127 lines
28 KiB
XML
127 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="FB4E6C7C42CD14896F7A7674A0F9AE48" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFA4FF9ABE8BFB05FE48F901" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus jordanensis Bokermann 1967" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="86" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="86" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="EECBA71F210D4B97366737EAA8070363" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="78E3AD07453DD371997426E09B053EF6">
|
||
<mods:title id="4D059F6D1514ACBDD3BE0FD32898DCBF">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="D90CDCF09B554EBC99F46535A0BE2EA5" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="4AE2782C916502403C707C3821647C33">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="EAC031BF810E3D61C2CF40706F100CB3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="5D33F3C557FFE9426BD2EB9F83D9F974">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="E934BD2691FB859FD97603071E3813E6" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="4FF2A34111E62FE87684D800808A21AF">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="1D2910C3DD16AE2A50170DBC21372ED5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="981BB0CA2F8BC011B2C2327742DEBCA4">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="A68A8598CB0922B158614E734AFD21F2">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="0450826AF628E5F1D8C8678434F087DF" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="2B5FA0505BDEECC75CCB5C11AE438C37">
|
||
<mods:title id="295ACE0CDF12B38F485124C340A8B918">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="69114B498133C23AAD7F80556D1CAF79">
|
||
<mods:date id="2779F7CBADFF8228E020492EC30218BA">2020</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="E50ADF5999D289C86DCF38C3CD3C315E" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="A586D37AE33ED27914A2A8E826920589">2020-01-20</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="399E345E53C6B7320F3FF78925EC45F6" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="1EF122756EE70CE632A88D7E5A2EF26D">4725</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="BC55329579E61FBEE7282D667CB9F4FA" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="E18666B8C9FAE28CFB2C1BBD98DD2F65">1</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="7A7A9DAB71CD281AABEBE5A1E5D26AAF" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="5818E435DA735034053107FC37EA0E98">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="C90B12996F486C99E6B67CF8FD20856A">106</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="7EECE9714756842692B741FA7038B68F">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="E4F67146A23D44E6A6E43C970D0C10BA" type="CLB-Dataset">24303</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="9F08B86721AD27EBC5BC812D57C13292" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="60AC2AE3E400C40903ECE217B7FA5F39" type="GBIF-Dataset">67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="AD4FA8A80777CEE46259DAAC804C9224" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="5C072E1AA92015DD3AE05D7C397D33FC" type="Zenodo-Dep">3612996</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="EA6F5BC7258B8AD68AEFC983F05B28AB" type="ZooBank">B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="D435E640FFA4FF9ABE8BFB05FE48F901" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762914" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFA4FF9ABE8BFB05FE48F901" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFA4FF9ABE8BFB05FE48F901" lastPageId="86" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFA4FF99BE8BFB05FD5EFAEF" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFA4FF99BE8BFB05FD40FB5B" blockId="85.[151,688,1198,1225]" box="[151,688,1198,1225]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<heading id="076BE03AFFA4FF99BE8BFB05FD40FB5B" bold="true" box="[151,688,1198,1225]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" reason="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFA4FF99BE8BFB05FD40FB5B" authority="Bokermann, 1967" authorityName="Bokermann" authorityYear="1967" box="[151,688,1198,1225]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jordanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA4FF99BE8BFB05FD40FB5B" bold="true" box="[151,688,1198,1225]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA4FF99BE8BFB05FE3AFB5B" bold="true" box="[151,458,1198,1225]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Physalaemus jordanensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFA4FF99BFCEFB04FD40FB5B" author="Bokermann, W. C. A." box="[466,688,1199,1225]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="135 - 143" refId="ref72550" refString="Bokermann, W. C. A. (1967) Tres novas especies de Physalaemus do sudeste brasileiro (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 27 (2), 135 - 143." type="journal article" year="1967">Bokermann, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFA4FF99BE8BFB5CFD5EFAEF" blockId="85.[151,1437,1271,2017]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
We found a single call
|
||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFA4FF99BF8FFB5CFE33FA83" box="[403,451,1271,1297]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">type</typeStatus>
|
||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with an elliptic or triangular envelope. The call is composed of a sequence of pulses (pulse-PAM) with silence intervals between pulses. It has a general downward FM throughout the call but with a short and slight up-downward FM segment in the first seventh of the call duration.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFA4FF9ABEDBFA2DFE48F901" lastPageId="86" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFA4FF9ABEDBFA2DFE48F901" blockId="85.[151,1437,1271,2017]" lastBlockId="86.[151,1437,1440,1683]" lastPageId="86" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA4FF99BEDBFA2DFDD4FA33" bold="true" box="[199,548,1414,1441]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
Call A (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA4FF99BF3DFA2DFE82FA33" box="[289,370,1414,1441]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1261,1286]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,190,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@86.[151,1436,181,1236]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 55. Call A of Physalaemus jordanensis. Oscillograms (A, C–H) and audiospectrograms (B, I–N).A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C and I; E–H, K–N). Final pulses of a call (D and J). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (D and J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.3 s (C and I; E–H, K–N) and 0.1 s (D and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (L); 78.9 (M); 110 (J); 61.4 (N); 69 (I and K); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613106" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613106/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 55</figureCitation>
|
||
A–N and 52E).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
We examined 20 recordings, a total of 47 minutes, with
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA4FF99BABDFA23FB4BFA33" box="[1185,1211,1416,1441]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 1100 calls from
|
||
<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFA4FF99BB9CFA2DFF2CFA57" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="male">55 males</specimenCount>
|
||
. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFA4FF99BCF2FA00FCB5FA57" box="[750,837,1451,1477]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). Call duration varies from 0.980 to
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFA4FF99BAF8FA00FAC8FA57" box="[1252,1336,1451,1477]" degrees="1.961" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" precision="55" value="-1.961">1.961 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
. The envelope of the call is variable. The call rise and fall are very short and similar to each other. The sustain is irregular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA4FF99BEBCFA58FEF8F99F" box="[160,264,1522,1549]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1261,1286]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,190,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@86.[151,1436,181,1236]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 55. Call A of Physalaemus jordanensis. Oscillograms (A, C–H) and audiospectrograms (B, I–N).A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C and I; E–H, K–N). Final pulses of a call (D and J). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (D and J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.3 s (C and I; E–H, K–N) and 0.1 s (D and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (L); 78.9 (M); 110 (J); 61.4 (N); 69 (I and K); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613106" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613106/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 55G</figureCitation>
|
||
), generally flat (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA4FF99BFDCFA58FD95F99F" box="[448,613,1522,1549]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1261,1286]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,190,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@86.[151,1436,181,1236]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 55. Call A of Physalaemus jordanensis. Oscillograms (A, C–H) and audiospectrograms (B, I–N).A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C and I; E–H, K–N). Final pulses of a call (D and J). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (D and J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.3 s (C and I; E–H, K–N) and 0.1 s (D and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (L); 78.9 (M); 110 (J); 61.4 (N); 69 (I and K); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613106" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613106/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 55A, C, F</figureCitation>
|
||
) or ascending (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA4FF99BD0EFA58FC6AF99F" box="[786,922,1522,1549]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1261,1286]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,190,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@86.[151,1436,181,1236]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 55. Call A of Physalaemus jordanensis. Oscillograms (A, C–H) and audiospectrograms (B, I–N).A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C and I; E–H, K–N). Final pulses of a call (D and J). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (D and J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.3 s (C and I; E–H, K–N) and 0.1 s (D and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (L); 78.9 (M); 110 (J); 61.4 (N); 69 (I and K); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613106" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613106/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 55E, H</figureCitation>
|
||
). There is usually a long shallow valley at the beginning or at the middle of the sustain. In several calls, the first half of the envelope has lower amplitude than the second half. The amplitude peak is usually at around the end of the first four fifths of the call duration. The envelope of the calls varies from elliptic (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA4FF99BC4FF9F4FD4AF9EB" box="[595,698,1630,1657]" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="85.[151,250,1056,1081]" captionTargetBox="[155,1429,185,1025]" captionTargetId="figure@85.[151,1436,181,1030]" captionTargetPageId="85" captionText="FIGURE 54. Call A of Physalaemus barrioi. Oscillograms (A, C–G) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–L). Note the subharmonics at the middle of the call (B). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 2000 (H, J, and I); 2500 (B); 1024 (K); 1500 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613104" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613104/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 54A</figureCitation>
|
||
) to rectangular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA4FF99BD68F9F4FC08F9EB" box="[884,1016,1630,1657]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1261,1286]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,190,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@86.[151,1436,181,1236]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 55. Call A of Physalaemus jordanensis. Oscillograms (A, C–H) and audiospectrograms (B, I–N).A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C and I; E–H, K–N). Final pulses of a call (D and J). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (D and J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.3 s (C and I; E–H, K–N) and 0.1 s (D and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (L); 78.9 (M); 110 (J); 61.4 (N); 69 (I and K); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613106" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613106/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 55C, F</figureCitation>
|
||
) or triangular (pointed left;
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA4FF99BB28F9F4FF22F90F" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="85.[151,250,1056,1081]" captionTargetBox="[155,1429,185,1025]" captionTargetId="figure@85.[151,1436,181,1030]" captionTargetPageId="85" captionText="FIGURE 54. Call A of Physalaemus barrioi. Oscillograms (A, C–G) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–L). Note the subharmonics at the middle of the call (B). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 2000 (H, J, and I); 2500 (B); 1024 (K); 1500 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613104" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613104/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 54E, G, H</figureCitation>
|
||
). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 45 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a strong PAM (silence intervals are present between pulses;
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA4FF99BDCDF90CFBD1F953" box="[977,1057,1702,1729]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1261,1286]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,190,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@86.[151,1436,181,1236]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 55. Call A of Physalaemus jordanensis. Oscillograms (A, C–H) and audiospectrograms (B, I–N).A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C and I; E–H, K–N). Final pulses of a call (D and J). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (D and J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.3 s (C and I; E–H, K–N) and 0.1 s (D and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (L); 78.9 (M); 110 (J); 61.4 (N); 69 (I and K); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613106" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613106/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 55</figureCitation>
|
||
A–N). The rate of the PAM is
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA4FF99BB67F903FA6CF953" box="[1403,1436,1704,1729]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
20 Hz, forming
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA4FF99BF56F967FE9CF977" box="[330,364,1740,1765]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
31 pulses throughout the call. The interpulse intervals are variable but they are usually fourfold longer than the pulse duration. Silence intervals are absent between the last pulses of the call (pulses are juxtaposed;
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA4FF99BE8BF8B9FEFDF8BF" box="[151,269,1810,1837]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1261,1286]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,190,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@86.[151,1436,181,1236]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 55. Call A of Physalaemus jordanensis. Oscillograms (A, C–H) and audiospectrograms (B, I–N).A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C and I; E–H, K–N). Final pulses of a call (D and J). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (D and J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.3 s (C and I; E–H, K–N) and 0.1 s (D and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (L); 78.9 (M); 110 (J); 61.4 (N); 69 (I and K); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613106" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613106/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig.55D, J</figureCitation>
|
||
)). The last pulse longer than the others (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA4FF99BCD6F8B8FBF0F8BF" box="[714,1024,1810,1837]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1261,1286]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,190,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@86.[151,1436,181,1236]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 55. Call A of Physalaemus jordanensis. Oscillograms (A, C–H) and audiospectrograms (B, I–N).A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C and I; E–H, K–N). Final pulses of a call (D and J). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (D and J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.3 s (C and I; E–H, K–N) and 0.1 s (D and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (L); 78.9 (M); 110 (J); 61.4 (N); 69 (I and K); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613106" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613106/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 55A, B, C, D, E, I, J, K</figureCitation>
|
||
). The call has a harmonic series (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA4FF99BB73F8B8FF39F8C3" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="83.[151,250,1300,1325]" captionTargetBox="[204,1381,189,1265]" captionTargetId="figure@83.[200,1387,181,1274]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 52. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of four Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. gracilis (A), P. lisei (B), P. evangelistai (C), P. barrioi (D), P. jordanensis (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613100/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 52E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA4FF99BC29F893FDA6F8C3" box="[565,598,1848,1873]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
450 Hz and approximately the first seven harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA4FF99BB56F8F7FA9BF8E7" box="[1354,1387,1884,1909]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
560 to 2440 Hz (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA4FF99BF03F8D4FE75F80B" box="[287,389,1918,1945]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1261,1286]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,190,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@86.[151,1436,181,1236]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 55. Call A of Physalaemus jordanensis. Oscillograms (A, C–H) and audiospectrograms (B, I–N).A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C and I; E–H, K–N). Final pulses of a call (D and J). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (D and J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.3 s (C and I; E–H, K–N) and 0.1 s (D and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (L); 78.9 (M); 110 (J); 61.4 (N); 69 (I and K); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613106" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613106/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 55B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to the sixth (except the third), but during the first half of the call, it is usually the first (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA4FF99BC28F808FD69F82F" box="[564,665,1954,1981]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="83.[151,250,1300,1325]" captionTargetBox="[204,1381,189,1265]" captionTargetId="figure@83.[200,1387,181,1274]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 52. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of four Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. gracilis (A), P. lisei (B), P. evangelistai (C), P. barrioi (D), P. jordanensis (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613100/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 52E</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA4FF99BCB8F809FD25F82F" box="[676,725,1954,1981]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1261,1286]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,190,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@86.[151,1436,181,1236]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 55. Call A of Physalaemus jordanensis. Oscillograms (A, C–H) and audiospectrograms (B, I–N).A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C and I; E–H, K–N). Final pulses of a call (D and J). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (D and J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.3 s (C and I; E–H, K–N) and 0.1 s (D and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (L); 78.9 (M); 110 (J); 61.4 (N); 69 (I and K); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613106" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613106/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">55B</figureCitation>
|
||
, I–N). There is a clear shift in relative energy among the bands; the dominant frequency increases towards the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic, moving to the fifth and ending at the sixth; at the end of the call, the dominant frequency jumps among the first, fourth, fifth and sixth harmonics (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA7FF9ABEEBFA6FFEADFA4C" box="[247,349,1475,1502]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="83.[151,250,1300,1325]" captionTargetBox="[204,1381,189,1265]" captionTargetId="figure@83.[200,1387,181,1274]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 52. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of four Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. gracilis (A), P. lisei (B), P. evangelistai (C), P. barrioi (D), P. jordanensis (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613100/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Fig. 52E</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA7FF9ABF7BFA68FE68FA4C" box="[359,408,1475,1502]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1261,1286]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,190,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@86.[151,1436,181,1236]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 55. Call A of Physalaemus jordanensis. Oscillograms (A, C–H) and audiospectrograms (B, I–N).A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C and I; E–H, K–N). Final pulses of a call (D and J). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (D and J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.3 s (C and I; E–H, K–N) and 0.1 s (D and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (L); 78.9 (M); 110 (J); 61.4 (N); 69 (I and K); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613106" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613106/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">55B</figureCitation>
|
||
, I–N). Most of the call energy is between 400 and 3700 Hz (five to six harmonics). The call has a general downward FM, a short and slight up-downward FM in the first seventh of the call duration, leading to slightly arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and usually a short upward FM at the end (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA7FF9ABAA0F9A7FAD2F9B4" box="[1212,1314,1547,1574]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1261,1286]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,190,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@86.[151,1436,181,1236]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 55. Call A of Physalaemus jordanensis. Oscillograms (A, C–H) and audiospectrograms (B, I–N).A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C and I; E–H, K–N). Final pulses of a call (D and J). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (D and J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.3 s (C and I; E–H, K–N) and 0.1 s (D and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (L); 78.9 (M); 110 (J); 61.4 (N); 69 (I and K); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613106" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613106/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Fig. 55B</figureCitation>
|
||
, I–N). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. Additionally, there is PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional and synchronic with the pulse- PAM (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA7FF9ABEFDF9D3FE5BF901" box="[225,427,1655,1683]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1261,1286]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,190,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@86.[151,1436,181,1236]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 55. Call A of Physalaemus jordanensis. Oscillograms (A, C–H) and audiospectrograms (B, I–N).A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C and I; E–H, K–N). Final pulses of a call (D and J). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (D and J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.3 s (C and I; E–H, K–N) and 0.1 s (D and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (L); 78.9 (M); 110 (J); 61.4 (N); 69 (I and K); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613106" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613106/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Fig. 55D, J, G, M</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |