1211 lines
228 KiB
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1211 lines
228 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="70391CDC327FCC84BE8C044C5D94DF19">Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="038923740B313337FF73AE471BFDF92D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7628932" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209285926" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7628932" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B313337FF73AE471BFDF92D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038923740B313337FF73AE471BFDF92D" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B31333BFF73AE471BD2FED0" ID-CoL="4S3H9" authority="(Fabricius, 1824)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[151,677,294,321]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
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<emphasis id="B9544E700B31333BFF73AE4718BCFED1" bold="true" box="[151,459,294,321]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Rhamphostomella scabra</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFE3EAE471BEAFED0" author="Fabricius, O." box="[474,669,294,320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="25 - 80" refId="ref87926" refString="Fabricius, O. (1824) Nye zoologiske bidrag. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 1, 25 - 80." type="journal article" year="1824">Fabricius, 1824</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8B9F92620B31333BFF73AE2A1B70FEF5" blockId="6.[151,677,294,357]" box="[151,519,330,357]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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(
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<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B31333BFF7BAE2A1991FEF5" box="[159,230,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B31333BFF10AE2B1850FEF5" box="[244,295,330,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="80.[151,250,1816,1840]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1389,1793]" captionTargetId="figure-497@80.[151,1436,1389,1793]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="FIGURE 25. Ancestrulae with periancestrular zooids in colonies of three Rhamphostomella species. A. R. scabra, A.V. Grischenko Collection (western Kamchatka shelf, Sea of Okhotsk). B. R. sibirica, P. Kuklinski Collection (Beringian coastal waters of Amchitka Island, Rat Islands, western Aleutian Islands). C. R. spinigera, Paralectotype, NHMW 92536 (Jan Mayen), initial part of colony. Scale bars: 250 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544578" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544578/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">25A</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B31333BFED6AE2A1812FEF5" box="[306,357,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="90.[151,250,1204,1228]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,181,1180]" captionTargetId="figure-20@90.[153,1434,181,1180]" captionTargetPageId="90" captionText="FIGURE 30. Basal colony surface insome Rhamphostomellaspecies.A. R. scabra, ZIRAS 93/50106 (BeringIsland, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean), colony fragment developed above irregular substrate, showing broken protuberances and pits formed above sponge spicules. B. R. commandorica, ZIRAS 1/50125 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean), colony fragment, showing smooth surface with rare thin protuberances. C. R. cristata, ZIRAS 2/50110 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean), colony area growing above crustose coralline algae Lithothamnion sp., showing regular series of columnar protuberances with broad bases. D. R. gigantea, ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka shelf, Sea of Okhotsk), colony detached from internal side of broken shell of bivalve mollusc Chlamys sp. E. R. pacifica, ZIRAS 1/50124 (Kronotsky Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean), colony developed above irregular substratum. F. R. curvirostrata, NHMUK 1964.1.2.7 (Pacific coast of North America), colony margin with developing zooids, supported by long tubular processes. G. R. hincksi, USNM 11130 (Point Barrow, Alaska, Beaufort Sea), basal surface with long tubular protuberances. H. R. sibirica, ZIRAS 34/50113 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea), basal surface with long tubular protuberances. I. R. multirostrata, ZIRAS 1/50545 (Urup Island, Kuril Islands, Sea of Okhotsk), colony detached from a sponge, showing marginal zooids with regular series of tubular protuberances. Scale bars: 500 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544589" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544589/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">30A</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B31333BFE94AE2A1888FEF5" box="[368,511,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="91.[151,250,1723,1747]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1699]" captionTargetId="figure-17@91.[228,1360,181,1699]" captionTargetPageId="91" captionText="FIGURE 31. Type specimens of Rhamphostomella species.A, B. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). Neotype, SMNH- Type-9304 (Hammerfest, Norway, North Atlantic Ocean). C, D. Desmacystis sandalia (Robertson, 1900) (junior synonym of Rhamphostomella scabra orientalis Kluge, 1961). Holotype, ZIRAS 1/8801 (Cape Vkhodnoy Reef, Bering Island, Pacific Ocean). E, F. Rhamphostomella sollers (Canu & Bassler, 1929) (junior synonym of Rhamphostomella scabra). Syntype, USNM 8136 (Cape Tsiuka, Sangar Strait, Sea of Japan). G. Rhamphostomella costata Lorenz, 1886. Lectotype, NHMW 92531 (Jan Mayen). H, I. Rhamphostomella magnirostris (Canu & Bassler, 1928) (junior synonym of Rhamphostomella costata). Syntype, USNM 7579 (Cedar Keys, western Florida, Gulf of Mexico). J, K. Rhamphostomella cristata (Hincks, 1889). Neotype, NHMUK 1911.10.1.1576A (Gulf of St Lawrence, Atlantic Ocean). Scale bars: A, B, J, K, 500 µm; C–I, 250 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544591" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544591/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">31A, B, E, F</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9F92620B31333BFF73AEEE1B80FE37" blockId="6.[151,1436,399,607]" box="[151,759,399,423]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B31333BFF73AEEE18AAFE37" authority="Fabricius, 1824" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1824" box="[151,477,399,423]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Eschara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
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<emphasis id="B9544E700B31333BFF73AEEE1840FE37" box="[151,311,399,423]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Eschara scabra</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFED9AEEE18AAFE37" author="Fabricius, O." box="[317,477,399,423]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="25 - 80" refId="ref87926" refString="Fabricius, O. (1824) Nye zoologiske bidrag. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 1, 25 - 80." type="journal article" year="1824">Fabricius, 1824</bibRefCitation>
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, pp. 29, 30, tab. 1, figs 1–3.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9F92620B31333BFF73AECF1D23FE56" blockId="6.[151,1436,399,607]" box="[151,1108,430,454]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB30B54C0B31333BFF73AECF1D23FE56" box="[151,1108,430,454]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A81B4730B31333BFF73AECF1B78FE56" author="Smitt, F. A." box="[151,527,430,454]" page="30" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1868">
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<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B31333BFF73AECF1B78FE56" authority=": Smitt 1868 a, p. 30" authorityName=": Smitt" authorityPageNumber="30" authorityYear="1868" box="[151,527,430,454]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Celleporidae" genus="Cellepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
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<emphasis id="B9544E700B31333BFF73AECF183FFE56" box="[151,328,430,454]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Cellepora scabra</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFEB1AECF18A4FE56" author="Smitt, F. A." box="[341,467,430,454]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="3 - 320" refId="ref95369" refString="Smitt, F. A. (1868 a) Kritisk forteckning ofver Skandinaviens Hafs-Bryozoer. Part 4. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Academiens Forhandlingar, 25, 3 - 320." type="journal article" year="1868">Smitt 1868a</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 30
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(part), pl. 28, figs 183‒185, (?)188; 1868b, pp. 484, 485.
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</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB30B54C0B31333BFF73AEAD1876FDB2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0A81B4730B31333BFF73AEAD1B1FFE75" author="Lorenz, L. von" box="[151,616,460,485]" page="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1886">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B31333BFF73AEAD1B1FFE75" ID-CoL="4S3H9" authority=": Lorenz 1886, p. 11" authorityName="Lorenz" authorityPageNumber="11" authorityYear="1886" box="[151,616,460,485]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B31333BFF73AEAD18EDFE74" box="[151,410,460,484]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Rhamphostomella scabra</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFE43AEAC1B5DFE74" author="Lorenz, L. von" box="[423,554,460,484]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="83 - 100" refId="ref92348" refString="Lorenz, L. von (1886) Bryozoen von Jan Mayen. Die Internationale Polarforschung 1882 - 1883. Die Osterreichische Polarstation von Jan Mayen, 3, 83 - 100." type="journal article" year="1886">Lorenz 1886</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 11
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 12;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A81B4730B31333BFD7EAEAD1AF9FE75" author="Nordgaard, O." box="[666,910,460,485]" page="171" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1905">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFD7EAEAD1A35FE74" author="Nordgaard, O." box="[666,834,460,484]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="164 - 174" refId="ref92912" refString="Nordgaard, O. (1905) Bryozoa or Polyzoa. Hydrographical and Biological Investigations in Norwegian Fiords. Bergens Museums Meereskrifter, 2, 164 - 174." type="journal article" year="1905">Nordgaard 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 171
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, pl. 5, figs 8–11;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A81B4730B31333BFBDAAEAD1C74FE75" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[1086,1283,460,485]" page="108" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1955">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFBDAAEAD1DC0FE74" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[1086,1207,460,484]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="99 - 109" refId="ref91241" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1955) Bryozoa. In: Ushakov, P. V. (Ed.), Atlas of Invertebrates of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, Leningrad, USSR, pp. 99 - 109. [in Russian]" type="book chapter" year="1955">Kluge 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 108
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, tab. 23, fig. 5; 1962, p. 536, fig. 374; 1975, p. 653, fig. 374;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A81B4730B31333BFD77AE8A1ADDFD93" author="Gostilovskaya, M. G." box="[659,938,491,515]" page="225" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1978">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFD77AE8A1A28FD93" author="Gostilovskaya, M. G." box="[659,863,491,515]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref89329" refString="Gostilovskaya, M. G. (1978) Bryozoa of the White Sea. Nauka, Leningrad, USSR, 248 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1978">Gostilovskaya 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 225
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 141;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A81B4730B31333BFBF4AE8A1C1AFD93" author="Gordon, D. P. & Grischenko, A. V." box="[1040,1389,491,515]" page="64" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1994">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFBF4AE8A1C5AFD93" author="Gordon, D. P. & Grischenko, A. V." box="[1040,1325,491,515]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="61 - 72" refId="ref89010" refString="Gordon, D. P. & Grischenko, A. V. (1994) Bryozoan frontal shields: the type species of Desmacystis, Rhamphostomella, Rhamphosmittina, Rhamphostomellina, and new genus Arctonula. Zoologica Scripta, 23, 61 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1994. tb 00374. x" type="journal article" year="1994">Gordon & Grischenko 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 64
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, figs 7–12.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B31333BFF73AD481B31FDD0" blockId="6.[151,1436,399,607]" box="[151,582,552,577]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB30B54C0B31333BFF73AD481B31FDD0" box="[151,582,552,577]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A81B4730B31333BFF73AD481B35FDD0" author="Nordgaard, O." box="[151,578,552,577]" page="77" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1918">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B31333BFF73AD481B35FDD0" authority=": Nordgaard 1918, p. 77" authorityName="Nordgaard" authorityPageNumber="77" authorityYear="1918" box="[151,578,552,577]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Discopora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B31333BFF73AD48183AFDD0" box="[151,333,552,576]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Discopora scabra</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFEBFAD491B75FDD1" author="Nordgaard, O." box="[347,514,552,577]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 99" refId="ref93104" refString="Nordgaard, O. (1918) Bryozoa from the Arctic regions. TromsO Museums Aarshefter, 40, 1 - 99." type="journal article" year="1918">Nordgaard 1918</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 77
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B31333BFF73AD261AF5FDCF" blockId="6.[151,1436,399,607]" box="[151,898,583,607]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB30B54C0B31333BFF73AD261AF5FDCF" box="[151,898,583,607]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A81B4730B31333BFF73AD261BBCFDCF" author="Canu, F. & Bassler, R. S." box="[151,715,583,607]" page="353" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1929">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B31333BFF73AD261BBCFDCF" ID-CoL="4S3HB" authority="Canu & Bassler, 1929, p. 353" authorityName="Canu & Bassler" authorityPageNumber="353" authorityYear="1929" box="[151,715,583,607]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="sollers">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B31333BFF73AD2618EFFDCF" box="[151,408,583,607]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Rhamphostomella sollers</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFE7AAD261B08FDCF" author="Canu, F. & Bassler, R. S." box="[414,639,583,607]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 685" refId="ref87143" refString="Canu, F. & Bassler, R. S. (1929) Bryozoa of the Philippine Region. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 100, 1 - 685." type="journal article" year="1929">Canu & Bassler, 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 353
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, pl. 43, figs 4–10.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B31333BFF73ADEB1990FC07" blockId="6.[151,1437,650,950]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B31333BFF73ADEB18F1FD32" bold="true" box="[151,390,650,674]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Additional references.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B31333BFE69ADEB1AF2FD32" ID-CoL="4S3H9" authority=": Nordgaard 1906, p. 30" authorityName="Nordgaard" authorityPageNumber="30" authorityYear="1906" box="[397,901,650,674]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B31333BFE69ADEB1BF8FD32" box="[397,655,650,674]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Rhamphostomella scabra</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFD79ADEB1A32FD32" author="Nordgaard, O." box="[669,837,650,674]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 44" refId="ref92941" refString="Nordgaard, O. (1906) Bryozoa from the second ' Fram' Expedition 1898 - 1902. Reports of the second Norwegian Arctic Expedition of the ' Fram' 1898 - 1902. Videnskabs Selskabet i Kristiania, 8, 1 - 44." type="journal article" year="1906">Nordgaard 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 30
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 41;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFC53ADEB1D47FD32" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[951,1072,650,674]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="181 - 204" refId="ref90875" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1907) Kritische Erorterungen zu den Bryozoologischen Arbeiten von K. Chworostansky. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 1, 181 - 204." type="journal article" year="1907">Kluge 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 196; 1908b, p. 553; 1929, p. 21; 1953, p. 178; 1961, p. 141;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFE3FADC91B16FD50" author="Osburn, R. C." box="[475,609,680,704]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="538 - 543" refId="ref93790" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1936) Bryozoa collected in the American Arctic by Captain R. A. Bartlet. Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, 26, 538 - 543." type="journal article" year="1936">Osburn 1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 542;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFD52ADC91AF5FD50" author="Gostilovskaya, M. G." box="[694,898,680,704]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="434 - 471" refId="ref89200" refString="Gostilovskaya, M. G. (1957) Bryozoa of the White Sea. Materials of Complex Investigations of the White Sea, 1, 434 - 471. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1957">Gostilovskaya 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 455; 1964, p. 219;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFBBBADC91C7EFD51" author="Androsova, E. I." box="[1119,1289,680,705]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="194 - 204" refId="ref86166" refString="Androsova, E. I. (1977) Bryozoa in the biocenoses of the Arctic Ocean (Franz Josef Land). Explorations of the Fauna of the Seas, 14, 194 - 204. [in Russian with English summary]" type="journal article" year="1977">Androsova 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 202;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFABAADC9184FFD4F" author="Kluge, G. A. & Androsova, E. I. & Gostilovskaya, M. G." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="173 - 256" refId="ref91442" refString="Kluge, G. A., Androsova, E. I. & Gostilovskaya, M. G. (1959) Class Bryozoa. The list of marine fauna of the southern Sakhalin and southern Kuril Islands. Explorations of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR, 6, 173 - 256. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1959">
|
||
Kluge
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B31333BFF23ADA91982FD4F" box="[199,245,711,735]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1959
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 213;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFE70ADA91B6AFD4F" author="Hansen, B. K." box="[404,541,711,735]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="3 - 74" refId="ref90231" refString="Hansen, B. K. (1962) Bryozoa. The Gotthaab Expedition 1928. Meddelelser om GrOnland, 81, 3 - 74." type="journal article" year="1962">Hansen 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 41;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFD88ADA61B8CFD4F" author="Powell, N. A." box="[620,763,711,735]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="2269 - 2320" refId="ref94756" refString="Powell, N. A. (1968 a) Bryozoa (Polyzoa) of Arctic Canada. Journal Fishery Research Board Canada, 25, 2269 - 2320. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / f 68 - 202" type="journal article" year="1968">Powell 1968a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 2312;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFC87ADA61A91FD4F" author="Gontar, V. I." box="[867,998,711,735]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref88216" refString="Gontar, V. I. (1980) Bryozoan Fauna of the Order Cheilostomata of the Kuril Islands Coastal Waters. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Zoological Institute, Leningrad, USSR, 226 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1980">Gontar 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 13; 1990, p. 132; 1992, p. 194; 1993b, p. 202; 1994a, p. 145; 1996, p. 46; 2010, p. 153; 2013, p. 48;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFCA8AD871D19FD6E" author="Mawatari, S. F. & Mawatari, S." box="[844,1134,742,766]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="41 - 58" refId="ref92687" refString="Mawatari, S. F. & Mawatari, S. (1981) A preliminary list of cheilostomatous bryozoans collected along the coast of Hokkaido. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology, 21, 41 - 58." type="journal article" year="1981">Mawatari & Mawatari 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 55;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFB59AD871C22FD6E" author="Tarasova, N. A." box="[1213,1365,742,766]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref95661" refString="Tarasova, N. A. (1983) Fauna of bryozoans of the northeastern Sea of Japan. Unpublished Diploma Thesis, Far East State University, Vladivostok, USSR, 48 pp. [In Russian]" type="book" year="1983">Tarasova 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 26;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFF23AC651819FC8D" author="Denisenko, N. V." box="[199,366,772,797]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref87248" refString="Denisenko, N. V. (1988) Distribution and Ecology of Bryozoa of the Barents Sea and Adjacent Areas of the Arctic Ocean. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Zoological Institute, Leningrad, USSR, 207 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1988">Denisenko 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 13; 1990, p. 39; 2008, p. 188; 2011, p. 14; 2013, p. 184;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFC21AC641DA6FC8D" author="Gontar, V. I. & Denisenko, N. V." box="[965,1233,772,797]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="341 - 371" refId="ref88701" refString="Gontar, V. I. & Denisenko, N. V. (1989) Arctic Ocean Bryozoa. In: Herman, Y. (Ed.), The Arctic Seas. Climatology, Oceanography, Geology, and Biology. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, USA, pp. 341 - 371. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4613 - 0677 - 1 _ 14" type="book chapter" year="1989">Gontar & Denisenko 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 354; Grishankov 1995, p. 48;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFEAFAC4218A8FCAB" author="Kubanin, A. A." box="[331,479,803,827]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="119 - 125" refId="ref91614" refString="Kubanin, A. A. (1997) Phylum Tentaculata, subphylum Bryozoa. In: Kussakin, O. G., Ivanova, M. B. & Tsurpalo, A. P. (Eds.), A check-list of Animals, Plants and Fungi from the Intertidal Zone of Far Eastern Seas of Russia. Dalnauka, Vladivostok, pp. 119 - 125. [in Russian]" type="book chapter" year="1997">Kubanin 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 123;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFDDFAC421B9BFCAB" author="Grischenko, A. V." box="[571,748,803,827]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="153 - 192" refId="ref89452" refString="Grischenko, A. V. (1997) Bryozoans (Ctenostomida, Cheilostomida) of the shelf zone of the Commander Islands. In: Rzhavsky, A. V. (Ed.), Benthic Flora and Fauna of the Shelf Zone of the Commander Islands. Dalnauka, Vladivostok, pp. 153 - 192. [in Russian with English summary]" type="book chapter" year="1997">Grischenko 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 174; 2002, p. 114; 2015, p. 40;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFBB8AC421C3EFCAB" author="Grischenko, A. V. & Gordon, D. P. & Taylor, P. D." box="[1116,1353,803,827]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="105 - 117" refId="ref89981" refString="Grischenko, A. V., Gordon, D. P. & Taylor, P. D. (1999) A unique new genus of cheilostomate bryozoan with reversed-polarity zooidal budding. Asian Marine Biology, 15, 105 - 117." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Grischenko
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B31333BFB3CAC451C70FCAB" box="[1240,1287,803,827]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 112;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFF23AC2318F1FCCA" author="Gontar, V. I. & Hop, H. & Voronkov, A. Yu." box="[199,390,834,858]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="187 - 204" refId="ref88781" refString="Gontar, V. I., Hop, H. & Voronkov, A. Yu. (2001) Diversity and distribution of Bryozoa in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Polish Polar Research, 22, 187 - 204." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Gontar
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B31333BFEF1AC221834FCCA" box="[277,323,834,858]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 195;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFE06AC231A62FCCA" author="Shunatova, N. N. & Ostrovsky, A. N." box="[482,789,834,858]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="113 - 142" refId="ref95277" refString="Shunatova, N. N. & Ostrovsky, A. N. (2001) Individual autozooidal behaviour and feeding in marine bryozoans. Sarsia, 86, 113 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364827.2001.10420468" type="journal article" year="2001">Shunatova & Ostrovsky 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 118;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFC8BAC231D6CFCCA" author="Kuklinski, P." box="[879,1051,834,858]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="175 - 182" refId="ref91689" refString="Kuklinski, P. (2002 a) Bryozoa of the high Arctic fjord - a preliminary study. In: Wyse Jackson, P. N., Buttler, C. J. & Spencer Jones, M. E. (Eds.), Bryozoan Studies 2001: Proceedings of the 12 th International Bryozoology Association Conference. Balkema, Lisse, pp. 175 - 182." type="book chapter" year="2002">Kuklinski 2002a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 181; 2002b, p. 203; 2009, p. 228;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFF23AC01188CFCE9" author="Grischenko, A. V. & Mawatari, S. F." box="[199,507,864,889]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="125 - 130" refId="ref90026" refString="Grischenko, A. V. & Mawatari, S. F. (2002) Kubaninella: a new genus of Adeonidae (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the western Kamchatka shelf of the Sea of Okhotsk. In: Wyse Jackson, P. N., Buttler, C. J. & Spencer Jones, M. E. (Eds.), Bryozoan Studies 2001: Proceedings of the 12 th International Bryozoology Association Conference. Balkema, Lisse, pp. 125 - 130." type="book chapter" year="2002">Grischenko & Mawatari 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 129;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFDB0AC011A2AFCE9" author="Kuklinski, P. & Bader, B." box="[596,861,864,889]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="709 - 717" refId="ref91832" refString="Kuklinski, P. & Bader, B. (2007 a) Diversity, structure and interactions of encrusting lithophyllic macrofaunal assemblages from Belgica Bank, East Greenland. Polar Biology, 30, 709 - 717. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 006 - 0228 - 0" type="journal article" year="2007">Kuklinski & Bader 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 713; 2007b, p. 840;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFBB4AC011C09FCE9" author="Denisenko, N. V. & Kuklinski, P." box="[1104,1406,864,889]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="35 - 50" refId="ref87596" refString="Denisenko, N. V. & Kuklinski, P. (2008) Historical development of research and current state of bryozoan diversity in the Chukchi Sea. In: Wyse Jackson, P. N. & Spencer Jones, M. E. (Eds.), Annals of Bryozoology 2: Aspects of the History of Research on Bryozoans. International Bryozoology Association, Dublin, pp. 35 - 50." type="book chapter" year="2008">Denisenko & Kuklinski 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 48.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B31333BFF73ACFF1AC2FC26" blockId="6.[151,1437,650,950]" box="[151,949,926,950]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB30B54C0B31333BFF73ACFF1AC2FC26" box="[151,949,926,950]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A81B4730B31333BFF73ACFF1BF5FC26" author="Kataoka, J." box="[151,642,926,950]" page="146" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1957">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B31333BFF73ACFF1BF5FC26" ID-CoL="4S3HB" authority=": Kataoka 1957, p. 146" authorityName=": Kataoka" authorityPageNumber="146" authorityYear="1957" box="[151,642,926,950]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="sollers">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B31333BFF73ACFF18EFFC26" box="[151,408,926,950]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Rhamphostomella sollers</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFE41ACFF1B42FC26" author="Kataoka, J." box="[421,565,926,950]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="143 - 153" refId="ref90742" refString="Kataoka, J. (1957) Bryozoa from the Daishaka Formation (Pliocene) Minami-Tsugaru-gun, Aomori Prefecture. Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, New Series, 28, 143 - 153." type="journal article" year="1957">Kataoka 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 146
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A81B4730B31333BFD68ACFF1AC6FC26" author="Sakagami, S. & Arakawa, S. & Hayami, T." box="[652,945,926,950]" page="330" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1980">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B31333BFD68ACFF1A13FC26" author="Sakagami, S. & Arakawa, S. & Hayami, T." box="[652,868,926,950]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="317 - 338" refId="ref95210" refString="Sakagami, S., Arakawa, S. & Hayami, T. (1980) Checklist and bibliography of Japanese Cenozoic fossil Ectoprocta (Bryozoa), 1935 - 1978. In: Igo, H. & Noda, H. (Eds.), Professor Saburo Kanno Memorial Volume. University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, pp. 317 - 338." type="book chapter" year="1980">
|
||
Sakagami
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B31333BFD12ACFE1A54FC26" box="[758,803,926,950]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1980
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 330
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33AC1E90B31333BFF73AC85186EF95F" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B31333BFF73AC851BF2FBB2" blockId="6.[151,1437,996,2031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B31333BFF73AC851808FC6E" bold="true" box="[151,383,996,1022]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B31333BFE60AC841BF2FBB2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405496" collectorName="S. Loven." country="Norway" elevation="92" location="Hammerfest" municipality="North Atlantic Ocean" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="neotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B31333BFE60AC841897FC6E" box="[388,480,997,1022]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<typeStatus id="549B2CC00B31333BFE60AC841897FC6E" box="[388,480,997,1022]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="neotype">Neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: SMNH-Type-9304, one colony fragment, 1837,
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B31333BFBE5AC851DF9FC6E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B313337FF73AE471BFDF92D:8EFFC4B90B31333BFBE5AC851DF9FC6E" box="[1025,1166,996,1022]" country="Norway" municipality="North Atlantic Ocean" name="Hammerfest" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Hammerfest</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337D2F20B31333BFB7CAC841D84FC6F" box="[1176,1267,997,1023]" name="Norway" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BFB08180B31333BFB19AC851996FBB2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">North Atlantic Ocean</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
, depth
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B31333BFED6AB6918D3FBB3" box="[306,420,1032,1059]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.15" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="7.3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="91.5" valueMax="110.0" valueMin="73.0">
|
||
<elevation id="000D75510B31333BFED6AB6918D3FBB3" box="[306,420,1032,1059]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.15" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="7.3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="91.5" valueMax="110.0" valueMin="73.0">73–110 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, collector
|
||
<collectorName id="26D5F7B40B31333BFDFDAB691BF2FBB2" box="[537,645,1032,1058]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">S. Lovén.</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B31333BFF23AB4D1DA5F9AE" blockId="6.[151,1437,996,2031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B31333BFF23AB4D1DC6FBD6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405408" box="[199,1201,1068,1095]" collectingDate="1933-09-14" collectingDateMax="1992-09-12" collectingDateMin="1933-09-14" collectionCode="RV, KIENM, SCUBA, PIBOC, V, MFRT" collectorName="S. Loven" country="Norway" county="Moneron Island" elevation="64" latitude="57.603333" location="North Atlantic Ocean" longLatPrecision="104" longitude="156.15" municipality="Sea of Okhotsk" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCode="ZIRAS 10, USNM 208837, ZIRAS 93, ZIRAS 94, ZIRAS 95, MIMB 2" specimenCount="64">
|
||
SMNH-127473, one colony fragment,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337D2F20B31333BFD9DAB4C1BA3FBD7" box="[633,724,1069,1095]" name="Norway" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B31333BFD3BAB4D1AA6FBD6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B313337FF73AE471BFDF92D:8EFFC4B90B31333BFD3BAB4D1AA6FBD6" box="[735,977,1068,1094]" country="Norway" county="Moneron Island" latitude="57.603333" longLatPrecision="104" longitude="156.15" municipality="Sea of Okhotsk" name="North Atlantic Ocean" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">North Atlantic Ocean</location>
|
||
, collector
|
||
<collectorName id="26D5F7B40B31333BFBA1AB4D1DC6FBD6" box="[1093,1201,1068,1094]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">S. Lovén.</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B31333BFB5CAB4D1CEAFBFB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405336" collectingDate="1933-09-14" collectingDateMax="1992-09-12" collectingDateMin="1933-09-14" collectionCode="RV, KIENM, SCUBA, PIBOC, V, MFRT" country="Norway" county="Moneron Island" elevation="64" latitude="57.603333" location="North Atlantic Ocean" longLatPrecision="104" longitude="156.15" municipality="Sea of Okhotsk" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCode="ZIRAS 10, USNM 208837, ZIRAS 93, ZIRAS 94, ZIRAS 95, MIMB 2" specimenCount="64">
|
||
SMNH-128630, one colony on polychaete tube,
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B31333BFE2CAB311BD3FBFA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B313337FF73AE471BFDF92D:8EFFC4B90B31333BFE2CAB311BD3FBFA" box="[456,676,1104,1130]" country="Norway" county="Moneron Island" latitude="57.603333" longLatPrecision="104" longitude="156.15" municipality="Sea of Okhotsk" name="Jenissej Expedition" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Jenissej Expedition</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B31333BFD4AAB311A5DFBFA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B313337FF73AE471BFDF92D:8EFFC4B90B31333BFD4AAB311A5DFBFA" box="[686,810,1104,1130]" country="Norway" county="Moneron Island" latitude="57.603333" longLatPrecision="104" longitude="156.15" municipality="Sea of Okhotsk" name="Marine Stn" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Marine Stn</location>
|
||
37, 1876,
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B31333BFC7AAB301D71FBFA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B313337FF73AE471BFDF92D:8EFFC4B90B31333BFC7AAB301D71FBFA" box="[926,1030,1104,1131]" country="Norway" county="Moneron Island" latitude="57.603333" longLatPrecision="104" longitude="156.15" municipality="Sea of Okhotsk" name="Kara Sea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Kara Sea</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE14F4A50B31333BFBF4AB301DFBFBFB" box="[1040,1164,1105,1132]" degrees="74" direction="north" minutes="30.0" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="92" value="74.5">74°30.0ʹ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE14F4A50B31333BFB72AB301C79FBFB" box="[1174,1294,1105,1132]" degrees="65" direction="east" minutes="35.0" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="92" value="65.583336">65°35.0ʹ E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, depth
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2659EB0B31333BFAB9AB311CEAFBFB" box="[1373,1437,1104,1131]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B31333BFAB9AB311CEFFBFB" box="[1373,1432,1104,1131]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="64.0">
|
||
<elevation id="000D75510B31333BFAB9AB311CEFFBFB" box="[1373,1432,1104,1131]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="64.0">64 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B31333BFF73AB151C32FB22" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405436" collectingDate="1933-09-14" collectionCode="RV, KIENM, SCUBA, PIBOC, V, MFRT" collectorName="G. I. Gorbunov" country="Norway" county="Moneron Island" elevation="64" latitude="75.38" location="North Atlantic Ocean" longLatPrecision="104" longitude="112.58" municipality="Sea of Okhotsk" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCode="ZIRAS 10, USNM 208837, ZIRAS 93, ZIRAS 94, ZIRAS 95, MIMB 2" specimenCount="64">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB863A190B31333BFF73AB15187BFB1E" box="[151,268,1140,1166]" collectionCode="ZIRAS" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B31333BFF73AB15199FFB1E" box="[151,232,1140,1166]" collectionName="ZIRAS" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">ZIRAS</collectionCode>
|
||
10
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
, two colony fragments,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B31333BFDF1AB141B4EFB1F" box="[533,569,1141,1167]" country="Italy" name="Collection of Leptospira Strains" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">RV</collectionCode>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B31333BFDDBAB151BC5FB1E" box="[575,690,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Sibiriakov</emphasis>
|
||
, Stn 34,
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFDA4D4A0B31333BFCF6AB151A9BFB1E" box="[786,1004,1140,1166]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="1933-09-14">
|
||
<date id="FF9EB4A20B31333BFCF6AB151A9BFB1E" box="[786,1004,1140,1166]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="1933-09-14">14 September 1933</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
, in front of
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B31333BFB8EAB151CEFFB1F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B313337FF73AE471BFDF92D:8EFFC4B90B31333BFB8EAB151CEFFB1F" box="[1130,1432,1140,1167]" country="Norway" county="Moneron Island" latitude="57.603333" longLatPrecision="104" longitude="156.15" municipality="Sea of Okhotsk" name="Maria Pronchishcheva Bay" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Maria Pronchishcheva Bay</location>
|
||
, east side of Taymyr Peninsula, Laptev Sea,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE14F4A50B31333BFD9AABF81B89FB23" box="[638,766,1177,1204]" degrees="75" direction="north" minutes="38.0" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="92" value="75.63333">75°38.0ʹ N,</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE14F4A50B31333BFCE1ABF81AF6FB24" box="[773,897,1177,1204]" degrees="112" direction="east" minutes="8.0" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="92" value="112.58">112°58.0ʹЕ</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, bottom trawl, collector
|
||
<collectorName id="26D5F7B40B31333BFB78ABF91C32FB22" box="[1180,1349,1176,1202]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">G.I. Gorbunov.</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B31333BFAAFABF91D43FB6A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405349" collectingDate="1933-09-14" collectingDateMax="1992-09-12" collectingDateMin="1933-09-14" collectionCode="RV, KIENM, SCUBA, PIBOC, V, MFRT" collectorName="G. E. MacGinitie" country="Norway" county="Moneron Island" elevation="64" latitude="57.603333" location="North Atlantic Ocean" longLatPrecision="104" longitude="156.15" municipality="Sea of Okhotsk" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCode="ZIRAS 10, USNM 208837, ZIRAS 93, ZIRAS 94, ZIRAS 95, MIMB 2" specimenCount="64">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB863A190B31333BFAAFABF91999FB46" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="Museum">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B31333BFAAFABF91CEBFB22" box="[1355,1436,1176,1202]" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
208837
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
, two colony fragments detached from shell of bivalve mollusc, Arctic Research Laboratory Collection,?
|
||
<date id="FF9EB4A20B31333BFF45AB81184CFB6A" box="[161,315,1248,1274]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="1948-08">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFDA4D4A0B31333BFF45AB81184CFB6A" box="[161,315,1248,1274]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="1948-08">August 1948</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, Point Barrow, Alaska, Beaufort Sea, collector
|
||
<collectorName id="26D5F7B40B31333BFC8AAB811D43FB6A" box="[878,1076,1248,1274]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">G.E. MacGinitie.</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B31333BFBDBAB811CEAFAD2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405307" collectingDate="1933-09-14" collectingDateMax="1992-09-12" collectingDateMin="1933-09-14" collectionCode="RV, KIENM, SCUBA, PIBOC, V, MFRT" collectorName="D. D. Danilin" elevation="64" latitude="57.603333" location="North Atlantic Ocean" longLatPrecision="104" longitude="156.15" municipality="Sea of Okhotsk" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCode="ZIRAS 10, USNM 208837, ZIRAS 93, ZIRAS 94, ZIRAS 95, MIMB 2" specimenCount="64">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB863A190B31333BFBDBAB811C7EFB6B" box="[1087,1289,1248,1275]" collectionCode="ZIRAS" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B31333BFBDBAB811DE7FB6A" box="[1087,1168,1248,1274]" collectionName="ZIRAS" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">ZIRAS</collectionCode>
|
||
93/50106
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
, five colony fragments,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B31333BFEFDAA641802FA8F" box="[281,373,1285,1311]" collectionName="KIENM" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">KIENM</collectionCode>
|
||
Collection, Stn 215,
|
||
<date id="FF9EB4A20B31333BFD96AA651A7BFA8E" box="[626,780,1284,1310]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="1991-07-30">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFDA4D4A0B31333BFD96AA651A7BFA8E" box="[626,780,1284,1310]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="1991-07-30">30 July 1991</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, profile: Cape Vkhodnoy Reef–
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B31333BFB65AA651C4BFA8E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B313337FF73AE471BFDF92D:8EFFC4B90B31333BFB65AA651C4BFA8E" box="[1153,1340,1284,1310]" country="Norway" county="Moneron Island" latitude="57.603333" longLatPrecision="104" longitude="156.15" municipality="Sea of Okhotsk" name="Toporkov Island" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Toporkov Island</location>
|
||
, coastal waters of
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B31333BFEE8AA4918DDFAD2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B313337FF73AE471BFDF92D:8EFFC4B90B31333BFEE8AA4918DDFAD2" box="[268,426,1320,1346]" country="Norway" county="Moneron Island" latitude="57.603333" longLatPrecision="104" longitude="156.15" municipality="Sea of Okhotsk" name="Bering Island" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Bering Island</location>
|
||
, Pacific Ocean,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE14F4A50B31333BFD8DAA481B9FFAD3" box="[617,744,1321,1348]" degrees="55" direction="north" minutes="11.9" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="92" value="55.198334">55°11.9ʹ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE14F4A50B31333BFD13AA481AF7FAD3" box="[759,896,1321,1348]" degrees="165" direction="east" minutes="56.9" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="92" value="165.94833">165°56.9ʹ E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, depth
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B31333BFC3CAA491D61FAD3" box="[984,1046,1320,1347]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="15.0">
|
||
<elevation id="000D75510B31333BFC3CAA491D61FAD3" box="[984,1046,1320,1347]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="15.0">15 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B31333BFBC1AA491DF2FAD2" box="[1061,1157,1320,1346]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">SCUBA</collectionCode>
|
||
, collector
|
||
<collectorName id="26D5F7B40B31333BFAE4AA481CEAFAD2" box="[1280,1437,1320,1347]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D.D. Danilin.</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B31333BFF73AA2D1B26FA3E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405343" collectingDate="1991-09-10" collectionCode="RV, KIENM, SCUBA, PIBOC, V, MFRT" collectorName="A. V. Smirnov" country="Norway" county="Moneron Island" elevation="64" latitude="57.603333" location="North Atlantic Ocean" longLatPrecision="104" longitude="156.15" municipality="Sea of Okhotsk" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCode="ZIRAS 10, USNM 208837, ZIRAS 93, ZIRAS 94, ZIRAS 95, MIMB 2" specimenCount="64">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB863A190B31333BFF73AA2D1878FAF7" box="[151,271,1356,1383]" collectionCode="ZIRAS" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B31333BFF73AA2D199FFAF6" box="[151,232,1356,1382]" collectionName="ZIRAS" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">ZIRAS</collectionCode>
|
||
94
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
/50107, one colony fragment,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B31333BFD8AAA2D1BB7FAF6" box="[622,704,1356,1382]" collectionName="PIBOC" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">PIBOC</collectionCode>
|
||
Collection,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B31333BFCB5AA2C1A02FAF7" box="[849,885,1357,1383]" country="Italy" name="Collection of Leptospira Strains" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">RV</collectionCode>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B31333BFC9BAA2D1D3EFAF6" box="[895,1097,1356,1382]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Akademik Oparin</emphasis>
|
||
, 14th Expedition, Stn 89,
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFDA4D4A0B31333BFA64AA2D1826FA1A" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="1991-09-10">
|
||
<date id="FF9EB4A20B31333BFA64AA2D1826FA1A" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="1991-09-10">10 September 1991</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
, coastal waters of the Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE14F4A50B31333BFC02AA101D13FA1B" box="[998,1124,1393,1420]" degrees="43" direction="north" minutes="40.5" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="92" value="43.675">43°40.5ʹ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE14F4A50B31333BFB95AA101D8EFA1B" box="[1137,1273,1393,1420]" degrees="146" direction="east" minutes="45.2" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="92" value="146.75333">146°45.2ʹ E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, depth
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B31333BFAA9AA111CE0FA1B" box="[1357,1431,1392,1419]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.02" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="102.0">
|
||
<elevation id="000D75510B31333BFAA9AA111CE0FA1B" box="[1357,1431,1392,1419]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.02" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="102.0">102 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, Sigsbee trawl, collector A.
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B31333BFE23AAF518AAFA3E" box="[455,477,1428,1454]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
|
||
. Smirnov.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B31333BFDBEAAF51CEAFA66" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405377" collectingDate="1992-09-12" collectingDateMax="1992-09-12" collectingDateMin="1933-09-14" collectingMethod="crab trap" collectionCode="ZIRAS, MFRT" collectorName="A. V. Grischenko" country="Norway" county="Moneron Island" elevation="80" latitude="57.603333" location="western Kamchatka" longLatPrecision="104" longitude="156.15" municipality="Sea of Okhotsk" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCode="95/50108" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B31333BFDBEAAF51BDCFA3E" box="[602,683,1428,1454]" collectionName="ZIRAS" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">ZIRAS</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB863A190B31333BFD51AAF51A55FA3F" box="[693,802,1428,1455]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">95/50108</specimenCode>
|
||
, two colony fragments detached from broken shells of bivalve mollusc
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B31333BFEB0AAD91896FA43" box="[340,481,1464,1491]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pectinidae" genus="Chlamys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pectinida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B31333BFEB0AAD918C1FA42" box="[340,438,1464,1490]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Chlamys</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2659EB0B31333BFE5BAAD81896FA43" box="[447,481,1465,1491]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="generic">sp.</specimenCount>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B31333BFE0BAAD81B4EFA43" box="[495,569,1465,1491]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">MFRT</collectionCode>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B31333BFDA6AAD91BE4FA42" box="[578,659,1464,1490]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Rodino</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF9EB4A20B31333BFD47AAD91AF3FA42" box="[675,900,1464,1490]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="1992-09-12">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFDA4D4A0B31333BFD47AAD91AF3FA42" box="[675,900,1464,1490]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="1992-09-12">12 September 1992</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, about
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B31333BFC3CAAD91D56FA42" box="[984,1057,1464,1490]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="km" value="32.0">
|
||
<locationDeviation id="9A2D8B400B31333BFC3CAAD91D56FA42" box="[984,1057,1464,1490]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="km" value="32.0">32 km</locationDeviation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
from Cape Hayryuzova,
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B31333BFAA1AAD81860FA66" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B313337FF73AE471BFDF92D:8EFFC4B90B31333BFAA1AAD81860FA66" country="Norway" county="Moneron Island" latitude="57.603333" longLatPrecision="104" longitude="156.15" municipality="Sea of Okhotsk" name="western Kamchatka" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">western Kamchatka</location>
|
||
shelf,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BFB08180B31333BFE81AABD1B60FA66" box="[357,535,1500,1526]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Sea of Okhotsk</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE14F4A50B31333BFDC7AABC1BD6FA67" box="[547,673,1501,1528]" degrees="57" direction="north" minutes="36.2" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="92" value="57.603333">57°36.2ʹ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE14F4A50B31333BFD4AAABC1A42FA67" box="[686,821,1501,1528]" degrees="156" direction="east" minutes="09.0" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="92" value="156.15">156°09.0ʹ E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, depth
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B31333BFC6DAABD1A87FA67" box="[905,1008,1500,1527]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.95" metricValueMax="8.1" metricValueMin="7.8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="79.5" valueMax="81.0" valueMin="78.0">
|
||
<elevation id="000D75510B31333BFC6DAABD1A87FA67" box="[905,1008,1500,1527]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.95" metricValueMax="8.1" metricValueMin="7.8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="79.5" valueMax="81.0" valueMin="78.0">78–81 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMethod id="5261EA750B31333BFC19AABD1D14FA67" box="[1021,1123,1500,1527]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">crab trap</collectingMethod>
|
||
, collector
|
||
<collectorName id="26D5F7B40B31333BFB3DAABD1CEEFA66" box="[1241,1433,1500,1526]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A.V. Grischenko</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B31333BFF73A9601DB8F9AE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405312" collectingDate="1976-08-03" collectingMethod="Sigsbee trawl" collectionCode="MIMB, IMB" collectorName="V. I. Lukin" country="Japan" county="Moneron Island" elevation="80" latitude="57.603333" location="Moneron Island" longLatPrecision="104" longitude="156.15" municipality="Sea of Okhotsk" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCode="2/50395" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B31333BFF73A9601992F98B" box="[151,229,1537,1563]" collectionName="MIMB" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">MIMB</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB863A190B31333BFF0BA961183AF98B" box="[239,333,1536,1563]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2/50395</specimenCode>
|
||
, three colony fragments,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B31333BFD90A9601BDEF98B" box="[628,681,1537,1563]" collectionName="IMB" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">IMB</collectionCode>
|
||
Collection, RV
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B31333BFC82A9611AD6F98A" box="[870,929,1536,1562]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Atma</emphasis>
|
||
, Stn 232/646,
|
||
<date id="FF9EB4A20B31333BFBA9A9611D8EF98A" box="[1101,1273,1536,1562]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="1976-08-03">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFDA4D4A0B31333BFBA9A9611D8EF98A" box="[1101,1273,1536,1562]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="1976-08-03">3 August 1976</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, south-eastern coastal waters off
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62FEEAEE0B31333BFE87A9441B6FF9AE" box="[355,536,1572,1599]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Moneron Island</collectingCounty>
|
||
, Sea of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337D2F20B31333BFD95A9441BC3F9AF" box="[625,692,1573,1599]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, depth
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B31333BFCE0A9451A48F9AF" box="[772,831,1572,1599]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="80.0">
|
||
<elevation id="000D75510B31333BFCE0A9451A48F9AF" box="[772,831,1572,1599]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="80.0">80 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMethod id="5261EA750B31333BFCAFA9451A92F9AE" box="[843,997,1572,1598]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Sigsbee trawl</collectingMethod>
|
||
, collector
|
||
<collectorName id="26D5F7B40B31333BFBBDA9441DB8F9AE" box="[1113,1231,1572,1599]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">V.I. Lukin</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B31333BFF23A929186EF95F" blockId="6.[151,1437,996,2031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B31333BFF23A92918CEF9F2" bold="true" box="[199,441,1608,1634]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Additional material.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B31333BFE24A9291C4DF9F3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405429" box="[448,1338,1608,1635]" collectionCode="IMB" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCount="40">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2659EB0B31333BFE24A9291B2DF9F2" box="[448,602,1608,1634]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="generic">40 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B31333BFD80A9281BEEF9F3" box="[612,665,1609,1635]" collectionName="IMB" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">IMB</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BFB08180B31333BFD44A9291A62F9F2" box="[672,789,1608,1634]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Collection</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
(1972)
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B31333BFC88A9291AE6F9F2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B313337FF73AE471BFDF92D:8EFFC4B90B31333BFC88A9291AE6F9F2" box="[876,913,1608,1634]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Stn</location>
|
||
32/99; (1973)
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B31333BFBD3A9291D10F9F2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B313337FF73AE471BFDF92D:8EFFC4B90B31333BFBD3A9291D10F9F2" box="[1079,1127,1608,1634]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Stns</location>
|
||
215/536, 224/582;
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B31333BFAA4A9281D0FF916" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405321" collectionCode="KIENM, PIBOC, V" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCount="40">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B31333BFAA4A9281CEBF9F3" box="[1344,1436,1609,1635]" collectionName="KIENM" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">KIENM</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BFB08180B31333BFF73A90D187BF916" box="[151,268,1644,1670]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Collection</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
(1988)
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B31333BFE87A90D18E4F916" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B313337FF73AE471BFDF92D:8EFFC4B90B31333BFE87A90D18E4F916" box="[355,403,1644,1670]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Stns</location>
|
||
86, 182; (1991)
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B31333BFDAFA90D1B0CF916" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B313337FF73AE471BFDF92D:8EFFC4B90B31333BFDAFA90D1B0CF916" box="[587,635,1644,1670]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Stns</location>
|
||
215, 220; (1992)
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B31333BFCA6A90D1A05F916" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B313337FF73AE471BFDF92D:8EFFC4B90B31333BFCA6A90D1A05F916" box="[834,882,1644,1670]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Stns</location>
|
||
25, 30, 38, 54, 97, 128;
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B31333BFB9AA90D1BA3F93A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405441" collectionCode="KIENM, PIBOC, V" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCount="40">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B31333BFB9AA90D1DA7F916" box="[1150,1232,1644,1670]" collectionName="PIBOC" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">PIBOC</collectionCode>
|
||
Collection (1991) Stn 91; A.
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B31333BFEECA9F11869F93A" box="[264,286,1680,1706]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
|
||
. Grischenko Collection (1991) Stn 10;
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B31333BFD38A9F11862F95F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405389" collectionCode="KIENM, PIBOC, V" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCount="40">KamchatNIRO Collection (2013) Stns 63, 82 (see Appendix 1 for details)</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33AC1E90B313334FF23A9B91B35FD5D" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B31333BFF23A9B91A35F8CE" blockId="6.[151,1437,996,2031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B31333BFF23A9B91809F962" bold="true" box="[199,382,1752,1778]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Measurements.</emphasis>
|
||
USNM 208837, Beaufort Sea (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B31333BFD09A9B91AF0F963" box="[749,903,1752,1779]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1H, J, L</figureCitation>
|
||
). ZL, 0.92–1.59 (1.15 ± 0.17). ZW, 0.55–0.90 (0.72 ± 0.09). ZD, 0.62–0.82 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B31333BFE0FA99C188EF886" box="[491,505,1789,1814]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 2). OrL, 0.25–0.35 (0.30 ± 0.03). OrW, 0.32–0.40 (0.37 ± 0.02). OeL, 0.32–0.37 (0.35 ± 0.03) (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B31333BFED8A840183DF8AA" box="[316,330,1825,1850]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 4). OeW, 0.43–0.52 (0.48 ± 0.04) (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B31333BFD11A8401A74F8AA" box="[757,771,1825,1850]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 4). Av(s)L, 0.14–0.22 (0.18 ± 0.02). Av(ad)L, 0.20–0.35 (0.29 ± 0.04). P(m)N, 15–22 (17). P(oe)N, 9–18 (14) (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B31333BFD1CA8241A71F8CE" box="[760,774,1861,1886]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 4).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B31333BFF23A8091D23F87F" blockId="6.[151,1437,996,2031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
ZIRAS 93/50106, Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B31333BFC3DA8091DAFF813" box="[985,1240,1896,1923]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 1B, E–G, I, K, M</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B31333BFB01A8091C6EF812" box="[1253,1305,1896,1922]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="90.[151,250,1204,1228]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,181,1180]" captionTargetId="figure-20@90.[153,1434,181,1180]" captionTargetPageId="90" captionText="FIGURE 30. Basal colony surface insome Rhamphostomellaspecies.A. R. scabra, ZIRAS 93/50106 (BeringIsland, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean), colony fragment developed above irregular substrate, showing broken protuberances and pits formed above sponge spicules. B. R. commandorica, ZIRAS 1/50125 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean), colony fragment, showing smooth surface with rare thin protuberances. C. R. cristata, ZIRAS 2/50110 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean), colony area growing above crustose coralline algae Lithothamnion sp., showing regular series of columnar protuberances with broad bases. D. R. gigantea, ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka shelf, Sea of Okhotsk), colony detached from internal side of broken shell of bivalve mollusc Chlamys sp. E. R. pacifica, ZIRAS 1/50124 (Kronotsky Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean), colony developed above irregular substratum. F. R. curvirostrata, NHMUK 1964.1.2.7 (Pacific coast of North America), colony margin with developing zooids, supported by long tubular processes. G. R. hincksi, USNM 11130 (Point Barrow, Alaska, Beaufort Sea), basal surface with long tubular protuberances. H. R. sibirica, ZIRAS 34/50113 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea), basal surface with long tubular protuberances. I. R. multirostrata, ZIRAS 1/50545 (Urup Island, Kuril Islands, Sea of Okhotsk), colony detached from a sponge, showing marginal zooids with regular series of tubular protuberances. Scale bars: 500 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544589" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544589/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">30A</figureCitation>
|
||
). ZL, 0.68– 1.15 (0.82 ± 0.09). ZW, 0.42–0.58 (0.49 ± 0.05). ZD, 0.60–0.67 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B31333BFC97A8EC1AF6F836" box="[883,897,1933,1958]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 2). OrL, 0.20–0.25 (0.23 ± 0.02). OrW, 0.20– 0.30 (0.26 ± 0.03). OeL, 0.25–0.33 (0.28 ± 0.02) (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B31333BFD5BA8D01BBAF85A" box="[703,717,1969,1994]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 25). OeW, 0.35–0.48 (0.41 ± 0.03) (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B31333BFB92A8D01DF3F85A" box="[1142,1156,1969,1994]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 25). Av(s)L, 0.10–0.18 (0.13 ± 0.02). Av(ad)L, 0.15–0.26 (0.20 ± 0.03). P(m)N, 8–17 (12). P(oe)N, 3–12 (6).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5FC2EA0B30333AFF73A9281D43F87E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" targetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B30333AFF73A9281D43F87E" blockId="7.[151,1437,1609,2030]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B30333AFF73A9281863F9F1" bold="true" box="[151,276,1609,1633]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B30333AFEFFA92B1BAFF9F2" authority="(Fabricius, 1824)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[283,728,1610,1634]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B30333AFEFFA92B1B69F9F2" box="[283,542,1610,1634]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Rhamphostomella scabra</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B30333AFDC8A92B1BA7F9F2" author="Fabricius, O." box="[556,720,1610,1634]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="25 - 80" refId="ref87926" refString="Fabricius, O. (1824) Nye zoologiske bidrag. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 1, 25 - 80." type="journal article" year="1824">Fabricius, 1824</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B3F3335FF23AFF61A23FF69" blockId="8.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
MIMB 2/50395, Moneron Island, Sea of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337D2F20B3F3335FD72AFF61BA1FF21" box="[662,726,151,177]" name="Japan" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B3F3335FD01AFF61A48FF21" box="[741,831,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
|
||
). ZL, 0.82–1.23 (1.05 ± 0.09). ZW, 0.60–0.93 (0.76 ± 0.08). ZD, 0.63–0.74 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3F3335FE77AFDA18D6FF44" box="[403,417,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 2). OrL, 0.27–0.34 (0.31 ± 0.02). OrW, 0.29–0.38 (0.35 ± 0.02). Av(s)L, 0.16–0.24 (0.20 ± 0.02). Av(ad)L, 0.25–0.37 (0.30 ± 0.03). P(m)N, 14–20 (17).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B3F3335FF23AE631A15FE3D" blockId="8.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3F3335FF23AE63182EFE8C" bold="true" box="[199,345,258,284]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Colonies encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B3F3335FCB1AE621ADAFE8D" box="[853,941,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
), attaining up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B3F3335FB82AE621DC3FE8D" box="[1126,1204,259,285]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="23.0">23 mm</quantity>
|
||
in any one direction, occasionally forming small erect bilamellar expansions and frills, orange to bright yellow when alive, light yellow when dry. Zooids large, broadly hexagonal to oval, arranged in regular rows in checkered pattern, demarcated by fine undulating sutures between vertical lateral walls in young parts of colony (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B3F3335FBF4AE0E1DFCFE19" box="[1040,1163,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
); these sutures occluded by secondary calcification in older parts of colony (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B3F3335FD3DAEF21A22FE3D" box="[729,853,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1D, G</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B3F3335FF23AED618A4FCCD" blockId="8.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Frontal shield (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B3F3335FE92AED61B7AFE41" box="[374,525,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1A, C, I</figureCitation>
|
||
) umbonuloid, convex, with finely granulated surface in young zooids and with coarse granulation in older zooids; with numerous areolae separated by long, narrow, radially arranged interareolar ridges. In young zooids, deep pits around areolae irregularly oval to triangular, trapezoid or quadrate, occurring in one marginal row laterally and in 2–3 rows proximally (examination of underside of frontal shield showed that centrally placed “holes” are not pseudopores) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B3F3335FDDDAD261BE5FDF1" box="[569,658,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In older zooids, secondary calcification of frontal shield resulting in fusion of proximal pits around areolae in one proximal row; these pits also becoming elongate, as do interareolar ridges connected with cystid of suboral avicularium that sometimes continue to apex to form small, pointed bulge (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B3F3335FF44ADD21836FD5D" box="[160,321,691,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1B–D, G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Areolar pits surrounding areolar openings (for convenience, termed areolae throughout the text) reduced in size in oldest zooids owing to thickening of frontal shield by secondary calcification. Umbonuloid component occupying about 50% of length of frontal shield, with fine, parallel lineation and accretionary banding. Ring scar discrete (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B3F3335FE91AC7E18BBFCA9" box="[373,460,799,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1L</figureCitation>
|
||
), forming regular boundary between umbonuloid exterior wall and extra-umbonuloid interior wall microstructure.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B3F3335FF23AC061B63FBA5" blockId="8.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Primary orifice (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B3F3335FE63AC06188AFC11" box="[391,509,871,897]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1A, J</figureCitation>
|
||
) roundly quadrate or bell-shaped to transversely oval; distal and lateral margins formed by upper terminal part of distal transverse wall, sometimes bearing narrow shelf distally and forming illdefined condyles laterally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B3F3335FE23ACCE1B35FC59" box="[455,578,943,969]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1A, D</figureCitation>
|
||
); condyles not present in all zooids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B3F3335FC3EACCE1D44FC59" box="[986,1075,943,969]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Distal margin of orifice round, proximal margin straight or with very weak median prominence; proximolateral corners broadly rounded. Oral spines absent in “mature” zooids; two ephemeral spines can be seen at distal margin of primary orifice in some young zooids at colony periphery.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B3F3335FF23AB5E1B7FFB31" blockId="8.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Secondary orifice (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B3F3335FE46AB5E1B32FBC9" box="[418,581,1087,1113]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1C, D, G</figureCitation>
|
||
) irregularly oval, cormidial, restricted proximally by distal area of frontal shield incorporating avicularian cystid. Distally and distolaterally, secondary orifice formed by elevated vertical walls of distal and lateral zooids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B3F3335FF23ABCA1B7FFA75" blockId="8.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Suboral avicularium with cystid not very large, occupying distal one-third to half of frontal shield, mostly situated centrally in respect to zooidal orifice (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B3F3335FD51ABAE1A44FB79" box="[693,819,1231,1257]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1A‒C</figureCitation>
|
||
); cystid conical, elevated (although less prominent in old zooids,
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B3F3335FEC5AB92180BFA9D" box="[289,380,1267,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
|
||
), with finely granulated surface; 2–5 small communication pores visible in wall of young avicularium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B3F3335FECAAA7618DCFAA1" box="[302,427,1303,1329]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Frontal surface of avicularium (including rostral and postmandibular areas) situated on left or right slope of avicularian cystid, out of zooidal midline, facing distolaterally to laterally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B3F3335FB55AA5A1C5EFAC5" box="[1201,1321,1339,1365]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Rostrum semioval, blunt (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B3F3335FEB2AA3E18B8FAE9" box="[342,463,1375,1401]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1B–E</figureCitation>
|
||
), directed obliquely upwards. Palate short, semioval to semielliptical; in some zooids in same plane as postmandibular area (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B3F3335FDAAAAE21A73FA0D" box="[590,772,1411,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1C–E, F, H</figureCitation>
|
||
), whereas in others there is right angle between them (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B3F3335FA8BAAE219A9FA51" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1A, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Palatal foramen repeats shape of palate, semioval opesia (postmandibular area) oval or ellipsoidal. Crossbar complete, with small, low ligula.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B3F3335FF23AA8E1D75F92D" blockId="8.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Large adventitious avicularia of two size categories occupying proximal half of frontal shield in older zooids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B3F3335FF44A9721807F9BD" box="[160,368,1555,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1D, E, G, H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Avicularian cystid broad, elevated, with finely granulated surface and 6–8 proximolateral communication pores (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B3F3335FE73A9561898F9C1" box="[407,495,1591,1617]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Avicularian frontal surface facing obliquely upwards. Rostrum broadly oval, blunt, directed medially upwards. Palate short, broadly semioval. Palatal foramen repeating shape of palate, semioval, opesia elliptical. Crossbar complete, often with low ligula. In older parts of colony, adventitious avicularia occupying most of frontal surface, rendering frontal shields scarcely visible (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B3F3335FC9DA9C21A82F92D" box="[889,1013,1699,1725]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1D, G</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B3F3334FF23A9A61A4CFF69" blockId="8.[151,1437,150,2013]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,1977]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Ovicell initially hyperstomial, but ooecium rapidly becoming covered by secondary calcification expanding from frontal shields of distal and distolateral zooids. Borders between calcification from different sources appearing as fine, meandering sutures (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B3F3335FE0CA86E1B11F8B9" box="[488,614,1807,1833]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1E–G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Secondary calcification granular, covering from half to two-thirds of ooecium, so ovicells becoming subimmersed and even appearing endozooidal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B3F3335FBEAA8521D15F8DD" box="[1038,1122,1843,1869]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ooecium formed by distal autozooid around shallow crescentic concavity with communication pore at bottom, situated in most proximal part of frontal shield just immediate to distal margin of maternal primary orifice (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B3F3335FBEBA81A1DAFF805" box="[1039,1240,1915,1941]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1A, C, D, G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Pore leading to communication canal connecting ooecial and visceral coeloms and forming straight, slit-like ooecial communication pore on underside of frontal shield of distal zooid, very close to transverse wall (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B3F3335FBB0A8A21DD3F84D" box="[1108,1188,1987,2013]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1I</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ooecium spherical, broader than long, with wide, straight or slightly concave proximal margin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B3E3334FC0AAFF61D1EFF21" box="[1006,1129,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 1E–G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ectooecium smooth, with oval, drop-like or slit-like pseudopores sometimes arranged in radial pattern. Ooecial base surrounded by round, oval or elongated areolae, separated by short, narrow ridges.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B3E3334FF23AE6218F1FE3D" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Zooids interconnected by one mural pore chamber in each distolateral wall (corresponding to large opening present in proximolateral wall) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B3E3334FE1BAE461B2AFED1" box="[511,605,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 1M</figureCitation>
|
||
). Communication pores spread through basal half of transverse wall either as wide horizontal “band” or forming 1–4 groups (multiporous septula) of varying size, outline and pore density. Both patterns sometimes composed of random individual pores, and wide septula (pore “band”) can be composed of small pore groups.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B3E3334FF23AED61AFAFDAD" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Basal surface of zooids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B3E3334FE39AED61B43FE41" box="[477,564,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 1K</figureCitation>
|
||
) fully calcified, inflated. Numerous white spots (presumably lightly calcified areas) visible in semitransparent basal wall under light microscope. Numerous tubular protuberances (
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B3E3334FAC8AEBA19B4FD89" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="0.19" valueMax="0.27" valueMin="0.11">0.11–0.27 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter) present on basal surface of marginal colony area, beneath growing edge (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B3E3334FB7AAE9E1C7FFD89" box="[1182,1288,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="90.[151,250,1204,1228]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,181,1180]" captionTargetId="figure-20@90.[153,1434,181,1180]" captionTargetPageId="90" captionText="FIGURE 30. Basal colony surface insome Rhamphostomellaspecies.A. R. scabra, ZIRAS 93/50106 (BeringIsland, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean), colony fragment developed above irregular substrate, showing broken protuberances and pits formed above sponge spicules. B. R. commandorica, ZIRAS 1/50125 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean), colony fragment, showing smooth surface with rare thin protuberances. C. R. cristata, ZIRAS 2/50110 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean), colony area growing above crustose coralline algae Lithothamnion sp., showing regular series of columnar protuberances with broad bases. D. R. gigantea, ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka shelf, Sea of Okhotsk), colony detached from internal side of broken shell of bivalve mollusc Chlamys sp. E. R. pacifica, ZIRAS 1/50124 (Kronotsky Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean), colony developed above irregular substratum. F. R. curvirostrata, NHMUK 1964.1.2.7 (Pacific coast of North America), colony margin with developing zooids, supported by long tubular processes. G. R. hincksi, USNM 11130 (Point Barrow, Alaska, Beaufort Sea), basal surface with long tubular protuberances. H. R. sibirica, ZIRAS 34/50113 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea), basal surface with long tubular protuberances. I. R. multirostrata, ZIRAS 1/50545 (Urup Island, Kuril Islands, Sea of Okhotsk), colony detached from a sponge, showing marginal zooids with regular series of tubular protuberances. Scale bars: 500 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544589" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544589/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 30A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Boundaries between zooids recognizable basally by deep meandering incisions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B3E3334FF23AD261B35FD5D" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Ancestrula (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B3E3334FEB0AD2618CAFDF1" box="[340,445,582,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="80.[151,250,1816,1840]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1389,1793]" captionTargetId="figure-497@80.[151,1436,1389,1793]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="FIGURE 25. Ancestrulae with periancestrular zooids in colonies of three Rhamphostomella species. A. R. scabra, A.V. Grischenko Collection (western Kamchatka shelf, Sea of Okhotsk). B. R. sibirica, P. Kuklinski Collection (Beringian coastal waters of Amchitka Island, Rat Islands, western Aleutian Islands). C. R. spinigera, Paralectotype, NHMW 92536 (Jan Mayen), initial part of colony. Scale bars: 250 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544578" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544578/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 25A</figureCitation>
|
||
) tatiform, basal outline irregularly circular; opesia circular, with nine basally jointed periopesial spines evenly distributed around opesial margin; budding triplet of periancestrular zooids distally and distolaterally; periancestrular zooids similar to but smaller than subsequent zooids, with three to six ephemeral oral spines around distal margin of orifice.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33AC1E90B3E3337FF23ADB61D41FD16" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B3E3334FF23ADB61997FBED" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3E3334FF23ADB6184CFD61" bold="true" box="[199,315,727,753]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
There has been some confusion concerning the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549B2CC00B3E3334FC88ADB61AEBFD61" box="[876,924,727,753]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3E3334FBC6ADB61D9BFD61" authorityName="Lorenz" authorityYear="1886" box="[1058,1260,727,753]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3E3334FBC6ADB61D9BFD61" box="[1058,1260,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Rhamphostomella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Following the suggestion of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3E3334FED2AD9A18BCFC85" author="Smitt, F. A." box="[310,459,763,789]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="3 - 320" refId="ref95369" refString="Smitt, F. A. (1868 a) Kritisk forteckning ofver Skandinaviens Hafs-Bryozoer. Part 4. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Academiens Forhandlingar, 25, 3 - 320." type="journal article" year="1868">Smitt (1868a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b), the first information on this cheilostome was provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3E3334FB6AAD9A1C35FC85" author="Fabricius, O." box="[1166,1346,763,789]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref87881" refString="Fabricius, O. (1780) Fauna Groenlandica: Systematice Sistens Animalia Groenlandiae Occidentalis Hactenus Indagata, quod Nomen Specificium. Hafniae & Lipsiae, Copenhagen, 452 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13489" type="book" year="1780">Fabricius (1780</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 433, No 437), who described a specimen from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337D2F20B3E3334FD89AC7E1B95FCA9" box="[621,738,799,825]" name="Greenland" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Greenland</collectingCountry>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3E3334FCE2AC7E1DBAFCA9" authority="Linnaeus. Fabricius" authorityName="Linnaeus. Fabricius" box="[774,1229,799,825]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="reticulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3E3334FCE2AC7E1A9EFCA9" box="[774,1001,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Millepora reticulata</emphasis>
|
||
Linnaeus. Fabricius
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
himself, however, later admitted his mistake, realizing that his specimen belonged to “Coral-Barkene (Escharas)” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3E3334FB0EAC221CEFFCCD" author="Fabricius, O." box="[1258,1432,835,861]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="25 - 80" refId="ref87926" refString="Fabricius, O. (1824) Nye zoologiske bidrag. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 1, 25 - 80." type="journal article" year="1824">Fabricius 1824</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pp. 29, 30). He named it
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3E3334FE26AC061B01FC11" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1824" box="[450,630,871,897]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Eschara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3E3334FE26AC061B01FC11" box="[450,630,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Eschara scabra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
adding to his description three very schematic drawings all probably showing the same colony fragment under various low magnifications (tab. 1, figs 1‒3).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3E3334FB87ACEA1D81FC35" author="Smitt, F. A." box="[1123,1270,907,933]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="3 - 320" refId="ref95369" refString="Smitt, F. A. (1868 a) Kritisk forteckning ofver Skandinaviens Hafs-Bryozoer. Part 4. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Academiens Forhandlingar, 25, 3 - 320." type="journal article" year="1868">Smitt (1868a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 181), based on specimens collected during two different expeditions, redescribed this species as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3E3334FBBCACCE1C6BFC59" authorityName=": Smitt" authorityYear="1868" box="[1112,1308,943,969]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Celleporidae" genus="Cellepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3E3334FBBCACCE1C6BFC59" box="[1112,1308,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Cellepora scabra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, indicating that this “form for the most part seems to have been the basis for Fabricius’s description”. This suggestion remains unconfirmed, since Fabricius’s specimen was supposedly lost; although some of his specimens are kept in the collections of the Natural History Museum of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337D2F20B3E3334FD4AAB7A1A6EFBA5" box="[686,793,1051,1077]" name="Denmark" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Denmark</collectingCountry>
|
||
, University of Copenhagen, Fabricius’s specimen is not mentioned in the museum’s catalogues for either the bryozoan or cnidarian collection (C. Nielsen, pers. comm., 2020).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B3E3334FF23ABE618C4FB7A" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
In the same paper
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3E3334FE7FABE61B40FB32" author="Smitt, F. A." box="[411,567,1159,1186]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="3 - 320" refId="ref95369" refString="Smitt, F. A. (1868 a) Kritisk forteckning ofver Skandinaviens Hafs-Bryozoer. Part 4. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Academiens Forhandlingar, 25, 3 - 320." type="journal article" year="1868">Smitt (1868a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described a new species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3E3334FC85ABE61AA6FB31" baseAuthorityName="Smitt" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[865,977,1159,1185]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="plicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3E3334FC85ABE61A03FB31" box="[865,884,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3E3334FC67ABE61AA6FB31" box="[899,977,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">plicata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, stressing that it is similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3E3334FAC3ABE61CE2FB31" authorityName=": Smitt" authorityYear="1868" box="[1319,1429,1159,1185]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Celleporidae" genus="Cellepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3E3334FAC3ABE61CE2FB31" box="[1319,1429,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. scabra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. He also mentioned both species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3E3334FDE7ABCA1B19FB55" authorityName=": Smitt" authorityYear="1868" box="[515,622,1195,1221]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Celleporidae" genus="Cellepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3E3334FDE7ABCA1B63FB54" box="[515,532,1195,1220]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3E3334FDC6ABCA1B19FB55" box="[546,622,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">scabra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3E3334FD42ABCA1A64FB55" baseAuthorityName="Smitt" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[678,787,1195,1221]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="plicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3E3334FD42ABCA1BC0FB54" box="[678,695,1195,1220]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3E3334FD21ABCA1A64FB55" box="[709,787,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">plicata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3E3334FCA6ABCA1AC5FB55" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[834,946,1195,1221]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Celleporidae" genus="Cellepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3E3334FCA6ABCA1AC5FB55" box="[834,946,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Cellepora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in his large taxonomic work published the same year (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3E3334FEF2ABAE18D1FB7A" author="Smitt, F. A." box="[278,422,1231,1258]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="443 - 487" refId="ref95400" refString="Smitt, F. A. (1868 b) Bryozoa marina in regionibus arcticis et borealibus viventia recensuit. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps- Akademiens Forhandlinger, 24, 443 - 487." type="journal article" year="1868">Smitt 1868b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B3E3334FF23AB921B19F8B9" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
When
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3E3334FEF6AB9218C3FA9E" author="Lorenz, L. von" box="[274,436,1267,1294]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="83 - 100" refId="ref92348" refString="Lorenz, L. von (1886) Bryozoen von Jan Mayen. Die Internationale Polarforschung 1882 - 1883. Die Osterreichische Polarstation von Jan Mayen, 3, 83 - 100." type="journal article" year="1886">Lorenz (1886)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
introduced the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3E3334FD4BAB921A0EFA9D" authorityName="Lorenz" authorityYear="1886" box="[687,889,1267,1293]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3E3334FD4BAB921A0EFA9D" box="[687,889,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Rhamphostomella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, he attributed six species to it, two of them new (see Remarks for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3E3334FEB8AA7618BFFAA1" baseAuthorityName="Smitt" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[348,456,1303,1329]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="plicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3E3334FEB8AA76181AFAA0" box="[348,365,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3E3334FE9EAA7618BFFAA1" box="[378,456,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">plicata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for details).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3E3334FDB2AA761B8CFAA1" author="Norman, A. M." box="[598,763,1303,1329]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="567 - 598" refId="ref93254" refString="Norman, A. M. (1903) Notes on the natural history of East Finnmark. Polyzoa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 11, 567 - 598. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930308678717" type="journal article" year="1903">Norman (1903</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 125) chose “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3E3334FC4AAA761C35FAA2" authority="(Fabricius)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" box="[942,1346,1303,1330]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Ramphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3E3334FC4AAA761DCAFAA1" box="[942,1213,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ramphostomella scabra</emphasis>
|
||
(Fabricius)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Smitt”, as the “
|
||
<typeStatus id="549B2CC00B3E3334FF09AA5A185BFAC5" box="[237,300,1339,1365]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
”, but uncertainty remains over the identity of Fabricius’s species (see above), reflected in Lorenz’s citation of the species in his synonymy as “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3E3334FD9DAA3E1AEDFAE9" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1824" box="[633,922,1375,1401]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Eschara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3E3334FD9DAA3E1A5EFAE9" box="[633,809,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Eschara scabra</emphasis>
|
||
Fabricius
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (teste Smitt)”.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3E3334FBACAA3E1DABFAE9" author="Smitt, F. A." box="[1096,1244,1375,1401]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="3 - 320" refId="ref95369" refString="Smitt, F. A. (1868 a) Kritisk forteckning ofver Skandinaviens Hafs-Bryozoer. Part 4. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Academiens Forhandlingar, 25, 3 - 320." type="journal article" year="1868">Smitt (1868a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 28, figs 183– 185,?188) presented some fairly good drawings of what he referred to as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3E3334FC3DAAE21DEAFA0D" authorityName=": Smitt" authorityYear="1868" box="[985,1181,1411,1437]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Celleporidae" genus="Cellepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3E3334FC3DAAE21DEAFA0D" box="[985,1181,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Cellepora scabra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Specimens illustrated in Smitt’s figures 183–185 were interpreted by Lorenz on the basis of a range of specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337D2F20B3E3334FB1BAAC61C0BFA51" box="[1279,1404,1447,1473]" name="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Jan Mayen</collectingCountry>
|
||
as depicting
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3E3334FEE1AAAA1818FA75" authorityName=": Smitt" authorityYear="1868" box="[261,367,1483,1509]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Celleporidae" genus="Cellepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3E3334FEE1AAAA1861FA74" box="[261,278,1483,1508]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3E3334FEC7AAAA1818FA75" box="[291,367,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">scabra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and figs 186–188 [?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3E3334FDBCAAAA1AFBFA75" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[600,908,1483,1509]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Celleporidae" genus="Cellepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3E3334FDBCAAAA1A6EFA75" box="[600,793,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Cellepora scabra</emphasis>
|
||
Fabricius
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Smitt, ex parte] as depicting the new species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3E3334FA60AAAA18FFF999" authority="Lorenz, 1886" authorityName="Lorenz" authorityYear="1886" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="costata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3E3334FA60AAAA1CE2FA74" box="[1412,1429,1483,1508]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3E3334FF73AA8E199FF998" box="[151,232,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">costata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3E3334FF0BAA8E18FFF999" author="Lorenz, L. von" box="[239,392,1519,1545]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="83 - 100" refId="ref92348" refString="Lorenz, L. von (1886) Bryozoen von Jan Mayen. Die Internationale Polarforschung 1882 - 1883. Die Osterreichische Polarstation von Jan Mayen, 3, 83 - 100." type="journal article" year="1886">Lorenz, 1886</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, distinguished especially by the shape of the avicularian mandibles and the generally lyrulate orifice.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3E3334FF14A97218DBF9BD" author="Levinsen, G. M. R." box="[240,428,1555,1581]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref92188" refString="Levinsen, G. M. R. (1909) Morphological and Systematic Studies on the Cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Nationale Forfatteres Forlag, Copenhagen, 431 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5690" type="book" year="1909">Levinsen (1909)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, taking into account the variation exhibited by these nominal species, saw no distinction between them. On the other hand,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3E3334FDC8A9561BA4F9C1" author="Hincks, T." box="[556,723,1591,1617]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="424 - 433" refId="ref90613" refString="Hincks, T. (1889) The Polyzoa of the St. Lawrence, a study of arctic forms. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 3, 424 - 433. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938909460362" type="journal article" year="1889">Hincks (1889)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3E3334FD05A9561AD8F9C1" author="Whiteaves, J." box="[737,943,1591,1617]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref96322" refString="Whiteaves, J. (1901) Catalogue of the Marine Invertebrates of Eastern Canada. Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, 271 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.4095 / 216086" type="book" year="1901">Whiteaves (1901)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3E3334FC59A9561D07F9C1" author="Norman, A. M." box="[957,1136,1591,1617]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="567 - 598" refId="ref93254" refString="Norman, A. M. (1903) Notes on the natural history of East Finnmark. Polyzoa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 11, 567 - 598. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930308678717" type="journal article" year="1903">Norman (1903)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3E3334FB9BA9561C32F9C1" author="Nordgaard, O." box="[1151,1349,1590,1617]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="164 - 174" refId="ref92912" refString="Nordgaard, O. (1905) Bryozoa or Polyzoa. Hydrographical and Biological Investigations in Norwegian Fiords. Bergens Museums Meereskrifter, 2, 164 - 174." type="journal article" year="1905">Nordgaard (1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3E3334FAB0A9561CE7F9C2" author="Nordgaard, O." box="[1364,1424,1591,1618]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 44" refId="ref92941" refString="Nordgaard, O. (1906) Bryozoa from the second ' Fram' Expedition 1898 - 1902. Reports of the second Norwegian Arctic Expedition of the ' Fram' 1898 - 1902. Videnskabs Selskabet i Kristiania, 8, 1 - 44." type="journal article" year="1906">1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3E3334FF73A93A1848F9E5" author="Osburn, R. C." box="[151,319,1626,1653]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="271 - 611" refId="ref93827" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1952) Bryozoa of the Pacific Coast of America. Part 2, Cheilostomata - Ascophora. Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition, 14, 271 - 611." type="journal article" year="1952">Osburn (1952)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3E3334FEA8A93A1B6BF9E5" author="Androsova, E. I." box="[332,540,1626,1653]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="90 - 204" refId="ref86122" refString="Androsova, E. I. (1958) Bryozoa of the order Cheilostomata of the northern part of the Sea of Japan. Explorations of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR, 5, 90 - 204. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1958">Androsova (1958)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3E3334FDCEA93A1BB5F9E6" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[554,706,1627,1654]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 584" refId="ref91342" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1962) Bryozoa of the northern Seas of the USSR. Identification Keys on the Fauna of the USSR, 76, 1 - 584. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1962">Kluge (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3E3334FD19A93A1ADDF9E6" author="Powell, N. A." box="[765,938,1627,1654]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="2269 - 2320" refId="ref94756" refString="Powell, N. A. (1968 a) Bryozoa (Polyzoa) of Arctic Canada. Journal Fishery Research Board Canada, 25, 2269 - 2320. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / f 68 - 202" type="journal article" year="1968">Powell (1968a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
accepted two species, as we do here.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3E3334FA85A93A182CF909" author="Canu, F. & Bassler, R. S." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="5 - 87" refId="ref86963" refString="Canu, F. & Bassler, R. S. (1917) A synopsis of American early Tertiary cheilostome Bryozoa. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 96, 5 - 87. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.96.1" type="journal article" year="1917">Canu & Bassler (1917)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, evidently overlooking
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3E3334FD81A91E1A52F909" author="Norman, A. M." box="[613,805,1663,1689]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="567 - 598" refId="ref93254" refString="Norman, A. M. (1903) Notes on the natural history of East Finnmark. Polyzoa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 11, 567 - 598. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930308678717" type="journal article" year="1903">Norman’s (1903)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
indication of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549B2CC00B3E3334FC08A91E1D6BF909" box="[1004,1052,1663,1689]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species, selected
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3E3334FB00A91E1C23F908" authorityName="Lorenz" authorityYear="1886" box="[1252,1364,1663,1689]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="costata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3E3334FB00A91E1D82F908" box="[1252,1269,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3E3334FAE7A91E1C23F908" box="[1283,1364,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">costata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549B2CC00B3E3334FF73A9C219BCF92D" box="[151,203,1699,1725]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">type</typeStatus>
|
||
. While acknowledging
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3E3334FE37A9C21B9DF92D" author="Canu, F. & Bassler, R. S." box="[467,746,1699,1725]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="5 - 87" refId="ref86963" refString="Canu, F. & Bassler, R. S. (1917) A synopsis of American early Tertiary cheilostome Bryozoa. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 96, 5 - 87. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.96.1" type="journal article" year="1917">Canu & Bassler’s (1917)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
oversight,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3E3334FC8CA9C21D78F92D" author="Harmer, S. F." box="[872,1039,1698,1725]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="641 - 1147" refId="ref90257" refString="Harmer, S. F. (1957) The Polyzoa of the Siboga Expedition. Part 4. Cheilostomata Ascophora. II. Siboga Expedition, 28 d, 641 - 1147." type="journal article" year="1957">Harmer (1957)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
nevertheless argued that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3E3334FAC8A9C21CEBF92C" authorityName="Lorenz" authorityYear="1886" box="[1324,1436,1699,1725]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="costata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3E3334FAC8A9C21C4AF92C" box="[1324,1341,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3E3334FAAFA9C21CEBF92C" box="[1355,1436,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">costata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should stand in preference to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3E3334FE07A9A61B39F971" box="[483,590,1735,1761]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Celleporidae" genus="Cellepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3E3334FE07A9A61883F970" box="[483,500,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3E3334FDE6A9A61B39F971" box="[514,590,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">scabra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, “the trivial name of which belongs to a species insufficiently described by Fabricius.” Harmer’s argument must be rejected (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3E3334FD27A98A1A19F895" author="Hayward, P. J." box="[707,878,1770,1797]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="207 - 212" refId="ref90392" refString="Hayward, P. J. (1975) A new species of epiphytic bryozoan from the Aegean Sea. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 16, 207 - 212." type="journal article" year="1975">Hayward 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but the conspecificity of Fabricius’s and Smitt’s material remained questionable until now.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B3E3334FF23A8521BF8F829" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3E3334FF23A8521800F8DE" author="Smitt, F. A." box="[199,375,1843,1870]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="3 - 320" refId="ref95369" refString="Smitt, F. A. (1868 a) Kritisk forteckning ofver Skandinaviens Hafs-Bryozoer. Part 4. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Academiens Forhandlingar, 25, 3 - 320." type="journal article" year="1868">Smitt’s (1868a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
figures 183–185 (and possibly 188) illustrate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3E3334FC68A8521A8DF8DD" box="[908,1018,1843,1869]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Celleporidae" genus="Cellepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3E3334FC68A8521AEAF8DC" box="[908,925,1843,1868]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3E3334FC4AA8521A8DF8DD" box="[942,1018,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">scabra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the species accepted by the most authors. To preclude further confusion, we have selected a
|
||
<typeStatus id="549B2CC00B3E3334FCCCA8361AF6F8E1" box="[808,897,1879,1905]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
for this species from among specimens of Smitt collected in the North Atlantic (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337D2F20B3E3334FE11A81A1B22F805" box="[501,597,1915,1941]" name="Norway" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
), kept at the Swedish Museum of Natural History (for additional details and discussion, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3E3334FEA1A8FE1BF5F829" author="Gordon, D. P. & Grischenko, A. V." box="[325,642,1951,1977]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="61 - 72" refId="ref89010" refString="Gordon, D. P. & Grischenko, A. V. (1994) Bryozoan frontal shields: the type species of Desmacystis, Rhamphostomella, Rhamphosmittina, Rhamphostomellina, and new genus Arctonula. Zoologica Scripta, 23, 61 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1994. tb 00374. x" type="journal article" year="1994">Gordon & Grischenko 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B3D3337FF23AFF61D9DFEF5" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FF23AFF61815FF22" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[199,354,151,178]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="118 - 143" refId="ref91300" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1961) Species list of Bryozoa of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR. Explorations of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR, 7, 118 - 143. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1961">Kluge (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported a new subspecies,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3D3337FD51AFF61D38FF21" authorityName="Kluge" authorityYear="1961" box="[693,1103,151,177]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="subSpecies" species="scabra" subSpecies="orientalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3D3337FD51AFF61D38FF21" box="[693,1103,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Rhamphostomella scabra orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from the intertidal zone of Bering Island, the Commander Islands, and Kronotsky Gulf, eastern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E45C800B3D3337FC44AFDA1D54FF45" box="[928,1059,187,213]" country="Russia" name="Kamchatka" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Kamchatka</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Although these records were not accompanied by a description or illustrations,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FD47AFBE1A06FF69" author="Grischenko, A. V." box="[675,881,223,249]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="153 - 192" refId="ref89452" refString="Grischenko, A. V. (1997) Bryozoans (Ctenostomida, Cheilostomida) of the shelf zone of the Commander Islands. In: Rzhavsky, A. V. (Ed.), Benthic Flora and Fauna of the Shelf Zone of the Commander Islands. Dalnauka, Vladivostok, pp. 153 - 192. [in Russian with English summary]" type="book chapter" year="1997">Grischenko (1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2002) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FC13AFBE1DB5FF69" author="Denisenko, N. V." box="[1015,1218,223,249]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="178 - 188" refId="ref87447" refString="Denisenko, N. V. (2013) Phylum Bryozoa. Check-list of species of free-living invertebrates of the Russian Far Eastern Seas. Explorations of the Fauna of the Seas, 75, 178 - 188." type="journal article" year="2013">Denisenko (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3D3337FAD4AFBE1875FE8D" authorityName="Kluge" authorityYear="1961" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="subSpecies" species="scabra" subSpecies="orientalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3D3337FAD4AFBE1C36FF68" box="[1328,1345,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3D3337FAB4AFBE1875FE8D" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">scabra orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Our examination of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549B2CC00B3D3337FDF2AE621B31FE8D" box="[534,582,259,285]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3D3337FD2FAE621AD1FE8D" authorityName="Kluge" authorityYear="1961" box="[715,934,259,285]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="subSpecies" species="scabra" subSpecies="orientalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3D3337FD2FAE621BABFE8C" box="[715,732,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3D3337FD0DAE621AD1FE8D" box="[745,934,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">scabra orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ZIRAS 1/8801) showed that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FB11AE621CEBFE8E" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[1269,1436,259,286]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="118 - 143" refId="ref91300" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1961) Species list of Bryozoa of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR. Explorations of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR, 7, 118 - 143. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1961">Kluge’s (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
subspecies was based on a misidentification of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3D3337FD26AE461DE2FED1" authority="(Robertson, 1900)" baseAuthorityName="Robertson" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[706,1173,295,321]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Desmacystis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="sandalia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3D3337FD26AE461ACFFED1" box="[706,952,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Desmacystis sandalia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FC2FAE461DFAFED1" author="Robertson, A." box="[971,1165,295,321]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="315 - 340" refId="ref94899" refString="Robertson, A. (1900) Papers from the Harriman Alaska Expedition. 6. The Bryozoa. Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 2, 315 - 340." type="journal article" year="1900">Robertson, 1900</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, endemic to the North Pacific (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B3D3337FF10AE2A180AFEF5" box="[244,381,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="91.[151,250,1723,1747]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1699]" captionTargetId="figure-17@91.[228,1360,181,1699]" captionTargetPageId="91" captionText="FIGURE 31. Type specimens of Rhamphostomella species.A, B. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). Neotype, SMNH- Type-9304 (Hammerfest, Norway, North Atlantic Ocean). C, D. Desmacystis sandalia (Robertson, 1900) (junior synonym of Rhamphostomella scabra orientalis Kluge, 1961). Holotype, ZIRAS 1/8801 (Cape Vkhodnoy Reef, Bering Island, Pacific Ocean). E, F. Rhamphostomella sollers (Canu & Bassler, 1929) (junior synonym of Rhamphostomella scabra). Syntype, USNM 8136 (Cape Tsiuka, Sangar Strait, Sea of Japan). G. Rhamphostomella costata Lorenz, 1886. Lectotype, NHMW 92531 (Jan Mayen). H, I. Rhamphostomella magnirostris (Canu & Bassler, 1928) (junior synonym of Rhamphostomella costata). Syntype, USNM 7579 (Cedar Keys, western Florida, Gulf of Mexico). J, K. Rhamphostomella cristata (Hincks, 1889). Neotype, NHMUK 1911.10.1.1576A (Gulf of St Lawrence, Atlantic Ocean). Scale bars: A, B, J, K, 500 µm; C–I, 250 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544591" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544591/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 31C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3D3337FE75AE2A1A57FEF5" authorityName="Kluge" authorityYear="1961" box="[401,800,331,357]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="subSpecies" species="scabra" subSpecies="orientalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3D3337FE75AE2A1A57FEF5" box="[401,800,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Rhamphostomella scabra orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is thus a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3D3337FB84AE2A1D95FEF5" baseAuthorityName="Robertson" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1120,1250,331,357]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Desmacystis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="sandalia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3D3337FB84AE2A1D03FEF4" box="[1120,1140,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3D3337FB66AE2A1D95FEF5" box="[1154,1250,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">sandalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B3D3337FF23AE0E1C6CFE41" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FF23AE0E18BBFE19" author="Canu, F. & Bassler, R. S." box="[199,460,367,393]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 685" refId="ref87143" refString="Canu, F. & Bassler, R. S. (1929) Bryozoa of the Philippine Region. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 100, 1 - 685." type="journal article" year="1929">Canu & Bassler (1929)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described a new species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3D3337FD14AE0E1D7AFE19" authorityName=": Kataoka" authorityYear="1957" box="[752,1037,367,393]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="sollers">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3D3337FD14AE0E1D7AFE19" box="[752,1037,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Rhamphostomella sollers</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on material collected by the RV
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3D3337FF26AEF2185BFE3D" box="[194,300,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Albatross</emphasis>
|
||
from Stn D. 4807 near Cape Tsiuka (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE14F4A50B3D3337FD34AEF51A39FE3D" box="[720,846,403,431]" degrees="41" direction="north" minutes="36.1" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" precision="92" value="41.601665">41°36.1ʹ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE14F4A50B3D3337FCBDAEF51A97FE3D" box="[857,992,403,431]" degrees="140" direction="east" minutes="36.0" orientation="longitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" precision="92" value="140.6">140°36.0ʹ E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Sangar Strait, Sea of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337D2F20B3D3337FB06AEF21C52FE3D" box="[1250,1317,403,429]" name="Japan" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Our SEM examination of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549B2CC00B3D3337FE94AED618B0FE41" box="[368,455,439,465]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
(USNM 8136) indicates that it is synonymous with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3D3337FBF5AED61D0BFE41" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[1041,1148,439,465]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3D3337FBF5AED61D55FE40" box="[1041,1058,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3D3337FBD4AED61D0BFE41" box="[1072,1148,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">scabra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B3D3337FB68AED61C79FE41" box="[1164,1294,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="91.[151,250,1723,1747]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1699]" captionTargetId="figure-17@91.[228,1360,181,1699]" captionTargetPageId="91" captionText="FIGURE 31. Type specimens of Rhamphostomella species.A, B. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). Neotype, SMNH- Type-9304 (Hammerfest, Norway, North Atlantic Ocean). C, D. Desmacystis sandalia (Robertson, 1900) (junior synonym of Rhamphostomella scabra orientalis Kluge, 1961). Holotype, ZIRAS 1/8801 (Cape Vkhodnoy Reef, Bering Island, Pacific Ocean). E, F. Rhamphostomella sollers (Canu & Bassler, 1929) (junior synonym of Rhamphostomella scabra). Syntype, USNM 8136 (Cape Tsiuka, Sangar Strait, Sea of Japan). G. Rhamphostomella costata Lorenz, 1886. Lectotype, NHMW 92531 (Jan Mayen). H, I. Rhamphostomella magnirostris (Canu & Bassler, 1928) (junior synonym of Rhamphostomella costata). Syntype, USNM 7579 (Cedar Keys, western Florida, Gulf of Mexico). J, K. Rhamphostomella cristata (Hincks, 1889). Neotype, NHMUK 1911.10.1.1576A (Gulf of St Lawrence, Atlantic Ocean). Scale bars: A, B, J, K, 500 µm; C–I, 250 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544591" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544591/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 31E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B3D3337FF23AEBA1D41FD16" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
In several cases,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3D3337FE62AEBA1885FE65" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[390,498,475,501]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3D3337FE62AEBA18E0FE64" box="[390,407,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3D3337FE42AEBA1885FE65" box="[422,498,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">scabra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was apparently misidentified. For example,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FC03AEBA1DB1FE65" author="Androsova, E. I." box="[999,1222,474,501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="90 - 204" refId="ref86122" refString="Androsova, E. I. (1958) Bryozoa of the order Cheilostomata of the northern part of the Sea of Japan. Explorations of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR, 5, 90 - 204. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1958">Androsova’s (1958)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
material identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3D3337FF52AE9E1856FD89" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[182,289,511,537]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3D3337FF52AE9E1856FD89" box="[182,289,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">R. scabra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very likely what we describe herein as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3D3337FD1CAE9E1ABCFD89" authority="Grischenko & Gordon & Taylor & Kuklinski & Denisenko & Spencer-Jones & Ostrovsky, 2022" authorityName="Grischenko & Gordon & Taylor & Kuklinski & Denisenko & Spencer-Jones & Ostrovsky" authorityYear="2022" box="[760,971,511,537]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="microavicularia" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3D3337FD1CAE9E1ABCFD89" box="[760,971,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">R. microavicularia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3D3337FC36AE9E1D66FD89" bold="true" box="[978,1041,511,537]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A267F30B0B3D3337FC36AE9E1D66FD89" box="[978,1041,511,537]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. Records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3D3337FB45AE9E1C7BFD89" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[1185,1292,511,537]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3D3337FB45AE9E1DC5FD88" box="[1185,1202,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3D3337FB24AE9E1C7BFD89" box="[1216,1292,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">scabra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in particular regional studies in the Far East (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FDE6AD421BBDFDAD" author="Kluge, G. A. & Androsova, E. I. & Gostilovskaya, M. G." box="[514,714,546,573]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="173 - 256" refId="ref91442" refString="Kluge, G. A., Androsova, E. I. & Gostilovskaya, M. G. (1959) Class Bryozoa. The list of marine fauna of the southern Sakhalin and southern Kuril Islands. Explorations of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR, 6, 173 - 256. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1959">
|
||
Kluge
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3D3337FDB4AD421BF6FDAD" box="[592,641,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1959
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FD32AD421A2AFDAD" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[726,861,547,573]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="118 - 143" refId="ref91300" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1961) Species list of Bryozoa of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR. Explorations of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR, 7, 118 - 143. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1961">Kluge 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FC8DAD421A8EFDAD" author="Gontar, V. I." box="[873,1017,547,573]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref88216" refString="Gontar, V. I. (1980) Bryozoan Fauna of the Order Cheilostomata of the Kuril Islands Coastal Waters. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Zoological Institute, Leningrad, USSR, 226 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1980">Gontar 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FBE1AD421D39FDAD" author="Gontar, V. I." box="[1029,1102,547,573]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="200 - 203" refId="ref88450" refString="Gontar, V. I. (1993 b) Phylum Bryozoa. List of invertebrate species of the continental slope of the Kuril Islands. Exploration of the Fauna of the Seas, 46, 200 - 203. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1993">1993b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FBBEAD421CE0FDAD" author="Mawatari, S. F. & Mawatari, S." box="[1114,1431,547,573]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="41 - 58" refId="ref92687" refString="Mawatari, S. F. & Mawatari, S. (1981) A preliminary list of cheilostomatous bryozoans collected along the coast of Hokkaido. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology, 21, 41 - 58." type="journal article" year="1981">Mawatari & Mawatari 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FF73AD261825FDF1" author="Denisenko, N. V." box="[151,338,583,609]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="178 - 188" refId="ref87447" refString="Denisenko, N. V. (2013) Phylum Bryozoa. Check-list of species of free-living invertebrates of the Russian Far Eastern Seas. Explorations of the Fauna of the Seas, 75, 178 - 188." type="journal article" year="2013">Denisenko 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) might also need to be reexamined, since the material involved could have been confused with other, similar species (discussed in Remarks sections for particular species below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33AC1E90B3D3337FF23ADEE18E1FC85" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B3D3337FF23ADEE18E1FC85" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3D3337FF23ADEE185BFD39" bold="true" box="[199,300,655,681]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3D3337FEDCADEE1B2CFD39" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[312,603,655,681]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3D3337FEDCADEE1B2CFD39" box="[312,603,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Rhamphostomella scabra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been reported from depths of
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B3D3337FBE5ADEE1D1DFD39" box="[1025,1130,655,681]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" metricValueMax="4.6" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="230.0" valueMax="460.0" valueMin="0.0">0–460 m</quantity>
|
||
on various bottom
|
||
<typeStatus id="549B2CC00B3D3337FABDADEE1CE4FD39" box="[1369,1427,655,681]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">types</typeStatus>
|
||
/ substrates, including boulders, pebbles, gravel, sand and silt. In addition to rocky surfaces, this species inhabits the shells of gastropod and bivalve molluscs, the tubes of serpulid and spirorbid polychaetes, and the surfaces of sponges and ascidians.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33AC1E90B3D3337FF23AC7F1BFDF92D" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B3D3337FF23AC7F1BFDF92D" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3D3337FF23AC7F1816FCA8" bold="true" box="[199,353,798,824]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3D3337FE83AC7E18A5FCA9" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[359,466,799,825]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3D3337FE83AC7E180FFCA8" box="[359,376,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3D3337FE62AC7E18A5FCA9" box="[390,466,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">scabra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a boreal-Arctic, circumpolar, sublittoral to upper bathyal species, widely distributed in the seas of the Northern Hemisphere. In the Arctic, it has been recorded from the Barents Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FB58AC221C30FCCD" author="Smitt, F. A." box="[1212,1351,835,861]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="3 - 320" refId="ref95369" refString="Smitt, F. A. (1868 a) Kritisk forteckning ofver Skandinaviens Hafs-Bryozoer. Part 4. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Academiens Forhandlingar, 25, 3 - 320." type="journal article" year="1868">
|
||
Smitt 1868
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FADEAC221C30FCCD" author="Smitt, F. A." box="[1338,1351,835,861]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="19 - 32" refId="ref95433" refString="Smitt, F. A. (1878 a) Recensio animalium Bryozoarum e mari arctico, quae ad paeninsulam Kola, in itinere anno 1877. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlinger, 35, 19 - 32." type="journal article" year="1878">a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1878
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FA6FAC221996FC11" author="Smitt, F. A." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="11 - 26" refId="ref95472" refString="Smitt, F. A. (1878 b) Recensio systematica animalium Bryozoorum, quae in itineribus, annis 1875 et 1876 ad insulas Novaja Semlja. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlinger, 35, 11 - 26." type="journal article" year="1878">a, 1878b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FF08AC0618D0FC11" author="Bidenkap, O." box="[236,423,871,897]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="503 - 540" refId="ref86383" refString="Bidenkap, O. (1900 a) Die Bryozoen. I Teil: Die Bryozoen von Spitzbergen und Konig-Karls-Land. Fauna Arctica, 1, 503 - 540." type="journal article" year="1900">Bidenkap 1900a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FE55AC061B1CFC11" author="Andersson, K. A." box="[433,619,871,897]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="537 - 560" refId="ref86065" refString="Andersson, K. A. (1902) Bryozoen, wahrend der schwedischen Expeditionen 1898 und 1899 unter Leitung von Professor A. G. Nathorst und 1900 unter Leitung von Conservator G. Kolthoff gesammelt. Zoologischer Jahrbucher, Abtheilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere, 15, 537 - 560." type="journal article" year="1902">Andersson 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FD9CAC061A45FC11" author="Nordgaard, O." box="[632,818,870,897]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="164 - 174" refId="ref92912" refString="Nordgaard, O. (1905) Bryozoa or Polyzoa. Hydrographical and Biological Investigations in Norwegian Fiords. Bergens Museums Meereskrifter, 2, 164 - 174." type="journal article" year="1905">Nordgaard 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FCDAAC061A8FFC11" author="Kuznetsov, V. V." box="[830,1016,871,897]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="114 - 139" refId="ref92017" refString="Kuznetsov, V. V. (1941) The dynamic of the biocenoses Microporella ciliata in the Barents Sea. Transactions of the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Science of the USSR, 7, 114 - 139. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1941">Kuznetsov 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FBE1AC061DFCFC11" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[1029,1163,871,897]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 584" refId="ref91342" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1962) Bryozoa of the northern Seas of the USSR. Identification Keys on the Fauna of the USSR, 76, 1 - 584. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1962">Kluge 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FB73AC071DA5FC11" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[1175,1234,870,897]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref91415" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1975) Bryozoa of the Northern Seas of the USSR. Amerind Publishing, New Delhi, 711 pp." type="book" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FB3AAC061CEFFC11" author="Denisenko, N. V." box="[1246,1432,871,897]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref87248" refString="Denisenko, N. V. (1988) Distribution and Ecology of Bryozoa of the Barents Sea and Adjacent Areas of the Arctic Ocean. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Zoological Institute, Leningrad, USSR, 207 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1988">Denisenko 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FF73ACEA19A4FC35" author="Denisenko, N. V." box="[151,211,907,933]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref87292" refString="Denisenko, N. V. (1990) Distribution and ecology of Bryozoa of the Barents Sea. Kolsky Scientific Center of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Appatity, USSR, 156 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1990">1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), White Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FE8DACEA1881FC35" author="Smitt, F. A." box="[361,502,907,933]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="19 - 32" refId="ref95433" refString="Smitt, F. A. (1878 a) Recensio animalium Bryozoarum e mari arctico, quae ad paeninsulam Kola, in itinere anno 1877. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlinger, 35, 19 - 32." type="journal article" year="1878">Smitt 1878a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FDE6ACEA1BFFFC35" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[514,648,907,933]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="181 - 204" refId="ref90875" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1907) Kritische Erorterungen zu den Bryozoologischen Arbeiten von K. Chworostansky. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 1, 181 - 204." type="journal article" year="1907">Kluge 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FD70ACEA1BB8FC35" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[660,719,907,933]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 584" refId="ref91342" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1962) Bryozoa of the northern Seas of the USSR. Identification Keys on the Fauna of the USSR, 76, 1 - 584. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1962">1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FD3EACEB1A62FC35" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[730,789,906,933]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref91415" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1975) Bryozoa of the Northern Seas of the USSR. Amerind Publishing, New Delhi, 711 pp." type="book" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FCC5ACEA1D74FC35" author="Gostilovskaya, M. G." box="[801,1027,906,933]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="434 - 471" refId="ref89200" refString="Gostilovskaya, M. G. (1957) Bryozoa of the White Sea. Materials of Complex Investigations of the White Sea, 1, 434 - 471. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1957">Gostilovskaya 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FBEAACEA1D3EFC35" author="Gostilovskaya, M. G." box="[1038,1097,907,933]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref89329" refString="Gostilovskaya, M. G. (1978) Bryozoa of the White Sea. Nauka, Leningrad, USSR, 248 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1978">1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Grishankov 1995;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FAC2ACEA181DFC59" author="Shunatova, N. N. & Ostrovsky, A. N." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="113 - 142" refId="ref95277" refString="Shunatova, N. N. & Ostrovsky, A. N. (2001) Individual autozooidal behaviour and feeding in marine bryozoans. Sarsia, 86, 113 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364827.2001.10420468" type="journal article" year="2001">Shunatova & Ostrovsky 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Kara Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FE16ACCE1BF6FC59" author="Smitt, F. A." box="[498,641,943,969]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="11 - 26" refId="ref95472" refString="Smitt, F. A. (1878 b) Recensio systematica animalium Bryozoorum, quae in itineribus, annis 1875 et 1876 ad insulas Novaja Semlja. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlinger, 35, 11 - 26." type="journal article" year="1878">Smitt 1878b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FD68ACCE1A42FC59" author="Levinsen, G. M. R." box="[652,821,943,969]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="305 - 328" refId="ref92159" refString="Levinsen, G. M. R. (1887) Bryozoer fra Kara-Havet. Dijmphna Togtets Zoologisk Botanisk Udbytte, KjObenhavn, 1887, 305 - 328." type="journal article" year="1887">Levinsen 1887</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FCA5ACCE1A8DFC59" author="Nordgaard, O." box="[833,1018,943,969]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref93080" refString="Nordgaard, O. (1912) Bryozoaires. Duc d'Orleans Campagne Arctiques de 1907. Charles Bulens, Bruxelles, 43 pp." type="book" year="1912">Nordgaard 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FBE2ACCE1DFAFC59" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[1030,1165,943,969]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref91084" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1929) Die Bryozoen des sibirischen Eismeers. Raboty Murmanskoy Biologicheskoy Stantsii, 3, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1929">Kluge 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FB7CACCE1DA4FC59" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[1176,1235,943,969]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 584" refId="ref91342" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1962) Bryozoa of the northern Seas of the USSR. Identification Keys on the Fauna of the USSR, 76, 1 - 584. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1962">1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FB3AACCF1C6EFC59" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[1246,1305,942,969]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref91415" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1975) Bryozoa of the Northern Seas of the USSR. Amerind Publishing, New Delhi, 711 pp." type="book" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Denisenko 2021), Laptev Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FE9DACB21B73FC7D" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[377,516,979,1005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref91084" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1929) Die Bryozoen des sibirischen Eismeers. Raboty Murmanskoy Biologicheskoy Stantsii, 3, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1929">Kluge 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FDF5ACB21B3BFC7D" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[529,588,979,1005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 584" refId="ref91342" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1962) Bryozoa of the northern Seas of the USSR. Identification Keys on the Fauna of the USSR, 76, 1 - 584. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1962">1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FDBEACB31BE2FC7D" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[602,661,978,1005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref91415" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1975) Bryozoa of the Northern Seas of the USSR. Amerind Publishing, New Delhi, 711 pp." type="book" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FD47ACB21A42FC7D" author="Gontar, V. I." box="[675,821,979,1005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="130 - 138" refId="ref88325" refString="Gontar, V. I. (1990) Bryozoa of the Laptev Sea and New Siberian shoals. Explorations of the Fauna of the Seas, 37, 130 - 138. [in Russian with English summary]" type="journal article" year="1990">Gontar 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FCA6ACB21A09FC7E" author="Gontar, V. I." box="[834,894,979,1006]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="45 - 47" refId="ref88594" refString="Gontar, V. I. (1996) Bryozoa collected by the ' Polarstern' expedition in 1991 and 1993. Zoosystematica Rossica, 4, 45 - 47." type="journal article" year="1996">1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), East-Siberian Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FB89ACB21D8FFC7D" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[1133,1272,979,1005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 584" refId="ref91342" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1962) Bryozoa of the northern Seas of the USSR. Identification Keys on the Fauna of the USSR, 76, 1 - 584. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1962">Kluge 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FAE1ACB31C37FC7D" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[1285,1344,978,1005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref91415" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1975) Bryozoa of the Northern Seas of the USSR. Amerind Publishing, New Delhi, 711 pp." type="book" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FAAAACB219A8FB81" author="Gontar, V. I." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="144 - 147" refId="ref88494" refString="Gontar, V. I. (1994 a) Distribution and ecology of Bryozoa in the coastal waters of the Chuan Bay of the East Siberian Sea. Explorations of the Fauna of the Seas, 47, 144 - 147. [in Russian with English summary]" type="journal article" year="1994">Gontar 1994a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FF0FAC9618D1FB81" author="Denisenko, N. V." box="[235,422,1015,1041]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref87374" refString="Denisenko, N. V. (2011) Bryozoans of the East Siberian Sea: History of research and current knowledge of diversity. In: Wyse Jackson, P. N. & Spencer Jones, M. E. (Eds.), Annals of Bryozoology 3: Aspects of the History of Research on Bryozoans. International Bryozoology Association, Dublin, pp. 1 - 15." type="book chapter" year="2011">Denisenko 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Chukchi Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FDBEAC961B94FB81" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[602,739,1015,1041]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 584" refId="ref91342" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1962) Bryozoa of the northern Seas of the USSR. Identification Keys on the Fauna of the USSR, 76, 1 - 584. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1962">Kluge 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FD0BAC971A5DFB81" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[751,810,1014,1041]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref91415" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1975) Bryozoa of the Northern Seas of the USSR. Amerind Publishing, New Delhi, 711 pp." type="book" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Denisenko 2008;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FC1AAC961DE7FB81" author="Gontar, V. I." box="[1022,1168,1015,1041]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="139 - 155" refId="ref88624" refString="Gontar, V. I. (2010) Benthic fauna of the Bryozoa in Chukchi Sea. Vestnik Ecologii, Lesovedeniya i Landschaftovedeniya, 10, 139 - 155. [in Russian with English summary]" type="journal article" year="2010">Gontar 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Point Barrow, Alaska, Beaufort Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FED0AB7A1882FBA5" author="MacGinitie, G. E." box="[308,501,1050,1077]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 201" refId="ref92729" refString="MacGinitie, G. E. (1955) Distribution and ecology of the marine invertebrates of Point Barrow, Alaska. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 128, 1 - 201." type="journal article" year="1955">MacGinitie 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Canadian Arctic Archipelago (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FCB3AB7A1D66FBA5" author="Nordgaard, O." box="[855,1041,1051,1077]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 44" refId="ref92941" refString="Nordgaard, O. (1906) Bryozoa from the second ' Fram' Expedition 1898 - 1902. Reports of the second Norwegian Arctic Expedition of the ' Fram' 1898 - 1902. Videnskabs Selskabet i Kristiania, 8, 1 - 44." type="journal article" year="1906">Nordgaard 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FBFFAB7A1DD9FBA6" author="Osburn, R. C." box="[1051,1198,1051,1078]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="538 - 543" refId="ref93790" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1936) Bryozoa collected in the American Arctic by Captain R. A. Bartlet. Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, 26, 538 - 543." type="journal article" year="1936">Osburn 1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Baffin Bay (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FAA2AB7A19A4FBCA" author="Hansen, B. K." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="3 - 74" refId="ref90231" refString="Hansen, B. K. (1962) Bryozoa. The Gotthaab Expedition 1928. Meddelelser om GrOnland, 81, 3 - 74." type="journal article" year="1962">Hansen 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Davis Strait (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FE9AAB5E1B6FFBC9" author="Hansen, B. K." box="[382,536,1087,1113]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="3 - 74" refId="ref90231" refString="Hansen, B. K. (1962) Bryozoa. The Gotthaab Expedition 1928. Meddelelser om GrOnland, 81, 3 - 74." type="journal article" year="1962">Hansen 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FDC1AB5E1BDAFBC9" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[549,685,1087,1113]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 584" refId="ref91342" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1962) Bryozoa of the northern Seas of the USSR. Identification Keys on the Fauna of the USSR, 76, 1 - 584. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1962">Kluge 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FD5DAB5F1B83FBC9" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[697,756,1086,1113]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref91415" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1975) Bryozoa of the Northern Seas of the USSR. Amerind Publishing, New Delhi, 711 pp." type="book" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Labrador (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FC65AB5E1DC4FBC9" author="Gontar, V. I. & Denisenko, N. V." box="[897,1203,1087,1113]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="341 - 371" refId="ref88701" refString="Gontar, V. I. & Denisenko, N. V. (1989) Arctic Ocean Bryozoa. In: Herman, Y. (Ed.), The Arctic Seas. Climatology, Oceanography, Geology, and Biology. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, USA, pp. 341 - 371. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4613 - 0677 - 1 _ 14" type="book chapter" year="1989">Gontar & Denisenko 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337D2F20B3D3337FACCAB5E1CEAFBC9" box="[1320,1437,1087,1113]" name="Greenland" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Greenland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Henning 1896;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FEB7AB021885FBED" author="Norman, A. M." box="[339,498,1123,1149]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="90 - 93" refId="ref93300" refString="Norman, A. M. (1906) Greenlandic Polyzoa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 17, 90 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930608562494" type="journal article" year="1906">Norman 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FDE4AB021BE0FBED" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[512,663,1123,1149]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="546 - 554" refId="ref90946" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1908 b) Zur Kenntnis der Bryozoen von West-Gronland. Annual Reports of the Zoological Museum of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, 12, 546 - 554." type="journal article" year="1908">Kluge 1908b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FD40AB021A38FBED" author="Levinsen, G. M. R." box="[676,847,1123,1149]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="545 - 634" refId="ref92231" refString="Levinsen, G. M. R. (1914) Conspectus Faunae Groenlandicae. Bryozoa, Endoprocta, Pterobranchia og Enteropneusta. Meddelelser om GrOnland, 23, 545 - 634." type="journal article" year="1914">Levinsen 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FCB9AB021A84FBED" author="Osburn, R. C." box="[861,1011,1123,1149]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="603 - 624" refId="ref93627" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1919) Bryozoa of the Crocker Land Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 41, 603 - 624." type="journal article" year="1919">Osburn 1919</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FBE5AB021C4FFBED" author="Denisenko, N. V. & Blicher, M. E." box="[1025,1336,1123,1149]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="73" refId="ref87545" refString="Denisenko, N. V. & Blicher, M. E. (2021) Bryozoan diversity, biogeographic patterns and distribution in Greenland waters. Marine Biodiversity, 51, 73. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 021 - 01213 - 9" type="journal article" year="2021">Denisenko & Blicher 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337D2F20B3D3337FF73ABE6187BFB31" box="[151,268,1159,1185]" name="Greenland" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Greenland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FEFFABE618A0FB31" author="Andersson, K. A." box="[283,471,1159,1185]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="537 - 560" refId="ref86065" refString="Andersson, K. A. (1902) Bryozoen, wahrend der schwedischen Expeditionen 1898 und 1899 unter Leitung von Professor A. G. Nathorst und 1900 unter Leitung von Conservator G. Kolthoff gesammelt. Zoologischer Jahrbucher, Abtheilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere, 15, 537 - 560." type="journal article" year="1902">Andersson 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FE07ABE61BFBFB31" author="Levinsen, G. M. R." box="[483,652,1159,1185]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="432 - 472" refId="ref92264" refString="Levinsen, G. M. R. (1916) Danmark-Ekspeditionen til Gronlands Nordostkyst 1906 - 1908. Bryozoa. Meddelelser om GrOnland, 43, 432 - 472." type="journal article" year="1916">Levinsen 1916</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FD7CABE61ACBFB31" author="Kuklinski, P. & Bader, B." box="[664,956,1159,1185]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="709 - 717" refId="ref91832" refString="Kuklinski, P. & Bader, B. (2007 a) Diversity, structure and interactions of encrusting lithophyllic macrofaunal assemblages from Belgica Bank, East Greenland. Polar Biology, 30, 709 - 717. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 006 - 0228 - 0" type="journal article" year="2007">Kuklinski & Bader 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FC2CABE61D65FB32" author="Kuklinski, P. & Bader, B." box="[968,1042,1159,1186]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="835 - 843" refId="ref91888" refString="Kuklinski, P. & Bader, B. (2007 b) Comparison of bryozoan assemblages from two contrasting Arctic shelf regions. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 73, 835 - 843. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ecss. 2007.03.024" type="journal article" year="2007">2007b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337D2F20B3D3337FBC2ABE61D9BFB31" box="[1062,1260,1159,1185]" name="Jan Mayen Island" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Jan Mayen Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FB1FABE61CE7FB32" author="Lorenz, L. von" box="[1275,1424,1159,1186]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="83 - 100" refId="ref92348" refString="Lorenz, L. von (1886) Bryozoen von Jan Mayen. Die Internationale Polarforschung 1882 - 1883. Die Osterreichische Polarstation von Jan Mayen, 3, 83 - 100." type="journal article" year="1886">Lorenz 1886</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Spitsbergen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FECFABCA1B77FB55" author="Gontar, V. I. & Hop, H. & Voronkov, A. Yu." box="[299,512,1195,1221]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="187 - 204" refId="ref88781" refString="Gontar, V. I., Hop, H. & Voronkov, A. Yu. (2001) Diversity and distribution of Bryozoa in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Polish Polar Research, 22, 187 - 204." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Gontar
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3D3337FE67ABCA18C2FB55" box="[387,437,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FDE9ABCA1BBCFB55" author="Kuklinski, P." box="[525,715,1195,1221]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="175 - 182" refId="ref91689" refString="Kuklinski, P. (2002 a) Bryozoa of the high Arctic fjord - a preliminary study. In: Wyse Jackson, P. N., Buttler, C. J. & Spencer Jones, M. E. (Eds.), Bryozoan Studies 2001: Proceedings of the 12 th International Bryozoology Association Conference. Balkema, Lisse, pp. 175 - 182." type="book chapter" year="2002">Kuklinski 2002a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FD33ABCA1A57FB55" author="Kuklinski, P." box="[727,800,1195,1221]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="193 - 206" refId="ref91761" refString="Kuklinski, P. (2002 b) Fauna of Bryozoa from Kongsfjorden, West Spitsbergen. Polish Polar Research, 23, 193 - 206." type="journal article" year="2002">2002b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2009;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FC91ABCA1DE9FB55" author="Kuklinski, P. & Bader, B." box="[885,1182,1195,1221]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="835 - 843" refId="ref91888" refString="Kuklinski, P. & Bader, B. (2007 b) Comparison of bryozoan assemblages from two contrasting Arctic shelf regions. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 73, 835 - 843. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ecss. 2007.03.024" type="journal article" year="2007">Kuklinski & Bader 2007b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FB48ABCA19A4FB79" author="Denisenko, N. V. & Blicher, M. E." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="73" refId="ref87545" refString="Denisenko, N. V. & Blicher, M. E. (2021) Bryozoan diversity, biogeographic patterns and distribution in Greenland waters. Marine Biodiversity, 51, 73. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 021 - 01213 - 9" type="journal article" year="2021">Denisenko & Blicher 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Franz-Jozef Land (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FE59ABAE1B0CFB79" author="Denisenko, N. V." box="[445,635,1231,1257]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref87292" refString="Denisenko, N. V. (1990) Distribution and ecology of Bryozoa of the Barents Sea. Kolsky Scientific Center of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Appatity, USSR, 156 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1990">Denisenko 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Lofoten Islands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FCABABAE1D7BFB79" author="Nordgaard, O." box="[847,1036,1231,1257]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 99" refId="ref93104" refString="Nordgaard, O. (1918) Bryozoa from the Arctic regions. TromsO Museums Aarshefter, 40, 1 - 99." type="journal article" year="1918">Nordgaard 1918</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337D2F20B3D3337FB5DABAE1C64FB79" box="[1209,1299,1231,1257]" name="Norway" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FAC7ABAE19A4FA9D" author="Nordgaard, O." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="164 - 174" refId="ref92912" refString="Nordgaard, O. (1905) Bryozoa or Polyzoa. Hydrographical and Biological Investigations in Norwegian Fiords. Bergens Museums Meereskrifter, 2, 164 - 174." type="journal article" year="1905">Nordgaard 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the northwestern Atlantic,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B3D3337FDDAAB921BDBFA9D" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[574,684,1267,1293]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3D3337FDDAAB921B38FA9C" box="[574,591,1267,1292]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3D3337FD84AB921BDBFA9D" box="[608,684,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">scabra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
extends along the east coast of North America from the Gulf of St Lawrence to the Gulf of Maine (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FDD6AA761B87FAA1" author="Whiteaves, J." box="[562,752,1303,1329]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref96322" refString="Whiteaves, J. (1901) Catalogue of the Marine Invertebrates of Eastern Canada. Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, 271 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.4095 / 216086" type="book" year="1901">Whiteaves 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the northwestern Pacific, it has been reported from the Bering Sea in Provideniya Bay, Kamchatskiy Gulf, Kronotsky Gulf and Avacha Gulf (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FB84AA5A1D9EFAC5" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[1120,1257,1339,1365]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="118 - 143" refId="ref91300" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1961) Species list of Bryozoa of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR. Explorations of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR, 7, 118 - 143. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1961">Kluge 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FB11AA5A1CE0FAC5" author="Kubanin, A. A." box="[1269,1431,1339,1365]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="119 - 125" refId="ref91614" refString="Kubanin, A. A. (1997) Phylum Tentaculata, subphylum Bryozoa. In: Kussakin, O. G., Ivanova, M. B. & Tsurpalo, A. P. (Eds.), A check-list of Animals, Plants and Fungi from the Intertidal Zone of Far Eastern Seas of Russia. Dalnauka, Vladivostok, pp. 119 - 125. [in Russian]" type="book chapter" year="1997">Kubanin 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Grischenko 2002;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FE89AA3E1B76FAE9" author="Gontar, V. I." box="[365,513,1375,1401]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="30 - 33" refId="ref88662" refString="Gontar, V. I. (2013) Bryozoa of the Providence Bay of the Bering Sea. GISAP: Biology, Veterinary Medicine and Agricultural Science, 2, 30 - 33. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="2013">Gontar 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; our data), Commander Islands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FC65AA3E1D7BFAE9" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[897,1036,1375,1401]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="118 - 143" refId="ref91300" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1961) Species list of Bryozoa of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR. Explorations of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR, 7, 118 - 143. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1961">Kluge 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FBF8AA3E1D94FAE9" author="Grischenko, A. V." box="[1052,1251,1375,1401]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="153 - 192" refId="ref89452" refString="Grischenko, A. V. (1997) Bryozoans (Ctenostomida, Cheilostomida) of the shelf zone of the Commander Islands. In: Rzhavsky, A. V. (Ed.), Benthic Flora and Fauna of the Shelf Zone of the Commander Islands. Dalnauka, Vladivostok, pp. 153 - 192. [in Russian with English summary]" type="book chapter" year="1997">Grischenko 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2002;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FAD8AA3E19A4FA0D" author="Kubanin, A. A." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="119 - 125" refId="ref91614" refString="Kubanin, A. A. (1997) Phylum Tentaculata, subphylum Bryozoa. In: Kussakin, O. G., Ivanova, M. B. & Tsurpalo, A. P. (Eds.), A check-list of Animals, Plants and Fungi from the Intertidal Zone of Far Eastern Seas of Russia. Dalnauka, Vladivostok, pp. 119 - 125. [in Russian]" type="book chapter" year="1997">Kubanin 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); Sea of Okhotsk, including western Kamchatka shelf and slope (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FC59AAE21DB1FA0D" author="Grischenko, A. V. & Gordon, D. P. & Taylor, P. D." box="[957,1222,1411,1437]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="105 - 117" refId="ref89981" refString="Grischenko, A. V., Gordon, D. P. & Taylor, P. D. (1999) A unique new genus of cheilostomate bryozoan with reversed-polarity zooidal budding. Asian Marine Biology, 15, 105 - 117." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Grischenko
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3D3337FBACAAE21D0CFA0D" box="[1096,1147,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FB37AAE21CE0FA0D" author="Grischenko, A. V." box="[1235,1431,1410,1437]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="37 - 42" refId="ref89915" refString="Grischenko, A. V. (2015) To the cheilostome bryozoan fauna from the continental slope of western Kamchatka. In: Tokranov, A. M. (Ed.), Conservation of Biodiversity of Kamchatka and Coastal Waters: Materials of 16 th International Scientific Conference. Kamchatpress, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, pp. 37 - 42. [in Russian]" type="book chapter" year="2015">Grischenko 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FF73AAC61884FA51" author="Grischenko, A. V. & Mawatari, S. F." box="[151,499,1447,1473]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="125 - 130" refId="ref90026" refString="Grischenko, A. V. & Mawatari, S. F. (2002) Kubaninella: a new genus of Adeonidae (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the western Kamchatka shelf of the Sea of Okhotsk. In: Wyse Jackson, P. N., Buttler, C. J. & Spencer Jones, M. E. (Eds.), Bryozoan Studies 2001: Proceedings of the 12 th International Bryozoology Association Conference. Balkema, Lisse, pp. 125 - 130." type="book chapter" year="2002">Grischenko & Mawatari 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; our data), eastern coastal waters of southern Sakhalin Island (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FB2CAAC61CE0FA51" author="Kluge, G. A. & Androsova, E. I. & Gostilovskaya, M. G." box="[1224,1431,1446,1473]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="173 - 256" refId="ref91442" refString="Kluge, G. A., Androsova, E. I. & Gostilovskaya, M. G. (1959) Class Bryozoa. The list of marine fauna of the southern Sakhalin and southern Kuril Islands. Explorations of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR, 6, 173 - 256. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1959">
|
||
Kluge
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3D3337FAFCAAC61C3BFA51" box="[1304,1356,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1959
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FF73AAAA1848FA75" author="Kubanin, A. A." box="[151,319,1483,1509]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="119 - 125" refId="ref91614" refString="Kubanin, A. A. (1997) Phylum Tentaculata, subphylum Bryozoa. In: Kussakin, O. G., Ivanova, M. B. & Tsurpalo, A. P. (Eds.), A check-list of Animals, Plants and Fungi from the Intertidal Zone of Far Eastern Seas of Russia. Dalnauka, Vladivostok, pp. 119 - 125. [in Russian]" type="book chapter" year="1997">Kubanin 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Shantar Archipelago (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FDB0AAAA1B97FA75" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[596,736,1483,1509]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="118 - 143" refId="ref91300" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1961) Species list of Bryozoa of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR. Explorations of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR, 7, 118 - 143. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1961">Kluge 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FD14AAAA1AEFFA75" author="Kubanin, A. A." box="[752,920,1483,1509]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="119 - 125" refId="ref91614" refString="Kubanin, A. A. (1997) Phylum Tentaculata, subphylum Bryozoa. In: Kussakin, O. G., Ivanova, M. B. & Tsurpalo, A. P. (Eds.), A check-list of Animals, Plants and Fungi from the Intertidal Zone of Far Eastern Seas of Russia. Dalnauka, Vladivostok, pp. 119 - 125. [in Russian]" type="book chapter" year="1997">Kubanin 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), along Kuril Islands, including Paramushir, Makanrushi, Onekotan, Raschua, Simushir, Urup, Kunashir, Shikotan (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FC35AA8E1D29F999" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[977,1118,1519,1545]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="118 - 143" refId="ref91300" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1961) Species list of Bryozoa of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR. Explorations of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR, 7, 118 - 143. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1961">Kluge 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FB8AAA8E1C75F999" author="Gontar, V. I." box="[1134,1282,1519,1545]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref88216" refString="Gontar, V. I. (1980) Bryozoan Fauna of the Order Cheilostomata of the Kuril Islands Coastal Waters. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Zoological Institute, Leningrad, USSR, 226 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1980">Gontar 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FAF6AA8E1C2BF99A" author="Gontar, V. I." box="[1298,1372,1519,1546]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="200 - 203" refId="ref88450" refString="Gontar, V. I. (1993 b) Phylum Bryozoa. List of invertebrate species of the continental slope of the Kuril Islands. Exploration of the Fauna of the Seas, 46, 200 - 203. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1993">1993b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and South Kuril Strait (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FE97A9721B37F9BD" author="Kluge, G. A. & Androsova, E. I. & Gostilovskaya, M. G." box="[371,576,1554,1581]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="173 - 256" refId="ref91442" refString="Kluge, G. A., Androsova, E. I. & Gostilovskaya, M. G. (1959) Class Bryozoa. The list of marine fauna of the southern Sakhalin and southern Kuril Islands. Explorations of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR, 6, 173 - 256. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1959">
|
||
Kluge
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3D3337FE26A9721882F9BD" box="[450,501,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1959
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FDAAA9721B96F9BD" author="Gontar, V. I." box="[590,737,1555,1581]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref88216" refString="Gontar, V. I. (1980) Bryozoan Fauna of the Order Cheilostomata of the Kuril Islands Coastal Waters. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Zoological Institute, Leningrad, USSR, 226 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1980">Gontar 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); Sea of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337D2F20B3D3337FCADA9721AFBF9BD" box="[841,908,1555,1581]" name="Japan" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, along the western shore of southern Sakhalin Island (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FF0EA95618DEF9C1" author="Androsova, E. I." box="[234,425,1590,1617]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="90 - 204" refId="ref86122" refString="Androsova, E. I. (1958) Bryozoa of the order Cheilostomata of the northern part of the Sea of Japan. Explorations of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR, 5, 90 - 204. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1958">Androsova 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FE51A9561B4BF9C1" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[437,572,1591,1617]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="118 - 143" refId="ref91300" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1961) Species list of Bryozoa of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR. Explorations of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR, 7, 118 - 143. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1961">Kluge 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FDACA9561A67F9C1" author="Kluge, G. A. & Androsova, E. I. & Gostilovskaya, M. G." box="[584,784,1590,1617]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="173 - 256" refId="ref91442" refString="Kluge, G. A., Androsova, E. I. & Gostilovskaya, M. G. (1959) Class Bryozoa. The list of marine fauna of the southern Sakhalin and southern Kuril Islands. Explorations of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR, 6, 173 - 256. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1959">
|
||
Kluge
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B3D3337FD70A9561BB2F9C1" box="[660,709,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1959
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Primorye (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FC7EA9561D54F9C1" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[922,1059,1591,1617]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="118 - 143" refId="ref91300" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1961) Species list of Bryozoa of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR. Explorations of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR, 7, 118 - 143. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1961">Kluge 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FBCAA9561DA2F9C1" author="Tarasova, N. A." box="[1070,1237,1591,1617]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref95661" refString="Tarasova, N. A. (1983) Fauna of bryozoans of the northeastern Sea of Japan. Unpublished Diploma Thesis, Far East State University, Vladivostok, USSR, 48 pp. [In Russian]" type="book" year="1983">Tarasova 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Moneron Island (our data),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E45C800B3D3337FEF1A93A18F4F9E5" box="[277,387,1627,1653]" country="Japan" name="Hokkaido" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Hokkaido</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FE70A93A1BA3F9E5" author="Mawatari, S. F. & Mawatari, S." box="[404,724,1627,1653]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="41 - 58" refId="ref92687" refString="Mawatari, S. F. & Mawatari, S. (1981) A preliminary list of cheilostomatous bryozoans collected along the coast of Hokkaido. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology, 21, 41 - 58." type="journal article" year="1981">Mawatari & Mawatari 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Sangar Strait (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B3D3337FC5CA93A1DC5F9E5" author="Canu, F. & Bassler, R. S." box="[952,1202,1627,1653]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 685" refId="ref87143" refString="Canu, F. & Bassler, R. S. (1929) Bryozoa of the Philippine Region. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 100, 1 - 685." type="journal article" year="1929">Canu & Bassler 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We stress here that existing uncertainties in some records mentioned above as well as overlaps of distribution areas of similar species should be considered during future research.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |