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<mods:title id="1509C2A1C900BC1FE705162F07CCBF1C">Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species</mods:title>
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Subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A1EF846FEB8C6A3FDB9C1B1" authority="Fleming, 1828" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1828" box="[279,624,1155,1182]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halichondria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A1EF846FEB8C6A3FE73C1B2" bold="true" box="[279,442,1156,1182]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Halichondria</emphasis>
Fleming, 1828
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A1EF846FF38C681FC05C1EC" authority="de Laubenfels, 1936a" authorityName="de Laubenfels" authorityYear="1936" box="[151,972,1190,1216]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halichondria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melanadocia" subGenus="Halichondria">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A1EF846FF38C681FC05C1EC" bold="true" box="[151,972,1190,1216]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A1EF846FF38C681FE3EC1EC" bold="true" box="[151,503,1190,1216]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Halichondria (Halichondria)</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A1EF846FD8BC681FD76C1EC" bold="true" box="[548,703,1190,1216]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">melanadocia</emphasis>
de
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A1EF846FD44C681FC05C1EC" author="Laubenfels" box="[747,972,1190,1216]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de (1936 a) A discussion of the sponge fauna of the Dry Tortugas in particular and the West Indies in general, with material for a revision of the families and orders of the Porifera. Carnegie Institute of Washington (Tortugas Laboratory Paper N ° 467), 30, 225 pp." type="book" year="1936" yearSuffix="a">Laubenfels, 1936a</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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(
<figureCitation id="132573FF8A1EF846FF30C6EEFF39C1CD" box="[159,240,1225,1249]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1274,1297]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,195,1252]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,195,1253]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 32. Halichondria (Halichondria) cf. melanadocia de Laubenfels, 1936. A, Sponge covering a fragment of a colony of Carijoa riisei; B, Hispid surface of the sponge; C, Oxea and magnification of the tips." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248182/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
AC)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3043CF18A1EF846FF38C736FD78C2A1" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A1EF846FF38C736FC3FC005" blockId="49.[151,1437,1297,1933]" box="[151,1014,1297,1321]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
Examined material. Sample
<collectingCountry id="F3092FEA8A1EF846FE7BC736FDCCC005" box="[468,517,1297,1321]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">HK</collectingCountry>
1: Hawaii, Oahu
<collectingCountry id="F3092FEA8A1EF846FD61C736FCDCC005" box="[718,789,1297,1321]" name="Iceland" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Island</collectingCountry>
,
<quantity id="4CE6C29F8A1EF846FC8EC736FC87C005" box="[801,846,1297,1321]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
,
<date id="FFA049BA8A1EF846FCF5C736FC3BC005" box="[858,1010,1297,1321]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" value="2005-06-22">22 June 2005</date>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A1EF846FF68C712FB8BC05D" blockId="49.[151,1437,1297,1933]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
Description. Encrusting sponge, about
<quantity id="4CE6C29F8A1EF846FD26C712FD04C061" box="[649,717,1333,1357]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
thick, covering a small fragment (about
<quantity id="4CE6C29F8A1EF846FB01C712FB20C061" box="[1198,1257,1333,1357]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" unit="cm" value="4.0">4 cm</quantity>
in length) of a colony of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A1EF846FEA7C77DFE69C05D" box="[264,416,1370,1393]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Carijoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="riisei">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A1EF846FEA7C77DFE69C05D" box="[264,416,1370,1393]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Carijoa riisei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="132573FF8A1EF846FE00C77EFDCBC05D" box="[431,514,1369,1393]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1274,1297]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,195,1252]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,195,1253]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 32. Halichondria (Halichondria) cf. melanadocia de Laubenfels, 1936. A, Sponge covering a fragment of a colony of Carijoa riisei; B, Hispid surface of the sponge; C, Oxea and magnification of the tips." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248182/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
A). In ethanol the specimen is brownish (
<figureCitation id="132573FF8A1EF846FC61C77EFBE8C05D" box="[974,1057,1369,1393]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1274,1297]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,195,1252]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,195,1253]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 32. Halichondria (Halichondria) cf. melanadocia de Laubenfels, 1936. A, Sponge covering a fragment of a colony of Carijoa riisei; B, Hispid surface of the sponge; C, Oxea and magnification of the tips." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248182/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
B).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A1EF846FF68C75AFBFDC0F1" blockId="49.[151,1437,1297,1933]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
Skeleton. Difficult to study due to the bad condition of the sample. The ectosome consists of uni- or paucispicular tracts of tangential oxeas. The choanosome consists of an irregular reticulation of oxeas; the hispid surface is due to the vague ascending tracts beneath the sponge surface (
<figureCitation id="132573FF8A1EF846FC6FC7E2FBDAC0F1" box="[960,1043,1477,1501]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1274,1297]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,195,1252]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,195,1253]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 32. Halichondria (Halichondria) cf. melanadocia de Laubenfels, 1936. A, Sponge covering a fragment of a colony of Carijoa riisei; B, Hispid surface of the sponge; C, Oxea and magnification of the tips." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248182/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
B).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A1EF846FF68C7CEFE54C309" blockId="49.[151,1437,1297,1933]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
Spicules. Oxeas slightly curved, 160 (404.5 ± 133.6) 610 x 2.5 (8.9 ± 5.9) 20 μm, with gradually pointed tips (
<figureCitation id="132573FF8A1EF846FE85C42AFEB4C309" box="[298,381,1549,1573]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1274,1297]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,195,1252]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,195,1253]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 32. Halichondria (Halichondria) cf. melanadocia de Laubenfels, 1936. A, Sponge covering a fragment of a colony of Carijoa riisei; B, Hispid surface of the sponge; C, Oxea and magnification of the tips." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248182/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
C).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A1EF846FF68C416FC10C269" blockId="49.[151,1437,1297,1933]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
Distribution and remarks. West Indies (de
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A1EF846FD12C416FC45C365" author="Laubenfels" box="[701,908,1585,1609]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de (1936 a) A discussion of the sponge fauna of the Dry Tortugas in particular and the West Indies in general, with material for a revision of the families and orders of the Porifera. Carnegie Institute of Washington (Tortugas Laboratory Paper N ° 467), 30, 225 pp." type="book" year="1936" yearSuffix="a">Laubenfels 1936a</bibRefCitation>
), North Carolina (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A1EF846FBCAC416FAFAC365" author="Wells" box="[1125,1331,1585,1609]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refString="Wells, H. W., Wells, M. J. &amp; Gray, I. E. (1960) Marine sponges of North Carolina. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, 76 (2), 200 - 245." type="journal article" year="1960">Wells et al. 1960</bibRefCitation>
), Florida (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A1EF846FF31C472FEEDC341" author="Little" box="[158,292,1621,1645]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refString="Little, F. J. Jr. (1963) The sponge fauna of the St. George's Sound, Apalache Bay, and Panama City Regions of the Florida Gulf Coast. Tulane Studies in Zoology, 11 (2), 31 - 71." type="journal article" year="1963">Little 1963</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F3092FEA8A1EF846FE91C472FE51C341" box="[318,408,1621,1645]" name="Jamaica" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A1EF846FE02C472FD82C341" author="Hechtel" box="[429,587,1621,1645]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refString="Hechtel, G. J. (1965) A Systematic Study of the Demospongiae of Port Royal, Jamaica. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 20, 1 - 103." type="journal article" year="1965">Hechtel 1965</bibRefCitation>
) and Hawaii (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A1EF846FCABC472FC73C341" author="Bergquist" box="[772,954,1621,1645]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refString="Bergquist, P. R. (1967) Additions to the Sponge Fauna of the Hawaiian Islands. Micronesica, 3 (2), 159 - 174." type="journal article" year="1967">Bergquist 1967</bibRefCitation>
). This sample fits the description of the Hawaiian (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A1EF846FEBEC45EFE77C3BD" author="Bergquist" box="[273,446,1657,1681]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refString="Bergquist, P. R. (1967) Additions to the Sponge Fauna of the Hawaiian Islands. Micronesica, 3 (2), 159 - 174." type="journal article" year="1967">Bergquist 1967</bibRefCitation>
) and Jamaican specimens (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A1EF846FD40C45EFC41C3BD" author="Hechtel" box="[751,904,1657,1681]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refString="Hechtel, G. J. (1965) A Systematic Study of the Demospongiae of Port Royal, Jamaica. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 20, 1 - 103." type="journal article" year="1965">Hechtel 1965</bibRefCitation>
) in terms of spicule features. Hechtel described oxeas straight to curved, with gradually pointed of 134 802
<date id="FFA049BA8A1EF846FCE4C4B9FC6EC399" box="[843,935,1693,1717]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" value="1920-10-03">x 3 20</date>
μm while, later, Bergquist reported oxeas of 200 (403) 512
<date id="FFA049BA8A1EF846FED6C4E5FE69C3F5" box="[377,416,1729,1753]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">x 2</date>
(9) 13 μm. The main difference with the previous descriptions is in the ectosomal skeleton that was re-described by Hechtel as a tangential reticulation of spicule tracts. Moreover, the peculiar and diagnostic colour of the live specimen, reported by Laubenfels (grey-blackish in the exterior and yellow-green in the interior) does not match that of the Hawaiian specimen here described.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A1EF846FF68C576FD78C2A1" blockId="49.[151,1437,1297,1933]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
The species was described from the Caribbean, but later
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A1EF846FCEFC576FC34C245" author="Bergquist" box="[832,1021,1873,1897]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refString="Bergquist, P. R. (1967) Additions to the Sponge Fauna of the Hawaiian Islands. Micronesica, 3 (2), 159 - 174." type="journal article" year="1967">Bergquist (1967)</bibRefCitation>
reported it from Hawaii, suggesting that it was probably introduced through fouling.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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