254 lines
34 KiB
XML
254 lines
34 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="50B5D0FB7791E20A66D17A3EC7689020">Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from bathyal and abyssal depths of the Northeast Atlantic held in the modern Discovery Collections</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="08DE864890219F4C88680D7BA993226A">Peña Cantero, Álvaro L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="397A052549C2D74DB2FB0EA6F7D2280E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="5E538FE17EC1D47BC470DE9062F3650A">2017</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03F0943BFFD04D190BF8F95AFBFF156E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5248586" ID-GBIF-Taxon="137255874" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5248586" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F0943BFFD04D190BF8F95AFBFF156E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0943BFFD04D190BF8F95AFBFF156E" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<subSubSection id="C34376A6FFD04D180BF8F95AFEE61767" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFD04D180BF8F95AFD621746" blockId="12.[151,676,1780,1839]" box="[151,676,1780,1806]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<heading id="D0AE9241FFD04D180BF8F95AFD621746" bold="true" box="[151,676,1780,1806]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C595EAEFFD04D180BF8F95AFD621746" authority="(Saemundsson, 1911)" baseAuthorityName="Saemundsson" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[151,676,1780,1806]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Lafoeidae" genus="Zygophylax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="levinseni">
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<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD04D180BF8F95AFD621746" bold="true" box="[151,676,1780,1806]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD04D180BF8F95AFE511746" bold="true" box="[151,407,1780,1806]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Zygophylax levinseni</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD04D180AC9F95AFD5A1746" author="Saemundsson" box="[422,668,1780,1806]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Saemundsson, B. (1911) Bidrag til Kundskaben om de islandske Hydroider. II. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Den Danske Naturhistoriske Forening, 63, 67 - 107." type="journal article" year="1911">Saemundsson, 1911</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFD04D180BF8F8B8FEE61767" blockId="12.[151,676,1780,1839]" box="[151,288,1814,1839]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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(
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<figureCitation id="136239A8FFD04D180BF0F8B8FEDE1767" box="[159,280,1814,1839]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1911,1933]" captionTargetBox="[260,1348,228,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[225,1369,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 5. Clytia gigantea (Hincks, 1866): A, hydrotheca; B, detail of distal part of hydrotheca showing aperture with cusps. Zygophylax levinseni (Saemundsson, 1911): C, fragment of branch showing hydrothecal arrangement; D, hydrotheca, pedicel and apophysis; E, origin of branch showing apophysis and perisarc hole left by missing nematotheca; F, nematotheca; G, gonotheca; H, nematocyst (arrow). Scale bars: 200 µm (A, C, G), 100 µm (B, D – F), 10 µm (H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1044782/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 5C–H</figureCitation>
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)
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34376A6FFD04D190BF8F8F0FCC410E6" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFD04D180BF8F8F0FD5F173C" blockId="12.[151,1436,1886,2031]" box="[151,665,1886,1908]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB490203FFD04D180BF8F8F0FD5F173C" box="[151,665,1886,1908]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<taxonomicName id="4C595EAEFFD04D180BF8F8F0FD94173C" authority="Saemundsson, 1911: 86" authorityName="Saemundsson" authorityPageNumber="86" authorityYear="1911" box="[151,594,1886,1908]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Lafoeidae" genus="Lictorella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="levinseni">
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<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD04D180BF8F8F0FE9C173C" box="[151,346,1886,1908]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Lictorella levinseni</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF8033CFFD04D180A0FF8F0FD94173C" author="Saemundsson" box="[352,594,1886,1908]" page="86" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1911">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD04D180A0FF8F0FDEB173C" author="Saemundsson" box="[352,557,1886,1908]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Saemundsson, B. (1911) Bidrag til Kundskaben om de islandske Hydroider. II. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Den Danske Naturhistoriske Forening, 63, 67 - 107." type="journal article" year="1911">Saemundsson, 1911</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 86
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, fig. 2.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFD04D180BF8F8D3FB4C17DB" blockId="12.[151,1436,1886,2031]" box="[151,1162,1917,1939]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB490203FFD04D180BF8F8D3FB4C17DB" box="[151,1162,1917,1939]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<taxonomicName id="4C595EAEFFD04D180BF8F8D3FEB617DB" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1905" box="[151,368,1917,1939]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Lafoeidae" genus="Zygophylax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="biarmata">
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<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD04D180BF8F8D3FEB617DB" box="[151,368,1917,1939]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Zygophylax biarmata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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—
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF8033CFFD04D180AE4F8D3FDF617DB" author="Broch" box="[395,560,1917,1939]" page="24" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1918">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD04D180AE4F8D3FDCC17DB" author="Broch" box="[395,522,1917,1939]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Broch, H. (1918) Hydroida. (Part II). Danish " Ingolf " Expedition, 5, 1 - 206." type="journal article" year="1918">Broch, 1918</bibRefCitation>
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: 24
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF8033CFFD04D180954F8D0FD2017DB" author="Kramp" box="[571,742,1917,1939]" page="28" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1938">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD04D180954F8D0FD0517DB" author="Kramp" box="[571,707,1917,1939]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1938) Marine Hydrozoa. Hydroida. The Zoology of Iceland, 2, 1 - 82." type="journal article" year="1938">Kramp, 1938</bibRefCitation>
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: 28
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</treatmentCitation>
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[not
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C595EAEFFD04D180873F8D3FB4217DB" authority="Billard, 1905" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1905" box="[796,1156,1917,1939]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Lafoeidae" genus="Zygophylax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="biarmata">
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||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD04D180873F8D3FC3017DB" box="[796,1014,1917,1939]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Zygophylax biarmata</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD04D180893F8D3FB4217DB" author="Billard" box="[1020,1156,1917,1939]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Billard, A. (1905) Hydroides recoltes par M. Seurat aux Iles Gambier. Bulletin du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 11, 331 - 335." type="journal article" year="1905">Billard, 1905</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
]
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFD04D180BF8F832FC0D17FA" blockId="12.[151,1436,1886,2031]" box="[151,971,1948,1970]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB490203FFD04D180BF8F832FC0D17FA" box="[151,971,1948,1970]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<taxonomicName id="4C595EAEFFD04D180BF8F832FDF517FA" authority="Leloup, 1940: 11" authorityName="Leloup" authorityPageNumber="11" authorityYear="1940" box="[151,563,1948,1970]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Lafoeidae" genus="Zygophylax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="elegantula">
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<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD04D180BF8F832FEB817FA" box="[151,382,1948,1970]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Zygophylax elegantula</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF8033CFFD04D180AEBF832FDF517FA" author="Leloup" box="[388,563,1948,1970]" page="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1940">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD04D180AEBF832FDD617FA" author="Leloup" box="[388,528,1948,1970]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Leloup, E. (1940) Hydropolypes provenant des croisieres du Prince Albert Ier de Monaco. Resultats des Campagne Scientifiques Accomplies sur son Yacht par Albert Ier, Prince Souverain de Monaco, 104, 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="1940">Leloup, 1940</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 11
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
, pl. 1 fig. 8;
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF8033CFFD04D1809DBF833FC0017FA" author="Rees" box="[692,966,1948,1970]" page="78" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1987">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD04D1809DBF833FC6617FA" author="Rees" box="[692,928,1948,1970]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Rees, W. J. & Vervoort, W. (1987) Hydroids from the John Murry Expedition to the Indian Ocean with revisory notes on Hydrodendron, Abietinella, Cryptolaria and Zygophylax (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 237, 1 - 209." type="journal article" year="1987">Rees & Vervoort, 1987</bibRefCitation>
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: 78
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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;
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFD04D180BF8F814FCBD17A7" blockId="12.[151,1436,1886,2031]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB490203FFD04D180BF8F814FCBD17A7" bridged="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<taxonomicName id="4C595EAEFFD04D180BF8F814FEA81798" baseAuthorityName="Saemundsson" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[151,366,1978,2000]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Lafoeidae" genus="Zygophylax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="levinseni">
|
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<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD04D180BF8F814FEA81798" box="[151,366,1978,2000]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Zygophylax levinseni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
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—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF8033CFFD04D180AE7F814FD6F1798" author="Ramil" box="[392,681,1978,2000]" page="78" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1992">
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD04D180AE7F814FD451798" author="Ramil" box="[392,643,1978,2000]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Ramil, F. & Vervoort, W. (1992) Report on the Hydroida collected by the ' BALGIM' expedition in and around the Strait of Gibraltar. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 277, 1 - 262." type="journal article" year="1992">Ramil & Vervoort, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 78
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, figs 18a–d, 19a–f; Altuna Prados & Álvarez Claudio, 1994: 6–10, figs 3, 4;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF8033CFFD04D180B8EF877FDC317A7" author="Calder" box="[225,517,2009,2031]" page="35" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1998">
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD04D180B8EF877FE2617A7" author="Calder" box="[225,480,2009,2031]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Calder, D. R. & Vervoort, W. (1998) Some hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, in the North Atlantic Ocean. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 319, 1 - 65." type="journal article" year="1998">Calder & Vervoort, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 35
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
, fig. 17a–c; Schuchert, 2001: 71–72.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFD14D190BF8FF36FCC410E6" blockId="13.[151,846,152,204]" box="[151,770,152,174]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB490203FFD14D190BF8FF36FCC410E6" box="[151,770,152,174]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<taxonomicName id="4C595EAEFFD14D190BF8FF36FECB10E6" authorityName="Quelch" authorityYear="1885" box="[151,269,152,174]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Lafoeidae" genus="Zygophylax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD14D190BF8FF36FECB10E6" box="[151,269,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Zygophylax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF8033CFFD14D190A59FF36FD4C10E6" author="Aguirrezabalaga" box="[310,650,152,174]" page="119" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="1988">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD14D190A59FF36FD9F10E6" author="Aguirrezabalaga" box="[310,601,152,174]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Aguirrezabalaga, F., Altuna, A., Marruedo, J., Miner, A., Pena, J., Romero, A., San Juan, R., San Vicente, C., Serrano, A. & Ibanez, M. (1988) Contribucion al conocimiento de la fauna marina en la Costa Vasca. VI. Lurralde, 11, 217 - 265." type="journal article" year="1988">
|
||
Aguirrezabalaga
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD14D190A8BFF37FDD110E6" box="[484,535,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
|
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, 1988
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 119
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, figs 12a–f.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
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</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34376A6FFD14D190BF8FF19FC881084" box="[151,846,182,204]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFD14D190BF8FF19FC881084" blockId="13.[151,846,152,204]" box="[151,846,182,204]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB490203FFD14D190BF8FF19FC881084" box="[151,846,182,204]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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Not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C595EAEFFD14D190BACFF18FE5F1084" baseAuthorityName="Saemundsson" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[195,409,182,204]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Lafoeidae" genus="Zygophylax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="levinseni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD14D190BACFF18FE5F1084" box="[195,409,182,204]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Zygophylax levinseni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF8033CFFD14D190ADCFF18FD101084" author="Calder" box="[435,726,182,204]" page="35" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="1998">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD14D190ADCFF18FD771084" author="Calder" box="[435,689,182,204]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Calder, D. R. & Vervoort, W. (1998) Some hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, in the North Atlantic Ocean. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 319, 1 - 65." type="journal article" year="1998">Calder & Vervoort, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 35
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 17a–c.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34376A6FFD14D190BF8FF57FBBE117E" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFD14D190BF8FF57FBBE117E" blockId="13.[151,1437,249,1318]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD14D190BF8FF57FE2E115A" bold="true" box="[151,488,249,274]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Material examined. 9752#1,</emphasis>
|
||
several stems up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CA188C8FFD14D1909B6FF57FCEC1159" box="[729,810,249,274]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="60.0">60 mm</quantity>
|
||
high, on axis of dead gorgonian and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C595EAEFFD14D190FB0FF54FA9C115A" baseAuthorityName="M. Sars" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[1247,1370,249,274]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tiarannidae" genus="Stegopoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="plicatile">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD14D190FB0FF54FA9C115A" box="[1247,1370,249,274]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. plicatile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with coppiniae;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD14D190A7DFEB3FEB2117E" bold="true" box="[274,372,285,310]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">13881#1</emphasis>
|
||
, several stems up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CA188C8FFD14D190930FEB0FD6B117D" box="[607,685,286,310]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="11.0">11 mm</quantity>
|
||
high, on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C595EAEFFD14D190879FEB3FC14117D" baseAuthorityName="Lamouroux" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[790,978,285,310]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Sertularella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gayi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD14D190879FEB3FC14117D" box="[790,978,285,310]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Sertularella gayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, no coppiniae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34376A6FFD14D190BA8FEEFFAB313F6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFD14D190BA8FEEFFA56127A" blockId="13.[151,1437,249,1318]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD14D190BA8FEEFFE9F1112" bold="true" box="[199,345,321,346]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Polysiphonic stems, up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CA188C8FFD14D1909FFFEEFFD271111" box="[656,737,321,346]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="60.0">60 mm</quantity>
|
||
high. Polysiphony extending almost to end of stem. Primary branches also polysiphonic. Branching alternate in more or less one plane and roughly at right angle from stem; frequently forming sub-opposite pairs of contiguous hydrocladia (however, there are two hydrothecae between pairs; less frequently only one). Branches resting on apophyses usually provided with a nematotheca (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136239A8FFD14D190E5AFE03FA49118E" box="[1333,1423,429,454]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1911,1933]" captionTargetBox="[260,1348,228,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[225,1369,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 5. Clytia gigantea (Hincks, 1866): A, hydrotheca; B, detail of distal part of hydrotheca showing aperture with cusps. Zygophylax levinseni (Saemundsson, 1911): C, fragment of branch showing hydrothecal arrangement; D, hydrotheca, pedicel and apophysis; E, origin of branch showing apophysis and perisarc hole left by missing nematotheca; F, nematotheca; G, gonotheca; H, nematocyst (arrow). Scale bars: 200 µm (A, C, G), 100 µm (B, D – F), 10 µm (H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1044782/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 5E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Stems and hydrocladia with a series of apophyses alternately arranged in two planes, making an acute angle (less frequently in approximately one plane), and giving rise to hydrothecae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136239A8FFD14D1908ACFE5BFBDA1246" box="[963,1052,501,526]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1911,1933]" captionTargetBox="[260,1348,228,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[225,1369,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 5. Clytia gigantea (Hincks, 1866): A, hydrotheca; B, detail of distal part of hydrotheca showing aperture with cusps. Zygophylax levinseni (Saemundsson, 1911): C, fragment of branch showing hydrothecal arrangement; D, hydrotheca, pedicel and apophysis; E, origin of branch showing apophysis and perisarc hole left by missing nematotheca; F, nematotheca; G, gonotheca; H, nematocyst (arrow). Scale bars: 200 µm (A, C, G), 100 µm (B, D – F), 10 µm (H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1044782/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Apophyses short and sometimes provided with a nematotheca placed on the side facing the space delimited by the alternating apophyses (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136239A8FFD14D190E41FDB7FA45127A" box="[1326,1411,537,562]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1911,1933]" captionTargetBox="[260,1348,228,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[225,1369,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 5. Clytia gigantea (Hincks, 1866): A, hydrotheca; B, detail of distal part of hydrotheca showing aperture with cusps. Zygophylax levinseni (Saemundsson, 1911): C, fragment of branch showing hydrothecal arrangement; D, hydrotheca, pedicel and apophysis; E, origin of branch showing apophysis and perisarc hole left by missing nematotheca; F, nematotheca; G, gonotheca; H, nematocyst (arrow). Scale bars: 200 µm (A, C, G), 100 µm (B, D – F), 10 µm (H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1044782/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 5F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFD14D190BA8FD93FC6412AE" blockId="13.[151,1437,249,1318]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Hydrothecae tubular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136239A8FFD14D190AD0FD93FDFB121E" box="[447,573,573,598]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1911,1933]" captionTargetBox="[260,1348,228,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[225,1369,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 5. Clytia gigantea (Hincks, 1866): A, hydrotheca; B, detail of distal part of hydrotheca showing aperture with cusps. Zygophylax levinseni (Saemundsson, 1911): C, fragment of branch showing hydrothecal arrangement; D, hydrotheca, pedicel and apophysis; E, origin of branch showing apophysis and perisarc hole left by missing nematotheca; F, nematotheca; G, gonotheca; H, nematocyst (arrow). Scale bars: 200 µm (A, C, G), 100 µm (B, D – F), 10 µm (H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1044782/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 5C–D</figureCitation>
|
||
), on long pedicels, separated from them by a circular diaphragm (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136239A8FFD14D190E5CFD93FA49121E" box="[1331,1423,573,598]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1911,1933]" captionTargetBox="[260,1348,228,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[225,1369,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 5. Clytia gigantea (Hincks, 1866): A, hydrotheca; B, detail of distal part of hydrotheca showing aperture with cusps. Zygophylax levinseni (Saemundsson, 1911): C, fragment of branch showing hydrothecal arrangement; D, hydrotheca, pedicel and apophysis; E, origin of branch showing apophysis and perisarc hole left by missing nematotheca; F, nematotheca; G, gonotheca; H, nematocyst (arrow). Scale bars: 200 µm (A, C, G), 100 µm (B, D – F), 10 µm (H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1044782/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Pedicel arising from hydrocladial apophysis. Hydrotheca slightly asymmetrical (adcauline wall longer than abcauline one) and directed outwards (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136239A8FFD14D19090EFD2BFD2412D6" box="[609,738,645,670]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1911,1933]" captionTargetBox="[260,1348,228,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[225,1369,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 5. Clytia gigantea (Hincks, 1866): A, hydrotheca; B, detail of distal part of hydrotheca showing aperture with cusps. Zygophylax levinseni (Saemundsson, 1911): C, fragment of branch showing hydrothecal arrangement; D, hydrotheca, pedicel and apophysis; E, origin of branch showing apophysis and perisarc hole left by missing nematotheca; F, nematotheca; G, gonotheca; H, nematocyst (arrow). Scale bars: 200 µm (A, C, G), 100 µm (B, D – F), 10 µm (H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1044782/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 5C–D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Adcauline wall convex; abcauline one straight or slightly concave below aperture (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136239A8FFD14D190AA5FD07FD89128A" box="[458,591,681,706]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1911,1933]" captionTargetBox="[260,1348,228,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[225,1369,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 5. Clytia gigantea (Hincks, 1866): A, hydrotheca; B, detail of distal part of hydrotheca showing aperture with cusps. Zygophylax levinseni (Saemundsson, 1911): C, fragment of branch showing hydrothecal arrangement; D, hydrotheca, pedicel and apophysis; E, origin of branch showing apophysis and perisarc hole left by missing nematotheca; F, nematotheca; G, gonotheca; H, nematocyst (arrow). Scale bars: 200 µm (A, C, G), 100 µm (B, D – F), 10 µm (H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1044782/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 5C–D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Maximum diameter at aperture, gradually decreasing to diaphragm. Hydrothecal aperture circular; rim smooth, slightly everted (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136239A8FFD14D190855FD63FC5212AE" box="[826,916,717,742]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1911,1933]" captionTargetBox="[260,1348,228,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[225,1369,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 5. Clytia gigantea (Hincks, 1866): A, hydrotheca; B, detail of distal part of hydrotheca showing aperture with cusps. Zygophylax levinseni (Saemundsson, 1911): C, fragment of branch showing hydrothecal arrangement; D, hydrotheca, pedicel and apophysis; E, origin of branch showing apophysis and perisarc hole left by missing nematotheca; F, nematotheca; G, gonotheca; H, nematocyst (arrow). Scale bars: 200 µm (A, C, G), 100 µm (B, D – F), 10 µm (H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1044782/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFD14D190BA8FD5FFCE8133E" blockId="13.[151,1437,249,1318]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Female gonothecae densely grouped, but separated. On axis of dead gorgonian and on basal part of some stems. Gonotheca ovoid, distally with a pair of laterally curved tubes, distally facing down (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136239A8FFD14D190FDDFCBBFACB1366" box="[1202,1293,789,814]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1911,1933]" captionTargetBox="[260,1348,228,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[225,1369,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 5. Clytia gigantea (Hincks, 1866): A, hydrotheca; B, detail of distal part of hydrotheca showing aperture with cusps. Zygophylax levinseni (Saemundsson, 1911): C, fragment of branch showing hydrothecal arrangement; D, hydrotheca, pedicel and apophysis; E, origin of branch showing apophysis and perisarc hole left by missing nematotheca; F, nematotheca; G, gonotheca; H, nematocyst (arrow). Scale bars: 200 µm (A, C, G), 100 µm (B, D – F), 10 µm (H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1044782/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 5G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Gonotheca with two apertures, each at the end of corresponding distal tube and facing downwards. Gonothecal wall with fine striae. Several planulae per gonotheca (up to six observed).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFD14D190BA8FC2CFAB313F6" blockId="13.[151,1437,249,1318]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Measurements (in µm).
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD14D190AB2FC2FFDA613D2" box="[477,608,897,922]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Hydrotheca</emphasis>
|
||
: height 320–400, diameter at aperture 130–180; length of pedicel 110– 200, diameter at diaphragm 80, length of apophyis 60.
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD14D190992FC0BFC5713F6" box="[765,913,933,958]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Nematotheca</emphasis>
|
||
: height 60–80, diameter at aperture 30–40.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34376A6FFD14D190BA8FC67FD1114F2" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFD14D190BA8FC67FB5C1405" blockId="13.[151,1437,249,1318]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD14D190BA8FC67FEFD13AA" bold="true" box="[199,315,969,994]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Nematothecae on the apophyses supporting hydrothecal pedicels are always on the side facing the space delimited by the alternating hydrothecae. The presence of nematothecae is not constant; they are frequently absent, which does not seem to be caused by lost. Where there was a nematotheca, currently lost, there is a clear hole in the perisarc (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136239A8FFD14D190A13FB9BFE151406" box="[380,467,1077,1102]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1911,1933]" captionTargetBox="[260,1348,228,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[225,1369,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 5. Clytia gigantea (Hincks, 1866): A, hydrotheca; B, detail of distal part of hydrotheca showing aperture with cusps. Zygophylax levinseni (Saemundsson, 1911): C, fragment of branch showing hydrothecal arrangement; D, hydrotheca, pedicel and apophysis; E, origin of branch showing apophysis and perisarc hole left by missing nematotheca; F, nematotheca; G, gonotheca; H, nematocyst (arrow). Scale bars: 200 µm (A, C, G), 100 µm (B, D – F), 10 µm (H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1044782/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 5E</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, in many cases there is no indication of its presence.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFD14D190BA8FBF7FD1114F2" blockId="13.[151,1437,249,1318]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD14D190BA8FBF7FE29143A" author="Ramil" box="[199,495,1113,1138]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Ramil, F. & Vervoort, W. (1992) Report on the Hydroida collected by the ' BALGIM' expedition in and around the Strait of Gibraltar. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 277, 1 - 262." type="journal article" year="1992">Ramil & Vervoort (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
indicated that there is usually one nematotheca on each side of the hydrothecal pedicel. We have only observed one nematotheca associated with each hydrothecal apophysis, which was also found by Altuna Prados & Álvarez Claudio (1994).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34376A6FFD14D190BA8FB6BFBFF156E" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFD14D190BA8FB6BFB8A154A" blockId="13.[151,1437,249,1318]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD14D190BA8FB6BFE331496" bold="true" box="[199,501,1221,1246]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Ecology and distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
This is a deep-sea species, collected at depths from
|
||
<quantity id="4CA188C8FFD14D190F56FB68FB1D1495" box="[1081,1243,1221,1246]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.92" metricValueMax="3.657" metricValueMin="0.183" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="1920.0" valueMax="3657.0" valueMin="183.0">183 to 3657 m</quantity>
|
||
(Vervoort 2006); the present material is from the Porcupine Seabight at depths between 863 and 1042.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFD14D190BA8FAA0FBFF156E" blockId="13.[151,1437,249,1318]" box="[199,1081,1293,1318]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Temperate Atlantic south of Iceland and sub-tropical Atlantic (Vervoort 2006).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |