320 lines
51 KiB
XML
320 lines
51 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="947FD07893189AB1F6C67CE155FBFCBB">Revision of the Nearctic endemic Formica pallidefulva group.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4A9750590783056E039A646F8F2E6800">Trager, J. C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0E649511F1596331C3082FE6130C36A4">MacGown, J. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FB18F67F9DEEFA6C52324EB3E905D518">Trager, M. D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="4982B0490585C3B4B4B31506E9F4997B">Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1E7D3468EC11A858D8326CFBEAFC11D7">Snelling, R. R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7A628AAD8AF615FEC8F764C4016FF759">Fisher, B. L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C97A3D5043CE673D977819D45FAB468A">Ward, P. S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:part id="30BE4737CFAA622D0F54F91BD8512E8E">
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<mods:date id="68C237B3C3495569DDA79520BE532F79">2007</mods:date>
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<mods:title id="95715278DC27A1356EEF81074AFEFC8B">Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Homage to E. O. Wilson - 50 years of contributions.</mods:title>
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<mods:detail id="AC1E15BE732894EA0A9780CD0B567908" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="237C35F50FA271188A46A807005D47B7">80</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="D7C7D2C4C247062B5CEB8BCFAA89F94F">610</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="6D415CD6DAEEFD2149DF2A5BAF2186D4">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="CA024116DDB910E701CA01D928DAAB72" type="HNS-Pub">21293</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="FD93DA30C3CF37F1FF7F6EC4CF4D41F4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6245959" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100134229" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6245959" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FD93DA30C3CF37F1FF7F6EC4CF4D41F4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FD93DA30C3CF37F1FF7F6EC4CF4D41F4" lastPageNumber="627" pageNumber="624">
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<subSubSection id="C160ECB8382D16BBB77174FE3FDE7E9F" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="B07E4B28B881011900C5FDE0302DBCC6" pageNumber="624">
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<taxonomicName id="F38B9808151D7FFABFF5EC3662872FEB" ID-CoL="6JGJ7" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29166" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="624" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">Formica pallidefulva Latreille</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="4CCA104601232AF2DA064092F9DA539A" type="description">
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<paragraph id="E3D044F2FB15191E9C48A90FF97DEDC1" pageNumber="624">Figures 4 a, 5 a, 6 a</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="86C426A679634A25EC73B31120544412" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="87032EDD160DEDEC049B68706D9B86A6" pageNumber="624">
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<taxonomicName id="296F65CCFB49382A866EAFF5E3E1D054" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2506" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica Linnaeus" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="624" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Formica</taxonomicName>
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pallide-fulva Latreille, 1802 [Types not seen, supposedly type-compared material in
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<collectionCode id="B4C6CF38F2C7C2D3DECC4D7572BD1733" collectionName="USA, Massachusetts, Cambridge, Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology">MCZ</collectionCode>
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examined]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BFB88AA9EF2A29E674A56A83996B41AF" pageNumber="624">
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<taxonomicName id="CAF2DA1E21A99E1D2D26466BDB5BA8FD" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29203" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica schaufussi Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="624" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schaufussi">Formica schaufussi Mayr</taxonomicName>
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, 1886 [Lectotype designated, labelled N. Amer. / Schauf. " (NHWC)] Syn. nov.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="036B53797574185F0D6E6C607BE968DB" pageNumber="624">
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<taxonomicName id="8B113A1C142AB8A690EE8E74D82E0841" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138364" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva subsp. nitidiventris Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="624" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pallidefulva" subSpecies="nitidiventris">Formica pallidefulva subsp. nitidiventris Emery</taxonomicName>
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, 1893 [Type examined.]310 B Wokland (?). D. C. with
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<taxonomicName id="BD071949BF0002B2FF1AEFEA34F2F486" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:34389" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Polyergus lucidus Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="624" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucidus">Polyergus lucidus</taxonomicName>
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. Paratype.
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<taxonomicName id="4F71873BE0E7860AFE3142DA175C228A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29148" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica nitidiventris Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="624" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidiventris">Formica nitidiventris A. F.</taxonomicName>
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1968] Syn. nov.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BC722490A718B37F9FB278AA7EAA7BE7" pageNumber="624">
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<taxonomicName id="275D9514A5246D50BB88E25A23C6453B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:229628" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva fuscata Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="624" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pallidefulva" subSpecies="fuscata">Formica pallidefulva subsp. fuscata Emery</taxonomicName>
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, 1893. [Lectotype examined.]Beatty PA. No. 314.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="331A6ED2C9681EE0AEEE3DA623E8EA88" pageNumber="624">
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LECTOTYPE
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<taxonomicName id="7EC45C7FA6FE68F8D3FE8BFBBB15DEA4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:229628" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva fuscata Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="624" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pallidefulva" subSpecies="fuscata">Formica pallidefulva fuscata</taxonomicName>
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A. F. 1968. Synonymy, under
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<taxonomicName id="BD77F03D5A23AFA94700D03DF3A27AC2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29148" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica nitidiventris Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="624" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidiventris">nitidiventris</taxonomicName>
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, by Creighton, 1950: 551.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9E4EE3A88C0D16B7CE5F106A6FA20B04" pageNumber="624">
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<taxonomicName id="F99EC2435B34B9A0FA5E3802B1517534" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:229631" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva succinea Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="624" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="pallidefulva" variety="succinea">Formica pallidefulva var. succinea Wheeler</taxonomicName>
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, W. M. 1904 [Syntypes examined] Four workers on one pin, Bee Creek. Travis Co. TEX. XI. 9.02 M. C. Z. Type 5 - 8 8844 var.
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<taxonomicName id="F85E3B2E2D152C31D17CB8548764267C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:229631" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva succinea Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="624" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="succinea">succinea</taxonomicName>
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Wheeler. Synonymy by Creighton, 1950: 550.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2AC69736AE6290B49E8B039282613541" pageNumber="624">
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<taxonomicName id="C321103A86ACD0B0B57B3FBF97D6E40C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:237941" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica (Neoformica) pallidefulva" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="624" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva" subGenus="Neoformica">Formica (Neoformica) pallidefulva</taxonomicName>
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: Wheeler, W. M., 1913 b [Vouchers examined] (
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<collectionCode id="875709E2858806B508424C597403F1C2" collectionName="USA, Massachusetts, Cambridge, Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology">MCZ</collectionCode>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="69D206DF847CC53B43E0CE725898F287" pageNumber="624">
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<taxonomicName id="5F92539C46E55BE3821F86665EE4698F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:237943" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica (Neoformica) pallidefulva subsp. delicata" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="624" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pallidefulva" subGenus="Neoformica" subSpecies="delicata">Formica (Neoformica) pallidefulva subsp. delicata Cole</taxonomicName>
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, 1938 [Syntypes examined] 24 workers on 8 pins. Ten Sleep WY 9 / 31 A. C. Cole. Synonymy, under
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<taxonomicName id="E2DC3018A9840529DA5BBBE8D982CF59" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29148" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica nitidiventris Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="624" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidiventris">nitidiventris</taxonomicName>
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, by Creighton, 1950: 551.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0D8E75E077FBF994DA0F751058D3F0B0" pageNumber="624">
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<taxonomicName id="9FC12F692DD9224D036166D442D8AC3B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:237941" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica (Neoformica) pallidefulva" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="624" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva" subGenus="Neoformica">Formica (Neoformica) pallidefulva</taxonomicName>
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: Creighton, 1950, in part [Vouchers examined] (
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<collectionCode id="58436A0C36DD4664565D7E1C1A39711F" collectionName="USA, Massachusetts, Cambridge, Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology">MCZ</collectionCode>
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,
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<collectionCode id="0FA4C84242EFD77E610A6A68BE280165" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History">LACM</collectionCode>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6CD3B86EC7FAB262D32497ED932B6CE8" pageNumber="624">
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<taxonomicName id="5FA5EA9EEC5EBD899090C68BCBEC405B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:237944" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica (Neoformica) pallidefulva subsp. nitidiventris" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="624" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pallidefulva" subGenus="Neoformica" subSpecies="nitidiventris">Formica (Neoformica) pallidefulva subsp. nitidiventris</taxonomicName>
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: Creighton, 1950, in part [Vouchers examined] (
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<collectionCode id="36E9B85E6845F4615470CF05E4402A79" collectionName="USA, Massachusetts, Cambridge, Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology">MCZ</collectionCode>
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,
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<collectionCode id="FD35B29E10FA7C48138DC60BE62ECC5C" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History">LACM</collectionCode>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="16000D6CC8861D3A8A7F4B2A12D01FDE" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="FB86B1656DA717092F8588B00413F708" pageNumber="624">DIAGNOSIS</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3EF031DBA8F5DF694CCF6D1A7208BA61" pageNumber="624">
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Worker Includes conventional reddish or brownish yellow
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<taxonomicName id="D7BC32E4A8258386C2A3600FAE0F1232" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29166" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="624" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">F. pallidefulva</taxonomicName>
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, as well as darker populations known as
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<taxonomicName id="9020FFAFE418899BC9A2BBF9C82C2F5D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138364" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva subsp. nitidiventris Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="624" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pallidefulva" subSpecies="nitidiventris">F. p. nitidiventris</taxonomicName>
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and its synonyms
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<taxonomicName id="E28C48581D480676E6E6C875987991E1" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:229628" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva fuscata Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="624" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pallidefulva" subSpecies="fuscata">F. p. fuscata</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="EC5B50EA6CC88F558BAA9FDA12C94FDE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:229627" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva delicata Cole" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="624" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pallidefulva" subSpecies="delicata">F. p. delicata</taxonomicName>
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. This is the shiniest
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<taxonomicName id="9FAC14AAD3B3914C26A2BF8FF32A60AC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2506" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica Linnaeus" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="624" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Formica</taxonomicName>
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of this group (though smaller workers of
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<taxonomicName id="69751AB8CE1C9B4C7C07A039E8701902" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:237933" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica biophilica" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="624" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biophilica">F. biophilica</taxonomicName>
|
|
and some series of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C0CEF90AAE5F67B05956F2BDA1A54538" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:229629" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva incerta Buren" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="624" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incerta">F. incerta</taxonomicName>
|
|
are also quite shiny). The mesosoma often lacks either appressed pubescence or erect pilosity, or has relatively few, short, erect macrochaetae (Fig. 6 a). Pubescence, even on gaster, short and sparse (Fig. 4 a). Sculpture faint to nearly smooth, best developed (to the point of slightly weakening the sheen) in the northeastern part of the range, where the form
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5464C2B6C5F9B269F9C75F1363738E93" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:229628" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva fuscata Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="624" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscata">fuscata</taxonomicName>
|
|
occurs. The gaster appears more voluminous than in other members of the group, and is quite shiny, as reflected in the name
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CB2DDE8DA0C728B9B072E1F20A8318AF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29148" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica nitidiventris Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="624" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidiventris">nitidiventris</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Color is highly variable, generally uniform dark brown in Canada and New England, the Black Hills and western mountain areas, and concolorous coppery yellow or weakly bicolored (gaster a little browner) in the deep South. Various intermediate conditions occur in a broad band of territory from southern Missouri and northern Arkansas, across the upper South to the foothills of the southern Appalachians in Georgia and the Carolinas, and occasionally elsewhere. The transition area between typical
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D480313D7BDFF82AD2E26469FCD83FA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29166" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="624" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">pallidefulva</taxonomicName>
|
|
and typical
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4A1454C34012FD29F121778AE3DCC23C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29148" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica nitidiventris Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="624" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidiventris">nitidiventris</taxonomicName>
|
|
is a 300 - mile wide band straddling the Mason-Dixon Line. In it, one may occasionally find single-queen colonies containing nearly the full range of color variation. The extreme color forms are weakly distinguished morphometrically, with far northern populations having slightly shorter scapes, but the variation is clinal through the zone of transition (mean SI = 143.08 in the South, 140.94 in transition zone, 139.68 in the North).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="3079E3A87BE30411C80129E5760B6A40" pageNumber="624">
|
|
Queen Color, gastral pubescence and shininess like the workers, with the usual differences in size. Sculpture very faint; pubescence short and sparse; pilosity sparse; wings, when present, clear to amber. Mesoscutum lacking the three dark spots characteristic of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0E69055031406AA35B1295277CAF7783" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:229629" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva incerta Buren" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="624" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incerta">incerta</taxonomicName>
|
|
queens, or these weakly distinct.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="D86BD6712CBEF26E12A5CD09BCA6205D" lastPageNumber="625" pageNumber="624">Male Pubescence sparse; surface more shining than other species; rarely concolorous dark brown (in those colonies with the most uniformly dark workers), most commonly in north and Rocky Mountains and clinal transition zone with head and gaster blackish and mesosoma a little lighter to clear yellowish brown; in south and Great Plains, concolorous honey-red or with only the head notably darker; wings clear to amber-colored.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="CE8DCD3C045E15A2D2C91283DEAC0EA4" pageNumber="625">DISTINGUISHING FEATURES</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="7D40D6B6194C81BE8EB5E499F9C4D284" pageNumber="625">
|
|
Most, if not all records of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="ED6E578C9A1361FD73C0D6BC5F6FA71F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29166" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="625" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">pallidefulva</taxonomicName>
|
|
within the northern part of its range, where the color form
|
|
<taxonomicName id="50D8168BBA1D3030DA4A4ADA2B870748" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29148" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica nitidiventris Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="625" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidiventris">nitidiventris</taxonomicName>
|
|
occurs, are usually
|
|
<taxonomicName id="342E2DFD4B03416664D5218764EA34DE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:237933" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica biophilica" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="625" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biophilica">F. biophilica</taxonomicName>
|
|
or occasionally are lighter color morphs of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4064B7325AF6F10E17D6A191A000169B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:229629" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva incerta Buren" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="625" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incerta">F. incerta</taxonomicName>
|
|
. The short, sparse, gastral pubescence, lack or sparseness of pilosity on the mesosomal dorsum, and the short, straight and flattened gastral pilosity of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3E3CA558849E1CB14639A55E8D3364F7" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29166" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="625" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">F. pallidefulva</taxonomicName>
|
|
is distinctive for this species in any of its color variants. The difference in SI strongly discriminates this species from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="51084CAA356F3D3EE79B2B2B585D131A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:229629" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva incerta Buren" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="625" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incerta">F. incerta</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Table 1). The setal characteristics, the shininess and globulous gaster of this species were expressly mentioned by Latreille (1802) in his original Latin description. Among the species in the group,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9D9652F56F6EAAE62D35A518FE2A20E8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29166" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="625" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">F. pallidefulva</taxonomicName>
|
|
is the only one to frequently lack detectable macrochaetae on the pronotum (34 of 57 specimens) and propodeum (33 of 57 specimens). When mesosomal dorsal pilosity is present in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D25E0670CB6FD8946A7DA606FC6D4321" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29166" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="625" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">F. pallidefulva</taxonomicName>
|
|
, the macrochaetae average shorter than in other species and are usually most numerous on the mesonotum rather than on the pronotum or on the propodeum (Table 1). Bright-colored southern
|
|
<taxonomicName id="45D657E0C0C293F3A679C84D02690E8F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29166" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="625" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">F. pallidefulva</taxonomicName>
|
|
may be distinguished from less pilose nanitic and small workers of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A002F51D7758970C6AC9EB46860E934E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:237933" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica biophilica" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="625" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biophilica">F. biophilica</taxonomicName>
|
|
by the nearly perfectly rounded propodeum and straight, flattened gastral macrochaetae of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="443840E5A95AF870A56224A7632B9524" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29166" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="625" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">F. pallidefulva</taxonomicName>
|
|
(versus often faintly right-angular propodeum and narrowly curviconical gastral macrochaetae in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F01524FE59314702B1FF02B4E993CDF3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:237933" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica biophilica" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="625" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biophilica">F. biophilica</taxonomicName>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="012599B08BC14E16151A118355279EA8" type="etymology">
|
|
<paragraph id="2ECC0DAE20CE406E0B9D2B923B311799" pageNumber="625">ETYMOLOGY</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="63C560FFCF75829719BDB1001EC891A1" pageNumber="625">This name was coined by Latreille from the Latin adjectives pallidus plus fulvus meaning pale reddish yellow. This neatly describes the southern, lighter colored variants of this species. Northeastern, Midwestern and western mountain populations of this species are predominantly of darker, black-coffee-brown coloration, but even in these locations many individuals and colonies are bicolored and some may have coloring closer to that of southern populations.</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="D00682B2863C1D872A58ACF000C0E67F" type="distribution">
|
|
<paragraph id="CDF8D37FD19D902BD6EB6CEA047D0F8A" pageNumber="625">RANGE AND HABITAT</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="B79AF106B7A6FDEEF9B8AC3FE468FACD" pageNumber="625">
|
|
Abundant and certainly the most widely distributed species of the group,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="AB7074269CA23B7402CDFF863B3AE35A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29166" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="625" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">F. pallidefulva</taxonomicName>
|
|
occurs farther north, west and south than others in the group, except that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="565485D3E70B3105BE3E4DAE2A87C6AB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29057" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica archboldi Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="625" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="archboldi">F. archboldi</taxonomicName>
|
|
perhaps extends farther south in Florida.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D9336B2EBD674321FE7D70302119B4B5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29166" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="625" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">F. pallidefulva</taxonomicName>
|
|
occurs throughout the eastern United States and southeastern Canada, then west across the US Great Plains to the lower-elevation Rocky Mountains from Wyoming to New Mexico.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9F0D39EF5BDB2D0AB5D15885F1A0E21A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29166" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="625" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">F. pallidefulva</taxonomicName>
|
|
also has considerable habitat latitude. This ant lives in a variety of native and anthropogenic plant communities and soil types, including dry-mesic to mesic grasslands, woodlands and forests, thickets, lawns, campuses and parks. It is most abundant in mesic, wooded or partially wooded areas, from city parks to closedcanopy forests. In the lower rainfall areas of the Great Plains, it is uncommon and probably restricted to riparian woodlands (Milford, 1999). In the Rocky Mountains, it occurs at lower elevations in meadows, mixed mesophytic forests and in parks and suburbs.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="EF28C6313536D5E49E82C5772F52F378" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29166" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="625" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">F. pallidefulva</taxonomicName>
|
|
does not occur in bogs, wet meadows or fens, where it is replaced, in the South by
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B071C67FA467ED6686B9253D3580EEC0" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:237933" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica biophilica" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="625" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biophilica">F. biophilica</taxonomicName>
|
|
and in the North by other
|
|
<taxonomicName id="131F6B4833715D27951681757F237FAE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2506" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica Linnaeus" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="625" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Formica</taxonomicName>
|
|
species outside the pallidefulva-group such as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1579E696BCCBDB761AF691E833527C4E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29137" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica montana Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="625" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montana">F. montana</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="18DDA124EC392CCAC971532B0BBDD690" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29091" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica glacialis Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="625" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glacialis">F. glacialis</taxonomicName>
|
|
Wheeler, and others.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="B0A67FE14D667ECA55B332942E492896" type="materials_examined">
|
|
<paragraph id="F26DE831BEC3A99507D104FE683FF02A" pageNumber="626">SPECIMENS EXAMINED</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="9B7C84554AAF6F20301F7232910ADCAD" pageNumber="626">(CANADA) ONTARIO: Lambton; Lowick; QUEBEC: Chateauguay. (UNITED STATES) ALABAMA: Baldwin; Bibb; DeKalb; Lawrence; Morgan; Tuscaloosa; ARKANSAS: Logan; Washington; COLORADO: Boulder; DELAWARE: Kent; FLORIDA: Alachua; Brevard; Clay; Highlands; Liberty; GEORGIA: Clarke; Floyd; ILLINOIS: Tazewell; IOWA: Emmet; Johnson; Winneshiek; KANSAS: Douglas; Reno; Wallace; KENTUCKY: Nelson; MARYLAND: Allegany; Anne Arundel; Kent; Prince Georges; MASSACHUSETTS: Barnstable; MICHIGAN: Calhoun; Livingston; MISSISSIPPI: Alcorn; Chickasaw; Itawamba; Lafayette; Lee; Lowndes; Oktibbeha; Panola; Pontotoc; Tishomingo; Webster; Winston; MISSOURI: Audrain; Franklin; Johnson; Lincoln; Ste. Genevieve; St. Louis; NEBRASKA: Hall; Dawson; NEW MEXICO: Colfax; Otero; Rio Arriba; Union; NEW YORK: Orange; Suffolk; NORTH CAROLINA: Yancey; OHIO: Franklin; Sandusky; OKLAHOMA: Latimer; PENNSYLVANIA: Alegheny; Indiana; SOUTH CAROLINA: Anderson; Charleston; SOUTH DAKOTA: Jones; Pennington; TEXAS: Bastrop; Cass; Culberson; Hemphill; VIRGINIA: Montgomery; WYOMING: Crook; Washakie.</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="18F33B49FA5669BB919172D880F12523" type="biology_ecology">
|
|
<paragraph id="E3B5741954BA637DE8BFA975F574BE61" pageNumber="626">NATURAL HISTORY</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="5F45E7A4AAB6A6F9DC9A7663A66390C0" pageNumber="626">
|
|
Nests of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3182A4D6F0F3F9B0618DA0F373D08B40" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29166" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">F. pallidefulva</taxonomicName>
|
|
may be located in bare soil of grassland and forest footpaths, beneath leaf litter, under small diameter (<10 cm) fallen tree limbs, or under bark of a decomposing stump. Less often the nest occupies a larger, punky, rotten log, especially during late spring when the sexual brood is being reared.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5422756573CECFF794C6A7855FDBB6D9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29166" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">F. pallidefulva</taxonomicName>
|
|
is the only species in this group which normally inhabits closed-canopy mesic forests and which commonly nests in rotting wood. In non-wooded settings
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DF6BC834734C4B2044CE0BC96E819C07" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29166" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">F. pallidefulva</taxonomicName>
|
|
may build a small mound nestled in or beside a grass clump.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="6A37A65093BACD91C7103ACC2953B093" pageNumber="626">
|
|
In the northern and Rocky Mountain parts of its range, at least, the dark brown form of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CA3D2545FDC80D768018C8CECD2E026B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29166" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">F. pallidefulva</taxonomicName>
|
|
is the host to the slavemaker
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A98453C3F3127307337F9DF986DB8C90" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:232503" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Polyergus lucidus montivagus Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="lucidus" subSpecies="montivagus">Polyergus lucidus montivagus</taxonomicName>
|
|
Wheeler. We have seen
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A611DD9ADC22CF5C7096F0E363AAE317" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29166" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">F. pallidefulva</taxonomicName>
|
|
with this slavemaker in colonies from Long Island, southern Ontario, central Illinois, northern Missouri and Rocky Mountain foothill locales in Colorado and New Mexico. We have seen specimens that look like this
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F0BFE40914DEB8D9B0B82BE9DB012342" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2509" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Polyergus Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Polyergus</taxonomicName>
|
|
in the South (northern Mississippi) and we suspect it uses the reddish, southern form of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A059C760FC781A31FC591A5815DC54A6" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29166" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">F. pallidefulva</taxonomicName>
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there, but have not yet been able to confirm this with a nest collection.
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<taxonomicName id="2DDADEF60DBEC0F72BC7FA715941A86A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138516" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica creightoni Buren" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="creightoni">Formica creightoni</taxonomicName>
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raids this ant in northern Missouri oak woodlands, where its usual
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<taxonomicName id="CEEA5C7704F5F8C8189D513D38AB4399" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29142" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica neogagates Viereck" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neogagates">F. neogagates</taxonomicName>
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|
group hosts are lacking.
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|
<taxonomicName id="A38CD7815814800454EB9D357568818B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29166" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">F. pallidefulva</taxonomicName>
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|
is the most frequent of the many hosts of
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|
<taxonomicName id="EC023E93867D63213D1444C0AFE9DB57" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29169" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pergandei Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">F. pergandei</taxonomicName>
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|
in Midwest woodlands and savannas.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BBE02A5B052D8B8C795C5D845006E16A" pageNumber="626">
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|
In the lawns and gardens of the St. Louis, Missouri, area,
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<taxonomicName id="DF59D04BCC540F2244302989493AF421" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29166" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">F. pallidefulva</taxonomicName>
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|
is among the native ants most sensitive to subterranean invasion and extermination by the introduced and rapidly spreading invasive ant
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E7BB118CCB6E8D3C0A1A67329FD0A885" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:37267" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Tetramorium tsushimae Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tsushimae">Tetramorium tsushimae</taxonomicName>
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|
(Steiner et al., 2006). However, throughout much of the Southeast,
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|
<taxonomicName id="9423633EC8C8264F3870D10ED4020611" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29166" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">F. pallidefulva</taxonomicName>
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|
often manages to coexist with low-density
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0B658D0E717CDB214FB36A7298100A8F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:144431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Solenopsis invicta Buren" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invicta">Solenopsis invicta Buren</taxonomicName>
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|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9C217B249EDF608B8EA575F3764A2110" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36358" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Solenopsis richteri Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="richteri">Solenopsis richteri Forel</taxonomicName>
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|
, and
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|
<taxonomicName id="F817A0621665B4DDCB0E32AE4C0B78E9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36358" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Solenopsis richteri Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="richteri">Solenopsis richteri</taxonomicName>
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|
<taxonomicName id="1FA6A5F148FB03C94D3EBD62BEAE69D3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:144431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Solenopsis invicta Buren" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invicta">invicta</taxonomicName>
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|
populations.
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|
</paragraph>
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|
<paragraph id="7282652ED6CDA5E6C337B2640F6E5219" pageNumber="626">
|
|
Occasionally, workers and sexuals become covered with a mite (Oplitis sp.?) that reduces their energy level and may cause the demise of the colony. In eastern Missouri,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9AA368E4DC8948CCA0966D63F3469BD4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29166" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">F. pallidefulva</taxonomicName>
|
|
colonies are commonly raided by the slavemaker / ant-predator
|
|
<taxonomicName id="465C72D84F148CBB802703FE53B7D649" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29197" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica rubicunda Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubicunda">F. rubicunda Emery</taxonomicName>
|
|
, which uses
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6B2C2ADEAABA4DF5C3658371D8F104C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29166" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">F. pallidefulva</taxonomicName>
|
|
as prey only (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6E41B1C7A84C721B28DDFAD829DE0C0" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29197" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica rubicunda Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubicunda">F. rubicunda</taxonomicName>
|
|
enslaves only
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1220C27D7DDC7891E927FCB55357CA2B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29223" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica subsericea Say" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subsericea">F. subsericea</taxonomicName>
|
|
). When nesting in rotting wood,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1C74FBA86F79035E889A0642557DE658" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29166" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">F. pallidefulva</taxonomicName>
|
|
colonies may sometimes be pillaged by pileated woodpeckers.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="83F2B42634A1A36A21365BA0BCA50715" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29166" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">F. pallidefulva</taxonomicName>
|
|
often gathers honeydew beneath hemipteran-infested plants or from their leaf surfaces, but they have not often been observed to gather honeydew directly from the hemipterans. Furthermore,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3F0464B8788A366EEFCD210829C2B8FD" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29166" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">F. pallidefulva</taxonomicName>
|
|
makes little effort to defend hemipterans, in contrast to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="ECF76132F9317CAC97428203D6A2D55C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:229629" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva incerta Buren" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incerta">F. incerta</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7DB914AC0AB5374283B896A1D2519024" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29057" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica archboldi Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="626" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="archboldi">F. archboldi</taxonomicName>
|
|
, which often tend and defend them.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="262B8A87B7988B57649750F7A36ABFBD" lastPageNumber="627" pageNumber="626">Sexuals are present in the nests as early as April in Florida, but not until July in New England and Canada. Males were observed to gather around the nest entrance around sunset in Florida, and males are often lured to lights (but winged females are not) throughout the range. In Missouri, J. Trager observed males, followed by females, flying from the nest, one by one, shortly after sunrise. Despite rather frequent capture of males at lights after dusk, the actual mating flight period is in the morning. In eastern Missouri, J. Trager has over the years caught numerous recently mated females walking about in late morning or early afternoon. Dates of these captures occur from 26 June into early July.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="9B2BF0998645E24034A8A850109D5088" pageNumber="627">
|
|
Unlike other species of this group, worker pupae most often lack cocoons in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8505E13EF76D3601565DBF481DC72640" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29166" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="627" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">F. pallidefulva</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Wheeler (1904) first noted this contrast between
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E273C19E546501A786E7815A2E301677" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29166" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="627" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">F. pallidefulva</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5DDFF29C5412EB02A1B51AC3DD58F33F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:229629" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva incerta Buren" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="627" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incerta">F. incerta</taxonomicName>
|
|
in Connecticut, and it was also later noted by Talbot (1948) in Michigan. This difference holds true in numerous colonies of the two species sampled in Missouri by J. Trager. In some colonies of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="497B2797ECF0C1317B4EB484B74CF4E8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29166" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formica pallidefulva Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="627" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">F. pallidefulva</taxonomicName>
|
|
, male pupae may also lack cocoons, but queen pupae nearly always are enclosed in cocoons.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |