232 lines
31 KiB
XML
232 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document id="81CC58A27F2C0186EB5BC79A398FAEBF" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.186177" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9d108029-093e-4e4b-88d6-a60b73186328" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="186177" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461047392122" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Rafael, José Albertino, Pimentel, Therezinha De Jesus, Godoi, Fabio Siqueira P. & Machado, Renato Jose Pires" docDate="2009" docId="03EC265BFFC8FF90FF47AB1E7C264A61" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02026p068.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2026" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Ctenostylum fuscomaculatum Rafael, Pimentel & Godoi, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="68" masterDocId="FFD55E23FFCAFF95FFD0AF4A7E604B2D" masterDocTitle="The enigmatic genus Ctenostylum Macquart with the description of a new species from the Brazilian Amazon Basin and a checklist of world Ctenostylidae species (Diptera)" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="63" pageNumber="65" updateTime="1698577574208" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="7138DCCF767EBBD5E89660E8F0923387">
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<mods:title id="DFF53699AD0DB9CFA6CECDBB28BB016D">The enigmatic genus Ctenostylum Macquart with the description of a new species from the Brazilian Amazon Basin and a checklist of world Ctenostylidae species (Diptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="501F3C870F5B3876194F6D6BFDBF950F">Rafael, José Albertino</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="43DA94B393986F83FECE53BE9D09C555">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="8FD15EACB4758DBF0CB9472F7DD0C7EC">Pimentel, Therezinha De Jesus</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="54841B740D63041121E56D99346E0DDA">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="01FB71134EEE9CDF3C1060981FF52752">Godoi, Fabio Siqueira P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7864F547DAD3E999CCCBA302118135B4">Machado, Renato Jose Pires</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="6A531CB1AD64667206226216476FA9FB">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="64B1489D248D20A2A0A41012E3BA1D31">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="C836A400E9D143DD75524B5344B7BFDC">2026</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="6F2928FC185FE1450BF4FF3A4F1DB2C6" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.186177</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03EC265BFFC8FF90FF47AB1E7C264A61" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3505790" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119611118" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3505790" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EC265BFFC8FF90FF47AB1E7C264A61" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EC265BFFC8FF90FF47AB1E7C264A61" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
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<subSubSection id="C35FC4C6FFC8FF97FF47AB1E7F464FBD" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BFA974DFFC8FF97FF47AB1E7DFA4F40" blockId="2.[151,922,1107,1168]" box="[151,922,1107,1134]" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
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<heading id="D0B22021FFC8FF97FF47AB1E7DFA4F40" bold="true" box="[151,922,1107,1134]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B9314B5FFFC8FF97FF47AB1E7DFA4F40" bold="true" box="[151,922,1107,1134]" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
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<taxonomicName id="4C45ECCEFFC8FF97FF47AB1E7D2A4F40" ID-CoL="9HX28" authority="Rafael, Pimentel & Godoi" authorityName="Rafael, Pimentel & Godoi" box="[151,842,1107,1134]" class="Insecta" family="Ctenostylidae" genus="Ctenostylum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscomaculatum" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B9314B5FFFC8FF97FF47AB1E7F9F4F43" bold="true" box="[151,511,1108,1134]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Ctenostylum fuscomaculatum</emphasis>
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Rafael, Pimentel & Godoi
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A202F624FFC8FF97FC88AB197DFA4F40" box="[856,922,1107,1133]" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFA974DFFC8FF97FF47AB3C7F464FBD" blockId="2.[151,922,1107,1168]" box="[151,294,1142,1168]" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
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(
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<figureCitation id="137E8BC8FFC8FF97FF4FAB3C7F7D4FBD" box="[159,285,1142,1168]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1 – 7" captionStart-1="FIGURES 8 – 12" captionStartId-0="3.[151,272,1809,1833]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,269,1572,1596]" captionTargetBox-0="[265,1322,594,1784]" captionTargetBox-1="[269,1322,544,1547]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[264,1323,589,1784]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[264,1323,542,1548]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionText-0="FIGURES 1 – 7. Ctenostylum fuscomaculatum, n. sp., holotype. 1, head, frontal view; 2, head, lateral view; 3, head, dorsal view; 4, antennae; 5, thorax, dorsal view; 6, thorax, lateral view; 7, wing." captionText-1="FIGURES 8 – 12. Ctenostylum fuscomaculatum, n. sp., holotype. 8, abdomen, dorsal view; 9, abdomen, ventral view; 10, distal abdominal segment, lateral view; 11, cerci, ventral view; 12, internal egg." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/186178/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/186179/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Figs. 1–12</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35FC4C6FFC8FF96FF47AB8E7C8B4939" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BFA974DFFC8FF97FF47AB8E7BFC4CCE" blockId="2.[151,1437,1220,2019]" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
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Female. General coloration yellow with head and thorax brown spotted. Head nearly as bulky as thorax (
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<figureCitation id="137E8BC8FFC8FF97FAB1AB8E7EA64E29" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,272,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox="[265,1322,594,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[264,1323,589,1784]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 7. Ctenostylum fuscomaculatum, n. sp., holotype. 1, head, frontal view; 2, head, lateral view; 3, head, dorsal view; 4, antennae; 5, thorax, dorsal view; 6, thorax, lateral view; 7, wing." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186178/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Figs. 1–3</figureCitation>
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). Frons yellow with brown spots at base of anterior prominence and at apex, near antennae. Frons with small yellow lateroclinate setae laterally, and with rather deep incised median line and dark brown to black bifid prominence anteriorly. Ocelli absent. Ocellar tubercle slightly protuberant with distinct tuft of brown setae. Postcranium yellow with yellow setae, brown spotted dorsally and ventrally, with longer setae on dorsal brown spot. No series of postocular setae can be distinguished from occipital setulae. Lunule large, subshining, distinctly small setulose. Antennal sockets separated by node-like carina. Face yellow, margined with brown ventrally, with median sclerotized zone more or less differentiated from lateral zones that are transparent and converge near antennal sockets. Eye brown-reddish, large, with small subequal facets. Antenna very short (
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<figureCitation id="137E8BC8FFC8FF97FE5DA96A7FB84D17" box="[397,472,1568,1594]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,272,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox="[265,1322,594,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[264,1323,589,1784]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 7. Ctenostylum fuscomaculatum, n. sp., holotype. 1, head, frontal view; 2, head, lateral view; 3, head, dorsal view; 4, antennae; 5, thorax, dorsal view; 6, thorax, lateral view; 7, wing." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186178/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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). Pedicel with anterodorsal protuberance with long and distinct setae. Flagellum with deep depression in which arista is inserted. Arista very complex, with dendritic branching (fan-shaped). Mouthparts entirely absent. Thorax (
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<figureCitation id="137E8BC8FFC8FF97FD8AA9277CAF4DAA" box="[602,719,1645,1671]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,272,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox="[265,1322,594,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[264,1323,589,1784]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 7. Ctenostylum fuscomaculatum, n. sp., holotype. 1, head, frontal view; 2, head, lateral view; 3, head, dorsal view; 4, antennae; 5, thorax, dorsal view; 6, thorax, lateral view; 7, wing." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186178/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Figs. 5–6</figureCitation>
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) mainly yellow, with brown margin on mesonotum, entire scutellum, and extreme dorsal and ventral parts of mesopleuron. Mesoscutum with numerous short yellow reclinate setulae, and erect supra-alar and postalar tuft of dense dark setulae. Notopleuron bare. Scutellum with numerous yellow setulae dorsally, and one pair of dense and dark setulae posteriorly. Proepisternum and proepimeron bare. Prothoracic spiracles rounded, almost bare. Postpronotal lobe with two small setae. Posterodorsal margin of anepisternum, median part of anepimeron and katepisternum setulose. Legs (only right fore leg, except tarsi, and right hind leg present) yellow, but fore coxa brown anteriorly. Legs elongate, with small setae. Fore and hind tibiae without apical spurs.
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<collectingCountry id="F352D7DDFFC8FF97FCBDA8367DC94CBB" box="[877,937,1916,1942]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Hind</collectingCountry>
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femur attenuated distally and hind tibiae attenuated basally. Wing (
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<figureCitation id="137E8BC8FFC8FF97FE15A8E87C6B4C91" box="[453,523,1954,1980]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,272,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox="[265,1322,594,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[264,1323,589,1784]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 7. Ctenostylum fuscomaculatum, n. sp., holotype. 1, head, frontal view; 2, head, lateral view; 3, head, dorsal view; 4, antennae; 5, thorax, dorsal view; 6, thorax, lateral view; 7, wing." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186178/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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) narrowed basally, without alula. Veins yellow, membrane yellow basally and along costal margin, the remaining part hyaline. Costa with subcostal break. Costal vein extending to vein M.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFA974DFFC9FF96FF47AFD27C8B4939" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,532]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">
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Sc vein incomplete. Vein R1 with sparse, weak setulae. Cell r1 with four distinct crossveins forming five small closed cells; the first hyaline window in this cell at least 3.5x longer than other hyaline windows. Crossvein rm near the middle of cell dm and at level of vein R1. Anal vein (A) incomplete. Base of vein M rather evanescent leaving cell bm open anteriorly. Abdomen yellow, rather oval. Tergites (
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<figureCitation id="137E8BC8FFC9FF96FB3CAE587B5C4A01" box="[1260,1340,274,300]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 12" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1572,1596]" captionTargetBox="[269,1322,544,1547]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[264,1323,542,1548]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 12. Ctenostylum fuscomaculatum, n. sp., holotype. 8, abdomen, dorsal view; 9, abdomen, ventral view; 10, distal abdominal segment, lateral view; 11, cerci, ventral view; 12, internal egg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186179/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
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) rather membranous; tergite 1 more sclerotized laterally; tergite 6 reduced to tranverse line of setae. Sternites (
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<figureCitation id="137E8BC8FFC9FF96FA9DAE727BF24A7F" box="[1357,1426,312,338]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 12" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1572,1596]" captionTargetBox="[269,1322,544,1547]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[264,1323,542,1548]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 12. Ctenostylum fuscomaculatum, n. sp., holotype. 8, abdomen, dorsal view; 9, abdomen, ventral view; 10, distal abdominal segment, lateral view; 11, cerci, ventral view; 12, internal egg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186179/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
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) more membranous than tergites. Sternite 1 V-shaped. Sternite 2 distinct and remaining sternites distinguisable only by clusters of setae. Terminalia (
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<figureCitation id="137E8BC8FFC9FF96FD8AAECF7CB94AB2" box="[602,729,389,415]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 12" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1572,1596]" captionTargetBox="[269,1322,544,1547]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[264,1323,542,1548]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 12. Ctenostylum fuscomaculatum, n. sp., holotype. 8, abdomen, dorsal view; 9, abdomen, ventral view; 10, distal abdominal segment, lateral view; 11, cerci, ventral view; 12, internal egg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186179/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Figs. 8–11</figureCitation>
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) with segment 7 enlarged, well sclerotized, not completely fused laterally (
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<figureCitation id="137E8BC8FFC9FF96FE80AEE67FF84AEB" box="[336,408,428,454]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 12" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1572,1596]" captionTargetBox="[269,1322,544,1547]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[264,1323,542,1548]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 12. Ctenostylum fuscomaculatum, n. sp., holotype. 8, abdomen, dorsal view; 9, abdomen, ventral view; 10, distal abdominal segment, lateral view; 11, cerci, ventral view; 12, internal egg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186179/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
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). Distal eversible tube membranous with two more slender parts, the first representing segment 8; distal segment wider distally (
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<figureCitation id="137E8BC8FFC9FF96FD5BAE997C844AC0" box="[651,740,467,493]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 12" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1572,1596]" captionTargetBox="[269,1322,544,1547]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[264,1323,542,1548]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 12. Ctenostylum fuscomaculatum, n. sp., holotype. 8, abdomen, dorsal view; 9, abdomen, ventral view; 10, distal abdominal segment, lateral view; 11, cerci, ventral view; 12, internal egg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186179/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
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), with short, setulose, and quite blunt fused cerci dorsally (
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<figureCitation id="137E8BC8FFC9FF96FF4FAEB07F4E4939" box="[159,302,506,532]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 12" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1572,1596]" captionTargetBox="[269,1322,544,1547]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[264,1323,542,1548]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 12. Ctenostylum fuscomaculatum, n. sp., holotype. 8, abdomen, dorsal view; 9, abdomen, ventral view; 10, distal abdominal segment, lateral view; 11, cerci, ventral view; 12, internal egg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186179/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Figs. 10–11</figureCitation>
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). Internal eggs as illustrated (
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<figureCitation id="137E8BC8FFC9FF96FD56AEB07CBE4939" box="[646,734,506,532]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 12" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1572,1596]" captionTargetBox="[269,1322,544,1547]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[264,1323,542,1548]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 12. Ctenostylum fuscomaculatum, n. sp., holotype. 8, abdomen, dorsal view; 9, abdomen, ventral view; 10, distal abdominal segment, lateral view; 11, cerci, ventral view; 12, internal egg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186179/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="DF3AC7C5FFC9FF96FF47A85B7D8C4C66" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186178/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" targetBox="[265,1322,594,1784]" targetPageId="3">
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<paragraph id="8BFA974DFFC9FF96FF47A85B7D8C4C66" blockId="3.[151,1436,1809,1867]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">
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<emphasis id="B9314B5FFFC9FF96FF47A85B7F274C04" bold="true" box="[151,327,1809,1833]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">FIGURES 1–7.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C45ECCEFFC9FF96FE9FA8587CF44C04" box="[335,660,1810,1833]" class="Insecta" family="Ctenostylidae" genus="Ctenostylum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscomaculatum" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B9314B5FFFC9FF96FE9FA8587CF44C04" box="[335,660,1810,1833]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Ctenostylum fuscomaculatum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A202F624FFC9FF96FD73A85B7C814C04" box="[675,737,1809,1833]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" rank="species">
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<emphasis id="B9314B5FFFC9FF96FD73A85B7C814C04" bold="true" box="[675,737,1809,1833]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">n. sp.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicNameLabel>
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, holotype. 1, head, frontal view; 2, head, lateral view; 3, head, dorsal view; 4, antennae; 5, thorax, dorsal view; 6, thorax, lateral view; 7, wing.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="C35FC4C6FFC9FF91FF15A8337E894BF5" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BFA974DFFC9FF96FF15A8337A3D4CCC" blockId="3.[151,1437,1913,2017]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">
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<emphasis id="B9314B5FFFC9FF96FF15A8337FDA4CBE" bold="true" box="[197,442,1913,1939]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<typeStatus id="54FE29EFFFC9FF96FE11A8307C4E4CB9" box="[449,558,1914,1940]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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Ƥ (pinned):
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<collectingCountry id="F352D7DDFFC9FF96FD17A8307D524CB9" box="[711,818,1914,1940]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">BRASIL</collectingCountry>
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, Pará [state], Serra Norte, H-1 Canga,
|
||
<date id="FFFBB18DFFC9FF96FB2AA8307BF74CB9" box="[1274,1431,1914,1940]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" value="1986-01-23" valueMax="1986-01-26" valueMin="1986-01-23">23–26.i.1986</date>
|
||
, Armadilha suspensa [= suspendable trap],
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD3AA8FFC9FF96FD0BA8EB7D7C4C96" box="[731,796,1953,1979]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" unit="m" value="16.0">16 m</quantity>
|
||
(rectangular printed white label).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C45ECCEFFC9FF96FB26A8EB7F374CCD" class="Insecta" family="Ctenostylidae" genus="Ctenostylum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscomaculatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9314B5FFFC9FF96FB26A8EB7F374CCD" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Ctenostylum fuscomaculatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, HOLÓTIPO (rectangular printed red label). Deposited at
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED540F88FFC9FF96FBD7A88D7A394CCC" box="[1031,1113,1991,2017]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/90vz-swjg" name="Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">MPEG</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA974DFFCEFF91FF47AFD27E894BF5" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,487]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Etymology. From Latin
|
||
<emphasis id="B9314B5FFFCEFF91FE6DAFD27C694B9C" box="[445,521,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
= brown, dark;
|
||
<emphasis id="B9314B5FFFCEFF91FD1EAFD27D2A4B9C" box="[718,842,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">maculatus</emphasis>
|
||
= spotted. Refers to the brown-spotted head and thorax.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35FC4C6FFCEFF91FF15AFAF7D8B4DD5" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA974DFFCEFF91FF15AFAF7DFE4ACA" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,487]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9314B5FFFCEFF91FF15AFAF7F314BD2" bold="true" box="[197,337,229,255]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4EABCFFCEFF91FE89AFAF7C474BD2" author="McAlpine" box="[345,551,229,255]" pageId="4" pageNumber="68" refString="McAlpine, D. K. (1989) The taxonomic position of the Ctenostylidae (= Lochmostyliinae) (Diptera: Schizophora). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 84 (Suppl. 4), 365 - 371." type="journal article" year="1989">McAlpine (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
wrote that sexual dimorphism of the head in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C45ECCEFFCEFF91FB93AFAF7A854BD2" box="[1091,1253,229,255]" class="Insecta" family="Ctenostylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ctenostylidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
may affect eye size, and facial and antennal structures. He compared both sexes of
|
||
<emphasis id="B9314B5FFFCEFF91FC19AE467A224A08" box="[969,1090,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Furciseta,</emphasis>
|
||
in which the eyes were very much larger in the male with the anterior ommatidia enlarged and the frons narrowed to accommodate the eyes, and concluded that similar dimorphism is to be expected in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C45ECCEFFCEFF91FC04AE137A0F4A5F" box="[980,1135,345,370]" class="Insecta" family="Ctenostylidae" genus="Ctenostylum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9314B5FFFCEFF91FC04AE137A0F4A5F" box="[980,1135,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Ctenostylum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This prediction is here supported as the female studied, unlike the males, has a wide frons and ommatidia of subequal size. The female specimen studied disagrees in many characters with Macquart’s and Bigot’s descriptions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C45ECCEFFCEFF91FAE2AEED7BFC4AED" box="[1330,1436,423,448]" class="Insecta" family="Ctenostylidae" genus="Ctenostylum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9314B5FFFCEFF91FAE2AEED7BFC4AED" box="[1330,1436,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">C. rufum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and we do not believe that they are sexually dimorphic characters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3AC7C5FFCEFF91FF47A96E7D884D73" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186179/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" targetBox="[269,1322,544,1547]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA974DFFCEFF91FF47A96E7D884D73" blockId="4.[151,1436,1572,1630]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9314B5FFFCEFF91FF47A96E7F2F4D11" bold="true" box="[151,335,1572,1596]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">FIGURES 8–12.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C45ECCEFFCEFF91FE85A96F7CF04D11" box="[341,656,1573,1596]" class="Insecta" family="Ctenostylidae" genus="Ctenostylum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscomaculatum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9314B5FFFCEFF91FE85A96F7CF04D11" box="[341,656,1573,1596]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Ctenostylum fuscomaculatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A202F624FFCEFF91FD4CA96E7CB84D11" box="[668,728,1572,1596]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9314B5FFFCEFF91FD4CA96E7CB84D11" bold="true" box="[668,728,1572,1596]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, holotype. 8, abdomen, dorsal view; 9, abdomen, ventral view; 10, distal abdominal segment, lateral view; 11, cerci, ventral view; 12, internal egg.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA974DFFCEFF91FF15A9DB7D8B4DD5" blockId="4.[151,1436,1680,2025]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C45ECCEFFCEFF91FF15A9DB7C4E4D87" box="[197,558,1681,1706]" class="Insecta" family="Ctenostylidae" genus="Ctenostylum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscomaculatum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9314B5FFFCEFF91FF15A9DB7C4E4D87" box="[197,558,1681,1706]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Ctenostylum fuscomaculatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A202F624FFCEFF91FDE7A9DA7C1D4D87" box="[567,637,1680,1706]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9314B5FFFCEFF91FDE7A9DA7C1D4D87" bold="true" box="[567,637,1680,1706]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C45ECCEFFCEFF91FCF2A9DB7DF04D87" box="[802,912,1681,1706]" class="Insecta" family="Ctenostylidae" genus="Ctenostylum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9314B5FFFCEFF91FCF2A9DB7DF04D87" box="[802,912,1681,1706]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">C. rufum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the brown-spotted head and thorax; the supra-alar tuft of dense dark setulae; the tuft of dense, dark scutellar setulae on each side of centre; and the four crossveins in cell r1.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C45ECCEFFCEFF91FE10A9947CC04DDA" box="[448,672,1758,1783]" class="Insecta" family="Ctenostylidae" genus="Ctenostylum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9314B5FFFCEFF91FE10A9947CC04DDA" box="[448,672,1758,1783]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Ctenostylum rufum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has six or seven crossveins.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35FC4C6FFCEFF90FF15A8427C264A61" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA974DFFCEFF91FF15A8427B064CB5" blockId="4.[151,1436,1680,2025]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C45ECCEFFCEFF91FF15A8427C7E4C0C" box="[197,542,1800,1825]" class="Insecta" family="Ctenostylidae" genus="Ctenostylum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscomaculatum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9314B5FFFCEFF91FF15A8427C7E4C0C" box="[197,542,1800,1825]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Ctenostylum fuscomaculatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A202F624FFCEFF91FDF5A84D7C074C0C" box="[549,615,1799,1825]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9314B5FFFCEFF91FDF5A84D7C074C0C" bold="true" box="[549,615,1799,1825]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
differs from the undescribed male from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F352D7DDFFCEFF91FBEDA84D7ADD4C0C" box="[1085,1213,1799,1825]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
by being generally yellow in coloration; the head and thorax are brown spotted; cell r1 has four crossveins; and vein r-m is placed near the midpoint of cell dm. The Costa Rican
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C45ECCEFFCEFF91FD12A8127D344C5C" box="[706,852,1880,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Ctenostylidae" genus="Ctenostylum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9314B5FFFCEFF91FD12A8127D344C5C" box="[706,852,1880,1905]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Ctenostylum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is generally brownish in coloration; the head and thorax are unspotted; cell r1 has seven crossveins; and r-m crossvein is positioned distally beside cell dm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA974DFFCEFF90FF15A8E27F684BF5" blockId="4.[151,1436,1680,2025]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,152,332]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C45ECCEFFCEFF91FF15A8E27FC64CEC" box="[197,422,1960,1985]" class="Insecta" family="Ctenostylidae" genus="Ctenostylum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9314B5FFFCEFF91FF15A8E27FC64CEC" box="[197,422,1960,1985]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Ctenostylum rufum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was collected at “banks of Amazon River”, which varies from 60 meters elevation in Manaus to sea level in Belém, while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C45ECCEFFCEFF91FD95A8857D474CC5" box="[581,807,1999,2024]" class="Insecta" family="Ctenostylidae" genus="Ctenostylum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscomaculatum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9314B5FFFCEFF91FD95A8857D474CC5" box="[581,807,1999,2024]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">C. fuscomaculatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A202F624FFCEFF91FCFEA8847D104CC5" box="[814,880,1998,2024]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9314B5FFFCEFF91FCFEA8847D104CC5" bold="true" box="[814,880,1998,2024]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
was collected around
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD3AA8FFCEFF91FBA3A8857AAC4CC4" box="[1139,1228,1999,2025]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" unit="km" value="500.0">500 km</quantity>
|
||
south of Amazon River in a highland forested area 500 – 700 meters above the sea level, presently being explored by a mining company.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA974DFFCFFF90FF15AFAF7C264A61" blockId="5.[151,1436,152,332]" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
|
||
Investigation of the phylogenetic relationships of this species with other ctenostylids is beyond the scope of this study, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C45ECCEFFCFFF90FEBDAE467C654A08" box="[365,517,268,293]" class="Insecta" family="Ctenostylidae" genus="Ctenostylum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9314B5FFFCFFF90FEBDAE467C654A08" box="[365,517,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Ctenostylum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems to be a basal group in that the sclerites of female segment 7 are not completely fused, as in other genera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |