A1C6E" bold="true" box="[151,668,1125,1152]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00A2200FF3B9E2EFD6A1C6E" ID-CoL="5CJ6F" authority="(Fabricius, 1792)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1792" box="[151,668,1125,1152]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monographus">
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<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00A2200FF3B9E2EFD6A1C6E" bold="true" box="[151,668,1125,1152]" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">
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<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00A2200FF3B9E2EFE371C91" bold="true" box="[151,449,1125,1152]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">Xyleborus monographus</emphasis>
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(
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation id="1360ABC9F00A2200FF3B9EC2FF031CB2" box="[151,245,1161,1187]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1990,2015]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,741,1965]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1435,741,1965]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dorsal and lateral habitus of Xyleborus monographus. Scale bar represents 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3874782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3874782/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">Figure 1</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE4B74CF00A2200FF3B9E86FD821CF7" blockId="1.[151,914,1229,1315]" box="[151,628,1229,1254]" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00A2200FF3B9E86FD861CF7" authority="Fabricius, 1792: 365" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityPageNumber="365" authorityYear="1792" box="[151,624,1229,1254]" class="Insecta" family="Bostrichidae" genus="Bostrichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monographus">
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<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00A2200FF3B9E86FE631CF4" box="[151,405,1229,1253]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">Bostrichus monographus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCACABDF00A2200FE309E86FD861CF7" author="Fabricius J. C." box="[412,624,1229,1254]" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" refId="ref4704" refString="Fabricius J. C. (1792) Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta. Secundum classes, ordines, genera, species adjectis synonimis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Tomus I. Pars II. C. G. Proft, Hafniae, xx + 538 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 122153" type="book" year="1792">Fabricius, 1792: 365</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE4B74CF00A2200FF3B9EA7FD2B1D15" blockId="1.[151,914,1229,1315]" box="[151,733,1259,1284]" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00A2200FF3B9EA7FDFE1D15" ID-CoL="5CJ6F" authority="(Fabricius)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" box="[151,520,1259,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monographus">
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<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00A2200FF3B9EA7FE791D15" box="[151,399,1260,1284]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">Xyleborus monographus</emphasis>
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(Fabricius)
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<treatmentCitation id="0AFA915DF00A2200FDBE9EA0FD2F1D15" author="Eichhoff, W. J." box="[530,729,1259,1284]" page="704" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" year="1864">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCACABDF00A2200FDBE9EA0FD2F1D15" author="Eichhoff, W. J." box="[530,729,1259,1284]" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" pagination="17 - 46" refId="ref4464" refString="Eichhoff, W. J. (1864) Uber die Mundtheile und die Fuhlerbildung der europaischen Xylophagi sens strict. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 8, 17 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18640080103" type="journal article" year="1864">Eichhoff 1864: 704</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE4B74CF00A2200FF3B9F40FC641D32" blockId="1.[151,914,1229,1315]" box="[151,914,1290,1315]" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4B9062F00A2200FF3B9F40FC641D32" box="[151,914,1290,1315]" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AFA915DF00A2200FF3B9F40FDBF1D32" author="Herbst, J. F. W." box="[151,585,1290,1315]" page="113" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" year="1793">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00A2200FF3B9F40FDBF1D32" authority="Herbst, 1793: 113" authorityName="Herbst" authorityPageNumber="113" authorityYear="1793" box="[151,585,1290,1315]" class="Insecta" family="Bostrichidae" genus="Bostrichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuberculosus">
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<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00A2200FF3B9F40FE7D1D32" box="[151,395,1291,1315]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">Bostrichus tuberculosus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCACABDF00A2200FE3D9F41FDBF1D32" author="Herbst, J. F. W." box="[401,585,1290,1315]" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" pagination="1 - 392" refId="ref5333" refString="Herbst, J. F. W. (1793) Der Kafer, funfter Theil. In: Jablonsky, C. G. (Ed.), Natursystem aller bekannten in- und auslandischen Insekten. J. Pauli, Berlin, pp. 1 - 392." type="book chapter" year="1793">Herbst, 1793: 113</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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. Synonymy
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<treatmentCitation id="0AFA915DF00A2200FD6B9F41FC781D32" author="Eichhoff, W. J." box="[711,910,1290,1315]" page="397" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" year="1878">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCACABDF00A2200FD6B9F41FC781D32" author="Eichhoff, W. J." box="[711,910,1290,1315]" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" pagination="1 - 531" refId="ref4507" refString="Eichhoff, W. J. (1878) Ratio, descriptio, emendatio eorum Tomicinorum qui sunt in Dr medic. Chapuisii et autoris ipsius col- lectionibus et quos praeterea recognovit scriptor. Memoires de la Societe Entomologique de Liege, Serie 2 e, 8, 1 - 531, pls. I-V." type="journal article" year="1878">Eichhoff 1878: 397</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C341E4C7F00A2203FF3B9F1BFA6A1953" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="271" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BE4B74CF00A2200FF3B9F1BFBCA1DEA" blockId="1.[151,1437,1360,1855]" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">
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<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00A2200FF3B9F1BFEE41D7A" bold="true" box="[151,274,1360,1387]" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
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Specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00A2200FE109F1AFD261D7A" box="[444,720,1361,1387]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monographus">
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<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00A2200FE109F1AFD261D7A" box="[444,720,1361,1387]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">Xyleborus monographus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from most species of
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00A2200FB6E9F1AFAC21D7A" box="[1218,1332,1361,1387]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
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<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00A2200FB6E9F1AFAC21D7A" box="[1218,1332,1361,1387]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">Xyleborus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
in North America by the tubercles on declivital interstriae 1 that are distinctly larger than those on other interstriae. It is very similar to the eastern species
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00A2200FE719FD1FD5C1DA2" authority="Eichhoff" authorityName="Eichhoff" authorityYear="1868" box="[477,682,1433,1459]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="celsus">
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||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00A2200FE719FD1FDC91DA2" box="[477,575,1433,1459]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">X. celsus</emphasis>
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||
Eichhoff
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, but
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<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00A2200FD739FD1FC6E1DA2" box="[735,920,1433,1459]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monographus">
|
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<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00A2200FD739FD1FC6E1DA2" box="[735,920,1433,1459]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">X. monographus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is smaller (3.0–
|
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|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00A2200FB099FD1FB4A1DA2" box="[1189,1212,1434,1459]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">vs</emphasis>
|
||
approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CA31AA9F00A2200FAC79FD2FF1B1DC6" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.05" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="3.6" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" unit="mm" value="4.05" valueMax="4.5" valueMin="3.6">3.6– 4.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00A2200FEB79FF5FE881DC6" authorityName="Eichhoff" authorityYear="1868" box="[283,382,1469,1495]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="celsus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00A2200FEB79FF5FEDA1DC6" box="[283,300,1470,1495]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">X</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00A2200FE969FF6FE881DC6" box="[314,382,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">celsus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and the width of interstriae 2 on the declivity is approximately half the width of interstriae 3 on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00A2200FF169FA9FE851DEA" box="[186,371,1505,1531]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monographus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00A2200FF169FA9FE851DEA" box="[186,371,1505,1531]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">X. monographus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00A2200FE2D9FA9FE6E1DEA" box="[385,408,1506,1531]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">vs</emphasis>
|
||
twice the width of interstriae 3 on the declivity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00A2200FC7D9FA9FBC21DEA" authorityName="Eichhoff" authorityYear="1868" box="[977,1076,1505,1531]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="celsus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00A2200FC7D9FA9FBC21DEA" box="[977,1076,1505,1531]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">X. celsus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4B74CF00A2200FF6B9C4EFC061EE6" blockId="1.[151,1437,1360,1855]" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">
|
||
This is only the fourth species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00A2200FD989C4EFD501E0E" box="[564,678,1541,1567]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00A2200FD989C4EFD501E0E" box="[564,678,1541,1567]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">Xyleborus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reported from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499F79AEF00A2200FCE79C4EFC361E0E" box="[843,960,1541,1567]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
; the other three species are native. It can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00A2200FEDC9C61FDE61E52" box="[368,528,1577,1603]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferrugineus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00A2200FEDC9C61FDE61E52" box="[368,528,1577,1603]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">X. ferrugineus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(F.) which lacks tubercles on interstriae 1 and has tubercles on interstriae 3 larger than on others.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00A2200FEEE9C06FD7B1E76" authority="Blandford" authorityName="Blandford" authorityYear="1898" box="[322,653,1613,1639]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intrusus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00A2200FEEE9C06FDE21E76" box="[322,532,1613,1639]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">Xyleborus intrusus</emphasis>
|
||
Blandford
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00A2200FD6E9C05FC581E76" authority="(Say)" baseAuthorityName="Say" box="[706,942,1613,1639]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xylographus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00A2200FD6E9C05FC9D1E76" box="[706,875,1613,1639]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">X. xylographus</emphasis>
|
||
(Say)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
both have tubercles on interstriae 1 but they are not larger than those on interstriae 3. There are five other species of xyleborine ambrosia beetles in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499F79AEF00A2200FA889C3AFA6E1E9A" box="[1316,1432,1649,1675]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00A2200FF3B9CDEFE901EBE" box="[151,358,1685,1711]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Anisandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dispar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00A2200FF3B9CDEFE901EBE" box="[151,358,1685,1711]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">Anisandrus dispar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(F.),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00A2200FE0E9CDEFCD91EA1" authority="(Reitter)" baseAuthorityName="Reitter" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[418,815,1685,1712]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cyclorhipidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bodoanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00A2200FE0E9CDEFD3E1EBE" box="[418,712,1685,1711]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">Cyclorhipidion bodoanum</emphasis>
|
||
(Reitter)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00A2200FC919CDEFB431EA1" authority="(Eichhoff)" baseAuthorityName="Eichhoff" box="[829,1205,1685,1712]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Euwallacea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fornicatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00A2200FC919CDEFBCD1EBE" box="[829,1083,1685,1711]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">Euwallacea fornicatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Eichhoff)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00A2200FB689CDDFF001EC2" authority="Gomez & Hulcr" authorityName="Gomez & Hulcr" authorityYear="2018" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Euwallacea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kuroshio">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00A2200FB689CDDFAB21EBE" box="[1220,1348,1685,1711]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">E. kuroshio</emphasis>
|
||
Gomez & Hulcr
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00A2200FE9C9CF2FD421EC5" authority="(Ratzeburg)" baseAuthorityName="Ratzeburg" box="[304,692,1721,1748]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saxesenii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00A2200FE9C9CF2FDD31EC2" box="[304,549,1721,1747]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">Xyleborinus saxesenii</emphasis>
|
||
(Ratzeburg)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00A2200FB989CF2FB501EC2" box="[1076,1190,1721,1747]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00A2200FB989CF2FB501EC2" box="[1076,1190,1721,1747]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">Xyleborus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and each other by the keys and images in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCACABDF00A2200FED89C96FD941EE6" author="Gomez, D. F. & Rabaglia, R. J. & Fairbanks, K. E. O. & Hulcr, J." box="[372,610,1757,1783]" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" pagination="19 - 68" refId="ref4959" refString="Gomez, D. F., Rabaglia, R. J., Fairbanks, K. E. O. & Hulcr, J. (2018 a) North American Xyleborini north of Mexico: a review and key to genera and species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae). ZooKeys, 768, 19 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 768.24697" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Gomez
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00A2200FE609C95FE0B1EE6" box="[460,509,1757,1783]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2018a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and updated in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCACABDF00A2200FCB99C96FC1A1EE6" author="Smith, S. M. & Gomez, D. F. & Beaver, R. A. & Hulcr, J. & Cognato, A. I." box="[789,1004,1757,1783]" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" pagination="261" refId="ref6118" refString="Smith, S. M., Gomez, D. F., Beaver, R. A., Hulcr, J. & Cognato, A. I. (2019) Reassessment of the species in the Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) complex after the rediscovery of the " lost " type specimen. Insects, 10, 261. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / insects 10090261" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Smith
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00A2200FCF39C95FC661EE6" box="[863,912,1757,1783]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2019)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4B74CF00A2200FF6B9D4AFD4F1F2E" blockId="1.[151,1437,1360,1855]" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">
|
||
The key to female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00A2200FE349D4AFDFC1F0A" box="[408,522,1793,1819]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00A2200FE349D4AFDFC1F0A" box="[408,522,1793,1819]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">Xyleborus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in America north of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499F79AEF00A2200FCE69D4AFC561F0A" box="[842,928,1793,1819]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCACABDF00A2200FC6E9D4AFB461F0A" author="Gomez, D. F. & Rabaglia, R. J. & Fairbanks, K. E. O. & Hulcr, J." box="[962,1200,1793,1819]" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" pagination="19 - 68" refId="ref4959" refString="Gomez, D. F., Rabaglia, R. J., Fairbanks, K. E. O. & Hulcr, J. (2018 a) North American Xyleborini north of Mexico: a review and key to genera and species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae). ZooKeys, 768, 19 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 768.24697" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Gomez
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00A2200FBB69D49FBA41F0A" box="[1050,1106,1793,1819]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2018a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is modified below to include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00A2200FF5D9D6DFE5C1F2E" box="[241,426,1829,1855]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="270" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monographus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00A2200FF5D9D6DFE5C1F2E" box="[241,426,1829,1855]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">X. monographus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Alterations are in bold.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4B74CF00A2200FF3B9D21FA631F8D" blockId="1.[151,1436,1898,2037]" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">3. Tubercles on declivital interstriae 1 distinctly larger than tubercles on other interstriae............................... 4 - Tubercles on declivital interstriae 1 either similar in size to tubercles on other interstriae or absent (except at base or apex)...</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4B74CF00A2200FF479DEEFA6A1FC7" blockId="1.[151,1436,1898,2037]" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">
|
||
................................................................................................... 5
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00A2200FF3B9D8AFA6A1FC7" bold="true" box="[151,1436,1985,2007]" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">4. Elytral disc and declivity setose; all declivital interstriae armed by strong tubercles at base; declivital interstriae 1</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4B74CF00A2200FF4E9D94FA6A1FE4" blockId="1.[151,1436,1898,2037]" box="[226,1436,2015,2037]" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00A2200FF4E9D94FA6A1FE4" bold="true" box="[226,1436,2015,2037]" pageId="1" pageNumber="270">armed by two very large pointed tubercles, declivital interstriae 3 armed by several smaller tubercles............ 4’</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4B74CF0092203FF3B9AD1FA6B18DC" blockId="2.[151,1437,153,322]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">
|
||
- Elytral disc and declivity glabrous; all declivital interstriae armed by small granules, gradually decreasing in size toward apex; interstriae 1 near apex armed by one or two small tubercles......................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FB4B9AFCFA6B18DC" authority="Eichhoff" authorityName="Eichhoff" box="[1255,1437,183,205]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glabratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FB4B9AFCFAB518DD" box="[1255,1347,183,204]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">glabratus</emphasis>
|
||
Eichhoff
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4B74CF0092203FF3B9A9FFA6A1916" blockId="2.[151,1437,153,322]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FF3B9A9FFA6A1916" bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">
|
||
4’. Total body length
|
||
<quantity id="4CA31AA9F0092203FE349A9FFDE418F8" box="[408,530,212,233]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.05" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="3.6" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" unit="mm" value="4.05" valueMax="4.5" valueMin="3.6">3.6−4.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
; declivital interstriae 2 1.5–2x as wide as interstriae 3, punctures deep and large (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360ABC9F0092203FAEF9A9FFA6618FB" box="[1347,1424,212,234]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1383,1408]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1357]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1435,181,1357]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Elytral declivities of Xyleborus monographus (A) and X. celsus (B). I-2 and I-3: Interstriae 2 and 3 respectively. Scale bars represent 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3874784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3874784/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
); in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FF509ABAFECE1917" authorityName="Nuttall" authorityYear="1818" box="[252,312,241,262]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Juglandaceae" genus="Carya" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FF509ABAFECE1917" bold="true" box="[252,312,241,262]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Carya</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species..........................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FAAE9ABAFA6A1916" authority="Eichhoff" authorityName="Eichhoff" authorityYear="1868" box="[1282,1436,241,263]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="celsus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FAAE9ABAFAC81916" bold="true" box="[1282,1342,241,263]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">celsus</emphasis>
|
||
Eichhoff
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4B74CF0092203FF3B9B44FA6A1953" blockId="2.[151,1437,153,322]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FF3B9B44FA6A1953" bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">
|
||
- Total body length
|
||
<quantity id="4CA31AA9F0092203FE0D9B44FDE81935" box="[417,542,271,292]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.15" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="3.1" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" unit="mm" value="3.15" valueMax="3.2" valueMin="3.1">3.1−3.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
; width of declivital interstriae 2.5–1x as wide as interstriae 3, punctures shallow and small (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360ABC9F0092203FE899B67FE821953" box="[293,372,300,322]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1383,1408]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1357]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1435,181,1357]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Elytral declivities of Xyleborus monographus (A) and X. celsus (B). I-2 and I-3: Interstriae 2 and 3 respectively. Scale bars represent 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3874784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3874784/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
); mostly in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FE479B67FDC91950" box="[491,575,300,321]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FE479B67FDC91950" bold="true" box="[491,575,300,321]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species............................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FB309B67FA6A1953" authority="(Fabricius)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" box="[1180,1436,300,322]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monographus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FB309B67FAD31953" bold="true" box="[1180,1317,300,322]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">monographus</emphasis>
|
||
(Fabricius)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C341E4C7F0092203FF6B9B20FE421AFC" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4B74CF0092203FF6B9B20FDAD1AD8" blockId="2.[151,1437,363,2046]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FF6B9B20FEAD1997" bold="true" box="[199,347,363,390]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Description:</emphasis>
|
||
Female- Length
|
||
<quantity id="4CA31AA9F0092203FDB49B27FD541997" box="[536,674,364,390]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.15" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="3.1" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" unit="mm" value="3.15" valueMax="3.2" valueMin="3.1">3.1−3.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
, 3 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons convex, surface reticulate, not smooth, punctures sparse, shallow; setae sparse, longer near epistomal margin. Pronotum about 1.5 times as long as wide, anterior rounded and convex, coarsely asperate on anterior half, basal half smooth with shallow, sparse punctures. Elytra approximately twice as long as wide, and slightly less than twice as long as pronotum, disc shining, striae shallowly impressed, punctures shallow, interstriae with fewer, shallow punctures; declivity steep, less than 25% of elytral length, flat, surface dull, strial punctures small and shallow, in rows curving away from suture at middle of declivity, then towards suture at apex, interstriae 1 wide, smooth with two large tubercles at middle of declivity, one smaller denticle at base of declivity, interstriae 2 smooth, about half as wide as interstriae 3, two small denticles on interstriae 3 at about the same level as those on interstriae 1. Elytral setae on striae minute, in rows, interstrial setae longer and fine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4B74CF0092203FF6B9898FE421AFC" blockId="2.[151,1437,363,2046]" box="[199,436,723,750]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Male. Not examined.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C341E4C7F0092203FF6B98BCFD731E17" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4B74CF0092203FF6B98BCFD6C1B27" blockId="2.[151,1437,363,2046]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FF6B98BCFE971B03" bold="true" box="[199,353,759,786]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
The distribution records are based on
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCACABDF0092203FCBB98BCFBED1B03" author="Wood, S. L. & Bright, D. E." box="[791,1051,759,786]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" pagination="1 - 1553" refId="ref6360" refString="Wood, S. L. & Bright, D. E. (1992) A Catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Part 2: Taxonomic Index. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs, 13, 1 - 1553." type="journal article" year="1992">Wood & Bright (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and supplements (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCACABDF0092203FB5C98BCFEE51B27" author="Bright, D. E. & Skidmore, R. E." pageId="2" pageNumber="271" refId="ref4256" refString="Bright, D. E. & Skidmore, R. E. (1997) A Catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Supplement 1 (1990 - 1994). NRC Research Press, Ottawa, 368 pp." type="book" year="1997">Bright & Skidmore 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCACABDF0092203FEB29957FEAC1B27" author="Bright, D. E. & Skidmore, R. E." box="[286,346,796,822]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" refId="ref4299" refString="Bright, D. E. & Skidmore, R. E. (2002) A Catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Supplement 2 (1995 - 1999). NRC Research Press, Ottawa, 611 pp." type="book" year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCACABDF0092203FEC99950FE001B27" author="Knizek, M." box="[357,502,795,822]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" pagination="204 - 251" refId="ref5564" refString="Knizek, M. (2011) Scolytinae. In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 7. Curculionoidea I. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 204 - 251." type="book chapter" year="2011">Knížek 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCACABDF0092203FDAE9950FD781B27" author="Bright, D. E." box="[514,654,795,822]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" pagination="2000 - 2010" refId="ref4342" refString="Bright, D. E. (2014) A catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Supplement 3 (2000 - 2010), with notes on subfamily and tribal reclassifications. Insecta Mundi, 0356, 1 - 336." type="journal article" year="2014">Bright 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4B74CF0092203FF6B9974FD471BD4" blockId="2.[151,1437,363,2046]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FF6B9974FEE51B4B" bold="true" box="[199,275,831,858]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Africa</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FE8E9974FE8F1B48" box="[290,377,831,857]" name="Algeria" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Algeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FE29990BFE181B4B" box="[389,494,832,858]" name="Morocco" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FE569974FDD91B4B" bold="true" box="[506,559,831,858]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Asia</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499F79AEF0092203FD929974FD4A1B48" box="[574,700,831,857]" country="Iran" name="Azarbayjan-e Sharqi" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Azerbaijan</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FD64990BFD0E1B4B" box="[712,760,832,858]" name="Iran" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FCA8990BFCC21B4B" box="[772,820,832,858]" name="Iraq" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Iraq</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FCEC9974FC271B4B" box="[832,977,831,858]" name="South Korea" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">South Korea</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FC719974FBC71B48" box="[989,1073,831,857]" name="Turkey" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FB91990BFB631B4B" bold="true" box="[1085,1173,832,858]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Europe</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FB089974FAF61B48" box="[1188,1280,831,857]" name="Albania" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Albania</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FAA69974FAA91B48" box="[1290,1375,831,857]" name="Austria" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Austria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FAC09974FF251B6C" name="Belgium" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Belgium</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FF719928FEB61B6C" box="[221,320,867,893]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FEE79928FE561B6C" box="[331,416,867,893]" name="Croatia" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Croatia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FE069928FDAB1B6C" box="[426,605,867,893]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Czech Republic</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FDCB9928FD241B6C" box="[615,722,867,893]" name="Denmark" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Denmark</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FD709928FCC51B6C" box="[732,819,867,893]" name="Estonia" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Estonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FC91992FFC7A1B6F" box="[829,908,868,894]" name="France" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FC3A992FFBDD1B6C" box="[918,1067,867,894]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Great Britain</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FB98992FFB6B1B6F" box="[1076,1181,868,894]" name="Germany" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FB0B992FFB0F1B6F" box="[1191,1273,868,894]" name="Greece" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Greece</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Hungry,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FAC89928FA6E1B6C" box="[1380,1432,867,893]" name="Italy" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FF3B99CCFF171BB0" box="[151,225,903,929]" name="Latvia" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Latvia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FF4199CCFE841BB0" box="[237,370,903,929]" name="Luxembourg" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Luxemburg</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Macedonia,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FDA599C3FD631BB3" box="[521,661,904,930]" name="Serbia" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Montenegro</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FD0C99CCFCDC1BB0" box="[672,810,903,929]" name="Netherlands" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Netherlands</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FC9A99C3FC671BB3" box="[822,913,904,930]" name="Norway" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FC3199CCFC181BB0" box="[925,1006,903,929]" name="Poland" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Poland</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FC5599CCFBAD1BB0" box="[1017,1115,903,929]" name="Portugal" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Portugal</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FBCA99CCFB381BB0" box="[1126,1230,903,929]" name="Romania" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Romania</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FB7699CCFAD11BB0" box="[1242,1319,903,929]" name="Russia" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FA9F99CCFA6E1BB0" box="[1331,1432,903,929]" name="Slovakia" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FF3B99E0FF0A1BD4" box="[151,252,939,965]" name="Slovenia" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Slovenia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FEAB99E0FEBC1BD4" box="[263,330,939,965]" name="Spain" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FEF999E0FE461BD4" box="[341,432,939,965]" name="Sweden" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FE1099E0FDB31BD4" box="[444,581,939,965]" name="Switzerland" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FDE399E0FD5B1BD4" box="[591,685,939,965]" name="Ukraine" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4B74CF0092203FF6B999BFD731E17" blockId="2.[151,1437,363,2046]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B33BD11F0092203FF6B999BFD981C1F" collectionCode="NMNH" collectorName="September & M. Garbelotto" country="United States of America" county="Napa Co." location="North America" municipality="New" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="California">
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B802D36F0092203FF6B999BFF0A1BFB" box="[199,252,976,1002]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">New</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
records in
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FED9999BFDD11BFB" bold="true" box="[373,551,975,1002]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">
|
||
<location id="8E84E197F0092203FED9999BFDD11BFB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F2065AF00A2204FF3B9E2EFBB21952:8E84E197F0092203FED9999BFDD11BFB" box="[373,551,975,1002]" country="United States of America" county="Napa Co." municipality="New" name="North America" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" stateProvince="California">North America</location>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0092203FD989984FD3B1BFB" box="[564,717,975,1002]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499F79AEF0092203FD7A9984FCBC1BF8" box="[726,842,975,1001]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="6285CFC0F0092203FCF8999BFC491BFB" box="[852,959,976,1002]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Napa Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E84E197F0092203FC659984FBC01BF8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F2065AF00A2204FF3B9E2EFBB21952:8E84E197F0092203FC659984FBC01BF8" box="[969,1078,975,1001]" country="United States of America" county="Napa Co." municipality="New" name="Calistoga" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" stateProvince="California">Calistoga</location>
|
||
, 14
|
||
<collectorName id="26AED29AF0092203FBCD9984FB2D1BF8" box="[1121,1243,975,1001]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">September</collectorName>
|
||
, 2017,
|
||
<collectorName id="26AED29AF0092203FA85999BFF3C1C1C" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">M. Garbelotto</collectorName>
|
||
coll., ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FE9A99BFFE171C1C" box="[310,481,1011,1038]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FE9A99BFFE171C1C" box="[310,481,1011,1038]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Quercus lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(2,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4A2F89F0092203FDA799BFFD901C1F" box="[523,614,1012,1038]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/142r-0w94" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" type="Museum">NMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B33BD11F0092203FDD499BFFBB31C23" collectionCode="USNM, UCRC" collectorName="L. Burkhardt" country="United States of America" location="September" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" specimenCode="ENT 00528716, ENT 00528703" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="California">
|
||
as previous except:, 10
|
||
<location id="8E84E197F0092203FCD799B8FC031C1C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F2065AF00A2204FF3B9E2EFBB21952:8E84E197F0092203FCD799B8FC031C1C" box="[891,1013,1011,1037]" country="United States of America" name="September" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" stateProvince="California">September</location>
|
||
, 2019,
|
||
<collectorName id="26AED29AF0092203FBE899BFFB221C1C" box="[1092,1236,1011,1038]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">L. Burkhardt</collectorName>
|
||
coll., ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FA9299BFFF291C20" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FA9299BFFF291C20" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Quercus lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4A2F89F0092203FEA19E53FE941C23" box="[269,354,1048,1074]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
; 2, UCRC [
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4A2F89F0092203FE489E53FDC41C23" box="[484,562,1048,1074]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/m2jc-wmeq" name="University of California, Riverside" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" type="University or college">UCRC</collectionCode>
|
||
_
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBFD1F37F0092203FDEC9E53FD191C23" box="[576,751,1047,1074]" collectionCode="UCRC" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/m2jc-wmeq" name="University of California, Riverside" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" type="University or college">ENT 00528716</specimenCode>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4A2F89F0092203FC8B9E53FC851C23" box="[807,883,1048,1074]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/m2jc-wmeq" name="University of California, Riverside" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" type="University or college">UCRC</collectionCode>
|
||
_
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBFD1F37F0092203FC2D9E53FBC11C23" box="[897,1079,1047,1074]" collectionCode="UCRC" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/m2jc-wmeq" name="University of California, Riverside" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" type="University or college">ENT 00528703</specimenCode>
|
||
])
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B33BD11F0092203FBFD9E53FC281C47" collectionCode="RJRC" collectorName="Sheri Smith" country="United States of America" location="October" municipality="Silverado Trail" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="California">
|
||
as previous except:
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B802D36F0092203FA9D9E5CFF391C44" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Silverado Trail</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
, 16
|
||
<location id="8E84E197F0092203FEAE9E70FEA81C44" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F2065AF00A2204FF3B9E2EFBB21952:8E84E197F0092203FEAE9E70FEA81C44" box="[258,350,1083,1109]" country="United States of America" municipality="Silverado Trail" name="October" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" stateProvince="California">October</location>
|
||
, 2019,
|
||
<collectorName id="26AED29AF0092203FE1F9E70FDCC1C44" box="[435,570,1083,1109]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Sheri Smith</collectorName>
|
||
coll., ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FD039E77FCA81C44" box="[687,862,1083,1110]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FD039E77FCA81C44" box="[687,862,1083,1110]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Quercus lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(2,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4A2F89F0092203FC229E77FC201C47" box="[910,982,1084,1110]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">RJRC</collectionCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B33BD11F0092203FC479E77FD331C6B" collectionCode="RJRC" collectorName="Sheri Smith" country="United States of America" location="October" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="California">
|
||
as previous except: 17
|
||
<location id="8E84E197F0092203FB589E70FAA61C44" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F2065AF00A2204FF3B9E2EFBB21952:8E84E197F0092203FB589E70FAA61C44" box="[1268,1360,1083,1109]" country="United States of America" name="October" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" stateProvince="California">October</location>
|
||
, 2019,
|
||
<collectorName id="26AED29AF0092203FF3B9E14FEE91C68" box="[151,287,1119,1145]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Sheri Smith</collectorName>
|
||
coll., ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FE399E2BFDB21C68" box="[405,580,1119,1146]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FE399E2BFDB21C68" box="[405,580,1119,1146]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Quercus lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(2,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4A2F89F0092203FDD99E2BFD4B1C6B" box="[629,701,1120,1146]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">RJRC</collectionCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B33BD11F0092203FD7E9E2BFAFC1C8F" collectionCode="EMEC" collectorName="January & Cutis Ewing" country="United States of America" latitude="38.551876" location="Bothe Napa Valley State Park" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-122.522835" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" specimenCode="EMEC1332925-34" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="California">
|
||
as previous except:
|
||
<location id="8E84E197F0092203FC1B9E14FAE61C68" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F2065AF00A2204FF3B9E2EFBB21952:8E84E197F0092203FC1B9E14FAE61C68" box="[951,1296,1119,1146]" country="United States of America" latitude="38.551876" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-122.522835" name="Bothe Napa Valley State Park" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" stateProvince="California">Bothe Napa Valley State Park</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE6FD18BF0092203FAB29E14FA6E1C6B" box="[1310,1432,1119,1146]" degrees="38.551877" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" precision="1" value="38.551876">38.551877</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE6FD18BF0092203FF3B9EC8FEDF1C8F" box="[151,297,1155,1182]" degrees="122.522836" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" precision="1" value="-122.522835">-122.522836</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 29
|
||
<collectorName id="26AED29AF0092203FEF39ECFFE411C8F" box="[351,439,1156,1182]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">January</collectorName>
|
||
, 2020,
|
||
<collectorName id="26AED29AF0092203FDBC9EC8FD561C8C" box="[528,672,1155,1181]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Cutis Ewing</collectorName>
|
||
coll., ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FCB69ECFFC131C8C" box="[794,997,1155,1182]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kelloggii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FCB69ECFFC131C8C" box="[794,997,1155,1182]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Quercus kelloggii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(10,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBFD1F37F0092203FB849EC8FAF41C8F" box="[1064,1282,1155,1182]" collectionCode="EMEC" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:1013" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:1013" name="Essig Museum of Entomology" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" type="University or college">EMEC1332925-34</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B33BD11F0092203FAB59ECFFA6E1CD3" collectionCode="EMEC" collectorName="January & Cutis Ewing" country="United States of America" latitude="38.5523" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-122.52295" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" specimenCode="EMEC1332924" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="California">
|
||
as previous except:
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE6FD18BF0092203FF5C9EECFE9C1CD3" box="[240,362,1191,1218]" degrees="38.552298" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" precision="1" value="38.5523">38.552298</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE6FD18BF0092203FEDA9EECFDF11CD3" box="[374,519,1191,1218]" degrees="122.522948" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" precision="1" value="-122.52295">-122.522948</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 29
|
||
<collectorName id="26AED29AF0092203FD9B9EE3FD791CD3" box="[567,655,1192,1218]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">January</collectorName>
|
||
, 2020,
|
||
<collectorName id="26AED29AF0092203FD4E9EECFC981CD0" box="[738,878,1191,1217]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Cutis Ewing</collectorName>
|
||
coll., ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FC739EE3FB5B1CD0" box="[991,1197,1191,1218]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="douglasii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FC739EE3FB5B1CD0" box="[991,1197,1191,1218]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Quercus douglasii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBFD1F37F0092203FB779EE3FA661CD3" box="[1243,1424,1192,1218]" collectionCode="EMEC" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:1013" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:1013" name="Essig Museum of Entomology" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" type="University or college">EMEC1332924</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B33BD11F0092203FF3B9E87FDA11D1B" collectionCode="EMEC" collectorName="Silverado Tr. & November & Curtis Ewing" country="United States of America" latitude="38.5856" location="Brannan St." longLatPrecision="6" longitude="-122.5724" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" specimenCode="EMEC 1332915-19" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="California">
|
||
as previous except:,
|
||
<collectorName id="26AED29AF0092203FED19E80FDF91CF7" box="[381,527,1227,1254]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Silverado Tr.</collectorName>
|
||
&
|
||
<location id="8E84E197F0092203FD9F9E87FD4C1CF7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F2065AF00A2204FF3B9E2EFBB21952:8E84E197F0092203FD9F9E87FD4C1CF7" box="[563,698,1228,1254]" country="United States of America" latitude="38.5856" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="-122.5724" name="Brannan St." pageId="2" pageNumber="271" stateProvince="California">Brannan St.</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE6FD18BF0092203FD6B9E80FCD31CF7" box="[711,805,1227,1254]" degrees="38.5856" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" precision="5" value="38.5856">38.5856</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE6FD18BF0092203FC9C9E80FC501CF7" box="[816,934,1227,1254]" degrees="122.5724" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" precision="5" value="-122.5724">-122.5724</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 18
|
||
<collectorName id="26AED29AF0092203FC799E80FBBB1CF4" box="[981,1101,1227,1253]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">November</collectorName>
|
||
, 2019,
|
||
<collectorName id="26AED29AF0092203FB339E80FAC21CF4" box="[1183,1332,1227,1253]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Curtis Ewing</collectorName>
|
||
coll., ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FF3B9EBBFEB21D18" box="[151,324,1263,1290]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FF3B9EBBFEB21D18" box="[151,324,1263,1290]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Quercus lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(5,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBFD1F37F0092203FEC29EBBFDB91D1B" box="[366,591,1263,1290]" collectionCode="EMEC" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:1013" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:1013" name="Essig Museum of Entomology" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" type="University or college">EMEC 1332915-19</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B33BD11F0092203FDCE9EBBFB481D3F" collectionCode="EMEC" collectorName="Silverado Tr. & Rt. & November & Curtis Ewing" country="United States of America" latitude="38.57737" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-122.57563" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" specimenCode="EMEC 1332920-23" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="California">
|
||
as previous except: vineyard between
|
||
<collectorName id="26AED29AF0092203FBA69EA4FB6D1D1B" box="[1034,1179,1263,1290]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Silverado Tr.</collectorName>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectorName id="26AED29AF0092203FB119EBBFB291D1B" box="[1213,1247,1264,1290]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Rt.</collectorName>
|
||
128,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE6FD18BF0092203FAB09EA4FA7E1D1B" box="[1308,1416,1263,1290]" degrees="38.57737" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" precision="1" value="38.57737">38.57737</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE6FD18BF0092203FA3F9EBBFEE71D3F" degrees="122.57563" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" precision="1" value="-122.57563">- 122.57563</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 18
|
||
<collectorName id="26AED29AF0092203FE919F58FE431D3C" box="[317,437,1299,1325]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">November</collectorName>
|
||
, 2019,
|
||
<collectorName id="26AED29AF0092203FDAF9F58FD611D3C" box="[515,663,1299,1325]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Curtis Ewing</collectorName>
|
||
coll., ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FCAD9F5FFC5B1D3C" box="[769,941,1299,1326]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FCAD9F5FFC5B1D3C" box="[769,941,1299,1326]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Quercus lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(4,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBFD1F37F0092203FC7A9F5FFB401D3F" box="[982,1206,1300,1326]" collectionCode="EMEC" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:1013" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:1013" name="Essig Museum of Entomology" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" type="University or college">EMEC 1332920-23</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B33BD11F0092203FB649F5FFE5C1D67" collectionCode="EMEC" collectorName="January & Curtis Ewing" country="United States of America" latitude="38.667" location="Mayacmas Mts." longLatPrecision="6" longitude="-122.5974" municipality="Middletown Hwy." pageId="2" pageNumber="271" specimenCode="EMEC 1332935-38" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="California">
|
||
as previous except:
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B802D36F0092203FF3B9F7CFE901D43" box="[151,358,1335,1362]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Middletown Hwy.</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E84E197F0092203FEDD9F73FDD11D43" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F2065AF00A2204FF3B9E2EFBB21952:8E84E197F0092203FEDD9F73FDD11D43" box="[369,551,1336,1362]" country="United States of America" latitude="38.667" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="-122.5974" municipality="Middletown Hwy." name="Mayacmas Mts." pageId="2" pageNumber="271" stateProvince="California">Mayacmas Mts.</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE6FD18BF0092203FD9F9F7CFD671D40" box="[563,657,1335,1361]" degrees="38.6670" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" precision="5" value="38.667">38.6670</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE6FD18BF0092203FD319F7CFCE41D43" box="[669,786,1335,1362]" degrees="122.5974" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" precision="5" value="-122.5974">-122.5974</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 10
|
||
<collectorName id="26AED29AF0092203FCED9F73FC6F1D43" box="[833,921,1336,1362]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">January</collectorName>
|
||
, 2020,
|
||
<collectorName id="26AED29AF0092203FC479F7CFB761D40" box="[1003,1152,1335,1361]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Curtis Ewing</collectorName>
|
||
coll., ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FB439F73FA6B1D40" box="[1263,1437,1335,1362]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FB439F73FA6B1D40" box="[1263,1437,1335,1362]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Quercus lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(4,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBFD1F37F0092203FF139F17FE541D67" box="[191,418,1371,1398]" collectionCode="EMEC" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:1013" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:1013" name="Essig Museum of Entomology" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" type="University or college">EMEC 1332935-38</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B33BD11F0092203FE1B9F10FCB61D8B" collectionCode="EMEC" collectorName="January & Curtis Ewing" country="United States of America" county="Lake Co." latitude="38.7525" location="Graham Ln." longLatPrecision="6" longitude="-122.6217" municipality="Middletown" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" specimenCode="EMEC 1332939" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="California">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499F79AEF0092203FE1B9F10FDDD1D64" box="[439,555,1371,1397]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="6285CFC0F0092203FD959F10FD521D67" box="[569,676,1371,1398]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Lake Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B802D36F0092203FD1E9F10FCC81D64" box="[690,830,1371,1397]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Middletown</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E84E197F0092203FCE79F10FC211D67" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F2065AF00A2204FF3B9E2EFBB21952:8E84E197F0092203FCE79F10FC211D67" box="[843,983,1371,1398]" country="United States of America" county="Lake Co." latitude="38.7525" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="-122.6217" municipality="Middletown" name="Graham Ln." pageId="2" pageNumber="271" stateProvince="California">Graham Ln.</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE6FD18BF0092203FC499F10FBB51D67" box="[997,1091,1371,1398]" degrees="38.7525" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" precision="5" value="38.7525">38.7525</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE6FD18BF0092203FBFC9F10FB301D64" box="[1104,1222,1371,1397]" degrees="122.6217" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" precision="5" value="-122.6217">-122.6217</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 10
|
||
<collectorName id="26AED29AF0092203FB549F17FAA61D67" box="[1272,1360,1372,1398]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">January</collectorName>
|
||
, 2020,
|
||
<collectorName id="26AED29AF0092203FF3B9F34FEDB1D88" box="[151,301,1407,1433]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Curtis Ewing</collectorName>
|
||
coll., ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FE339FCBFDBB1D88" box="[415,589,1407,1434]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FE339FCBFDBB1D88" box="[415,589,1407,1434]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Quercus lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBFD1F37F0092203FDD79FCBFCCE1D8B" box="[635,824,1408,1434]" collectionCode="EMEC" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:1013" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:1013" name="Essig Museum of Entomology" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" type="University or college">EMEC 1332939</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B33BD11F0092203FCE09FCBFA6E1DAF" collectionCode="EMEC" collectorName="Silverado Tr. & January & Curtis Ewing" country="United States of America" latitude="38.53529" location="Glass Mt. Rd." longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-122.59057" municipality="Calistoga" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" specimenCode="EMEC 1332940-44" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="California">
|
||
as previous except:
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B802D36F0092203FB819F34FB6C1D88" box="[1069,1178,1407,1433]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Calistoga</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26AED29AF0092203FB0A9F34FACF1D8B" box="[1190,1337,1407,1434]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Silverado Tr.</collectorName>
|
||
&
|
||
<location id="8E84E197F0092203FAF29F34FF061DAC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F2065AF00A2204FF3B9E2EFBB21952:8E84E197F0092203FAF29F34FF061DAC" country="United States of America" latitude="38.53529" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-122.59057" municipality="Calistoga" name="Glass Mt. Rd." pageId="2" pageNumber="271" stateProvince="California">Glass Mt. Rd.</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE6FD18BF0092203FF579FE8FE911DAF" box="[251,359,1443,1470]" degrees="38.53529" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" precision="1" value="38.53529">38.53529</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE6FD18BF0092203FEDE9FE8FE001DAF" box="[370,502,1443,1470]" degrees="122.59057" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" precision="1" value="-122.59057">-122.59057</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 29
|
||
<collectorName id="26AED29AF0092203FD889FEFFD8A1DAF" box="[548,636,1444,1470]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">January</collectorName>
|
||
, 2020,
|
||
<collectorName id="26AED29AF0092203FD619FE8FC971DAC" box="[717,865,1443,1469]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Curtis Ewing</collectorName>
|
||
coll., ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FC7C9FEFFB8A1DAC" box="[976,1148,1443,1470]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FC7C9FEFFB8A1DAC" box="[976,1148,1443,1470]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Quercus lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (5,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBFD1F37F0092203FB039FEFFA661DAF" box="[1199,1424,1444,1470]" collectionCode="EMEC" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:1013" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:1013" name="Essig Museum of Entomology" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" type="University or college">EMEC 1332940-44</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B33BD11F0092203FF3B9F83FD771E17" collectionCode="EMEC" collectorName="February & Curtis Ewing" country="United States of America" latitude="38.667" location="Mayacmas Mts." longLatPrecision="6" longitude="-122.5974" municipality="Middletown Hwy." pageId="2" pageNumber="271" specimenCode="EMEC 1332945-48" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="California">
|
||
as previous except:
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B802D36F0092203FEDF9F8CFDB61DF3" box="[371,576,1479,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Middletown Hwy.</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E84E197F0092203FDE79F83FD091DF3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F2065AF00A2204FF3B9E2EFBB21952:8E84E197F0092203FDE79F83FD091DF3" box="[587,767,1480,1506]" country="United States of America" latitude="38.667" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="-122.5974" municipality="Middletown Hwy." name="Mayacmas Mts." pageId="2" pageNumber="271" stateProvince="California">Mayacmas Mts.</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE6FD18BF0092203FCA69F8CFC9E1DF0" box="[778,872,1479,1505]" degrees="38.6670" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" precision="5" value="38.667">38.6670</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE6FD18BF0092203FCDE9F8CFC1E1DF3" box="[882,1000,1479,1506]" degrees="122.5974" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" precision="5" value="-122.5974">-122.5974</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 02
|
||
<collectorName id="26AED29AF0092203FBB89F8CFB8C1DF0" box="[1044,1146,1479,1505]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">February</collectorName>
|
||
, 2020,
|
||
<collectorName id="26AED29AF0092203FB669F8CFAA81DF0" box="[1226,1374,1479,1505]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Curtis Ewing</collectorName>
|
||
coll., ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FF6C9FA7FE9A1E14" box="[192,364,1515,1542]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FF6C9FA7FE9A1E14" box="[192,364,1515,1542]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Quercus lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(4,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBFD1F37F0092203FE349FA7FD8F1E17" box="[408,633,1515,1542]" collectionCode="EMEC" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:1013" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:1013" name="Essig Museum of Entomology" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" type="University or college">EMEC 1332945-48</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C341E4C7F0092204FF6B9C5BFBB21952" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="274" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4B74CF0092203FF6B9C5BFB131F10" blockId="2.[151,1437,363,2046]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FF6B9C5BFE531E3B" bold="true" box="[199,421,1551,1578]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Hosts and biology.</emphasis>
|
||
In Europe, the most commonly reported hosts of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FC4E9C5BFB6A1E38" box="[994,1180,1551,1577]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monographus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FC4E9C5BFB6A1E38" box="[994,1180,1551,1577]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">X. monographus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are various species of oaks (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FF709C7FFECC1E5F" box="[220,314,1588,1614]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FF709C7FFECC1E5F" box="[220,314,1588,1614]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and other genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FD9C9C7FFD6E1E5F" authorityName="Dumortier" authorityYear="1829" box="[560,664,1588,1614]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fagaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FD069C7FFD061E5C" box="[682,752,1588,1613]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FD069C7FFD061E5C" box="[682,752,1588,1613]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Fagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FC859C7FFC651E5F" box="[809,915,1588,1614]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Castanea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FC859C7FFC651E5F" box="[809,915,1588,1614]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Castanea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCACABDF0092203FC079C78FB581E5F" author="Wood, S. L. & Bright, D. E." box="[939,1198,1587,1614]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" pagination="1 - 1553" refId="ref6360" refString="Wood, S. L. & Bright, D. E. (1992) A Catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Part 2: Taxonomic Index. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs, 13, 1 - 1553." type="journal article" year="1992">Wood & Bright (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
report
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FAAD9C7FFAA91E5F" box="[1281,1375,1588,1614]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FAAD9C7FFAA91E5F" box="[1281,1375,1588,1614]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp., and state it is uncommon in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FE759C13FD7F1E60" box="[473,649,1624,1650]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Castanea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vesca">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FE759C13FD7F1E60" box="[473,649,1624,1650]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Castanea vesca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FD6E9C13FC8D1E60" authorityName="Lipsky" authorityYear="1898" box="[706,891,1623,1649]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="orientalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FD6E9C13FC8D1E60" box="[706,891,1623,1649]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Fagus orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCACABDF0092203FC269C1CFB3F1E63" author="Bright, D. E. & Skidmore, R. E." box="[906,1225,1623,1650]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" refId="ref4256" refString="Bright, D. E. & Skidmore, R. E. (1997) A Catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Supplement 1 (1990 - 1994). NRC Research Press, Ottawa, 368 pp." type="book" year="1997">Bright and Skidmore (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
cites Koch (1992) and lists:
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FEAF9C30FD211EA8" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FEAF9C30FE5B1E84" authorityName="A.W.Roth" authorityYear="1788" box="[259,429,1659,1685]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Betula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pendula">Betula pendula</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FE7C9C37FD921E87" box="[464,612,1660,1686]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Betula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="verrucosa">B. verrucosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Carpinus betulus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FCEA9C37FC0B1E84" box="[838,1021,1660,1686]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Castanea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">Castanea sativa</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FBA49C37FADA1E84" authority=", Fraxinus" authorityName="Fraxinus" box="[1032,1324,1659,1685]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sylvatica">Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
excelsior,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FF3B9CD4FE661EA8" authority=", Prunus" authorityName="Prunus" box="[151,400,1695,1721]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Juglans" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="regia">Juglans regia, Prunus</taxonomicName>
|
||
avium,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FE469CEBFD251EA8" authorityName="Willd" authorityYear="1809" box="[490,723,1696,1722]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canariensis">Quercus canariensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FD739CEBFBEC1EA8" box="[735,1050,1695,1722]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="castaneifolia" variety="incana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FD739CEBFC651EA8" box="[735,915,1695,1722]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Q. castaneifolia</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FC679CEBFBEC1EA8" box="[971,1050,1696,1721]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">incana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FBB69CEBFB5B1ECC" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FB8A9CEBFB741EA8" box="[1062,1154,1696,1722]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ceris">Q. ceris</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FB229CEBFAED1EAB" box="[1166,1307,1696,1722]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coccifera">Q. coccifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FA8B9CEBFA831EA8" box="[1319,1397,1695,1722]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ilex">Q. ilex</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FA2D9CEBFEFE1ECC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lusitanica">Q. lusitanica</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FEBF9C8FFE7B1ECC" box="[275,397,1732,1758]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="petraea">Q. petraea</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FE349C8FFDD91ECC" box="[408,559,1731,1758]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pubescens">Q. pubescens</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FD969C8FFD381ECC" box="[570,718,1732,1758]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pyrenaica">Q. pyrenaica</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FD749C8FFCCF1ECC" box="[728,825,1731,1758]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robur">Q. robur</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FCEF9C8FFC501ECC" box="[835,934,1731,1758]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubra">Q. rubra</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FC1E9C8FFBE71ECC" box="[946,1041,1731,1758]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="suber">Q. suber</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FBB09C88FB5B1ECC" authorityName="Pall" authorityYear="1784" box="[1052,1197,1731,1757]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Ulmus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevis">Ulmus laevis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCACABDF0092203FB169C88FAA11ECF" author="Schedl, K." box="[1210,1367,1731,1758]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" pagination="411 - 428" refId="ref5978" refString="Schedl, K. (1964) Biologie des gehockerten Eichenholzbohrers, Xyleborus monographus Fab. (Scolytidae, Coleoptera). Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie, 53, 411 - 428. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0418.1963. tb 02902. x" type="journal article" year="1964">Schedl (1964)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
states it is most frequently found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FE489CA3FDB41F13" box="[484,578,1768,1794]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FE489CA3FDB41F13" box="[484,578,1768,1794]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but lists several of the non-oak species above as hosts also.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4B74CF0092203FF6B9D47FD0C1F7F" blockId="2.[151,1437,363,2046]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499F79AEF0092203FF449D40FEAA1F34" box="[232,348,1803,1829]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
, the original infested trees were mostly valley oaks (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FC689D47FB821F34" box="[964,1140,1803,1830]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FC689D47FB821F34" box="[964,1140,1803,1830]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Quercus lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), but some blue oaks (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FA2D9D47FF091F58" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="douglasii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FA2D9D47FF091F58" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Q. douglasii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) also were found infested in the area. A very limited infestation was found in a single limb of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499F79AEF0092203FA879D64FA6B1F58" box="[1323,1437,1839,1865]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
black oak (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0092203FEB89D1FFE2C1F7C" box="[276,474,1875,1902]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kelloggii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0092203FEB89D1FFE2C1F7C" box="[276,474,1875,1902]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">Quercus kelloggii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) with extensive heart rot.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4B74CF0092202FF6B9D3CFEDD18C6" blockId="2.[151,1437,363,2046]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,152,719]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="272" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCACABDF0092203FF6B9D3CFE911F83" author="Schedl, K." box="[199,359,1911,1938]" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" pagination="411 - 428" refId="ref5978" refString="Schedl, K. (1964) Biologie des gehockerten Eichenholzbohrers, Xyleborus monographus Fab. (Scolytidae, Coleoptera). Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie, 53, 411 - 428. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0418.1963. tb 02902. x" type="journal article" year="1964">Schedl (1964)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that he found most attacks by this species in trunks of downed oaks felled in winter or early spring, and in branches larger than
|
||
<quantity id="4CA31AA9F0092203FDCA9DD7FD5D1FA7" box="[614,683,1948,1974]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="271" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter. He also stated that most attacks occurred on the sides or undersides of logs, and only rarely on the upper, sun-exposed surfaces. In
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499F79AEF0092203FC529DF4FB841FC8" box="[1022,1138,1983,2009]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="2" pageNumber="271">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
, we found a similar attack pattern by this beetle on valley oaks. Most of the trunks were heavily colonized by the beetle, but we also have seen attacks on mostly larger branches and in branches as small as
|
||
<quantity id="4CA31AA9F0082202FCE39AD3FC5818A2" box="[847,942,152,179]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.35" pageId="3" pageNumber="272" unit="cm" value="6.35">6.35 cm</quantity>
|
||
. diameter in the upper crowns of apparently healthy oaks.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4B74CF0082202FF6B9AAAFF1619C2" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,719]" pageId="3" pageNumber="272">
|
||
Data from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCACABDF0082202FEEC9AAAFE2818ED" author="Schedl, K." box="[320,478,225,252]" pageId="3" pageNumber="272" pagination="411 - 428" refId="ref5978" refString="Schedl, K. (1964) Biologie des gehockerten Eichenholzbohrers, Xyleborus monographus Fab. (Scolytidae, Coleoptera). Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie, 53, 411 - 428. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0418.1963. tb 02902. x" type="journal article" year="1964">Schedl (1964)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and his reference to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCACABDF0082202FD6B9AAAFC8F18EA" author="Eichhoff, W." box="[711,889,225,251]" pageId="3" pageNumber="272" refId="ref4563" refString="Eichhoff, W. (1881) Die europaischen Borkenkafer. Springer, Berlin, 315 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8968" type="book" year="1881">Eichhoff (1881)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Escherich (1929), indicated two generations per year for this species in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0082202FE7A9B4EFDC9190E" box="[470,575,261,287]" name="Germany" pageId="3" pageNumber="272">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but he questioned if this was the case throughout Europe, and cited
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCACABDF0082202FACF9B4EFF141952" author="Palm, T." pageId="3" pageNumber="272" pagination="1 - 374" refId="ref5803" refString="Palm, T. (1959) Die Holz- und Rinden-Ka ¨ fer der su ¨ d- und mittelschwedischen Laubba ¨ ume. Opuscula Entomologica, Supplementum 16, 1 - 374." type="journal article" year="1959">Palm (1959)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who found only one generation per year in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0082202FD7A9B62FCC41952" box="[726,818,297,323]" name="Sweden" pageId="3" pageNumber="272">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
. More recent work in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0082202FB829B62FB8B1952" box="[1070,1149,297,323]" name="Greece" pageId="3" pageNumber="272">Greece</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Markalas & Kalapandia 1997) and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0082202FEA29B06FE861976" box="[270,368,333,359]" name="Slovakia" pageId="3" pageNumber="272">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCACABDF0082202FED39B06FDB21976" author="Galko, J & Nikolov, C. & Kimoto, T. & Kunca, A. & Gubka, A. & Vakula, J. & Zubrik, M. & Ostrihosn, M." box="[383,580,333,359]" pageId="3" pageNumber="272" pagination="1376 - 1383" refId="ref4876" refString="Galko, J, Nikolov, C., Kimoto, T., Kunca, A., Gubka, A., Vakula, J., Zubrik, M. & Ostrihosn, M. (2014) Attraction of ambrosia beetles to ethanol baited traps in a Slovakian oak forest. Biologia, 69 (10), 1376 - 1383. https: // doi. org / 10.2478 / s 11756 - 014 - 0443 - z" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Galko
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0082202FE609B05FDF21976" box="[460,516,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="272">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) found one generation per year based on trapping data. These later two studies also found peak trap catch in late May and June. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF0082202FCA99B3AFCB0199A" box="[773,838,369,395]" name="Israel" pageId="3" pageNumber="272">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
, adults were active for nearly the entire study period, March–September, and no activity peaks were detected, suggesting multiple overlapping generations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCACABDF0082202FA8D9BDEFF2219C2" author="Buse, J. & Assmann, T. & Friedman, A. - L. - L. & Rittner, O. & Pavlicek, T." pageId="3" pageNumber="272" pagination="687 - 703" refId="ref4386" refString="Buse, J., Assmann, T., Friedman, A. - L. - L., Rittner, O. & Pavlicek, T. (2013) Wood-inhabiting beetles (Coleoptera) associated with oaks in a global biodiversity hotspot: a case study and checklist for Israel. Insect Conservation and Diversity, 6, 687 - 703. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / icad. 12023" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Buse
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0082202FACF9BDDFA6319BE" box="[1379,1429,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="272">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4B74CF0082202FF6B9B96FC091A2E" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,719]" pageId="3" pageNumber="272">
|
||
There have been several studies in Europe that have tested the response of ambrosia beetles to ethanol-baited funnel traps (Markalas & Kalapandia 1997;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCACABDF0082202FD2D984AFCB71A0A" author="Galko, J & Nikolov, C. & Kimoto, T. & Kunca, A. & Gubka, A. & Vakula, J. & Zubrik, M. & Ostrihosn, M." box="[641,833,513,539]" pageId="3" pageNumber="272" pagination="1376 - 1383" refId="ref4876" refString="Galko, J, Nikolov, C., Kimoto, T., Kunca, A., Gubka, A., Vakula, J., Zubrik, M. & Ostrihosn, M. (2014) Attraction of ambrosia beetles to ethanol baited traps in a Slovakian oak forest. Biologia, 69 (10), 1376 - 1383. https: // doi. org / 10.2478 / s 11756 - 014 - 0443 - z" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Galko
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0082202FD609849FCF51A0A" box="[716,771,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="272">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and references therein), and they have shown positive response of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0082202FEB2986DFE2E1A2E" box="[286,472,549,575]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monographus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0082202FEB2986DFE2E1A2E" box="[286,472,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="272">X. monographus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to ultra-high release (UHR) ethanol-baited traps.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4B74CF0082202FF6B9802FC841ADE" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,719]" pageId="3" pageNumber="272">
|
||
As with all xyleborine ambrosia beetles,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0082202FD269801FCB41A72" box="[650,834,585,611]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monographus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0082202FD269801FCB41A72" box="[650,834,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="272">X. monographus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibits sib-mating, with haploid and wing-less males (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCACABDF0082202FF339826FEAB1A96" author="Kirkendall, L. R." box="[159,349,621,647]" pageId="3" pageNumber="272" pagination="235 - 345" refId="ref5478" refString="Kirkendall, L. R. (1993) Ecology and evolution of biased sex ratios in bark and ambrosia beetles. In: Wrensch, D. L. & Ebbert, M. A. (Eds.), Evolution and diversity of sex ratio: insects and mites. Chapman & Hall, New York, pp. 235 - 345. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4684 - 1402 - 8 _ 8" type="book chapter" year="1993">Kirkendall 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCACABDF0082202FEDD9826FDE61A99" author="Schedl, K." box="[369,528,621,648]" pageId="3" pageNumber="272" pagination="411 - 428" refId="ref5978" refString="Schedl, K. (1964) Biologie des gehockerten Eichenholzbohrers, Xyleborus monographus Fab. (Scolytidae, Coleoptera). Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie, 53, 411 - 428. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0418.1963. tb 02902. x" type="journal article" year="1964">Schedl (1964)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reports a sex ratio of 8.5:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D5D7CC5F0082202FC979827FC521A96" box="[827,932,620,647]" pageId="3" pageNumber="272" type="female">1 females</specimenCount>
|
||
to males. Other species of xyleborines have been reported to have ratios similar to this or more females to males (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCACABDF0082202FC0A98DAFB651ABA" author="Smith, S. M. & Hulcr, J." box="[934,1171,656,683]" pageId="3" pageNumber="272" pagination="496 - 532" refId="ref6030" refString="Smith, S. M. & Hulcr, J. (2015) Scolytus and other economically important bark and ambrosia beetles. In: Vega, F. E. & Hofstetter, R. W. (Eds.), Bark Beetles: Biology and Ecology of Native and Invasive Species. Academic Press, London, pp. 496 - 532. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 417156 - 5.00012 - 5" type="book chapter" year="2015">Smith & Hulcr 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and additional studies may show a more female biased sex ratio for this species as well.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF24E7C4F0082202FF3B9D8DFB9F1FCF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3874782" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3874782" box="[151,1129,1990,2015]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3874782/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="272" startId="3.[151,250,1990,2015]" targetBox="[151,1435,741,1965]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4B74CF0082202FF3B9D8DFB9F1FCF" blockId="3.[151,1129,1990,2015]" box="[151,1129,1990,2015]" pageId="3" pageNumber="272">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0082202FF3B9D8DFEE51FCE" bold="true" box="[151,275,1990,2015]" pageId="3" pageNumber="272">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal and lateral habitus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF0082202FD939D8CFCC11FCE" box="[575,823,1991,2015]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monographus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF0082202FD939D8CFCC11FCE" box="[575,823,1991,2015]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="272">Xyleborus monographus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Scale bar represents 0.5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF24E7C4F00F2205FF3B9F2CFE4B1DB2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3874784" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3874784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3874784/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="273" startId="4.[151,250,1383,1408]" targetBox="[151,1435,181,1357]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4B74CF00F2205FF3B9F2CFE4B1DB2" blockId="4.[151,1437,1383,1444]" pageId="4" pageNumber="273">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00F2205FF3B9F2CFEE21D91" bold="true" box="[151,276,1383,1408]" pageId="4" pageNumber="273">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Elytral declivities of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00F2205FE589F2CFD1B1D6E" box="[500,749,1383,1407]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monographus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00F2205FE589F2CFD1B1D6E" box="[500,749,1383,1407]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="273">Xyleborus monographus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00F2205FCE09F23FC511D6E" authorityName="Eichhoff" authorityYear="1868" box="[844,935,1383,1407]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="celsus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00F2205FCE09F23FC511D6E" box="[844,935,1383,1407]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="273">X. celsus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(B). I-2 and I-3: Interstriae 2 and 3 respectively. Scale bars represent 0.2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4B74CF00F2205FF6B9F99FC8E1F21" blockId="4.[151,1437,1489,2020]" pageId="4" pageNumber="273">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00F2205FF6B9F99FE571DFD" bold="true" box="[199,417,1489,1516]" pageId="4" pageNumber="273">Fungal symbionts.</emphasis>
|
||
Ambrosia beetles carry symbiotic fungi which they introduce into the xylem and are used as food for adults and larvae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCACABDF00F2205FE6E9FBDFDA31E01" author="Beaver, R. A." box="[450,597,1526,1552]" pageId="4" pageNumber="273" pagination="121 - 143" refId="ref4135" refString="Beaver, R. A. (1989) Insect-fungus relationships in bark and ambrosia beetles. Symposium of the Royal Entomological Society, 14, 121 - 143. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 751800 - 8.50011 - 2" type="journal article" year="1989">Beaver 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00F2205FCA49FBDFC721E01" authorityName="Le Conte" authorityYear="1876" box="[776,900,1526,1552]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Xyleborini">Xyleborini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as do most other ambrosia beetles, have special structures, mycangia, in which the spores of their symbiotic fungi are carried. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00F2205FB889C51FAC01E25" box="[1060,1334,1562,1588]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monographus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00F2205FB889C51FAC01E25" box="[1060,1334,1562,1588]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="273">Xyleborus monographus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as in all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00F2205FF3B9C75FEFF1E49" box="[151,265,1598,1624]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00F2205FF3B9C75FEFF1E49" box="[151,265,1598,1624]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="273">Xyleborus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, the mycangia are in the mandibles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCACABDF00F2205FD589C75FC721E48" author="Schedl, K." box="[756,900,1598,1625]" pageId="4" pageNumber="273" pagination="411 - 428" refId="ref5978" refString="Schedl, K. (1964) Biologie des gehockerten Eichenholzbohrers, Xyleborus monographus Fab. (Scolytidae, Coleoptera). Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie, 53, 411 - 428. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0418.1963. tb 02902. x" type="journal article" year="1964">Schedl 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In most cases the fungal associate is not pathogenic to the host tree, however, the fungal associate of the non-native
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00F2205FC009C28FB691E6D" authority="Eichhoff" authorityName="Eichhoff" box="[940,1183,1634,1660]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glabratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00F2205FC009C28FBC11E6D" box="[940,1079,1634,1660]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="273">X. glabratus</emphasis>
|
||
Eichhoff
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(the red bay ambrosia beetle),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00F2205FF5E9CCDFE3A1EB1" authorityName="T. C. Harr., Fraedrich & Aghayeva" authorityYear="2008" box="[242,460,1670,1696]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Ophiostomataceae" genus="Raffaelea" kingdom="Fungi" order="Ophiostomatales" pageId="4" pageNumber="273" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="lauricola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00F2205FF5E9CCDFE3A1EB1" box="[242,460,1670,1696]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="273">Raffaelea lauricola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very pathogenic and has caused extensive mortality of several species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00F2205FA859CCDFA6A1EB1" box="[1321,1436,1670,1696]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="4" pageNumber="273" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lauraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF00F2205FEC39CE1FE651ED5" box="[367,403,1706,1732]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="273">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCACABDF00F2205FE0D9CE1FD791ED5" author="Fraedrich, S. W. & Harrington, T. C. & Rabaglia, R. J. & Ulyshen, M. D. & Mayfield, A. E. & Hanula, J. L. & Eickwort, J. M. & Miller, D. M." box="[417,655,1706,1732]" pageId="4" pageNumber="273" pagination="215 - 224" refId="ref4768" refString="Fraedrich, S. W., Harrington, T. C., Rabaglia, R. J., Ulyshen, M. D., Mayfield, A. E., Hanula, J. L., Eickwort, J. M. & Miller, D. M. (2008) A fungal symbiont of the redbay ambrosia beetle causes a lethal wilt in redbay and other Lauraceae in the southeastern United States. Plant Disease, 92 (2), 215 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.1094 / PDIS- 92 - 2 - 0215" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Fraedrich
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00F2205FDB99CE0FDBB1ED5" box="[533,589,1706,1732]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCACABDF00F2205FD369CE1FC6E1ED5" author="Harrington, T. C. & Agheyeva, D. N. & Fraedrich, S. W." box="[666,920,1706,1732]" pageId="4" pageNumber="273" pagination="337 - 361" refId="ref5200" refString="Harrington, T. C., Agheyeva, D. N. & Fraedrich, S. W. (2010) New combinations of Raffaelea, Ambrosiella, and Hyalorhinocladiella, and four new species from the red bay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus. Mycotaxon, 111, 337 - 361. https: // doi. org / 10.5248 / 111.337" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Harrington
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00F2205FCB09CE0FCA21ED5" box="[796,852,1706,1732]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Gebhardt
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00F2205FBB59CE0FBA71ED5" box="[1049,1105,1706,1732]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2004) found
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00F2205FB5D9CE1FF311EF9" authorityName="M. Morelet" authorityYear="1998" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Ophiostomataceae" genus="Raffaelea" kingdom="Fungi" order="Ophiostomatales" pageId="4" pageNumber="273" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="montetyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00F2205FB5D9CE1FF311EF9" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="273">Raffaelea montetyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00F2205FE2E9C84FDCD1EF9" box="[386,571,1742,1768]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monographus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00F2205FE2E9C84FDCD1EF9" box="[386,571,1742,1768]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="273">X. monographus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF00F2205FDCC9C85FD3C1EF9" box="[608,714,1742,1768]" name="Germany" pageId="4" pageNumber="273">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
. They also found this fungus in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00F2205FB9E9C84FA9B1EF8" authority="(Ratzeburg)" baseAuthorityName="Ratzeburg" box="[1074,1389,1742,1769]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dryographus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00F2205FB9E9C84FB161EF9" box="[1074,1248,1742,1768]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="273">X. dryographus</emphasis>
|
||
(Ratzeburg)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00F2205FF3B9CB9FE911F1D" baseAuthorityName="J. C. Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1792" box="[151,359,1778,1804]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Platypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylindrus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00F2205FF3B9CB9FE911F1D" box="[151,359,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="273">Platypus cylindrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(F.).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCACABDF00F2205FE0D9CB9FD831F1D" author="Inacio, M. L. & Henriques, J. & Lima, A. & Sousa, E." box="[417,629,1778,1804]" pageId="4" pageNumber="273" pagination="89 - 92" refId="ref5432" refString="Inacio, M. L., Henriques, J., Lima, A. & Sousa, E. (2012) Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with cork oak mortality in Portugal. Integrated Protection in Oak Forests, 76, 89 - 92." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Inácio
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00F2205FE419CB8FDD21F1D" box="[493,548,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2012)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
tested the pathogenicity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00F2205FC0A9CB8FBD21F1D" authorityName="M. Morelet" authorityYear="1998" box="[934,1060,1779,1804]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Ophiostomataceae" genus="Raffaelea" kingdom="Fungi" order="Ophiostomatales" pageId="4" pageNumber="273" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="montetyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00F2205FC0A9CB8FBD21F1D" box="[934,1060,1779,1804]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="273">R. montetyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
strains from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34CF7DCF00F2205FB199CB9FAE21F1D" box="[1205,1300,1778,1804]" name="Portugal" pageId="4" pageNumber="273">Portugal</collectingCountry>
|
||
on cork oak (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00F2205FF0D9D5DFEB51F21" box="[161,323,1814,1840]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="273" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="suber">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00F2205FF0D9D5DFEB51F21" box="[161,323,1814,1840]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="273">Quercus suber</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) saplings and had 100% mortality within 60 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4B74CF00F2204FF6B9D71FB7318EA" blockId="4.[151,1437,1489,2020]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,153,323]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="274" pageId="4" pageNumber="273">
|
||
Ambrosial fungal species from both beetle and plant tissues infested by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00F2205FC509D70FB401F45" box="[1020,1206,1850,1876]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monographus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00F2205FC509D70FB401F45" box="[1020,1206,1850,1876]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="273">X. monographus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were collected with methods of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCACABDF00F2205FE8C9D15FDE21F69" author="Eskalen, A. & Stouthamer, R. & Lynch, S. C. & Twizeyimana, M. & Gonzalez, A. & Thibault, T." box="[288,532,1886,1912]" pageId="4" pageNumber="273" pagination="938 - 951" refId="ref4627" refString="Eskalen, A., Stouthamer, R., Lynch, S. C., Twizeyimana, M., Gonzalez, A. & Thibault, T. (2013) Host range of Fusarium dieback and its ambrosia beetle Coleoptera: Scolytinae vector in southern California. Plant Disease, 97, 938 - 951. https: // doi. org / 10.1094 / PDIS- 11 - 12 - 1026 - RE" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Eskalen
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00F2205FE2E9D14FE4B1F69" box="[386,445,1886,1912]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Specimens were collected from infested valley oaks in Calistoga, CA. A total of 10 beetles and infested wood samples were collected from each of three infested trees. Fungal isolations from symptomatic tissues and female beetle mycangia were recovered following the methods of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCACABDF00F2205FB1A9DEDFA6F1FD0" author="Lynch, S. C. & Twizeyimana, M. & Mayorquin, J. & Wang, D. & Na, F. & Kayim, M. & Kasson, M. & Thu, P. Q. & Bateman, C. & Jones, P. & Hulcr, J. & Stouthamer, R & Eskalen, A." box="[1206,1433,1958,1985]" pageId="4" pageNumber="273" pagination="313 - 329" refId="ref5612" refString="Lynch, S. C., Twizeyimana, M., Mayorquin, J., Wang, D., Na, F., Kayim, M., Kasson, M., Thu, P. Q., Bateman, C., Rugman- Jones, P., Hulcr, J., Stouthamer, R, & Eskalen, A. (2016) Identification, pathogenicity, and abundance of Paracremonium pembeum sp. nov. and Graphium euwallaceae sp. nov. - two newly discovered mycangial associates of the polyphagous shot hole borer (Euwallacea sp.) in California. Mycologia, 108 (2), 313 - 329. https: // doi. org / 10.3852 / 15 - 063" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Lynch
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00F2205FAAA9DECFAB71FD1" box="[1286,1345,1958,1984]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2016)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Based on the morphological characterization and BLAST’s query comparison of the ITS sequence data in the pres- ent study and other isolates in GenBank, the fungal species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00E2204FC819AD2FC0818A2" authorityName="M. Morelet" authorityYear="1998" box="[813,1022,153,179]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Ophiostomataceae" genus="Raffaelea" kingdom="Fungi" order="Ophiostomatales" pageId="5" pageNumber="274" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="montetyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00E2204FC819AD2FC0818A2" box="[813,1022,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="274">Raffaelea montetyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(UCD8134),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00E2204FB3A9AD2FA6B18A2" box="[1174,1437,153,179]" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Trichocomaceae" genus="Paecilomyces" kingdom="Fungi" order="Eurotiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="274" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00E2204FB3A9AD2FA6B18A2" box="[1174,1437,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="274">Paecilomyces formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(UCD8140),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00E2204FE819AF5FE1118C6" box="[301,487,189,215]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Nectriaceae" genus="Fusarium" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="5" pageNumber="274" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="solani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00E2204FE819AF5FE1118C6" box="[301,487,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="274">Fusarium solani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(UCD8043), undescribed species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00E2204FC3D9AF5FC0818C6" box="[913,1022,190,215]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Nectriaceae" genus="Fusarium" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="5" pageNumber="274" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00E2204FC3D9AF5FC0818C6" box="[913,1022,190,215]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="274">Fusarium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(UCD8376) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00E2204FB6B9AF6FA8218C6" authorityName="T.Lagerberg & E.Melin" authorityYear="1927" box="[1223,1396,189,215]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Ophiostomataceae" genus="Leptographium" kingdom="Fungi" order="Ophiostomatales" pageId="5" pageNumber="274" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00E2204FB6B9AF6FA8218C6" box="[1223,1396,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="274">Leptographium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (UCD8382), and a yeast species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BCCCFF00E2204FDA19AAAFCC818EA" box="[525,830,225,251]" class="Saccharomycetes" family="Saccharomycetaceae" genus="Saccharomyces" kingdom="Fungi" order="Saccharomycetales" pageId="5" pageNumber="274" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="microspore">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F6B5EF00E2204FDA19AAAFCC818EA" box="[525,830,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="274">Saccharomyces microspore</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(UCD8112) were recovered.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4B74CF00E2204FF6B9B4EFBB21952" blockId="5.[151,1437,153,323]" pageId="5" pageNumber="274">Further identification of the fungal species using multi loci gene sequence analyses is underway. Currently, pathogenicity tests of fungal species on young valley oak trees are being conducted.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |