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166 lines
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<document ID-DOI="10.1206/0003-0090.457.1.1" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6971356" approvalRequired="59" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="59" checkinTime="1659882917898" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Beck, Robin M. D., Voss, Robert S. & Jansa, Sharon A." docDate="2022" docId="03EFDD5DF6C068D5D8FCFC8A1818FBF3" docLanguage="en" docName="BulAmeMusNatHist.2022.457.1-350.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (457)" docSource="https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-american-museum-of-natural-history/volume-457/issue-1/0003-0090.457.1.1/Craniodental-Morphology-and-Phylogeny-of-Marsupials/10.1206/0003-0090.457.1.1.full" docStyle="DocumentStyle:915933466F796C9C739DF4DB6B8DCFA6.8:BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.1cover.type1" docStyleId="915933466F796C9C739DF4DB6B8DCFA6" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.1cover.type1" docStyleVersion="8" docTitle="Balbaridae Kear and Cooke 2001" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="252" masterDocId="FFD6A525F63B6829DA0BFFAE1A62FFC7" masterDocTitle="Craniodental Morphology And Phylogeny Of Marsupials" masterLastPageNumber="353" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="251" updateTime="1659987007554" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title>Craniodental Morphology And Phylogeny Of Marsupials</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Beck, Robin M. D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>School of Science, Engineering and Environment University of Salford, U. K. & School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales, Australia & Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Mammalogy) American Museum of Natural History</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Voss, Robert S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Mammalogy) American Museum of Natural History</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Jansa, Sharon A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Bell Museum and Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2022-06-28</mods:number>
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<mods:number>2022</mods:number>
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<mods:number>457</mods:number>
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<mods:url>https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-american-museum-of-natural-history/volume-457/issue-1/0003-0090.457.1.1/Craniodental-Morphology-and-Phylogeny-of-Marsupials/10.1206/0003-0090.457.1.1.full</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1206/0003-0090.457.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">0003-0090</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6971356</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6974642" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6974642" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EFDD5DF6C068D5D8FCFC8A1818FBF3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EFDD5DF6C068D5D8FCFC8A1818FBF3" lastPageId="252" lastPageNumber="252" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">
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<subSubSection box="[759,1139,804,828]" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="251.[759,1139,804,828]" box="[759,1139,804,828]" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">
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<heading box="[759,1139,804,828]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" reason="4">
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†
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<taxonomicName authority="Kear and Cooke, 2001" authorityName="Kear and Cooke" authorityYear="2001" box="[770,1139,804,828]" class="Mammalia" family="Balbaridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
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Balbaridae
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<bibRefCitation author="Kear, B. P. & B. N. Cooke" box="[896,1139,804,828]" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" pagination="83 - 101" refId="ref210698" refString="Kear, B. P., and B. N. Cooke. 2001. A review of macropodoid (Marsupialia) systematics with the inclusion of a new family. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 25: 83 - 101." type="journal article" year="2001">Kear and Cooke, 2001</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[716,1182,854,878]" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" type="synonymic_list">
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<paragraph blockId="251.[683,1214,854,1738]" box="[716,1182,854,878]" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">
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CONTENTS: †
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Cooke" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[861,957,854,878]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Balbaroo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[861,957,854,878]" italics="true" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">Balbaroo</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and †
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<emphasis box="[1026,1182,854,877]" italics="true" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">
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<taxonomicName box="[1026,1178,854,877]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Ganawamaya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ganawamaya</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="251" pageNumber="251" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="251.[683,1214,854,1738]" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">STEM AGE: 27.7 Mya (95% HPD: 23.6–32.1 Mya).</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="251.[683,1214,854,1738]" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">CROWN AGE: 22.5 Mya (95% HPD: 18.7–27.3 Mya).</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="251.[683,1214,854,1738]" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">UNAMBIGUOUS CRANIODENTAL SYNAPOMORPHIES: Mandible usually with two or more mental foramina (char. 98: 0→1; ci = 0.063), distinct posterolingual cusp on semi- or fully sectorial P3 present (char. 125: 0→1; ci = 0.200); principal labial and lingual cusps of upper molars connected by well-developed lophs (char. 144: 1→2; ci = 0.200); and midpoints of protoloph and metaloph connected by a “midlink” (char. 145: 0→1; ci = 0.500)</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="252" lastPageNumber="252" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="251.[683,1214,854,1738]" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">
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COMMENTS: The first balbarids to be described, namely †
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<taxonomicName box="[780,1014,1383,1407]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Balbaroo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
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<emphasis box="[780,1014,1383,1407]" italics="true" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">Balbaroo camfieldensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and †
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Balbaroo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">B. gregoriensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, were originally referred to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[994,1147,1416,1440]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Macropodidae</taxonomicName>
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based largely on their fully lophodont molars (
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<bibRefCitation author="Flannery, T. F. & M. Archer & M. Plane" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" pagination="287 - 302" refId="ref202539" refString="Flannery, T. F., M. Archer, and M. Plane. 1983. Middle Miocene kangaroos (Macropodoidea: Marsupialia) from three localities in northern Australia, with a description of two new subfamilies. Journal of Australian Geology and Geophysics 7: 287 - 302." type="journal article" year="1983">Flannery et al., 1983</bibRefCitation>
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). However,
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<bibRefCitation author="Cooke, B. N." box="[902,1052,1482,1506]" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" pagination="269 - 280" refId="ref198121" refString="Cooke, B. N. 1997 a. Two new balbarine kangaroos and lower molar evolution within the subfamily. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 41 (2): 269 - 280." type="journal article" year="1997">Cooke (1997a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Cooke, B. N." box="[1064,1129,1482,1506]" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" pagination="281 - 294" refId="ref198156" refString="Cooke, B. N. 1997 b. New Miocene bulungamayine kangaroos (Marsupialia: Potoroidae) from Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 41 (2): 281 - 294." type="journal article" year="1997">
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1997
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<bibRefCitation author="Cooke, B. N." box="[1116,1204,1482,1506]" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" refId="ref198194" refString="Cooke, B. N. 1997 c. Researches into fossil kangaroos and kangaroo evolution. Ph. D. dissertation, School of Biological Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney." type="book" year="1997">b, 1997c</bibRefCitation>
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</bibRefCitation>
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) showed that balbarids and macropodids appear to have evolved lophodonty independently, and
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<bibRefCitation author="Kear, B. P. & B. N. Cooke" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" pagination="83 - 101" refId="ref210698" refString="Kear, B. P., and B. N. Cooke. 2001. A review of macropodoid (Marsupialia) systematics with the inclusion of a new family. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 25: 83 - 101." type="journal article" year="2001">Kear and Cooke (2001)</bibRefCitation>
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subsequently recognized †
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kear and Cooke" authorityYear="2001" class="Mammalia" family="Balbaridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Balbaridae</taxonomicName>
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as a distinct family.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="251.[683,1214,854,1738]" lastBlockId="252.[108,637,226,1076]" lastPageId="252" lastPageNumber="252" pageId="251" pageNumber="251">
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The position of †
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kear and Cooke" authorityYear="2001" box="[896,1012,1647,1671]" class="Mammalia" family="Balbaridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="251" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Balbaridae</taxonomicName>
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has varied in published morphological and total-evidence phylogenetic analyses, and the family has not always been recovered as monophyletic (
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<bibRefCitation author="Kear, B. P. & B. N. Cooke & M. Archer & T. F. Flannery" box="[404,576,226,250]" pageId="252" pageNumber="252" pagination="1147 - 1167" refId="ref210900" refString="Kear, B. P., B. N. Cooke, M. Archer, and T. F. Flannery. 2007. Implications of a new species of the OligoMiocene kangaroo (Marsupialia: Macropodoidea) Nambaroo, from the Riversleigh World Heritage Area, Queensland, Australia. Journal of Paleontology 81 (6): 1147 - 1167." type="journal article" year="2007">Kear et al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Kear, B. P. & N. S. Pledge" pageId="252" pageNumber="252" pagination="331 - 339" refId="ref210743" refString="Kear, B. P., and N. S. Pledge. 2008. A new fossil kangaroo from the Oligocene-Miocene Etadunna Formation of Ngama Quarry, Lake Palankarinna, South Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 55 (6): 331 - 339." type="journal article" year="2008">Kear and Pledge, 2008</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Black, K. H." box="[305,501,259,283]" pageId="252" pageNumber="252" pagination="112705" refId="ref194351" refString="Black, K. H., et al. 2014 c. A new species of the basal " kangaroo " Balbaroo and a re-evaluation of stem macropodiform interrelationships. PLoS One 9 (11): e 112705." type="journal article" year="2014">Black et al., 2014c</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Travouillon" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Travouillon" pageId="252" pageNumber="252" pagination="20" refId="ref230732" refString="Travouillon, K. J., B. N. Cooke, M. Archer, and S. J. Hand. 2014 b. Revision of basal macropodids from the Riversleigh World Heritage Area with descriptions of new material of Ganguroo bilamina Cooke, 1997 and a new species. Palaeontologia Electronica 17 (1): 20 A." type="journal article" year="2014" yearSuffix="b">Travouillon et al., 2014b</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Travouillon" box="[249,314,292,316]" firstAuthor="Travouillon" pageId="252" pageNumber="252" pagination="274 - 286" refId="ref230795" refString="Travouillon, K. J., M. Archer, and S. J. Hand. 2015 a. Revision of Wabularoo, an early macropodid kangaroo from mid-Cenozoic deposits of the Riversleigh World Heritage Area, Queensland, Australia. Alcheringa: an Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 39 (2): 274 - 286." type="journal article" year="2015" yearSuffix="a">
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2015
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<bibRefCitation author="a" box="[303,378,292,316]" firstAuthor="a" pageId="252" pageNumber="252" pagination="602 - 611" refId="ref236085" refString="Wright, A. M., G. T. Lloyd, and D. M. Hillis. 2016. Modeling character change heterogeneity in phylogenetic analyses of morphology through the use of priors. Systematic Biology 65 (4): 602 - 611." type="journal article" year="2016">a, 2016</bibRefCitation>
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Cooke, B. N. & K. J. Travouillon & M. Archer & S. J. Hand" box="[388,580,292,316]" pageId="252" pageNumber="252" pagination="956879" refId="ref198423" refString="Cooke, B. N., K. J. Travouillon, M. Archer, and S. J. Hand. 2015. Ganguroo robustiter, sp. nov. (Macropodoidea, Marsupialia), a middle to early late Miocene basal macropodid from Riversleigh World Heritage Area, Australia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35 (4): e 956879." type="journal article" year="2015">Cooke et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Butler, K. & K. J. Travouillon & G. J. Price & M. Archer & S. J. Hand" pageId="252" pageNumber="252" pagination="1083029" refId="ref195985" refString="Butler, K., K. J. Travouillon, G. J. Price, M. Archer, and S. J. Hand. 2016. Cookeroo, a new genus of fossil kangaroo (Marsupialia, Macropodidae) from the Oligo-Miocene of Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland, Australia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36 (3): e 1083029." type="journal article" year="2016">Butler et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Butler, K. & K. J. Travouillon & G. Price & M. Archer & S. J. Hand" box="[278,331,325,349]" pageId="252" pageNumber="252" pagination="1 - 58" refId="ref196113" refString="Butler, K., K. J. Travouillon, G. Price, M. Archer, and S. J. Hand. 2018. Revision of Oligo-Miocene kangaroos, Ganawamaya and Nambaroo (Marsupialia: Macropodiformes, Balbaridae). Palaeontologia Electronica 21.1.8 A: 1 - 58." type="book chapter" year="2018">2018</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Cascini, M. & K. J. Mitchell & A. Cooper & M. J. Phillips" box="[344,556,325,349]" pageId="252" pageNumber="252" pagination="520 - 537" refId="ref196727" refString="Cascini, M., K. J. Mitchell, A. Cooper, and M. J. Phillips. 2019. Reconstructing the evolution of giant extinct kangaroos: Comparing the utility of DNA, morphology, and total evidence. Systematic Biology 68 (3): 520 - 537." type="journal article" year="2019">Cascini et al., 2019</bibRefCitation>
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). However, both of our total-evidence analyses (figs. 32,
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<figureCitation box="[109,136,391,415]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="181.[108,150,938,959]" captionTargetId="figure-12@181.[241,1216,224,1485]" captionTargetPageId="181" captionText="FIG. 33. (opposite page and at right) Fifty-per- cent majority rule consensus of post-burn-in trees that results from dated Bayesian analysis (using combined tip-and-node dating and separate Independent Gamma Rates [IGR] clock models for the molecular and morpho- logical partitions) of our total evidence data- set. Black dots at nodes indicate ≥0.95 Bayesian posterior probability (“strong support”); dark gray dots indicate 0.75–0.94 Bayesian poste- rior probability (“moderate support”); light gray dots indicate 0.50–0.74 Bayesian poste- rior probability (“weak support”). Nodes with- out dots were constrained a priori so that their ages could be calibrated (see tables 6, 13). Orange bars represent 95% Highest Posterior Density (HPD) intervals on the ages of nodes. For clarity, 95% HPD intervals are not shown for the ages of fossil terminals." pageId="252" pageNumber="252">33</figureCitation>
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) support balbarid monophyly. A position for †
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kear and Cooke" authorityYear="2001" box="[119,236,424,448]" class="Mammalia" family="Balbaridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="252" pageNumber="252" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Balbaridae</taxonomicName>
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outside
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[330,486,424,448]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="252" pageNumber="252" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Macropodidae</taxonomicName>
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+
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[520,636,424,448]" class="Mammalia" family="Potoroidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="252" pageNumber="252" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Potoroidae</taxonomicName>
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in our dated analysis (
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<figureCitation box="[358,430,457,481]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="181.[108,150,938,959]" captionTargetId="figure-12@181.[241,1216,224,1485]" captionTargetPageId="181" captionText="FIG. 33. (opposite page and at right) Fifty-per- cent majority rule consensus of post-burn-in trees that results from dated Bayesian analysis (using combined tip-and-node dating and separate Independent Gamma Rates [IGR] clock models for the molecular and morpho- logical partitions) of our total evidence data- set. Black dots at nodes indicate ≥0.95 Bayesian posterior probability (“strong support”); dark gray dots indicate 0.75–0.94 Bayesian poste- rior probability (“moderate support”); light gray dots indicate 0.50–0.74 Bayesian poste- rior probability (“weak support”). Nodes with- out dots were constrained a priori so that their ages could be calibrated (see tables 6, 13). Orange bars represent 95% Highest Posterior Density (HPD) intervals on the ages of nodes. For clarity, 95% HPD intervals are not shown for the ages of fossil terminals." pageId="252" pageNumber="252">fig. 33</figureCitation>
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) is due to the use of topological constraints required to calibrate selected nodes within Macropodiformes. These constraints may have influenced the character optimizations that indicate that presence of welldeveloped lophs connecting the principal labial and lingual cusps of the upper molars, and the presence of a midlink connecting these lophs, are both unambiguous synapomorphies of †
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kear and Cooke" authorityYear="2001" class="Mammalia" family="Balbaridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="252" pageNumber="252" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Balbaridae</taxonomicName>
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. Nevertheless, these optimizations are congruent with
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<bibRefCitation author="Cooke, B. N." box="[200,361,788,812]" pageId="252" pageNumber="252" pagination="269 - 280" refId="ref198121" refString="Cooke, B. N. 1997 a. Two new balbarine kangaroos and lower molar evolution within the subfamily. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 41 (2): 269 - 280." type="journal article" year="1997">Cooke’s (1997a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Cooke, B. N." box="[370,436,788,812]" pageId="252" pageNumber="252" pagination="281 - 294" refId="ref198156" refString="Cooke, B. N. 1997 b. New Miocene bulungamayine kangaroos (Marsupialia: Potoroidae) from Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 41 (2): 281 - 294." type="journal article" year="1997">
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||
1997
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<bibRefCitation author="Cooke, B. N." box="[423,510,788,812]" pageId="252" pageNumber="252" refId="ref198194" refString="Cooke, B. N. 1997 c. Researches into fossil kangaroos and kangaroo evolution. Ph. D. dissertation, School of Biological Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney." type="book" year="1997">b, 1997c</bibRefCitation>
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</bibRefCitation>
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) hypothesis that balbarids acquired fully lophodont molars independently of macropodids.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="252.[108,637,226,1076]" pageId="252" pageNumber="252">
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Balbarids were relatively diverse during the late Oligocene, but appear to have declined in diversity from the early Miocene onward, with their last records coming from the late middle or early late Miocene (Faunal Zone D) Encore site at Riversleigh World Heritage area (
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<bibRefCitation author="Butler, K. & K. J. Travouillon & G. J. Price & M. Archer & S. J. Hand" box="[428,622,1052,1076]" pageId="252" pageNumber="252" pagination="25 - 36" refId="ref196051" refString="Butler, K., K. J. Travouillon, G. J. Price, M. Archer, and S. J. Hand. 2017. Species abundance, richness and body size evolution of kangaroos (Marsupialia: Macropodiformes) throughout the Oligo-Miocene of Australia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 487: 25 - 36." type="journal article" year="2017">Butler et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |