247 lines
33 KiB
XML
247 lines
33 KiB
XML
<document id="85C026E579016D6E411D114DFFB699F5" ID-DOI="10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.04.019" ID-ISSN="1873-3700" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10483014" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.treatments_approvedBy="valdenar" checkinTime="1704933681955" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Gadea, Alice, Charrier, Maryvonne, Fanuel, Mathieu, Clerc, Philippe, Daugan, Corentin, Sauvager, Aurélie, Rogniaux, Hélène, Boustie, Joël, Lamer, Anne-Cécile Le & Devehat, Françoise Lohézic - Le" docDate="2019" docId="03EC9B2A5101BB43FF841702FA98FBF7" docLanguage="en" docName="Phytochemistry.164.86-93.pdf" docOrigin="Phytochemistry 164" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.04.019" docStyle="DocumentStyle:9E596C34F4E94307D29315B03ACE1007.6:Phytochemistry.2014-2019.journal_article" docStyleId="9E596C34F4E94307D29315B03ACE1007" docStyleName="Phytochemistry.2014-2019.journal_article" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Usnea taylorii" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="88" masterDocId="FFD5E3525100BB41FFE01164FFCFFFA6" masterDocTitle="Overcoming deterrent metabolites by gaining essential nutrients: A lichen / snail case study" masterLastPageNumber="93" masterPageNumber="86" pageNumber="87" updateTime="1706537826008" updateUser="valdenar">
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<mods:title id="403B3B8B5B877711E19F91A6272390B1">Overcoming deterrent metabolites by gaining essential nutrients: A lichen / snail case study</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C03BE9765EDD23479C7007212ECE4D2E">Gadea, Alice</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="40CDE0460CBC7240D0BF9D76701C33D0">∗, & Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F- 35000 Rennes, France & Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, évolution), UMR 6553, F- 35000 Rennes, France</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9474F8B9EAA58DEC92884A6966726951">Charrier, Maryvonne</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6EC64128B372157DF7D84CAB6C6ACBE5">Fanuel, Mathieu</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2949D9D3FE3A2E02AF1620EA9F4402B2">Clerc, Philippe</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A22B53B9E7845BFCF02F5B2659BFF325">Daugan, Corentin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="ECEDA5012AFD938D4DE43F32EF76624D">Sauvager, Aurélie</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A00DF657A23849B0F411C2371D35A720">Rogniaux, Hélène</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3FB0C953A8610666D2F97535AE57EDDB">Boustie, Joël</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="445A0C6BEF9B06E250C7985DC40DE715">Devehat, Françoise Lohézic - Le</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="ABEA73B4769EEB9321CC324EDE44682A">Phytochemistry</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="8B0EEC47754B58AD488FAAC82C7DC417">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="A56506BE22E8C413616383C944D705F3">2019-08-31</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="C90F080A19CF221A00B690E1CA25B5F0">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.04.019</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="9A3BDFD3B4C9D2093FCD58904C5052F0">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="504624DE2823605B4ED2B8319ABB6228" type="DOI">10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.04.019</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="EA50DC1BE1B267843FE255107974B61B" type="ISSN">1873-3700</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03EC9B2A5101BB43FF841702FA98FBF7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EC9B2A5101BB43FF841702FA98FBF7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EC9B2A5101BB43FF841702FA98FBF7" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">
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<emphasis id="B931F62E5101BB40FF841702FD0EF9DF" bold="true" box="[100,705,1638,1657]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">
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2.1. Morphological and chemical characterisation of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4551BF5101BB40FDA31702FD0EF9DF" ID-CoL="7F2SJ" authority="Hook. f. & Taylor" box="[579,705,1638,1657]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Usnea" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="1" pageNumber="87" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="taylorii">Usnea taylorii</taxonomicName>
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<subSubSection id="C35F79B75101BB43FF8417FAFA98FBF7" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="1" pageNumber="87" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BFA2A3C5101BB40FF8417FAFDDCF917" blockId="1.[100,531,1694,1713]" box="[100,531,1694,1713]" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">
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<heading id="D0B29D505101BB40FF8417FAFDDCF917" bold="true" box="[100,531,1694,1713]" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="87" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B931F62E5101BB40FF8417FAFDDCF917" bold="true" box="[100,531,1694,1713]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">
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2.1.1. Description of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4551BF5101BB40FEC717FAFE6BF917" box="[295,420,1694,1713]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Usnea" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="1" pageNumber="87" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="taylorii">Usnea taylorii</taxonomicName>
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morphology
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFA2A3C5101BB40FF6517DDFCCDF86E" blockId="1.[100,770,1721,1992]" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">
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Microscopic analysis of the fruticose lichen
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C4551BF5101BB40FDC917DDFD68F96A" box="[553,679,1721,1740]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Usnea" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="1" pageNumber="87" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="taylorii">
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<emphasis id="B931F62E5101BB40FDC917DDFD68F96A" bold="true" box="[553,679,1721,1740]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">Usnea taylorii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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reveals a specific morphology that deserves a detailed description to better understand the location of metabolites (
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<figureCitation id="137E36B95101BB40FE231795FDD6F8A2" box="[451,537,1777,1796]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[818,848,644,661]" captionTargetBox="[843,1463,154,621]" captionTargetId="figure-936@1.[841,1464,152,622]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Morphological description of U. taylorii. (a) U. taylorii entire thalli. Insets correspond to the magnification used in (b) for the apothecia and in (c) for the branch. (b) Apothecium in cross section; (c) branches in cross and longitudinal sections. AL = algal layer; AS = axial strands; C = cortical layer and E = epithecium, HM = hymenium containing asci and spores; HP = hypothecium; LM = lax medulla; UA = underside of the apothecium. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10483016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10483016/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">Fig. 1a; a</figureCitation>
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complete morphological description of the lichen is available in Text S1). Apothecia (the reproductive parts of the lichen) are located at the apex of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C4551BF5101BB40FD2B164DFCCEF89A" box="[715,769,1833,1852]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Usnea" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="1" pageNumber="87" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B931F62E5101BB40FD2B164DFCCEF89A" bold="true" box="[715,769,1833,1852]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">Usnea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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branches and are characterised by their large diameter (
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<quantity id="4CBD87D95101BB40FD991621FD1DF8FE" box="[633,722,1861,1880]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="17.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="87" unit="mm" value="9.5" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="2.0">2–17 mm</quantity>
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) and their jet-black pigmented disc. In cross-section, underneath the black epithecium, asci containing spores are present in the hymenium, covering the algal layer (
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<figureCitation id="137E36B95101BB40FECF16FDFEBDF80A" box="[303,370,1945,1964]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[818,848,644,661]" captionTargetBox="[843,1463,154,621]" captionTargetId="figure-936@1.[841,1464,152,622]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Morphological description of U. taylorii. (a) U. taylorii entire thalli. Insets correspond to the magnification used in (b) for the apothecia and in (c) for the branch. (b) Apothecium in cross section; (c) branches in cross and longitudinal sections. AL = algal layer; AS = axial strands; C = cortical layer and E = epithecium, HM = hymenium containing asci and spores; HP = hypothecium; LM = lax medulla; UA = underside of the apothecium. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10483016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10483016/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">Fig. 1b</figureCitation>
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). The thallus in cross-section shows a very thin cortex, protecting a discontinuous algal layer. The central axis of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4551BF5101BB40FD0D16D1FCCDF86E" box="[749,770,1973,1992]" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">
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<emphasis id="B931F62E5101BB40FD0D16D1FCCDF86E" bold="true" box="[749,770,1973,1992]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">U.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFA2A3C5101BB40FCD21212FB0FFC67" blockId="1.[818,1487,886,961]" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">
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<emphasis id="B931F62E5101BB40FCD21212FCBDFC2F" bold="true" box="[818,882,886,905]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">taylorii</emphasis>
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is divided into several smaller axial strands by the protruding medullae, which are surrounded by some algae. Between these axial strands, lax medulla is observed (
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<figureCitation id="137E36B95101BB40FB9112CAFB7CFC67" box="[1137,1203,942,961]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[818,848,644,661]" captionTargetBox="[843,1463,154,621]" captionTargetId="figure-936@1.[841,1464,152,622]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Morphological description of U. taylorii. (a) U. taylorii entire thalli. Insets correspond to the magnification used in (b) for the apothecia and in (c) for the branch. (b) Apothecium in cross section; (c) branches in cross and longitudinal sections. AL = algal layer; AS = axial strands; C = cortical layer and E = epithecium, HM = hymenium containing asci and spores; HP = hypothecium; LM = lax medulla; UA = underside of the apothecium. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10483016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10483016/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">Fig. 1c</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFA2A3C5101BB40FCD2128EFB39FC5B" blockId="1.[818,1270,1002,1021]" box="[818,1270,1002,1021]" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">
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<emphasis id="B931F62E5101BB40FCD2128EFB39FC5B" bold="true" box="[818,1270,1002,1021]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">
|
||
2.1.2. Chemical characterisation of
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C4551BF5101BB40FB98128EFB39FC5B" box="[1144,1270,1002,1021]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Usnea" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="1" pageNumber="87" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="taylorii">Usnea taylorii</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
|
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFA2A3C5101BB40FCB31562FC56FAEA" blockId="1.[818,1488,1030,1579]" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">
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The extraction yields with acetone ranged between 0.5 and 1.0% of specialised metabolites for the six replicates of dried lichen materials with a mean value of 0.8 ± 0.2%. Preliminary experiments showed that more than 95% of the specialised compounds were extracted from the lichen
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C4551BF5101BB40FC761512FC3DFB2F" box="[918,1010,1142,1161]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Usnea" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="1" pageNumber="87" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="taylorii">
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<emphasis id="B931F62E5101BB40FC761512FC3DFB2F" bold="true" box="[918,1010,1142,1161]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">U. taylorii</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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by rinsing intact air-dried thalli in acetone. Thalli had only one or two main specialised metabolites. The concentration of usnic acid ranged from
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g
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<superScript id="7C3087745101BB40FB7915CEFB7DFB10" attach="left" box="[1177,1202,1193,1206]" fontSize="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">−1</superScript>
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dry mass (
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) of lichen, with a mean value ± s.d. of 4.1 ±
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g
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<collectionCode id="ED54B2F95101BB40FB0515AEFAC9FB7B" box="[1253,1286,1226,1245]" country="New Zealand" name="Dominion Museum" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">DM</collectionCode>
|
||
(n = 6). Sugar and polyol profiling was also performed. A low diversity was observed, with only four metabolites quantified. Arabitol was the most important polyol, reaching 138.4 ±
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD87D95101BB40FBCE1479FBB6FA96" box="[1070,1145,1309,1328]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.58" pageId="1" pageNumber="87" unit="mg" value="25.8">25.8 mg</quantity>
|
||
g
|
||
<superScript id="7C3087745101BB40FB69147DFB6DFA80" attach="left" box="[1161,1186,1305,1318]" fontSize="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">−1</superScript>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED54B2F95101BB40FB491479FB05FA96" box="[1193,1226,1309,1328]" country="New Zealand" name="Dominion Museum" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">DM</collectionCode>
|
||
(mean value ± s.d.,
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C71F875101BB40FA7B1479FC86FAEA" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[100,150,1656,1673]" captionTargetBox="[116,754,1721,1917]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 1 Results of various parameters of validation studies for usnic acid quantification." pageId="1" pageNumber="87">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E36B95101BB40FCB6145DFC43FAEA" box="[854,908,1337,1356]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[818,848,1914,1931]" captionTargetBox="[849,1455,1611,1891]" captionTargetId="figure-1040@1.[848,1456,1609,1892]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 2. Chemical structures of the two main metabolites of Usnea taylorii: the specialised metabolite (+)-usnic acid and the primary metabolite (polyol) Darabitol." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10483018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10483018/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA2A3C5101BB43FCB31431FEA8FC0F" blockId="1.[818,1488,1030,1579]" lastBlockId="2.[100,770,890,1188]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">
|
||
Preliminary LDI-MS analysis of an acetone extract of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4551BF5101BB40FAB21431FA00FACE" box="[1362,1487,1365,1384]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Usnea" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="1" pageNumber="87" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="taylorii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931F62E5101BB40FAB21431FA00FACE" bold="true" box="[1362,1487,1365,1384]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">Usnea taylorii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
confirmed that the (+)-usnic acid was the only specialised metabolite detected through its deprotonated molecule (
|
||
<emphasis id="B931F62E5101BB40FB0E14E9FADCFA06" bold="true" box="[1262,1299,1421,1440]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
343) along with a fragment ion at
|
||
<emphasis id="B931F62E5101BB40FC3314CDFC37FA1A" bold="true" box="[979,1016,1449,1468]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
329 ([M-Me]
|
||
<superScript id="7C3087745101BB40FB9F14C0FB4BFA17" attach="right" box="[1151,1156,1444,1457]" fontSize="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">-</superScript>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E36B95101BB40FB7D14CDFB2EFA1A" box="[1181,1249,1449,1468]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[818,848,644,661]" captionTargetBox="[843,1463,154,621]" captionTargetId="figure-936@1.[841,1464,152,622]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Morphological description of U. taylorii. (a) U. taylorii entire thalli. Insets correspond to the magnification used in (b) for the apothecia and in (c) for the branch. (b) Apothecium in cross section; (c) branches in cross and longitudinal sections. AL = algal layer; AS = axial strands; C = cortical layer and E = epithecium, HM = hymenium containing asci and spores; HP = hypothecium; LM = lax medulla; UA = underside of the apothecium. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10483016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10483016/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">Fig. S1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Usnic acid was consequently imaged through the
|
||
<emphasis id="B931F62E5101BB40FBA314A1FBA7FA7E" bold="true" box="[1091,1128,1477,1496]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
343 ion. D-arabitol, the major polyol quantified by GC, was also imaged by mass spectrometry. However, because D-arabitol does not absorb at the wavelength of the laser used for LDI-MSI, a MALDI matrix solution was sprayed on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4551BF5101BB40FADA177CFA59F98D" box="[1338,1430,1560,1579]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Usnea" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="1" pageNumber="87" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="taylorii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931F62E5101BB40FADA177CFA59F98D" bold="true" box="[1338,1430,1560,1579]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">U. taylorii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
slices and images were obtained using MALDI-MSI (through its sodium adduct observed at
|
||
<emphasis id="B931F62E5102BB43FEE912F2FEE1FC0F" bold="true" box="[265,302,918,937]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
175).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3A7AB45101BB40FCD2161EFCB5F818" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10483018" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10483018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10483018/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="87" startId="1.[818,848,1914,1931]" targetBox="[849,1455,1611,1891]" targetPageId="1" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA2A3C5101BB40FCD2161EFCB5F818" blockId="1.[818,1487,1914,1982]" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931F62E5101BB40FCD2161EFCA3F82D" bold="true" box="[818,876,1914,1931]" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Chemical structures of the two main metabolites of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4551BF5101BB40FAD6161EFA68F82D" box="[1334,1447,1914,1931]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Usnea" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="1" pageNumber="87" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="taylorii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931F62E5101BB40FAD6161EFA68F82D" bold="true" box="[1334,1447,1914,1931]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">Usnea taylorii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: the specialised metabolite (+)-usnic acid and the primary metabolite (polyol) Darabitol.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF3A7AB45102BB43FC0B11FCFB9DFE0E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10483020" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10483020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10483020/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" startId="2.[1003,1033,152,169]" targetBox="[102,971,153,830]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA2A3C5102BB43FC0B11FCFB9DFE0E" blockId="2.[1003,1488,148,424]" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931F62E5102BB43FC0B11FCFBECFF0F" bold="true" box="[1003,1059,152,169]" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution of usnic acid ([M-H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C3087745102BB43FADE11F0FA8CFF39" attach="left" box="[1342,1347,148,159]" fontSize="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">-</superScript>
|
||
ion;
|
||
<emphasis id="B931F62E5102BB43FA8D11FCFA41FF0F" bold="true" box="[1389,1422,152,169]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
343) in samples of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4551BF5102BB43FBAB11D6FB52FF65" box="[1099,1181,178,195]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Usnea" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="taylorii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931F62E5102BB43FBAB11D6FB52FF65" bold="true" box="[1099,1181,178,195]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">U. taylorii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. a. Intact branch; b. Grazed branch (cross sections); c. Intact apothecium, d. Grazed apothecium (longitudinal sections). Each panel features side by side the optical image of the lichen section (left side) and the mass spectrometry imaging results (right side). The grazing marks were highlighted by blue arrows. Intensity scale was adjusted to maximise the visualisation of usnic acid. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA2A3C5102BB43FF6512D6FA98FBF7" blockId="2.[100,770,890,1188]" lastBlockId="2.[818,1487,890,1105]" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931F62E5102BB43FF6512D6FF0EFC63" bold="true" box="[133,193,946,965]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">In situ</emphasis>
|
||
LDI-MSI experiments applied to a slice of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4551BF5102BB43FD9512D6FD39FC63" box="[629,758,946,965]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Usnea" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="taylorii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931F62E5102BB43FD9512D6FD39FC63" bold="true" box="[629,758,946,965]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">Usnea taylorii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
's branch revealed that usnic acid was located in the peripheral layer of the thallus,
|
||
<emphasis id="B931F62E5102BB43FF33128EFF3BFC5B" bold="true" box="[211,244,1002,1021]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">i.e.,</emphasis>
|
||
in the cortex and in the uppermost parts of the medulla including the photobiont layer (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E36B95102BB43FE7B1562FE2FFBBF" box="[411,480,1030,1049]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[1003,1033,152,169]" captionTargetBox="[102,971,153,830]" captionTargetId="figure-221@2.[100,973,151,831]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 3. Distribution of usnic acid ([M-H]- ion; m/z 343) in samples of U. taylorii. a. Intact branch; b. Grazed branch (cross sections); c. Intact apothecium, d. Grazed apothecium (longitudinal sections). Each panel features side by side the optical image of the lichen section (left side) and the mass spectrometry imaging results (right side). The grazing marks were highlighted by blue arrows. Intensity scale was adjusted to maximise the visualisation of usnic acid. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10483020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10483020/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">Fig. 3a</figureCitation>
|
||
). Likewise, usnic acid was allocated to the external layers of the apothecium (epithecium, hymenium and the underside of the apothecium) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E36B95102BB43FDFE155AFDADFBF7" box="[542,610,1086,1105]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[1003,1033,152,169]" captionTargetBox="[102,971,153,830]" captionTargetId="figure-221@2.[100,973,151,831]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 3. Distribution of usnic acid ([M-H]- ion; m/z 343) in samples of U. taylorii. a. Intact branch; b. Grazed branch (cross sections); c. Intact apothecium, d. Grazed apothecium (longitudinal sections). Each panel features side by side the optical image of the lichen section (left side) and the mass spectrometry imaging results (right side). The grazing marks were highlighted by blue arrows. Intensity scale was adjusted to maximise the visualisation of usnic acid. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10483020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10483020/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">Fig. 3c</figureCitation>
|
||
). D-arabitol was present mainly in the lax medulla, the cortex and the algal layer (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E36B95102BB43FF8C1512FF7FFB2F" box="[108,176,1142,1161]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[1000,1030,1235,1252]" captionTargetBox="[103,967,1237,1967]" captionTargetId="figure-322@2.[100,970,1234,1969]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 4. Distribution of arabitol ([M+Na]+ ion; m/z 175) in samples of U. taylorii. a. Grazed branche (cross section; b. Intact apothecium (longitudinal section). On each panel are side by side the optical image of the lichen section (left side) and the mass spectrometry imaging results (right side). The grazing marks on the branches were highlighted by a blue arrow. Intensity scale was adjusted to maximise differences in segregation of arabitol. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10483022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10483022/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">Fig. 4a</figureCitation>
|
||
), but occurred in lower intensities in the axial strands of the lichen branches. In apothecia, the signal corresponding to D-arabitol was stronger in the layer containing the lax medulla and algae than in the external layers of apothecium (epithecium and hymenium) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E36B95102BB43FCDA12D6FCB3FC63" box="[826,892,946,965]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[1000,1030,1235,1252]" captionTargetBox="[103,967,1237,1967]" captionTargetId="figure-322@2.[100,970,1234,1969]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 4. Distribution of arabitol ([M+Na]+ ion; m/z 175) in samples of U. taylorii. a. Grazed branche (cross section; b. Intact apothecium (longitudinal section). On each panel are side by side the optical image of the lichen section (left side) and the mass spectrometry imaging results (right side). The grazing marks on the branches were highlighted by a blue arrow. Intensity scale was adjusted to maximise differences in segregation of arabitol. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10483022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10483022/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">Fig. 4b</figureCitation>
|
||
). To perform a comparison between lichen parts eaten by snails or not, some branches and apothecia were sliced and analysed by LDI-MSI. Snails consumed parts of the cortex, the algal layer and the lax medulla of the branches. In apothecia, epithecium, hymenium as well as the underside of the apothecium were grazed. All these tissues contain usnic acid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E36B95102BB43FC0D155AFBA2FBF7" box="[1005,1133,1086,1105]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[1003,1033,152,169]" captionTargetBox="[102,971,153,830]" captionTargetId="figure-221@2.[100,973,151,831]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 3. Distribution of usnic acid ([M-H]- ion; m/z 343) in samples of U. taylorii. a. Intact branch; b. Grazed branch (cross sections); c. Intact apothecium, d. Grazed apothecium (longitudinal sections). Each panel features side by side the optical image of the lichen section (left side) and the mass spectrometry imaging results (right side). The grazing marks were highlighted by blue arrows. Intensity scale was adjusted to maximise the visualisation of usnic acid. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10483020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10483020/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">Fig. 3b and d</figureCitation>
|
||
) and D-arabitol (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E36B95102BB43FAF3155AFA86FBF7" box="[1299,1353,1086,1105]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[1000,1030,1235,1252]" captionTargetBox="[103,967,1237,1967]" captionTargetId="figure-322@2.[100,970,1234,1969]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 4. Distribution of arabitol ([M+Na]+ ion; m/z 175) in samples of U. taylorii. a. Grazed branche (cross section; b. Intact apothecium (longitudinal section). On each panel are side by side the optical image of the lichen section (left side) and the mass spectrometry imaging results (right side). The grazing marks on the branches were highlighted by a blue arrow. Intensity scale was adjusted to maximise differences in segregation of arabitol. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10483022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10483022/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |