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<document id="88AB6FB4C58E789CF364CB591DDA868E" ID-CLB-Dataset="53324" ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.576.2.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1a9bd59f-7293-432f-b3c1-6df0bc659474" ID-ISSN="1179-3163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7461280" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1671521402645" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hassan, Walaa A., Al-Shaye, Najla A., Alghamdi, Salma, Korany, Shereen M. &amp; Iamonico, Duilio" docDate="2022" docId="03C987964B45FFA306B902D252A16558" docLanguage="en" docName="phytotaxa.576.2.1.pdf" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 576 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.576.2.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9.7:Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Amaranthus L. 1996" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="137" masterDocId="FFF0FFEE4B47FFA106310226570A6226" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the genus Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae) in Saudi Arabia" masterLastPageNumber="157" masterPageNumber="135" pageNumber="137" updateTime="1699413697922" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-figures="UNSPECIFIED" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="BCFC1F82591C455EDDCAE6AA5339B7EB">Taxonomic revision of the genus Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae) in Saudi Arabia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="36220450DDDF3BA935F200D166EEBD78">Hassan, Walaa A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="410473B8996D6DE7B19B4AD98AABE2C9">Al-Shaye, Najla A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CFEA4515EB5611265B04B0E44AFDD339">Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P. O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia &amp; naaalshaye @ pnu. edu. sa; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0447 - 8613</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5C2E62E7C59369DBD4F0E11E354854A2">Alghamdi, Salma</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A179A9B844C04323F9CBEA7716DF9079">Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P. O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia &amp; saatalghamdi @ pnu. edu. sa; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7716 - 2233</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9F510D2DEDE0E5311FBE65D2BCC4658E">Korany, Shereen M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="563D8F9BB94B4E8C2F1A5471749780E0">Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P. O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia &amp; smkorany @ pnu. edu. as; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 9355 - 3952</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="3C265A61DFB9B5A2386395005369F41D">Iamonico, Duilio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A5ABE9F932EF7DAC3833A76D187B29AE">Ce. R. S. I. Te. S., University of Rome Sapienza, viale XXIV Maggio 7, 04100 - Latina, Italy &amp; duilio. iamonico @ uniroma 1. it; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5491 - 7568 &amp; Authors that contributed equally to the work</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C604D034B45FFA306B902D256306329" ID-CoL="T8M" ID-ENA="495303" authority="L." authorityName="L." authorityYear="1996" box="[136,314,244,271]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Amaranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA306B902D256136329" bold="true" box="[136,281,244,271]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">Amaranthus</emphasis>
L.
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, Sp.
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<bibCitation id="5E4A3EEC4B45FFA3074002D2552D6329" box="[369,551,244,271]" journal="Pl." page="989" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" score="0.2594558430405583" volume="2" year="1753">Pl. 2: 989. 1753</bibCitation>
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.
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<heading id="D09781EC4B45FFA3040002D3527B6329" box="[561,1393,244,271]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" reason="3">
Type (
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designated by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B714B45FFA305B902D253436328" author="Green, M. L." box="[904,1097,244,270]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" pagination="188" refId="ref16207" refString="Green, M. L. (1929) Amaranthus caudatus L. In: Hitchcock, A. S. (Ed.) Nomenclature. Proposals by British Botanists. Wyman &amp; Sons, London, p. 188." type="book chapter" year="1929">Green 1929: 188</bibRefCitation>
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):
<taxonomicName id="4C604D034B45FFA3026C02D252586328" ID-CoL="CGZ8" box="[1117,1362,244,270]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Amaranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caudatus">
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA3026C02D252586328" box="[1117,1362,244,270]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">Amaranthus caudatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.
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<subSubSection id="C37A650B4B45FFA306B9031A52AA610C" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDF36804B45FFA306B9031A52AA610C" blockId="2.[136,1452,316,1171]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA306B9031A56326370" bold="true" box="[136,312,316,342]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">Description:—</emphasis>
Monoecious or dioecious herbs, usually annual (therophytes), sometimes perennial (hemicryptophytes). Stems erect, ascending, or prostrate, glabrous to tomentose (trichomes uniseriate, whitish to yellowish), green, white, brownish or red, usually branched. Leaves alternate, petioled, with blade lanceolate to ovate, elliptic to deltoid to rhombic; base cuneate to obtuse; apex acute, obtuse, or emarginate, sometimens mucronate; margins entire, sometimens undulate; blade glabrous to pubescent (sometimens hairs only along the veins), with trichomes whitish to yellowish, uniseriate. Synflorescences thyrsoid paraclades arranged in terminal and/or axillary spike- or panicle-like structures or only in axillary glomerules (for details see Iamonico 2015). Bracts 1–5, ovate to lanceolate, with membranous borders thinning to apex or abruptly interrupted at the half of the total length, sometimes keeled; apex acute to obtuse. Flowers unisexual, sessile. Staminate flowers with 3–5 free and more or less equal tepals, ovate to lanceolate, usually glabrous; apex usually acute; margin entire; stamens 3–5, anthers tetrasporangiate with 2 lines of dehiscence, filaments free to the base; pseudostaminodia absent. Pistillate flowers with (0–)2–5 usually free tepals, linear to ovate-lanceolate sometimes spathulate, usually glabrous; apex acute to emarginate (sometimes mucronate); margins entire; one pistil, one ovule, 2–5 stigmas. Fruit dry (dehiscent capsule, or indehiscent utricle), globose to ellipsoid, smooth to strongly rugose on the surface, with often persistent styles; seed one, usually lenticular, smooth to reticulate; embryo annular.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37A650B4B45FFA3068C011254D566B4" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDF36804B45FFA3068C011257FE61F8" blockId="2.[136,1452,316,1171]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA3068C011255606168" bold="true" box="[189,618,820,846]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">General note and diagnostic key:—</emphasis>
Twelve non-hybrid species (sixteen taxa, by considering the infraspecific taxa) were here recorded in
<collectingCountry id="F37776104B45FFA307FF017E556E6154" box="[462,612,856,882]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
, of which two (
<taxonomicName id="4C604D034B45FFA3052F017E54AE6154" box="[798,932,856,882]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Amaranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caudatus">
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA3052F017E54AE6154" box="[798,932,856,882]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">A. caudatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C604D034B45FFA305D1017E535D6154" box="[992,1111,856,882]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Amaranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tricolor">
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA305D1017E535D6154" box="[992,1111,856,882]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">A. tricolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.) are cultivated only in the country. Four taxa (
<taxonomicName id="4C604D034B45FFA3076F015A55B461B0" box="[350,702,892,918]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Amaranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="graecizans" subSpecies="graecizans">
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA3076F015A56FE61B0" box="[350,500,892,918]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">A. graecizans</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA30474015B55B461B0" box="[581,702,893,918]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">graecizans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C604D034B45FFA304FB015A531361B0" box="[714,1049,892,918]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Amaranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="graecizans" subSpecies="sylvestris">
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA304FB015A546A61B0" box="[714,864,892,918]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">A. graecizans</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA30580015A531361B0" box="[945,1049,892,918]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">sylvestris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C604D034B45FFA30214015A52AE61B0" box="[1061,1444,892,918]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Amaranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="graecizans" subSpecies="thellungianus">
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA30214015A53B161B0" box="[1061,1211,892,918]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">A. graecizans</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA3033D015A52AE61B0" box="[1292,1444,892,918]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">thellungianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C604D034B45FFA3068701865690619C" box="[182,410,928,954]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Amaranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sparganicephalus">
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA3068701865690619C" box="[182,410,928,954]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">A. sparganicephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are authoctonous, whereas the other ones are aliens, mostly neophytes native to the Americas (Table 2).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF36804B45FFA3068C01CE54D566B4" blockId="2.[136,1452,316,1171]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
A diagnostic key of the
<taxonomicName id="4C604D034B45FFA307E901CE55B66624" box="[472,700,1000,1026]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA307E901CE556B6624" box="[472,609,1000,1026]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">Amaranthus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
occurring in
<collectingCountry id="F37776104B45FFA3056A01CE54FA6624" box="[859,1008,1000,1026]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
follows (the characters of the flowers refer to the pistillate ones, since the features of the staminate flowers have a very low taxonomical value in the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C604D034B45FFA306B90616561B666C" authorityName="sensu Mosyakin &amp; Robertson" authorityYear="1996" box="[136,273,1072,1098]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Amaranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA306B90616561B666C" box="[136,273,1072,1098]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">Amaranthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; see e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B714B45FFA307B4061655D8666C" author="Mosyakin, S. L. &amp; Robertson, K. R." box="[389,722,1072,1098]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" pagination="410 - 435" refId="ref17490" refString="Mosyakin, S. L. &amp; Robertson, K. R. (2003) Amaranthus L. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Org) Flora of North America North of Mexico (Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1), vol. 4. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 410 - 435." type="book chapter" year="2003">Mosyakin &amp; Robertson 2003</bibRefCitation>
, Iamonico 2015). We include also the two cultivated species (
<taxonomicName id="4C604D034B45FFA303A2061657E76648" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Amaranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caudatus">
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA303A2061657E76648" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">A. caudatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C604D034B45FFA307120672569D6648" box="[291,407,1108,1134]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Amaranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tricolor">
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA307120672569D6648" box="[291,407,1108,1134]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">A. tricolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) which could be found in wild in future. Diagnostic keys for infraspecific taxa of
<taxonomicName id="4C604D034B45FFA30316067252876648" box="[1319,1421,1108,1134]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Amaranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="blitum">
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA30316067252876648" box="[1319,1421,1108,1134]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">A. blitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. and
<taxonomicName id="4C604D034B45FFA30686065E565A66B4" box="[183,336,1144,1170]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Amaranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="graecizans">
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA30686065E565A66B4" box="[183,336,1144,1170]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">A. graecizans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are reported after the morphological descriptions of them.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37A650B4B45FFA306B9069352A16558" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" type="key">
<key id="FFF161B14B45FFA306B9069352A16558" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<keyStep id="30942E254B45FFA306B9069352A166CE" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<paragraph id="8BDF36804B45FFA306B9069352A166EC" blockId="2.[136,1451,1205,1918]" box="[136,1451,1205,1227]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<keyLead id="309195B54B45FFA306B9069352A166EC" box="[136,1451,1205,1227]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">1. Tepals 3...............................................................................................................................................................................................2</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF36804B45FFA306B906F552A166CE" blockId="2.[136,1451,1205,1918]" box="[136,1451,1234,1256]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<keyLead id="309195B54B45FFA306B906F552A166CE" box="[136,1451,1234,1256]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">- Tepals&gt; 3 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................7</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30942E254B45FFA306B906C952A16707" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<paragraph id="8BDF36804B45FFA306B906C952A16722" blockId="2.[136,1451,1205,1918]" box="[136,1451,1263,1285]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<keyLead id="309195B54B45FFA306B906C952A16722" box="[136,1451,1263,1285]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
2. Stem white to white-greenish; bracts spinescent longer than the tepals .............................................................................1.
<taxonomicName id="4C604D034B45FFA3036D06C952A16722" ID-CoL="CGXJ" box="[1372,1451,1263,1284]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Amaranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="albus">
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA3036D06C952A16722" box="[1372,1451,1263,1284]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">A. albus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF36804B45FFA306B9072A52A16707" blockId="2.[136,1451,1205,1918]" box="[136,1451,1292,1314]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<keyLead id="309195B54B45FFA306B9072A52A16707" box="[136,1451,1292,1314]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">- Stem never white to white-greenish; bracts not spinescent, shorter than the tepals...........................................................................3</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30942E254B45FFA306B9070F52A1677D" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<paragraph id="8BDF36804B45FFA306B9070F52A16718" blockId="2.[136,1451,1205,1918]" box="[136,1451,1320,1342]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<keyLead id="309195B54B45FFA306B9070F52A16718" box="[136,1451,1320,1342]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">3. Synflorescence spike- or panicle-like.................................................................................................................................................4</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF36804B45FFA306B9076052A1677D" blockId="2.[136,1451,1205,1918]" box="[136,1451,1349,1371]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<keyLead id="309195B54B45FFA306B9076052A1677D" box="[136,1451,1349,1371]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">- Synflorescence in axillary glomerules................................................................................................................................................6</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30942E254B45FFA306B9074452A067B2" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<paragraph id="8BDF36804B45FFA306B9074452A1675E" blockId="2.[136,1451,1205,1918]" box="[136,1451,1378,1400]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<keyLead id="309195B54B45FFA306B9074452A1675E" box="[136,1451,1378,1400]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">4 Fruit indehiscent (utricle), as long as or longer than the perianth......................................................................................................5</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF36804B45FFA306B9075952A067B2" blockId="2.[136,1451,1205,1918]" box="[136,1450,1407,1429]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<keyLead id="309195B54B45FFA306B9075952A067B2" box="[136,1450,1407,1429]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
- Fruit dehiscent (capsule) shorter than the perianth.......................................................................................................... 3.
<taxonomicName id="4C604D034B45FFA30376075952A067B2" ID-CoL="CH79" box="[1351,1450,1407,1428]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Amaranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tricolor">
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA30376075952A067B2" box="[1351,1450,1407,1428]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">A. tricolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30942E254B45FFA306B907BA52A067EB" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<paragraph id="8BDF36804B45FFA306B907BA52A16797" blockId="2.[136,1451,1205,1918]" box="[136,1451,1436,1458]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<keyLead id="309195B54B45FFA306B907BA52A16797" box="[136,1451,1436,1458]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
5. Fruit smooth or sligthly on the surface...................................................................................................................... 2.
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA3031507BA52A16797" box="[1316,1451,1436,1457]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<taxonomicName id="4C604D034B45FFA3031507BA52766797" ID-CoL="CGYL" box="[1316,1404,1436,1457]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Amaranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="blitum">A. blitum</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22757E94B45FFA303B307BA52A16797" box="[1410,1451,1436,1457]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" sensu="lato">s.lat</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF36804B45FFA306B9079F52A067EB" blockId="2.[136,1451,1205,1918]" box="[136,1450,1464,1486]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<keyLead id="309195B54B45FFA306B9079F52A067EB" box="[136,1450,1464,1486]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
- Fruit strongly rugose on the surface .................................................................................................................................. 4.
<taxonomicName id="4C604D034B45FFA30362079F52A067EB" ID-CoL="CH7N" box="[1363,1450,1464,1486]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Amaranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA30362079F52A067EB" box="[1363,1450,1464,1486]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">A. viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30942E254B45FFA306B907F352A16421" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<paragraph id="8BDF36804B45FFA306B907F352A067CC" blockId="2.[136,1451,1205,1918]" box="[136,1450,1493,1515]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<keyLead id="309195B54B45FFA306B907F352A067CC" box="[136,1450,1493,1515]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
6. Fruit shorter than the perianth ......................................................................................................................................... 3.
<taxonomicName id="4C604D034B45FFA3037607F052A067CC" ID-CoL="CH79" box="[1351,1450,1493,1515]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Amaranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tricolor">
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA3037607F052A067CC" box="[1351,1450,1493,1515]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">A. tricolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF36804B45FFA306B907D452A16421" blockId="2.[136,1451,1205,1918]" box="[136,1451,1522,1544]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<keyLead id="309195B54B45FFA306B907D452A16421" box="[136,1451,1522,1544]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">6. Fruit as long as or longer than the perianth ........................................................................................................................................8</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30942E254B45FFA306B9042952A16467" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<paragraph id="8BDF36804B45FFA306B9042952A16402" blockId="2.[136,1451,1205,1918]" box="[136,1451,1551,1573]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<keyLead id="309195B54B45FFA306B9042952A16402" box="[136,1451,1551,1573]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA306B90429579E6402" bold="true" box="[136,148,1551,1572]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">8</emphasis>
. Fruit up to
<quantity id="4C989B654B45FFA3070F0429568D6402" box="[318,391,1551,1572]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="2.7">2.7 mm</quantity>
long 4, never longitudinally sulcate .................................................................................... 5.
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA302C8042952A16402" box="[1273,1451,1551,1572]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<taxonomicName id="4C604D034B45FFA302C8042952766402" ID-CoL="65Z9L" box="[1273,1404,1551,1572]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Amaranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="graecizans">A. graecizans</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22757E94B45FFA303B3042952A16402" box="[1410,1451,1551,1572]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" sensu="lato">s.lat</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF36804B45FFA306B9040A52A16467" blockId="2.[136,1451,1205,1918]" box="[136,1451,1580,1602]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<keyLead id="309195B54B45FFA306B9040A52A16467" box="[136,1451,1580,1602]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
- Fruit&gt; than
<quantity id="4C989B654B45FFA3077B040A56996467" box="[330,403,1580,1601]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="2.7">2.7 mm</quantity>
long, the proximal half longitudinally sulcate............................................................... 6.
<taxonomicName id="4C604D034B45FFA302D0040A52A16467" box="[1249,1451,1580,1601]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Amaranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sparganocephalus">
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA302D0040A52A16467" box="[1249,1451,1580,1601]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">A. sparganocephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30942E254B45FFA306B9046F52A1645C" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<paragraph id="8BDF36804B45FFA306B9046F52A1647B" blockId="2.[136,1451,1205,1918]" box="[136,1451,1608,1630]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<keyLead id="309195B54B45FFA306B9046F52A1647B" box="[136,1451,1608,1630]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
7. Tepals usually 4; stem prostrate-diffuse or ascending; synflorescence arranged in axillary glomerules...................... 7.
<taxonomicName id="4C604D034B45FFA3030C046F52A1647B" ID-CoL="CGYJ" box="[1341,1451,1608,1630]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Amaranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="blitoides">
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA3030C046F52A1647B" box="[1341,1451,1608,1630]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">A. blitoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF36804B45FFA306B9044052A1645C" blockId="2.[136,1451,1205,1918]" box="[136,1451,1637,1659]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<keyLead id="309195B54B45FFA306B9044052A1645C" box="[136,1451,1637,1659]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
- Tepals 5; stem erect; synflorescence arranged in spike- or panicle-like structures............................................................................
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA303AE044352A1645C" bold="true" box="[1439,1451,1637,1658]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">8</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30942E254B45FFA306B904A452A16492" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<paragraph id="8BDF36804B45FFA306B904A452A164BE" blockId="2.[136,1451,1205,1918]" box="[136,1451,1666,1688]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<keyLead id="309195B54B45FFA306B904A452A164BE" box="[136,1451,1666,1688]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
8. Bracts of the first flower in the first cyme metamorphosed into a spine-like structure ................................................ 8.
<taxonomicName id="4C604D034B45FFA3030C04A452A164BE" ID-CoL="CH6S" box="[1341,1451,1666,1688]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Amaranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spinosus">
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA3030C04A452A164BE" box="[1341,1451,1666,1688]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">A. spinosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF36804B45FFA306B904B952A16492" blockId="2.[136,1451,1205,1918]" box="[136,1451,1695,1717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<keyLead id="309195B54B45FFA306B904B952A16492" box="[136,1451,1695,1717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">- Bracts spine-like absent......................................................................................................................................................................9</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30942E254B45FFA306B9049A52A164CB" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<paragraph id="8BDF36804B45FFA306B9049A52A164F7" blockId="2.[136,1451,1205,1918]" box="[136,1451,1724,1746]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<keyLead id="309195B54B45FFA306B9049A52A164F7" box="[136,1451,1724,1746]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
9. Terminal synflorescence usually pendulous up to
<quantity id="4C989B654B45FFA3049F049A55E364F7" box="[686,745,1724,1745]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" unit="cm" value="70.0">70 cm</quantity>
long; tepals (at least the inner ones) obovate-spathulate.....9.
<taxonomicName id="4C604D034B45FFA30308049A52A164F7" ID-CoL="CGZ8" box="[1337,1451,1724,1745]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Amaranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caudatus">
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA30308049A52A164F7" box="[1337,1451,1724,1745]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">A. caudatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF36804B45FFA306B904FF52A164CB" blockId="2.[136,1451,1205,1918]" box="[136,1451,1752,1774]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<keyLead id="309195B54B45FFA306B904FF52A164CB" box="[136,1451,1752,1774]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
- Terminal synflorescence always erect; tepals ovate to lanceolate....................................................................................................
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA303A204FE52A164CB" bold="true" box="[1427,1451,1752,1773]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">10</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30942E254B45FFA306B904D352A16501" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<paragraph id="8BDF36804B45FFA306B904D352A1652C" blockId="2.[136,1451,1205,1918]" box="[136,1451,1781,1803]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<keyLead id="309195B54B45FFA306B904D352A1652C" box="[136,1451,1781,1803]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
10. Bracts up to
<quantity id="4C989B654B45FFA3077C04D3568E652D" box="[333,388,1781,1803]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
long and always shorter than the tepals ............................................................................................10.
<taxonomicName id="4C604D034B45FFA3036104D052A1652C" ID-CoL="CH23" box="[1360,1451,1781,1803]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Amaranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dubius">
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA3036104D052A1652C" box="[1360,1451,1781,1803]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">A. dubius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF36804B45FFA306B9053552A16501" blockId="2.[136,1451,1205,1918]" box="[136,1451,1810,1832]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<keyLead id="309195B54B45FFA306B9053552A16501" box="[136,1451,1810,1832]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
- Bracts&gt;
<quantity id="4C989B654B45FFA3071B0534566B650E" box="[298,353,1810,1832]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
long and always longer than the tepals ....................................................................................................................11
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30942E254B45FFA306B9050952A16558" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<paragraph id="8BDF36804B45FFA306B9050952A16562" blockId="2.[136,1451,1205,1918]" box="[136,1451,1839,1861]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<keyLead id="309195B54B45FFA306B9050952A16562" box="[136,1451,1839,1861]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
11. Bracts clearly longer (1.6–2.0 times) than the perianth; tepals with median vein usually dark-green ....................... 11.
<taxonomicName id="4C604D034B45FFA3030D050952A16562" ID-CoL="CH35" box="[1340,1451,1839,1860]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Amaranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hybridus">
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA3030D050952A16562" box="[1340,1451,1839,1860]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">A. hybridus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF36804B45FFA306B9056A52A16558" blockId="2.[136,1451,1205,1918]" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
<keyLead id="309195B54B45FFA306B9056A52A16558" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">
- Bracts as long as or slightly longer (up to 1.5 times) than the perianth; tepals with median vein usually yellow-brown................... ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 12.
<taxonomicName id="4C604D034B45FFA3030C054F52A16558" ID-CoL="CGZR" box="[1341,1451,1897,1918]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Amaranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cruentus">
<emphasis id="B914EA924B45FFA3030C054F52A16558" box="[1341,1451,1897,1918]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="137">A. cruentus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</key>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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