348 lines
70 KiB
XML
348 lines
70 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="18E63B5D7BE5F4FF865E851E355FEE38">Redescription of Lineus acutifrons Southern, 1913 (Nemertea: Pilidiophora) and comments on its phylogenetic position</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E00E2F6EC4892C1C7E827C0CFD649002">Junoy, Juan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="D7DA6F2CDCB0CF06CCDA12F8464E4738">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="D0435536C4194D33FB029065CC71C4C8">2010</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="6B7663906A1F96A6992BDAE05B7CBBEE">37 - 40</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03FC878F4D6CA806FE25622352E3FBA3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC878F4D6CA806FE25622352E3FBA3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FC878F4D6CA806FE25622352E3FBA3" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="2372" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367">
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<paragraph id="8BEA36994D6CA808FE2562235023FDEF" blockId="5.[239,1144,550,639]" box="[508,875,550,575]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367">
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<heading id="D0A281F54D6CA808FE2562235023FDEF" box="[508,875,550,575]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367" reason="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D1A4D6CA808FE2562235023FDEF" ID-CoL="3V2MP" authority="Southern, 1913" authorityName="Southern" authorityYear="1913" box="[508,875,550,575]" class="Pilidiophora" family="Lineidae" genus="Lineus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="acutifrons">
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<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D6CA808FE25622351F1FDEF" bold="true" box="[508,697,550,575]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367">Lineus acutifrons</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B684D6CA808FD1962235023FDEF" author="Southern R" box="[704,875,551,575]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref7066" refString="Southern R. 1913. Nemertinea. Proc R Ir Acad. 31: 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1913">Southern, 1913</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C34F65124D6CA808FF36624C5707FDAF" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BEA36994D6CA808FF36624C5707FDAF" blockId="5.[239,1144,550,639]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4511B74D6CA808FF36624C5707FDAF" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF410884D6CA808FF36624C51D8FD8F" author="Southern R" box="[239,656,583,607]" page="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367" year="1913">
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D1A4D6CA808FF36624C51D8FD8F" ID-CoL="3V2MP" authority="Southern 1913: 7 - 9" authorityName="Southern" authorityPageNumber="7 - 9" authorityYear="1913" box="[239,656,583,607]" class="Pilidiophora" family="Lineidae" genus="Lineus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="acutifrons">
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<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D6CA808FF36624C52E4FD8F" box="[239,428,583,607]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367">Lineus acutifrons</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B684D6CA808FE6A624351D8FD8F" author="Southern R" box="[435,656,583,607]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref7066" refString="Southern R. 1913. Nemertinea. Proc R Ir Acad. 31: 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1913">Southern 1913: 7–9</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. I, fig. 1A–D;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF410884D6CA808FC8A62435744FD8F" author="Gibson R" box="[851,1036,583,607]" page="84" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367" year="1982">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B684D6CA808FC8A62435744FD8F" author="Gibson R" box="[851,1036,583,607]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367" refId="ref6340" refString="Gibson R. 1982. British Nemerteans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 212 pp." type="book" year="1982">Gibson 1982: 84</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, fig. 20A;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF410884D6CA808FEC0626351E7FDAF" author="Gibson R & Knight-Jones EW" box="[281,687,615,639]" page="153" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367" year="1990">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B684D6CA808FEC0626351E7FDAF" author="Gibson R & Knight-Jones EW" box="[281,687,615,639]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367" pagination="181 - 200" refId="ref6530" refString="Gibson R, Knight-Jones EW. 1990. The marine fauna of the British Isles and north-west Europe. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Chapter 5, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, and Nemertea; p. 181 - 200." type="book chapter" year="1990">Gibson and Knight-Jones 1990: 153</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, fig. 5.3G;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF410884D6CA808FCF0626350ABFDAF" author="Gibson R" box="[809,995,615,639]" page="88" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367" year="1994">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B684D6CA808FCF0626350ABFDAF" author="Gibson R" box="[809,995,615,639]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367" refId="ref6465" refString="Gibson R. 1994. Nemerteans. 2 nd ed. Shrewsbury: Field Studies Council; 224 pp." type="book" year="1994">Gibson 1994: 88</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, fig. 21A.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C34F65124D6CA806FF0C62B052E3FBA3" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="2373" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BEA36994D6CA808FF0C62B0521CFD1B" blockId="5.[213,340,692,715]" box="[213,340,692,715]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367">
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<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D6CA808FF0C62B0521CFD1B" box="[213,340,692,715]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367">Description</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEA36994D6CA808FF0C62DF5124FBC2" blockId="5.[213,1170,731,1042]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367">
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<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D6CA808FF0C62DF52D5FD23" box="[213,413,731,755]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367">External features.</emphasis>
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Live specimens measured up to
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<quantity id="4CAD9B7C4D6CA808FCC062DF50C9FD23" box="[793,897,731,755]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367" unit="mm" value="250.0">250 mm</quantity>
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long and
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<quantity id="4CAD9B7C4D6CA808FC2262DF5700FD23" box="[1019,1096,731,755]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
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maximum diameter before and after being anaesthetized. Anterior body region rounded in cross-section, attened towards mid to posterior parts (
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<figureCitation id="136E2A1C4D6CA808FC9C631F50F5FCE3" box="[837,957,795,819]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[144,211,1012,1034]" captionTargetBox="[142,1102,160,979]" captionTargetId="figure-5@6.[142,1102,160,979]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. External appearance of Lineus acutifrons. (A) Specimen showing the difference between the cylindrical anterior part and the attened posterior part; (B) enlargement of cephalic region in ventral view to show head shape and mouth; (C) enlargement of cephalic region in lateral view to show cephalic slits; (D) enlargement of posterior region to show caudal cirrus. (A–C) are from living specimens; (D) is an image of an anesthetized specimen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210465/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367">Figure 2A</figureCitation>
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); this body regionalization more apparent in larger worms. Smaller worms cylindrical throughout body length. Head ovate and acutely pointed in front, marked off from body by well-defined rounded constriction in front of mouth (
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<figureCitation id="136E2A1C4D6CA808FD4F637E5041FC42" box="[662,777,890,914]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[144,211,1012,1034]" captionTargetBox="[142,1102,160,979]" captionTargetId="figure-5@6.[142,1102,160,979]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. External appearance of Lineus acutifrons. (A) Specimen showing the difference between the cylindrical anterior part and the attened posterior part; (B) enlargement of cephalic region in ventral view to show head shape and mouth; (C) enlargement of cephalic region in lateral view to show cephalic slits; (D) enlargement of posterior region to show caudal cirrus. (A–C) are from living specimens; (D) is an image of an anesthetized specimen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210465/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367">Figure 2B</figureCitation>
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). Long, wide, deep pair of horizontal cephalic slits present, posteriorly expanded to form deep bays (
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<figureCitation id="136E2A1C4D6CA808FC16639E5700FC62" box="[975,1096,922,946]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[144,211,1012,1034]" captionTargetBox="[142,1102,160,979]" captionTargetId="figure-5@6.[142,1102,160,979]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. External appearance of Lineus acutifrons. (A) Specimen showing the difference between the cylindrical anterior part and the attened posterior part; (B) enlargement of cephalic region in ventral view to show head shape and mouth; (C) enlargement of cephalic region in lateral view to show cephalic slits; (D) enlargement of posterior region to show caudal cirrus. (A–C) are from living specimens; (D) is an image of an anesthetized specimen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210465/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367">Figure 2C</figureCitation>
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). Eyes absent. Pale caudal cirrus is present (
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<figureCitation id="136E2A1C4D6CA808FDB563BE51ACFC02" box="[620,740,954,978]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[144,211,1012,1034]" captionTargetBox="[142,1102,160,979]" captionTargetId="figure-5@6.[142,1102,160,979]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. External appearance of Lineus acutifrons. (A) Specimen showing the difference between the cylindrical anterior part and the attened posterior part; (B) enlargement of cephalic region in ventral view to show head shape and mouth; (C) enlargement of cephalic region in lateral view to show cephalic slits; (D) enlargement of posterior region to show caudal cirrus. (A–C) are from living specimens; (D) is an image of an anesthetized specimen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210465/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367">Figure 2D</figureCitation>
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). Body dark or brick red, fades to pink in anterior region, until head, which is pink to white. No differences in colouration between dorsal and ventral surfaces.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEA36994D6CA808FF0C643D5216FA20" blockId="5.[213,1170,1081,1711]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367">
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<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D6CA808FF0C643D5142FB81" box="[213,522,1081,1105]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367">Body wall and musculature.</emphasis>
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Epidermis ciliated and glandular 20–25 µm thick, possesses typical heteronemertean arrangement. Thin subepidermal muscle layer, four or five fibres, 6 µm thick. Dermal gland cells form no distinctive layer, basophilic gland cells interspersed between outer longitudinal muscle fibres (36–40 µm thick). Body wall muscles well-developed throughout the post-cerebral regions consist of outer longitudinal muscle, circular muscle and inner longitudinal muscle layers, each respectively 180–200, 45–50 and 10–12 µm thick; thin connective tissue layer separates outer longitudinal muscle from circular muscle. The former is composed of large muscle fibre bundles, penetrated regularly by radial connective tissue and muscle fibre strands. These radially oriented fibres penetrate the ganglionic zone of lateral nerve cords (
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<figureCitation id="136E2A1C4D6CA808FEBF657C5297FA40" box="[358,479,1400,1424]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[213,280,1446,1468]" captionTargetBox="[211,1171,161,1410]" captionTargetId="figure-5@7.[211,1171,161,1414]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Lineus acutifrons. (A) Transverse section showing the body wall; (B) transverse section at intestinal region; (C) transverse section at foregut; (D) transverse section at foregut showing the anterior portion of the proboscis; (E) transverse section at main portion of the proboscis; (F) longitudinal section through the brain showing gregarine parasites (arrows). Scale bars A–F: 100 µm. Abbreviations: CM, circular muscle layer; cso, cerebral sensory organ; d, dermis; dg, dorsal ganglia; dvm, dorsoventral musculature; ep, epidermis; fep, foregut epithelium; id, intestinal diverticula; ILM, inner longitudinal muscle layer; ll, lateral lacunae; ln, lateral nerve cord; mp, muscle plate; np, proboscidial neural plexus; OLM, outer longitudinal muscle layer; p, proboscis; pep, proboscidial epithelium; pICM, proboscidial inner circular muscle layer; pLF, proboscidial longitudinal fibres; pn, proboscidial nerves; pOLM proboscidial outer longitudinal muscle layer; r, rhynchocoel; v, villus; vg, ventral ganglia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210467/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367">Figure 3A</figureCitation>
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). Dermal gland cells distributed in homogeneous layer in the intestinal region. Thickness of three muscle layers, outer longitudinal muscle, circular muscle and inner longitudinal muscle, is 100–120, 30–35, and 40–45 µm, respectively (
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<figureCitation id="136E2A1C4D6CA808FF0465DC5219FA20" box="[221,337,1496,1520]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[213,280,1446,1468]" captionTargetBox="[211,1171,161,1410]" captionTargetId="figure-5@7.[211,1171,161,1414]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Lineus acutifrons. (A) Transverse section showing the body wall; (B) transverse section at intestinal region; (C) transverse section at foregut; (D) transverse section at foregut showing the anterior portion of the proboscis; (E) transverse section at main portion of the proboscis; (F) longitudinal section through the brain showing gregarine parasites (arrows). Scale bars A–F: 100 µm. Abbreviations: CM, circular muscle layer; cso, cerebral sensory organ; d, dermis; dg, dorsal ganglia; dvm, dorsoventral musculature; ep, epidermis; fep, foregut epithelium; id, intestinal diverticula; ILM, inner longitudinal muscle layer; ll, lateral lacunae; ln, lateral nerve cord; mp, muscle plate; np, proboscidial neural plexus; OLM, outer longitudinal muscle layer; p, proboscis; pep, proboscidial epithelium; pICM, proboscidial inner circular muscle layer; pLF, proboscidial longitudinal fibres; pn, proboscidial nerves; pOLM proboscidial outer longitudinal muscle layer; r, rhynchocoel; v, villus; vg, ventral ganglia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210467/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367">Figure 3B</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEA36994D6CA808FED965FC515AF97F" blockId="5.[213,1170,1081,1711]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2367">Rhynchodaeum and cephalic lacuna surrounded by a coat of longitudinal and circular muscle in the pre-cerebral region. Radial and diagonal fibres run through the head, intermingled with some basophilic glandular areas and several anteriorly directed nerves. Typical heteronemertean body wall morphology becomes apparent at the cerebral ganglia, the three body wall muscle layers distinguishable at the opening of the mouth about midway.</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF2A66114D6FA80BFF4963F050A3FBAF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210465" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5210465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210465/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="2368" startId="6.[144,211,1012,1034]" targetBox="[142,1102,160,979]" targetPageId="6">
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<paragraph id="8BEA36994D6FA80BFF4963F050A3FBAF" blockId="6.[144,1101,1012,1151]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2368">
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Figure 2. External appearance of
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D1A4D6FA80BFDD863F151F9FBDA" authorityName="Southern" authorityYear="1913" box="[513,689,1012,1034]" class="Pilidiophora" family="Lineidae" genus="Lineus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="6" pageNumber="2368" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="acutifrons">
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<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D6FA80BFDD863F151F9FBDA" box="[513,689,1012,1034]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="2368">Lineus acutifrons</emphasis>
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. (A) Specimen showing the difference between the cylindrical anterior part and the attened posterior part; (B) enlargement of cephalic region in ventral view to show head shape and mouth; (C) enlargement of cephalic region in lateral view to show cephalic slits; (D) enlargement of posterior region to show caudal cirrus. (A–C) are from living specimens; (D) is an image of an anesthetized specimen.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36994D6FA80BFF6264BF5039FAC3" blockId="6.[144,1100,1211,1299]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2368">
|
||
Well-developed horizontal muscle plate between rhynchocoel and mouth epithelium, 10–20 µm thickness (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136E2A1C4D6FA80BFE0964DF5101FB23" box="[464,585,1243,1267]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[213,280,1446,1468]" captionTargetBox="[211,1171,161,1410]" captionTargetId="figure-5@7.[211,1171,161,1414]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Lineus acutifrons. (A) Transverse section showing the body wall; (B) transverse section at intestinal region; (C) transverse section at foregut; (D) transverse section at foregut showing the anterior portion of the proboscis; (E) transverse section at main portion of the proboscis; (F) longitudinal section through the brain showing gregarine parasites (arrows). Scale bars A–F: 100 µm. Abbreviations: CM, circular muscle layer; cso, cerebral sensory organ; d, dermis; dg, dorsal ganglia; dvm, dorsoventral musculature; ep, epidermis; fep, foregut epithelium; id, intestinal diverticula; ILM, inner longitudinal muscle layer; ll, lateral lacunae; ln, lateral nerve cord; mp, muscle plate; np, proboscidial neural plexus; OLM, outer longitudinal muscle layer; p, proboscis; pep, proboscidial epithelium; pICM, proboscidial inner circular muscle layer; pLF, proboscidial longitudinal fibres; pn, proboscidial nerves; pOLM proboscidial outer longitudinal muscle layer; r, rhynchocoel; v, villus; vg, ventral ganglia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210467/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="2368">Figure 3C</figureCitation>
|
||
). At the intestinal region, dorsoventral fibres from the body wall run between intestinal diverticula (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136E2A1C4D6FA80BFD2964FF502CFAC3" box="[752,868,1275,1299]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[213,280,1446,1468]" captionTargetBox="[211,1171,161,1410]" captionTargetId="figure-5@7.[211,1171,161,1414]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Lineus acutifrons. (A) Transverse section showing the body wall; (B) transverse section at intestinal region; (C) transverse section at foregut; (D) transverse section at foregut showing the anterior portion of the proboscis; (E) transverse section at main portion of the proboscis; (F) longitudinal section through the brain showing gregarine parasites (arrows). Scale bars A–F: 100 µm. Abbreviations: CM, circular muscle layer; cso, cerebral sensory organ; d, dermis; dg, dorsal ganglia; dvm, dorsoventral musculature; ep, epidermis; fep, foregut epithelium; id, intestinal diverticula; ILM, inner longitudinal muscle layer; ll, lateral lacunae; ln, lateral nerve cord; mp, muscle plate; np, proboscidial neural plexus; OLM, outer longitudinal muscle layer; p, proboscis; pep, proboscidial epithelium; pICM, proboscidial inner circular muscle layer; pLF, proboscidial longitudinal fibres; pn, proboscidial nerves; pOLM proboscidial outer longitudinal muscle layer; r, rhynchocoel; v, villus; vg, ventral ganglia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210467/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="2368">Figure 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36994D6FA80BFF49653F5774FA22" blockId="6.[144,1101,1338,1681]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2368">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D6FA80BFF49653F5230FA82" box="[144,376,1339,1363]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="2368">Proboscis apparatus.</emphasis>
|
||
Proboscis pore ventral, close to head, tip continuous with the rhynchodaeum. Rhynchocoel extends from the proboscis insertion to the posterior end of the body. Its wall consists of two muscle layers; longitudinal layer one or two fibres thick and thicker circular muscle layer. Rhynchocoel circular muscle layer is thicker in the intestinal region than foregut region. At the villus, rhynchocoel circular musculature interweaves with foregut musculature ventral and laterally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136E2A1C4D6FA80BFC6E65DE5767FA22" box="[951,1071,1498,1522]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[213,280,1446,1468]" captionTargetBox="[211,1171,161,1410]" captionTargetId="figure-5@7.[211,1171,161,1414]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Lineus acutifrons. (A) Transverse section showing the body wall; (B) transverse section at intestinal region; (C) transverse section at foregut; (D) transverse section at foregut showing the anterior portion of the proboscis; (E) transverse section at main portion of the proboscis; (F) longitudinal section through the brain showing gregarine parasites (arrows). Scale bars A–F: 100 µm. Abbreviations: CM, circular muscle layer; cso, cerebral sensory organ; d, dermis; dg, dorsal ganglia; dvm, dorsoventral musculature; ep, epidermis; fep, foregut epithelium; id, intestinal diverticula; ILM, inner longitudinal muscle layer; ll, lateral lacunae; ln, lateral nerve cord; mp, muscle plate; np, proboscidial neural plexus; OLM, outer longitudinal muscle layer; p, proboscis; pep, proboscidial epithelium; pICM, proboscidial inner circular muscle layer; pLF, proboscidial longitudinal fibres; pn, proboscidial nerves; pOLM proboscidial outer longitudinal muscle layer; r, rhynchocoel; v, villus; vg, ventral ganglia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210467/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="2368">Figure 3D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36994D6FA805FF6265FE52ABFF2E" blockId="6.[144,1101,1338,1681]" lastBlockId="8.[144,1101,166,254]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="2370" pageId="6" pageNumber="2368">
|
||
Proboscis relatively slender, approximately one-fifth to one-sixth of the body’s diameter. Thick glandular acidophilic epithelium, underlain by connective tissue. Below this connective tissue, some longitudinal muscle fibres irregularly interspersed but without forming a distinct layer. A pair of proboscis nerves distinguishable at the anterior part and are the origin of posterior neural plexus. This palaeotype proboscis formed also by very thick circular muscle layer (15–20 µm), outer longitudinal muscle stratum, connective tissue and outer epithelium. No indication of muscle crosses has been observed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136E2A1C4D61A805FEE760E2529FFF2E" box="[318,471,230,254]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[213,280,1446,1468]" captionTargetBox="[211,1171,161,1410]" captionTargetId="figure-5@7.[211,1171,161,1414]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Lineus acutifrons. (A) Transverse section showing the body wall; (B) transverse section at intestinal region; (C) transverse section at foregut; (D) transverse section at foregut showing the anterior portion of the proboscis; (E) transverse section at main portion of the proboscis; (F) longitudinal section through the brain showing gregarine parasites (arrows). Scale bars A–F: 100 µm. Abbreviations: CM, circular muscle layer; cso, cerebral sensory organ; d, dermis; dg, dorsal ganglia; dvm, dorsoventral musculature; ep, epidermis; fep, foregut epithelium; id, intestinal diverticula; ILM, inner longitudinal muscle layer; ll, lateral lacunae; ln, lateral nerve cord; mp, muscle plate; np, proboscidial neural plexus; OLM, outer longitudinal muscle layer; p, proboscis; pep, proboscidial epithelium; pICM, proboscidial inner circular muscle layer; pLF, proboscidial longitudinal fibres; pn, proboscidial nerves; pOLM proboscidial outer longitudinal muscle layer; r, rhynchocoel; v, villus; vg, ventral ganglia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210467/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="2370">Figure 3D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2A66114D6EA80AFF0C65A2505CF931" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210467" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5210467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210467/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="2369" startId="7.[213,280,1446,1468]" targetBox="[211,1171,161,1410]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36994D6EA80AFF0C65A2505CF931" blockId="7.[213,1170,1446,1761]" pageId="7" pageNumber="2369">
|
||
Figure 3.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D1A4D6EA80AFEE265A352ACFA6D" authorityName="Southern" authorityYear="1913" box="[315,484,1447,1469]" class="Pilidiophora" family="Lineidae" genus="Lineus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="7" pageNumber="2369" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="acutifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D6EA80AFEE265A352ACFA6D" box="[315,484,1447,1469]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="2369">Lineus acutifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (A) Transverse section showing the body wall; (B) transverse section at intestinal region; (C) transverse section at foregut; (D) transverse section at foregut showing the anterior portion of the proboscis; (E) transverse section at main portion of the proboscis; (F) longitudinal section through the brain showing gregarine parasites (arrows). Scale bars A–F: 100 µm. Abbreviations: CM, circular muscle layer; cso, cerebral sensory organ; d, dermis; dg, dorsal ganglia; dvm, dorsoventral musculature; ep, epidermis; fep, foregut epithelium; id, intestinal diverticula; ILM, inner longitudinal muscle layer; ll, lateral lacunae; ln, lateral nerve cord; mp, muscle plate; np, proboscidial neural plexus; OLM, outer longitudinal muscle layer; p, proboscis; pep, proboscidial epithelium; pICM, proboscidial inner circular muscle layer; pLF, proboscidial longitudinal fibres; pn, proboscidial nerves; pOLM proboscidial outer longitudinal muscle layer; r, rhynchocoel; v, villus; vg, ventral ganglia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36994D61A805FF49612F52DFFE12" blockId="8.[144,1101,299,450]" pageId="8" pageNumber="2370">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D61A805FF49612F521CFE93" box="[144,340,299,323]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="2370">Alimentary canal.</emphasis>
|
||
Mouth opens ventrally near the brain, just behind cephalic constriction (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136E2A1C4D61A805FF12614F5277FEB3" box="[203,319,331,355]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[144,211,1012,1034]" captionTargetBox="[142,1102,160,979]" captionTargetId="figure-5@6.[142,1102,160,979]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. External appearance of Lineus acutifrons. (A) Specimen showing the difference between the cylindrical anterior part and the attened posterior part; (B) enlargement of cephalic region in ventral view to show head shape and mouth; (C) enlargement of cephalic region in lateral view to show cephalic slits; (D) enlargement of posterior region to show caudal cirrus. (A–C) are from living specimens; (D) is an image of an anesthetized specimen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210465/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="2370">Figure 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Beneath the thick (80–160 µm) ciliated glandular folded epithelium, a vascular plexus and two subepithelial nerves can be distinguished (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136E2A1C4D61A805FC5D616F50B1FE53" box="[900,1017,363,387]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[213,280,1446,1468]" captionTargetBox="[211,1171,161,1410]" captionTargetId="figure-5@7.[211,1171,161,1414]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Lineus acutifrons. (A) Transverse section showing the body wall; (B) transverse section at intestinal region; (C) transverse section at foregut; (D) transverse section at foregut showing the anterior portion of the proboscis; (E) transverse section at main portion of the proboscis; (F) longitudinal section through the brain showing gregarine parasites (arrows). Scale bars A–F: 100 µm. Abbreviations: CM, circular muscle layer; cso, cerebral sensory organ; d, dermis; dg, dorsal ganglia; dvm, dorsoventral musculature; ep, epidermis; fep, foregut epithelium; id, intestinal diverticula; ILM, inner longitudinal muscle layer; ll, lateral lacunae; ln, lateral nerve cord; mp, muscle plate; np, proboscidial neural plexus; OLM, outer longitudinal muscle layer; p, proboscis; pep, proboscidial epithelium; pICM, proboscidial inner circular muscle layer; pLF, proboscidial longitudinal fibres; pn, proboscidial nerves; pOLM proboscidial outer longitudinal muscle layer; r, rhynchocoel; v, villus; vg, ventral ganglia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210467/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="2370">Figure 3C</figureCitation>
|
||
). These nerves are not visible at posterior foregut. Intestine well developed bears long lateral diverticula (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136E2A1C4D61A805FECF61AE52C2FE12" box="[278,394,426,450]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[213,280,1446,1468]" captionTargetBox="[211,1171,161,1410]" captionTargetId="figure-5@7.[211,1171,161,1414]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Lineus acutifrons. (A) Transverse section showing the body wall; (B) transverse section at intestinal region; (C) transverse section at foregut; (D) transverse section at foregut showing the anterior portion of the proboscis; (E) transverse section at main portion of the proboscis; (F) longitudinal section through the brain showing gregarine parasites (arrows). Scale bars A–F: 100 µm. Abbreviations: CM, circular muscle layer; cso, cerebral sensory organ; d, dermis; dg, dorsal ganglia; dvm, dorsoventral musculature; ep, epidermis; fep, foregut epithelium; id, intestinal diverticula; ILM, inner longitudinal muscle layer; ll, lateral lacunae; ln, lateral nerve cord; mp, muscle plate; np, proboscidial neural plexus; OLM, outer longitudinal muscle layer; p, proboscis; pep, proboscidial epithelium; pICM, proboscidial inner circular muscle layer; pLF, proboscidial longitudinal fibres; pn, proboscidial nerves; pOLM proboscidial outer longitudinal muscle layer; r, rhynchocoel; v, villus; vg, ventral ganglia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210467/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="2370">Figure 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36994D61A805FF4961F452F9FCB6" blockId="8.[144,1101,495,870]" pageId="8" pageNumber="2370">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D61A805FF4961F45278FDD8" box="[144,304,496,520]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="2370">Blood system.</emphasis>
|
||
Single large median blood lacuna at the tip of head, divided into two spacious lateral cephalic lacunae by a dorsoventral extension of rhynchodaeum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136E2A1C4D61A805FF41622B5259FD97" box="[152,273,559,583]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[213,280,1230,1252]" captionTargetBox="[211,1171,161,1198]" captionTargetId="figure-5@9.[211,1171,161,1198]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Lineus acutifrons. (A) Transverse section showing the two lateral cephalic lacunae; (B) transverse section at brain level showing ventral lacuna; (C) transverse section at brain level showing two ventral lacunae; (D) transverse section at brain level showing four lacunae; (E) longitudinal section of the cephalic slit showing the aperture of the ciliated canal; glandular area with long cilia are marked with arrows; (F) longitudinal section at the tip of the head. Scale bars A–F: 100 µm. Abbreviations: ao, apical organ; cl, cephalic lacunae; dc, dorsal commissure; ll, lateral lacunae; mvl, mid-ventral lacuna; pp, proboscis pore; r, rhynchocoel; vl, ventral lacuna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210469" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210469/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="2370">Figure 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
). At cerebral ganglia, these two lacunae extend ventrally and meet below rhynchocoel to form “U”-shaped ventral lacuna (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136E2A1C4D61A805FD61624B5064FDB7" box="[696,812,591,615]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[213,280,1230,1252]" captionTargetBox="[211,1171,161,1198]" captionTargetId="figure-5@9.[211,1171,161,1198]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Lineus acutifrons. (A) Transverse section showing the two lateral cephalic lacunae; (B) transverse section at brain level showing ventral lacuna; (C) transverse section at brain level showing two ventral lacunae; (D) transverse section at brain level showing four lacunae; (E) longitudinal section of the cephalic slit showing the aperture of the ciliated canal; glandular area with long cilia are marked with arrows; (F) longitudinal section at the tip of the head. Scale bars A–F: 100 µm. Abbreviations: ao, apical organ; cl, cephalic lacunae; dc, dorsal commissure; ll, lateral lacunae; mvl, mid-ventral lacuna; pp, proboscis pore; r, rhynchocoel; vl, ventral lacuna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210469" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210469/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="2370">Figure 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
); this lacuna is divided by connective tissue strands into medial ventral lacunae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136E2A1C4D61A805FD37626B502CFD57" box="[750,868,623,647]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[213,280,1230,1252]" captionTargetBox="[211,1171,161,1198]" captionTargetId="figure-5@9.[211,1171,161,1198]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Lineus acutifrons. (A) Transverse section showing the two lateral cephalic lacunae; (B) transverse section at brain level showing ventral lacuna; (C) transverse section at brain level showing two ventral lacunae; (D) transverse section at brain level showing four lacunae; (E) longitudinal section of the cephalic slit showing the aperture of the ciliated canal; glandular area with long cilia are marked with arrows; (F) longitudinal section at the tip of the head. Scale bars A–F: 100 µm. Abbreviations: ao, apical organ; cl, cephalic lacunae; dc, dorsal commissure; ll, lateral lacunae; mvl, mid-ventral lacuna; pp, proboscis pore; r, rhynchocoel; vl, ventral lacuna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210469" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210469/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="2370">Figure 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Posteriorly, the latter lacuna is again divided in two; at this level, two lateral lacunae and two mid-ventral lacunae are present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136E2A1C4D61A805FEAC62AB52A5FD17" box="[373,493,687,711]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[213,280,1230,1252]" captionTargetBox="[211,1171,161,1198]" captionTargetId="figure-5@9.[211,1171,161,1198]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Lineus acutifrons. (A) Transverse section showing the two lateral cephalic lacunae; (B) transverse section at brain level showing ventral lacuna; (C) transverse section at brain level showing two ventral lacunae; (D) transverse section at brain level showing four lacunae; (E) longitudinal section of the cephalic slit showing the aperture of the ciliated canal; glandular area with long cilia are marked with arrows; (F) longitudinal section at the tip of the head. Scale bars A–F: 100 µm. Abbreviations: ao, apical organ; cl, cephalic lacunae; dc, dorsal commissure; ll, lateral lacunae; mvl, mid-ventral lacuna; pp, proboscis pore; r, rhynchocoel; vl, ventral lacuna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210469" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210469/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="2370">Figure 4D</figureCitation>
|
||
). An upper mid-ventral lacuna penetrates rhynchocoel forming a villus, which runs posterior to the end of foregut, and is the origin of a medial blood vessel (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136E2A1C4D61A805FE5862EB52B4FCD7" box="[385,508,751,775]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[213,280,1446,1468]" captionTargetBox="[211,1171,161,1410]" captionTargetId="figure-5@7.[211,1171,161,1414]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Lineus acutifrons. (A) Transverse section showing the body wall; (B) transverse section at intestinal region; (C) transverse section at foregut; (D) transverse section at foregut showing the anterior portion of the proboscis; (E) transverse section at main portion of the proboscis; (F) longitudinal section through the brain showing gregarine parasites (arrows). Scale bars A–F: 100 µm. Abbreviations: CM, circular muscle layer; cso, cerebral sensory organ; d, dermis; dg, dorsal ganglia; dvm, dorsoventral musculature; ep, epidermis; fep, foregut epithelium; id, intestinal diverticula; ILM, inner longitudinal muscle layer; ll, lateral lacunae; ln, lateral nerve cord; mp, muscle plate; np, proboscidial neural plexus; OLM, outer longitudinal muscle layer; p, proboscis; pep, proboscidial epithelium; pICM, proboscidial inner circular muscle layer; pLF, proboscidial longitudinal fibres; pn, proboscidial nerves; pOLM proboscidial outer longitudinal muscle layer; r, rhynchocoel; v, villus; vg, ventral ganglia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210467/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="2370">Figure 3D</figureCitation>
|
||
). At the mouth, lateral lacunae spread through lateral regions forming foregut vascular plexus as described for many pilidiophorans. Three longitudinal blood vessels run along most of body length with no transverse connective between them.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36994D61A805FF49639051CAFB7A" blockId="8.[144,1101,915,1194]" pageId="8" pageNumber="2370">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D61A805FF4963905201FC7B" box="[144,329,916,939]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="2370">Nervous system.</emphasis>
|
||
Well-developed brain, both inner and outer neurilemma evident, outer layer thicker (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136E2A1C4D61A805FEAF63B75159FC1B" box="[374,529,947,971]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[213,280,1230,1252]" captionTargetBox="[211,1171,161,1198]" captionTargetId="figure-5@9.[211,1171,161,1198]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Lineus acutifrons. (A) Transverse section showing the two lateral cephalic lacunae; (B) transverse section at brain level showing ventral lacuna; (C) transverse section at brain level showing two ventral lacunae; (D) transverse section at brain level showing four lacunae; (E) longitudinal section of the cephalic slit showing the aperture of the ciliated canal; glandular area with long cilia are marked with arrows; (F) longitudinal section at the tip of the head. Scale bars A–F: 100 µm. Abbreviations: ao, apical organ; cl, cephalic lacunae; dc, dorsal commissure; ll, lateral lacunae; mvl, mid-ventral lacuna; pp, proboscis pore; r, rhynchocoel; vl, ventral lacuna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210469" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210469/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="2370">Figure 4B–D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Dorsal and ventral lobes similar in size. Dorsal commissure long and slender (20–30 µm wide), ventral commissure comparatively short and thick (40 µm wide). As in other pilidiophorans, dorsal ganglia bifurcates posteriorly into the cerebral sensory organ (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136E2A1C4D61A805FDAB641751ACFBFB" box="[626,740,1043,1067]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[213,280,1446,1468]" captionTargetBox="[211,1171,161,1410]" captionTargetId="figure-5@7.[211,1171,161,1414]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Lineus acutifrons. (A) Transverse section showing the body wall; (B) transverse section at intestinal region; (C) transverse section at foregut; (D) transverse section at foregut showing the anterior portion of the proboscis; (E) transverse section at main portion of the proboscis; (F) longitudinal section through the brain showing gregarine parasites (arrows). Scale bars A–F: 100 µm. Abbreviations: CM, circular muscle layer; cso, cerebral sensory organ; d, dermis; dg, dorsal ganglia; dvm, dorsoventral musculature; ep, epidermis; fep, foregut epithelium; id, intestinal diverticula; ILM, inner longitudinal muscle layer; ll, lateral lacunae; ln, lateral nerve cord; mp, muscle plate; np, proboscidial neural plexus; OLM, outer longitudinal muscle layer; p, proboscis; pep, proboscidial epithelium; pICM, proboscidial inner circular muscle layer; pLF, proboscidial longitudinal fibres; pn, proboscidial nerves; pOLM proboscidial outer longitudinal muscle layer; r, rhynchocoel; v, villus; vg, ventral ganglia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210467/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="2370">Figure 3F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Two thick nerves from the ventral ganglia innervate the mouth. Ganglia lacks neurochord cells. Putative gregarine parasites observed in the cerebral ganglion tissue (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136E2A1C4D61A805FD046457501CFBBB" box="[733,852,1107,1131]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[213,280,1446,1468]" captionTargetBox="[211,1171,161,1410]" captionTargetId="figure-5@7.[211,1171,161,1414]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Lineus acutifrons. (A) Transverse section showing the body wall; (B) transverse section at intestinal region; (C) transverse section at foregut; (D) transverse section at foregut showing the anterior portion of the proboscis; (E) transverse section at main portion of the proboscis; (F) longitudinal section through the brain showing gregarine parasites (arrows). Scale bars A–F: 100 µm. Abbreviations: CM, circular muscle layer; cso, cerebral sensory organ; d, dermis; dg, dorsal ganglia; dvm, dorsoventral musculature; ep, epidermis; fep, foregut epithelium; id, intestinal diverticula; ILM, inner longitudinal muscle layer; ll, lateral lacunae; ln, lateral nerve cord; mp, muscle plate; np, proboscidial neural plexus; OLM, outer longitudinal muscle layer; p, proboscis; pep, proboscidial epithelium; pICM, proboscidial inner circular muscle layer; pLF, proboscidial longitudinal fibres; pn, proboscidial nerves; pOLM proboscidial outer longitudinal muscle layer; r, rhynchocoel; v, villus; vg, ventral ganglia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210467/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="2370">Figure 3F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Lateral nerve cords emerge from ventral brain lobes, and inner and outer persist. No neurochord cells were observed within the lateral nerve cords.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36994D61A805FF4964DC5227FA1F" blockId="8.[144,1101,1240,1487]" pageId="8" pageNumber="2370">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D61A805FF4964DC526DFB20" box="[144,293,1240,1264]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="2370">Sense organs.</emphasis>
|
||
Head bears a pair of long, wide and deep horizontal cephalic slits as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D1A4D61A805FF4964F353BAFADF" box="[144,242,1271,1295]" class="Pilidiophora" family="Lineidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="8" pageNumber="2370" phylum="Nemertea" rank="family">Lineidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D61A805FEDD64FD5277FAC0" box="[260,319,1273,1296]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="2370">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B684D61A805FE9164F352B9FADF" author="Friedrich H" box="[328,497,1271,1295]" pageId="8" pageNumber="2370" pagination="48 - 62" refId="ref6304" refString="Friedrich H. 1960. Bemerkungen uber die Gattung Micrura Ehrenberg 1831 und zur Klassifikation der Heteronemertinen nebst vorlaufigem Bestimmungsschlussel. Veroff Inst Meeresforsch Bremerhav. 7: 48 - 62 (in German)." type="journal article" year="1960">Friedrich 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B684D61A805FE2664F351DCFADF" author="Gibson R" box="[511,660,1271,1295]" pageId="8" pageNumber="2370" pagination="5 - 14" refId="ref6357" refString="Gibson R. 1985. The need for a standard approach to taxonomic descriptions of nemerteans. Am Zool. 25: 5 - 14." type="journal article" year="1985">Gibson 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); in living specimens, upper and lower margins of the slit do not meet medially, slit is open (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136E2A1C4D61A805FCD865135033FAFF" box="[769,891,1303,1327]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[144,211,1012,1034]" captionTargetBox="[142,1102,160,979]" captionTargetId="figure-5@6.[142,1102,160,979]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. External appearance of Lineus acutifrons. (A) Specimen showing the difference between the cylindrical anterior part and the attened posterior part; (B) enlargement of cephalic region in ventral view to show head shape and mouth; (C) enlargement of cephalic region in lateral view to show cephalic slits; (D) enlargement of posterior region to show caudal cirrus. (A–C) are from living specimens; (D) is an image of an anesthetized specimen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210465/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="2370">Figure 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ciliated cerebral canals emerge from posterior dorsal wall of cephalic bays, which is more glandular and has longer cilia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136E2A1C4D61A805FEAE655352A3FABF" box="[375,491,1367,1391]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[213,280,1230,1252]" captionTargetBox="[211,1171,161,1198]" captionTargetId="figure-5@9.[211,1171,161,1198]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Lineus acutifrons. (A) Transverse section showing the two lateral cephalic lacunae; (B) transverse section at brain level showing ventral lacuna; (C) transverse section at brain level showing two ventral lacunae; (D) transverse section at brain level showing four lacunae; (E) longitudinal section of the cephalic slit showing the aperture of the ciliated canal; glandular area with long cilia are marked with arrows; (F) longitudinal section at the tip of the head. Scale bars A–F: 100 µm. Abbreviations: ao, apical organ; cl, cephalic lacunae; dc, dorsal commissure; ll, lateral lacunae; mvl, mid-ventral lacuna; pp, proboscis pore; r, rhynchocoel; vl, ventral lacuna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210469" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210469/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="2370">Figure 4E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Cerebral sensory organs situated behind dorsal brain lobes, inside lateral blood lacunae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136E2A1C4D61A805FDC7657351DAFA5F" box="[542,658,1399,1423]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[213,280,1446,1468]" captionTargetBox="[211,1171,161,1410]" captionTargetId="figure-5@7.[211,1171,161,1414]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Lineus acutifrons. (A) Transverse section showing the body wall; (B) transverse section at intestinal region; (C) transverse section at foregut; (D) transverse section at foregut showing the anterior portion of the proboscis; (E) transverse section at main portion of the proboscis; (F) longitudinal section through the brain showing gregarine parasites (arrows). Scale bars A–F: 100 µm. Abbreviations: CM, circular muscle layer; cso, cerebral sensory organ; d, dermis; dg, dorsal ganglia; dvm, dorsoventral musculature; ep, epidermis; fep, foregut epithelium; id, intestinal diverticula; ILM, inner longitudinal muscle layer; ll, lateral lacunae; ln, lateral nerve cord; mp, muscle plate; np, proboscidial neural plexus; OLM, outer longitudinal muscle layer; p, proboscis; pep, proboscidial epithelium; pICM, proboscidial inner circular muscle layer; pLF, proboscidial longitudinal fibres; pn, proboscidial nerves; pOLM proboscidial outer longitudinal muscle layer; r, rhynchocoel; v, villus; vg, ventral ganglia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210467/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="2370">Figure 3F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Single apical sense organ observed as small invagination at very tip of head in longitudinal sections (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136E2A1C4D61A805FC98659350FCFA7F" box="[833,948,1431,1455]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[213,280,1230,1252]" captionTargetBox="[211,1171,161,1198]" captionTargetId="figure-5@9.[211,1171,161,1198]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Lineus acutifrons. (A) Transverse section showing the two lateral cephalic lacunae; (B) transverse section at brain level showing ventral lacuna; (C) transverse section at brain level showing two ventral lacunae; (D) transverse section at brain level showing four lacunae; (E) longitudinal section of the cephalic slit showing the aperture of the ciliated canal; glandular area with long cilia are marked with arrows; (F) longitudinal section at the tip of the head. Scale bars A–F: 100 µm. Abbreviations: ao, apical organ; cl, cephalic lacunae; dc, dorsal commissure; ll, lateral lacunae; mvl, mid-ventral lacuna; pp, proboscis pore; r, rhynchocoel; vl, ventral lacuna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210469" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210469/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="2370">Figure 4F</figureCitation>
|
||
). No pigment cup ocelli observed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36994D61A805FF4965F95004F9C4" blockId="8.[144,844,1532,1556]" box="[144,844,1532,1556]" pageId="8" pageNumber="2370">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D61A805FF4965F9521FF9C4" box="[144,343,1533,1556]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="2370">Excretory system.</emphasis>
|
||
No traces of nephridial structures observed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36994D61A805FF496645518CF989" blockId="8.[144,708,1601,1625]" box="[144,708,1601,1625]" pageId="8" pageNumber="2370">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D61A805FF4966455231F989" box="[144,377,1601,1625]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="2370">Reproductive system.</emphasis>
|
||
No mature specimens found.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2A66114D60A804FF0C64CA5268FA61" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210469" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5210469" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210469/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="2371" startId="9.[213,280,1230,1252]" targetBox="[211,1171,161,1198]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36994D60A804FF0C64CA5268FA61" blockId="9.[213,1170,1230,1457]" pageId="9" pageNumber="2371">
|
||
Figure 4.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D1A4D60A804FEE664CB52A3FB35" authorityName="Southern" authorityYear="1913" box="[319,491,1231,1253]" class="Pilidiophora" family="Lineidae" genus="Lineus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="9" pageNumber="2371" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="acutifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D60A804FEE664CB52A3FB35" box="[319,491,1231,1253]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2371">Lineus acutifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (A) Transverse section showing the two lateral cephalic lacunae; (B) transverse section at brain level showing ventral lacuna; (C) transverse section at brain level showing two ventral lacunae; (D) transverse section at brain level showing four lacunae; (E) longitudinal section of the cephalic slit showing the aperture of the ciliated canal; glandular area with long cilia are marked with arrows; (F) longitudinal section at the tip of the head. Scale bars A–F: 100 µm. Abbreviations: ao, apical organ; cl, cephalic lacunae; dc, dorsal commissure; ll, lateral lacunae; mvl, mid-ventral lacuna; pp, proboscis pore; r, rhynchocoel; vl, ventral lacuna.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36994D60A804FF0C661D5284F9E1" blockId="9.[213,460,1561,1585]" box="[213,460,1561,1585]" pageId="9" pageNumber="2371">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D60A804FF0C661D5284F9E1" box="[213,460,1561,1585]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2371">Habitat and behaviour</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36994D60A807FF0C6646524BFDED" blockId="9.[213,1170,1601,1688]" lastBlockId="10.[144,1101,166,700]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="2372" pageId="9" pageNumber="2371">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D1A4D60A804FF0C664652D9F989" authorityName="Southern" authorityYear="1913" box="[213,401,1601,1625]" class="Pilidiophora" family="Lineidae" genus="Lineus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="9" pageNumber="2371" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="acutifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D60A804FF0C664652D9F989" box="[213,401,1601,1625]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2371">Lineus acutifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lives in sandy beaches, in the lower part of the intertidal slope, buried in the sediment. From the 18 beaches surveyed, the species was only collected from four that have a at dissipative area, with sediments from fine to medium sands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B684D60A807FB9466845246FF6E" author="Junoy J & Castellanos C & Vieitez JM & de la Huz MR & Lastra M" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="2372" pageId="9" pageNumber="2371" pagination="526 - 536" refId="ref6643" refString="Junoy J, Castellanos C, Vieitez JM, de la Huz MR, Lastra M. 2005. The macroinfauna of the Galician sandy beaches (NW Spain) affected by the Prestige oil-spill. Mar Poll Bull. 50: 526 - 536." type="journal article" year="2005">Junoy et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Density in these beaches was very low, with a maximum of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D53FD104D63A807FC0360A35388FF0E" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
per
|
||
<quantity id="4CAD9B7C4D63A807FF2D60C2527BFF0E" box="[244,307,198,222]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C209BD14D63A807FEEA60C65274FF03" attach="left" box="[307,316,194,211]" fontSize="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372">2</superScript>
|
||
. The macroinfaunal community of these beaches consisted of typical psammophilous species dominated by crustaceans and polychaetes. The most frequent and abundant species were the amphipod
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D1A4D63A807FD7C61035768FECE" authority="(Bate, 1858)" baseAuthorityName="Bate" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[677,1056,262,286]" class="Malacostraca" family="Oedicerotidae" genus="Pontocrates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arenarius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D63A807FD7C610350DAFECE" box="[677,914,263,286]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372">Pontocrates arenarius</emphasis>
|
||
(Bate, 1858)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the mysid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D1A4D63A807FF03612251DFFEEE" authority="Bacescu, 1970" authorityName="Bacescu" authorityYear="1970" box="[218,663,294,318]" class="Malacostraca" family="Mysidae" genus="Gastrosaccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mysida" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roscoffensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D63A807FF03612252B9FEEE" box="[218,497,294,318]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372">Gastrosaccus roscoffensis</emphasis>
|
||
Bacescu, 1970
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the spionid polychaetes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D1A4D63A807FC0661225173FE8D" authority="(Bellan and Lagardere, 1971)" baseAuthorityName="Bellan and Lagardere" baseAuthorityYear="1971" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Scolelepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="mesnili">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D63A807FC0661225395FE8E" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372">Scolelepis mesnili</emphasis>
|
||
(Bellan and Lagardère, 1971)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D1A4D63A807FDA3614250B5FE8D" authority="Muller, 1806" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1806" box="[634,1021,325,350]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Scolelepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="squamata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D63A807FDA361425014FE8E" box="[634,860,326,350]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372">Scolelepis squamata</emphasis>
|
||
Müller, 1806
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Other accompanying species were the isopods
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D1A4D63A807FD8661625704FEAD" authority="Jones and Pierpoint, 1997" authorityName="Jones and Pierpoint" authorityYear="1997" box="[607,1100,357,382]" class="Malacostraca" family="Cirolanidae" genus="Eurydice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isopoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="naylori">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D63A807FD8661625050FEAE" box="[607,792,358,382]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372">Eurydice naylori</emphasis>
|
||
Jones and Pierpoint, 1997
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D1A4D63A807FF1861825145FE4D" authority="Hansen, 1905" authorityName="Hansen" authorityYear="1905" box="[193,525,389,414]" class="Malacostraca" family="Cirolanidae" genus="Eurydice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isopoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affinis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D63A807FF1861825223FE4E" box="[193,363,390,414]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372">Eurydice affinis</emphasis>
|
||
Hansen, 1905
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the amphipod
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D1A4D63A807FD6261825705FE4D" authority="(Slabber, 1769)" baseAuthorityName="Slabber" baseAuthorityYear="1769" box="[699,1101,389,413]" class="Malacostraca" family="Haustoriidae" genus="Haustorius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arenarius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D63A807FD62618250E9FE4D" box="[699,929,390,413]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372">Haustorius arenarius</emphasis>
|
||
(Slabber, 1769)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the polychaete
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D1A4D63A807FEB261A151EFFE6D" authority="Ehlers 1868" authorityName="Ehlers" authorityYear="1868" box="[363,679,421,445]" class="Polychaeta" family="Nephtyidae" genus="Nephtys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="cirrosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D63A807FEB261A15150FE6D" box="[363,536,421,445]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372">Nephtys cirrosa</emphasis>
|
||
Ehlers 1868
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These species were offered to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D1A4D63A807FC2761A2539FFE0D" authorityName="Southern" authorityYear="1913" class="Pilidiophora" family="Lineidae" genus="Lineus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="acutifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D63A807FC2761A2539FFE0D" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372">L. acutifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in individual containers, but no proboscis eversion was observed and no prey were consumed. This nemertean is the largest macrofaunal species of the beaches and presumably eats larger polychaetes present in the habitat, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D1A4D63A807FC5762015750FDCD" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1806" box="[910,1048,517,541]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Scolelepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="squamata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D63A807FC5762015750FDCD" box="[910,1048,517,541]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372">S. squamata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D63A807FF496222524BFDED" box="[144,259,550,573]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D1A4D63A807FF49622253B7FDED" authorityName="Ehlers" authorityYear="1868" box="[144,255,550,573]" class="Polychaeta" family="Nephtyidae" genus="Nephtys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="cirrosa">N. cirrosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36994D63A807FF6262415760FD6C" blockId="10.[144,1101,166,700]" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372">
|
||
Specimens maintained in the laboratory were surrounded by a mucus sheath with sand grains; however, this cover was not visible at collecting times. A singular behaviour was observed in Petri dishes whereby the posterior end waved around while the anterior part was still, which is the opposite of that seen in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D1A4D63A807FC4B62A0576BFD6C" box="[914,1059,676,700]" class="Pilidiophora" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372" phylum="Nemertea" rank="class">Pilidiophora</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36994D63A807FF4963015232FCCD" blockId="10.[144,378,773,797]" box="[144,378,773,797]" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D63A807FF4963015232FCCD" box="[144,378,773,797]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372">Phylogenetic analysis</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36994D63A806FF49632952E3FBA3" blockId="10.[144,1101,813,901]" lastBlockId="11.[213,1170,987,1139]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="2373" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372">
|
||
The phylogenetic hypothesis obtained using exclusively
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D63A807FCC763295001FC95" box="[798,841,813,837]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372">28S</emphasis>
|
||
data supports a relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D1A4D63A807FE8063495161FCB5" baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1892" box="[345,553,845,869]" class="Pilidiophora" family="Lineidae" genus="Tenuilineus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="bicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D63A807FE8063495161FCB5" box="[345,553,845,869]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372">Tenuilineus bicolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D1A4D63A807FDE0634A5053FCB5" authorityName="Takakura" authorityYear="1898" box="[569,795,845,869]" class="Pilidiophora" family="Lineidae" genus="Lineus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="alborostratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D63A807FDE0634A5053FCB5" box="[569,795,845,869]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372">Lineus alborostratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D1A4D63A807FC8E634A575AFCB5" baseAuthorityName="Renier" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[855,1042,845,869]" class="Pilidiophora" family="Lineidae" genus="Lineus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="bilineatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D63A807FC8E634A575AFCB5" box="[855,1042,845,869]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372">Lineus bilineatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with bootstrap support of 77% (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136E2A1C4D63A807FE0F63695175FC55" box="[470,573,877,901]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="10.[144,211,1573,1595]" captionTargetBox="[142,1102,960,1540]" captionTargetId="figure-245@10.[142,1102,960,1540]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 5. Phylogeny resulting from a maximum likelihood analysis of 28S ribosomal RNA (likelihood − 8692.363) with L. acutifrons in bold. Numbers adjacent to nodes indicate bootstrap ≥ 50%. Outgroup species are Nipponnemertes punctatulus, Oerstedia zebra, Tetrastemma elegans and Tetrastemma wilsoni." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210471" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210471/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372">Figure 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The individual phylogenies from
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D63A807FC386369575EFC55" box="[993,1046,877,901]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2372">CO1</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D62A806FF0C63D85248FC24" box="[213,256,988,1012]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2373">28S</emphasis>
|
||
, and the combined phylogeny of both genes demonstrate similar results:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D1A4D62A806FB9163D9520AFBC4" authorityName="Southern" authorityYear="1913" class="Pilidiophora" family="Lineidae" genus="Lineus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="11" pageNumber="2373" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="acutifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D62A806FB9163D9520AFBC4" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2373">Lineus acutifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is in a clade with other members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D1A4D62A806FC9463FF50E7FBC3" box="[845,943,1019,1043]" class="Pilidiophora" family="Lineidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="11" pageNumber="2373" phylum="Nemertea" rank="family">Lineidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
family, which was supported by high bootstrap values. In both the
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D62A806FCC164185005FBE4" box="[792,845,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2373">CO1</emphasis>
|
||
and combined phylogenies,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D1A4D62A806FF0C6438522BFB83" authorityName="Southern" authorityYear="1913" box="[213,355,1083,1107]" class="Pilidiophora" family="Lineidae" genus="Lineus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="11" pageNumber="2373" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="acutifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D62A806FF0C6438522BFB83" box="[213,355,1083,1107]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2373">L. acutifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a sister species to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D1A4D62A806FD8A6438504CFB83" authorityName="Takakura" authorityYear="1898" box="[595,772,1083,1107]" class="Pilidiophora" family="Lineidae" genus="Lineus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="11" pageNumber="2373" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="alborostratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D62A806FD8A6438504CFB83" box="[595,772,1083,1107]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2373">L. alborostratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D1A4D62A806FCE6643850E1FB83" baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1892" box="[831,937,1083,1107]" class="Pilidiophora" family="Lineidae" genus="Tenuilineus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="11" pageNumber="2373" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="bicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA8B4D62A806FCE6643850E1FB83" box="[831,937,1083,1107]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2373">T. bicolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with 95% bootstrap support (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136E2A1C4D62A806FEE2645F52D6FBA3" box="[315,414,1115,1139]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="11.[213,280,790,812]" captionTargetBox="[217,1171,159,757]" captionTargetId="figure-5@11.[211,1171,159,757]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 6. Phylogeny resulting from a maximum likelihood analysis of combined DNA datasets [cytochrome oxidase I (CO1) mitochondrial DNA and 28S ribosomal RNA; likelihood − 8692.363] with Lineus acutifrons in bold. Numbers adjacent to nodes indicate bootstrap ≥ 50%. Outgroup species are Nipponnemertes punctatulus, Oerstedia zebra, Tetrastemma elegans and Tetrastemma wilsoni." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210473" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210473/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="2373">Figure 6</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |