262 lines
34 KiB
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262 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document id="EED1947572B6B90F71EABBDF951DC856" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5301.3.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8030434" ID-ZooBank="9A64620A-5346-459A-9330-7E8AE9EBEBDE" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1686605028597" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Elmberg, Johan" docDate="2023" docId="03BE87CBFF884A65B8887B74403FF9D0" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5301.3.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5301 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5301.3.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Lissotriton vulgaris" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="308" masterDocId="FF87FFB3FF8D4A62B81F7D24450EFF81" masterDocTitle="Amphibians and reptiles in North Sweden: distribution, habitat affinities, and abundance (Classes: Amphibia and Reptilia)" masterLastPageNumber="335" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="306" updateTime="1686605656092" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="376CB02F829AA5AF435562B037AA2DB7">Amphibians and reptiles in North Sweden: distribution, habitat affinities, and abundance (Classes: Amphibia and Reptilia)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FE11AA253400BB18B68329F14BC33F2D">Elmberg, Johan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="53ADDC97222717E74D526F2BFCB99DA9">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="4C1EB930325A6E08BD029CB98A77D193">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="0095637F55E41C4AF79EC20567DDC160">2023-06-12</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="F5F6CFA7DB5803CC1DAFBBB7A23303E7">5301</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="519BFFF90A3EABB80B3C6812F60E7B2A" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5301.3.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03BE87CBFF884A65B8887B74403FF9D0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030408" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8030408" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BE87CBFF884A65B8887B74403FF9D0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BE87CBFF884A65B8887B74403FF9D0" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="308" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
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<subSubSection id="C30D6556FF884A67B8887B74460DF9EB" box="[151,771,1615,1642]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF884A67B8887B74460DF9EB" blockId="5.[151,771,1615,1642]" box="[151,771,1615,1642]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
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<heading id="D0E081B1FF884A67B8887B74460DF9EB" bold="true" box="[151,771,1615,1642]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF884A67B8887B74460DF9EB" bold="true" box="[151,771,1615,1642]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
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Smooth Newt
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<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF884A67B9587B74460DF9EB" ID-CoL="72KTZ" ID-ENA="8324" authority="(Linneaus 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linneaus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[327,771,1615,1642]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lissotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF884A67B9587B74473DF9EB" bold="true" box="[327,563,1615,1642]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Lissotriton vulgaris</emphasis>
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(Linneaus 1758)
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30D6556FF884A65B8887BBC403FF9D0" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="308" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF884A67B8887BBC4754F956" blockId="5.[151,1437,1688,2039]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF884A67B8887BBC4427F933" bold="true" box="[151,297,1688,1714]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Distribution</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="132C2A58FF884A67B9267BBC4490F933" box="[313,414,1688,1714]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[152,255,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,181,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-23@6.[161,1426,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Distribution of Lissotriton vulgaris in North Sweden. Known continuous range is colored. Possibly disjunct occurrences are denoted by filled circles and offshore records by triangles." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030440" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8030440/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Figure 2</figureCitation>
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). Included records from
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF884A67BAA87BBC4634F933" box="[695,826,1688,1714]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Artportalen</emphasis>
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: all reports (N=670), as there is no confusion species except the much rarer
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<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF884A67B98E7B99475DF957" baseAuthorityName="Laurenti" baseAuthorityYear="1768" box="[401,595,1725,1750]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristatus">
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF884A67B98E7B99475DF957" box="[401,595,1725,1750]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Triturus cristatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF884A67B8D87BC4418BF877" blockId="5.[151,1437,1688,2039]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
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Widely distributed in the Southern Boreal; in a regular sampling grid covering the entire provinces of Gästrikland and Hälsingland,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF884A67B9417A20470FF89E" author="Sterner, M." box="[350,513,1796,1823]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" pagination="19" refId="ref18352" refString="Sterner, M. (2005) Inventering av Vattensalamandrar i Gavleborgs lan 2005. Rapport, Naturenheten Lansstyrelsen i Gavleborgs lan, Gavle, 2005, 19. [unknown pagination, in Swedish]" type="book chapter" year="2005">Sterner (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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found the species in 42% of 111 squares in which randomly selected wetlands (<1 hectare, presumed free from predatory fish) were investigated. In both these provinces there is a pattern of more widespread occurrence in coastal areas than farther inland. In a similar randomized survey of Medelpad and southern Ångermanland,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF884A67B9547A54474EF80B" author="Olofsson, F. & Persbo, F. & Ohmark, S." box="[331,576,1904,1930]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" pagination="9" refId="ref17374" refString="Olofsson, F., Persbo, F. & Ohmark, S. (2008) Inventering av storre vattensalamander Triturus cristatus i Vasternorrlands lan 2006. Lansstyrelsen Vasternorrland Miljoavdelningen Rapport Harnosand, 2008, 9. [in Swedish]" type="journal article" year="2008">
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Olofsson
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF884A67B9A87A5544E1F80B" box="[439,495,1904,1930]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">et al.</emphasis>
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(2008)
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</bibRefCitation>
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recorded the species in 23% of 155 randomly selected small wetlands. In the southern Middle Boreal this species is seemingly more patchily distributed, especially in the northern parts of the range. There are only two known extant occurrences in the Northern Boreal: Akkan and Abborrberg (4 kms apart in Stensele parish) in Lycksele lappmark (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF884A67BA4F7AF84611F877" author="Persbo, F. & Reinoja, J. & Ohmark, S." box="[592,799,2012,2038]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" pagination="2005" refId="ref17682" refString="Persbo, F., Reinoja, J. & Ohmark, S. (2006) Inventering av mindre vattensalamander, Triturus vulgaris i Vasterbottens lan 2005. Project thesis, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umea University. [unknown pagination, in Swedish]" type="book chapter" year="2006">
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Persbo
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF884A67BABA7AF947D3F877" box="[677,733,2012,2038]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">et al.</emphasis>
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2006
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</bibRefCitation>
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, Anders Forsgren pers. comm.).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF686655FF8B4A64B8877AB34684F855" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030440" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8030440" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8030440/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" startId="6.[152,255,1943,1967]" targetBox="[161,1426,181,1920]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF8B4A64B8877AB34684F855" blockId="6.[151,1436,1943,2004]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF8B4A64B8877AB34412F82E" bold="true" box="[152,284,1943,1967]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
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Distribution of
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<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF8B4A64B9D57ABC479BF831" box="[458,661,1944,1968]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lissotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF8B4A64B9D57ABC479BF831" box="[458,661,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Lissotriton vulgaris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in North Sweden. Known continuous range is colored. Possibly disjunct occurrences are denoted by filled circles and offshore records by triangles.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF8A4A65B8D87DB344E5FF78" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1617]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
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<materialsCitation id="3B7F3C80FF8A4A65B8D87DB344E9FF78" country="Sweden" county="Aborrberg" elevation="520" location="Interestingly" municipality="Akkan" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" specimenCount="1">
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<location id="8EC86006FF8A4A65B8D87DB34458FF30" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BE87CBFF884A65B8887B74403FF9D0:8EC86006FF8A4A65B8D87DB34458FF30" box="[199,342,151,177]" country="Sweden" county="Aborrberg" municipality="Akkan" name="Interestingly" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Interestingly</location>
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, three of the northernmost occurrences are also the highest known from
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<location id="8EC86006FF8A4A65BC817DB341D1FF30" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BE87CBFF884A65B8887B74403FF9D0:8EC86006FF8A4A65BC817DB341D1FF30" box="[1182,1247,151,177]" country="Sweden" county="Aborrberg" municipality="Akkan" name="North" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">North</location>
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<collectingCountry id="F300764DFF8A4A65BCF67DB3404CFF30" box="[1257,1346,151,177]" name="Sweden" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Sweden</collectingCountry>
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(and in
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<collectingCountry id="F300764DFF8A4A65B8887D9F45FEFF54" box="[151,240,187,213]" name="Sweden" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Sweden</collectingCountry>
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overall):
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BCCACA7FF8A4A65B9417D9F44A7FF54" box="[350,425,187,213]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Akkan</collectingMunicipality>
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and
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<collectingCounty id="62C94E51FF8A4A65B9FE7D9F475BFF54" box="[481,597,187,213]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Aborrberg</collectingCounty>
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are both
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<elevation id="003AD1EEFF8A4A65BADC7D9E46CBFF54" box="[707,965,186,213]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" unit="m" value="520.0">
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<quantity id="4CEF9B38FF8A4A65BADC7D9E4602FF54" box="[707,780,186,213]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" unit="m" value="520.0">520 m</quantity>
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above sea level
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</elevation>
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, and Jägarliden at
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<quantity id="4CEF9B38FF8A4A65BC847D9F41EAFF54" box="[1179,1252,187,213]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" unit="m" value="340.0">
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<elevation id="003AD1EEFF8A4A65BC847D9F41EAFF54" box="[1179,1252,187,213]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" unit="m" value="340.0">340 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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(all in Lycksele lappmark;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF8A4A65B90F7DFB44D1FF78" author="Persbo, F. & Reinoja, J. & Ohmark, S." box="[272,479,223,249]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="2005" refId="ref17682" refString="Persbo, F., Reinoja, J. & Ohmark, S. (2006) Inventering av mindre vattensalamander, Triturus vulgaris i Vasterbottens lan 2005. Project thesis, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umea University. [unknown pagination, in Swedish]" type="book chapter" year="2006">
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Persbo
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF8A4A65B97C7DFB4495FF78" box="[355,411,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">et al.</emphasis>
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2006
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</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF8A4A65B8D87C2747A2FE2C" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1617]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
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Offshore occurrence is known from two islands in Medelpad (Brämön and Alnön;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF8A4A65BC727C27409AFE9C" author="Elmberg, J. & Ericsson, S." box="[1133,1428,259,285]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref16314" refString="Elmberg, J. & Ericsson, S. (1983) Skrattabbarn - om mindre vattenodlan Triturus vulgaris (L.) i Vasterbottens lan. Natur i Norr, 2 (1), 1 - 22. [in Swedish]" type="journal article" year="1983">Elmberg & Ericsson 1983</bibRefCitation>
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) and one in Hälsingland (Jättholmarna), indicating a fair dispersal capacity over brackish water. In coastal areas where the species occurs, many mainland records are very close to the sea (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF8A4A65BBF97C6F4184FEE4" author="Elmberg, J." box="[998,1162,330,357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="57 - 82" refId="ref16209" refString="Elmberg, J. (1995) Groddjurens och kraldjurens utbredning i Norrland. Natur i Norr, 15 (2), 57 - 82. [in Swedish]" type="journal article" year="1995">Elmberg 1995</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF8A4A65BC897C6F4027FEE4" author="Sterner, M." box="[1174,1321,330,357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="19" refId="ref18352" refString="Sterner, M. (2005) Inventering av Vattensalamandrar i Gavleborgs lan 2005. Rapport, Naturenheten Lansstyrelsen i Gavleborgs lan, Gavle, 2005, 19. [unknown pagination, in Swedish]" type="book chapter" year="2005">Sterner 2005</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF8A4A65BD2A7C6F45F8FE08" author="Persbo, F. & Reinoja, J. & Ohmark, S." pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="2005" refId="ref17682" refString="Persbo, F., Reinoja, J. & Ohmark, S. (2006) Inventering av mindre vattensalamander, Triturus vulgaris i Vasterbottens lan 2005. Project thesis, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umea University. [unknown pagination, in Swedish]" type="book chapter" year="2006">
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Persbo
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF8A4A65BD977C6F45BAFE08" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">et al.</emphasis>
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2006
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF8A4A65B91F7C4B44E8FE08" author="Olofsson, F. & Persbo, F. & Ohmark, S." box="[256,486,367,393]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="9" refId="ref17374" refString="Olofsson, F., Persbo, F. & Ohmark, S. (2008) Inventering av storre vattensalamander Triturus cristatus i Vasternorrlands lan 2006. Lansstyrelsen Vasternorrland Miljoavdelningen Rapport Harnosand, 2008, 9. [in Swedish]" type="journal article" year="2008">
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Olofsson
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF8A4A65B9747C4B44ADFE08" box="[363,419,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">et al.</emphasis>
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2008
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</bibRefCitation>
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). This pattern indicates a good general dispersal capacity, since such wetlands created by land uplift, are often less than 200 years old.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF8A4A65B8D87C9347BAFD04" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1617]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
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There are not any data to gauge large-scale changes in distribution during the last 50 years, but local extinctions due to fish introduction have been documented (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF8A4A65BAB97CFF464DFE74" author="Dolmen, D." box="[678,835,475,501]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="171 - 177" refId="ref15964" refString="Dolmen, D. (1978) De neotene salamanderne (" skrattabborrene ") ved Stensele. Fauna och Flora, 73 (4), 171 - 177. [in Norwegian]" type="journal article" year="1978">Dolmen 1978</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF8A4A65BB527CFF4163FE74" author="Elmberg, J. & Ericsson, S." box="[845,1133,475,501]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref16314" refString="Elmberg, J. & Ericsson, S. (1983) Skrattabbarn - om mindre vattenodlan Triturus vulgaris (L.) i Vasterbottens lan. Natur i Norr, 2 (1), 1 - 22. [in Swedish]" type="journal article" year="1983">Elmberg & Ericsson 1983</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF8A4A65BC687CFF404FFE74" author="Persbo, F. & Reinoja, J. & Ohmark, S." box="[1143,1345,475,501]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="2005" refId="ref17682" refString="Persbo, F., Reinoja, J. & Ohmark, S. (2006) Inventering av mindre vattensalamander, Triturus vulgaris i Vasterbottens lan 2005. Project thesis, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umea University. [unknown pagination, in Swedish]" type="book chapter" year="2006">
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Persbo
|
|
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF8A4A65BCD77CFF41F1FE74" box="[1224,1279,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">et al.</emphasis>
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2006
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). One of these populations comprised neotenic individuals only (Långselberget,
|
|
<quantity id="4CEF9B38FF8A4A65BBB37CDB46FFFD98" box="[940,1009,511,537]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" unit="m" value="460.0">460 m</quantity>
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altitude, Stensele, Lycksele lappmark;
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|
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF8A4A65B8887F07448DFDBC" author="Gislen T. & Kauri H." box="[151,387,546,573]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="197 - 397" refId="ref16560" refString="Gislen T. & Kauri H. (1959) Zoogeography of the Swedish amphibians and reptiles, with notes on their growth and ecology. Acta Vertebratica, 1 (3), 197 - 397." type="journal article" year="1959">Gislén & Kauri 1959</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF8A4A65B9917F074724FDBC" author="Dolmen, D." box="[398,554,547,573]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="171 - 177" refId="ref15964" refString="Dolmen, D. (1978) De neotene salamanderne (" skrattabborrene ") ved Stensele. Fauna och Flora, 73 (4), 171 - 177. [in Norwegian]" type="journal article" year="1978">Dolmen 1978</bibRefCitation>
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;
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|
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF8A4A65BA2A7F074657FDBC" author="Elmberg, J. & Ericsson, S." box="[565,857,547,573]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref16314" refString="Elmberg, J. & Ericsson, S. (1983) Skrattabbarn - om mindre vattenodlan Triturus vulgaris (L.) i Vasterbottens lan. Natur i Norr, 2 (1), 1 - 22. [in Swedish]" type="journal article" year="1983">Elmberg & Ericsson 1983</bibRefCitation>
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). The northern distribution limit presented here runs farther north than in
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF8A4A65B99E7F63478AFDE0" author="Gislen T. & Kauri H." box="[385,644,582,609]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="197 - 397" refId="ref16560" refString="Gislen T. & Kauri H. (1959) Zoogeography of the Swedish amphibians and reptiles, with notes on their growth and ecology. Acta Vertebratica, 1 (3), 197 - 397." type="journal article" year="1959">Gislén & Kauri (1959)</bibRefCitation>
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. This discrepancy is, however, not due to a range expansion but rather because the species has been overlooked before.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF8A4A65B8D87FAA45CAFC48" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1617]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF8A4A65B8D87FAA44E7FD28" bold="true" box="[199,489,654,681]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Habitat and movements</emphasis>
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. Breeding habitats include tarns and small lakes in forested areas, as well as more or less permanent man-made wetlands (e.g., ponds, pasture pools, gravel pits). Tarns and lakes are usually oligoto mesotrophic, bordered either by floating
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF8A4A65BA857FF3461EFD70" authorityName="C.Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[666,784,727,753]" class="Sphagnopsida" family="Sphagnaceae" genus="Sphagnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sphagnales" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF8A4A65BA857FF3461EFD70" box="[666,784,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Sphagnum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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mats or by moderately dense stands of aquatic grasses (
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<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF8A4A65B8BE7FDF4485FC94" box="[161,395,763,789]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Phragmites" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="australis">
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF8A4A65B8BE7FDF4485FC94" box="[161,395,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Phragmites australis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF8A4A65B9867FDF4781FC94" box="[409,655,763,789]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Phalaris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundinacea">
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|
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF8A4A65B9867FDF4781FC94" box="[409,655,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Phalaris arundinacea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) or sedges (
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<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF8A4A65BB067FDF4685FC95" box="[793,907,763,789]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Carex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spp">
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF8A4A65BB067FDF4685FC95" box="[793,907,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Carex spp</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.) (
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<figureCitation id="132C2A58FF8A4A65BBB57FDF4114FC94" box="[938,1050,763,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="23.[152,255,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,977,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-327@23.[151,1436,974,1918]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 11. Mesotrophic lakes with extensive beds of grasses and sedges provide breeding habitat for Rana temporaria, R. arvalis, and Bufo bufo. If fishless, also Lissotriton vulgaris is likely to occur in lakes of this type. Spring aspect from Öster- Skivsjön, Västerbotten, Middle Boreal region. Photo: Johan Elmberg." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030468" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8030468/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Figure 11</figureCitation>
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|
). The majority of known breeding wetlands are fishless (cf.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF8A4A65B9AC7E3B47D7FCB8" author="Elmberg, J. & Ericsson, S." box="[435,729,799,825]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref16314" refString="Elmberg, J. & Ericsson, S. (1983) Skrattabbarn - om mindre vattenodlan Triturus vulgaris (L.) i Vasterbottens lan. Natur i Norr, 2 (1), 1 - 22. [in Swedish]" type="journal article" year="1983">Elmberg & Ericsson 1983</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF8A4A65BAFA7E3B4676FCB8" author="Sterner, M." box="[741,888,798,825]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="19" refId="ref18352" refString="Sterner, M. (2005) Inventering av Vattensalamandrar i Gavleborgs lan 2005. Rapport, Naturenheten Lansstyrelsen i Gavleborgs lan, Gavle, 2005, 19. [unknown pagination, in Swedish]" type="book chapter" year="2005">Sterner 2005</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF8A4A65BB9B7E3B415EFCB8" author="Persbo, F. & Reinoja, J. & Ohmark, S." box="[900,1104,799,825]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="2005" refId="ref17682" refString="Persbo, F., Reinoja, J. & Ohmark, S. (2006) Inventering av mindre vattensalamander, Triturus vulgaris i Vasterbottens lan 2005. Project thesis, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umea University. [unknown pagination, in Swedish]" type="book chapter" year="2006">
|
|
Persbo
|
|
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF8A4A65BBC87E3B411EFCB8" box="[983,1040,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2006
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</bibRefCitation>
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|
) and lack connection to other wetlands by streams. Several of the occurrences away from the more continuous range are isolated, either high on forested hills or in large peat bog complexes. Breeding sites are usually permanent wetlands, but the species has been recorded in ephemeral rock pools on the Baltic coast (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF8A4A65BB347EAF415DFC24" author="Elmberg, J. & Ericsson, S." box="[811,1107,907,933]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref16314" refString="Elmberg, J. & Ericsson, S. (1983) Skrattabbarn - om mindre vattenodlan Triturus vulgaris (L.) i Vasterbottens lan. Natur i Norr, 2 (1), 1 - 22. [in Swedish]" type="journal article" year="1983">Elmberg & Ericsson 1983</bibRefCitation>
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;
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|
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF8A4A65BC437EAF4046FC24" author="Aronsson, A. & Karlberg, A. & Persson, B. & Ohrling, H. & Gothe, L." box="[1116,1352,906,933]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" refId="ref15498" refString="Aronsson, A., Karlberg, A., Persson, B., Ohrling, H. & Gothe, L. (2005) Oversiktlig kustinventering 2002 - 2004. Lansstyrelsen Vasternorrland, avdelningen for Kultur och natur. Rapport, 2005, 3. [in Swedish]" type="journal volume" year="2005">
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Aronsson
|
|
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF8A4A65BCD17EAF4008FC24" box="[1230,1286,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">et al.</emphasis>
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2005
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
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|
<figureCitation id="132C2A58FF8A4A65BD4C7EAF45B8FC48" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="25.[152,255,1188,1212]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,192,1156]" captionTargetId="figure-15@25.[151,1436,192,1156]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 12. Ongoing post-glacial land uplift creates open habitats along the Baltic coast of North Sweden. Rock pools (foreground) serve as breeding sites for Rana temporaria and Bufo bufo, occasionally also for Lissotriton vulgaris. Brushy areas along the forest edge (background) are typical summer habitat for Zootoca vivipara and Vipera berus. Tjäruskär, Ångermanland, Middle Boreal region. Photo: Johan Elmberg." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030472" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8030472/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Figure 12</figureCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF8A4A65B8D87EF741AEFB20" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1617]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
|
Summer habits and habitats are little known, as very few observations are made away from the breeding wetlands. Adults can be seen in the latter long into June, sometimes to mid-July. It is thus possible that many remain aquatic for a large part of the summer. During field work at Galtström (Medelpad) August 1
|
|
<superScript id="7C629B95FF8A4A65BC8F793F4195FBA8" attach="left" box="[1168,1179,1051,1065]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">st</superScript>
|
|
we found active adults on land as well as in a nearby breeding pond. Terrestrial habits in North
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F300764DFF8A4A65BBD7791B412FFBD8" box="[968,1057,1087,1113]" name="Sweden" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
|
are little known; most records on land have been made under logs or woody debris in damp spruce-dominated forest close to breeding sites. Terrestrial summer records have also been made under flat sheltering objects near man-made wetlands.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF8A4A65B8D8798F46DCFA8C" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1617]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
|
Hibernation habitats and habits in North
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F300764DFF8A4A65BABD798F47F5FB44" box="[674,763,1195,1221]" name="Sweden" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
|
have not been documented; it is not even known whether terrestrial or aquatic hibernation is the rule. However, aquatic hibernation was the only option in the neotenic population at Stensele in Lycksele lappmark, now extinct (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF8A4A65BB3979D746C8FA8C" author="Dolmen, D." box="[806,966,1267,1293]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="171 - 177" refId="ref15964" refString="Dolmen, D. (1978) De neotene salamanderne (" skrattabborrene ") ved Stensele. Fauna och Flora, 73 (4), 171 - 177. [in Norwegian]" type="journal article" year="1978">Dolmen 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF8A4A65B8D878334041FAD4" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1617]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Very little is known about seasonal movements. The almost total lack of observations of adults moving to or from breeding wetlands strongly suggests they spend much of their life in the latter or their close proximity.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF8A4A65B8D8787A4418F9AC" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1617]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
|
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF8A4A65B8D8787A4757FAF8" bold="true" box="[199,601,1374,1401]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Abundance estimates and trends.</emphasis>
|
|
There are very little data on local abundance, and no indication that any breeding wetland holds more than 200 reproducing adults (e.g.,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF8A4A65BB7378A74107FA1C" author="Dolmen, D." box="[876,1033,1411,1437]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="171 - 177" refId="ref15964" refString="Dolmen, D. (1978) De neotene salamanderne (" skrattabborrene ") ved Stensele. Fauna och Flora, 73 (4), 171 - 177. [in Norwegian]" type="journal article" year="1978">Dolmen 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF8A4A65BC0978A74031FA1C" author="Elmberg, J. & Ericsson, S." box="[1046,1343,1411,1437]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref16314" refString="Elmberg, J. & Ericsson, S. (1983) Skrattabbarn - om mindre vattenodlan Triturus vulgaris (L.) i Vasterbottens lan. Natur i Norr, 2 (1), 1 - 22. [in Swedish]" type="journal article" year="1983">Elmberg & Ericsson 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF8A4A65BD5478A745DCFA40" author="Sterner, M." pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="19" refId="ref18352" refString="Sterner, M. (2005) Inventering av Vattensalamandrar i Gavleborgs lan 2005. Rapport, Naturenheten Lansstyrelsen i Gavleborgs lan, Gavle, 2005, 19. [unknown pagination, in Swedish]" type="book chapter" year="2005">Sterner 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF8A4A65B8FF788344BDFA40" author="Persbo, F. & Reinoja, J. & Ohmark, S." box="[224,435,1447,1473]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="2005" refId="ref17682" refString="Persbo, F., Reinoja, J. & Ohmark, S. (2006) Inventering av mindre vattensalamander, Triturus vulgaris i Vasterbottens lan 2005. Project thesis, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umea University. [unknown pagination, in Swedish]" type="book chapter" year="2006">
|
|
Persbo
|
|
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF8A4A65B92A78834461FA40" box="[309,367,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2006
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF8A4A65B9DF788347A3FA40" author="Olofsson, F. & Persbo, F. & Ohmark, S." box="[448,685,1447,1473]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="9" refId="ref17374" refString="Olofsson, F., Persbo, F. & Ohmark, S. (2008) Inventering av storre vattensalamander Triturus cristatus i Vasternorrlands lan 2006. Lansstyrelsen Vasternorrland Miljoavdelningen Rapport Harnosand, 2008, 9. [in Swedish]" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
|
Olofsson
|
|
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF8A4A65BA3178834766FA40" box="[558,616,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2008
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Given the patchy distribution, it is unwise to suggest abundance estimates for larger areas. However, the surveys by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF8A4A65BACD78EF467AFA64" author="Sterner, M." box="[722,884,1482,1509]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="19" refId="ref18352" refString="Sterner, M. (2005) Inventering av Vattensalamandrar i Gavleborgs lan 2005. Rapport, Naturenheten Lansstyrelsen i Gavleborgs lan, Gavle, 2005, 19. [unknown pagination, in Swedish]" type="book chapter" year="2005">Sterner (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
and
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF8A4A65BBB778EF4190FA64" author="Olofsson, F. & Persbo, F. & Ohmark, S." box="[936,1182,1483,1509]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="9" refId="ref17374" refString="Olofsson, F., Persbo, F. & Ohmark, S. (2008) Inventering av storre vattensalamander Triturus cristatus i Vasternorrlands lan 2006. Lansstyrelsen Vasternorrland Miljoavdelningen Rapport Harnosand, 2008, 9. [in Swedish]" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
|
Olofsson
|
|
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF8A4A65BC0B78EF4145FA64" box="[1044,1099,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
(2008)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, which covered a mere fraction of the suitable wetlands in the Southern Boreal, suggest there must be thousands of breeding wetlands in this region.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF8A4A65B8D87B13403FF9D0" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1617]" box="[199,1329,1590,1617]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">There are no indications of changes in abundance over the last 50 years, apart from local extinctions.</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |