treatments-xml/data/82/4D/87/824D8784FFD17C28FF31FC3BFD44FBA2.xml

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<mods:title id="DE074719395AAA91096C615D45C7459A">Chironomus gelhausi, a new species of surface-mating Chironomus Meigen, 1803 (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Mongolia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BC1BA1F94ECB63C4F5FD827D99F12DD9">Jr, R. William Bouchard</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="07922B9F84FC7B20D6F9D3E88DFCA910">Hayford, Barbara L.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="E6EFF53A1D4176A27FAFC1C39E1B8ECB">Division of Biology, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA. barbara. hayford @ umontana. edu</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A647266454AB211270249FB02DC5BEAB">Ferrington Jr, Leonard C.</mods:namePart>
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Bouchard
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west of 
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: 
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, 
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, 
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west of 
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<collectorName id="A7115344FFD17C23FDEEFB3EFD3CFB1A" box="[584,733,1195,1221]" pageId="1" pageNumber="124">J.K. Gelhaus</collectorName>
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<collectionCode id="6CF5AE57FFD17C23FC44FB3EFBCEFB1A" box="[994,1071,1195,1221]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/3avb-bd3e" name="University of Minnesota Insect Collection" pageId="1" pageNumber="124" type="University or college">UMSP</collectionCode>
[
<specimenCount id="1CE2FD1BFFD17C23FBE6FB3EFB4AFB1A" box="[1088,1195,1195,1221]" pageId="1" pageNumber="124" type="male">10 males</specimenCount>
, 
<specimenCount id="1CE2FD1BFFD17C23FB1FFB3EFAC3FB1A" box="[1209,1314,1194,1221]" pageId="1" pageNumber="124" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
], 
<collectionCode id="6CF5AE57FFD17C23FA93FB3EFA9DFB1A" box="[1333,1404,1195,1221]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" name="Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="1" pageNumber="124">ANSP</collectionCode>
[
<specimenCount id="1CE2FD1BFFD17C23FA2AFB3EFF3AFB36" pageId="1" pageNumber="124" type="male">4 males</specimenCount>
, 
<specimenCount id="1CE2FD1BFFD17C23FF41FB5AFEB1FB36" box="[231,336,1230,1257]" pageId="1" pageNumber="124" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
])
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="42FE6519FFD17C23FF61FB66FDCBF866" pageId="1" pageNumber="124" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD17C23FF61FB66FDE2FA8A" blockId="1.[151,1437,1014,1977]" pageId="1" pageNumber="124">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD17C23FF61FB66FEAFFAD2" bold="true" box="[199,334,1267,1293]" pageId="1" pageNumber="124">Etymology.</emphasis>
Named for Jon K. Gelhaus, the collector of the material used for this study and a friend and colleague of the authors. Jon Gelhaus was also influential in setting the first author (RWB) on the path of studying insects and 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD17C23FEBCFAAEFE8FFA8A" box="[282,366,1339,1365]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
in particular.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD17C23FF61FACBFDCBF866" blockId="1.[151,1437,1014,1977]" pageId="1" pageNumber="124">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD17C23FF61FACBFE35FAA6" bold="true" box="[199,468,1374,1401]" pageId="1" pageNumber="124">Diagnostic characters.</emphasis>
Males can be separated from other Chironomini by the combination of the following: fused antepronotal lobes; pulvilli present; antenna with 11 flagellomeres; well-developed inferior and superior volsellae; setae on the base of the superior volsella; inferior volsella distally and dorsoventrally broadened, but not greatly expanded as in most 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD17C23FE7DFA5EFDB6FA3A" authorityName="Goetghebuer" authorityYear="1922" box="[475,599,1483,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Kiefferulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD17C23FE7DFA5EFDB6FA3A" box="[475,599,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="124">Kiefferulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; and lack of median setae on anal tergite. More specifically, males can be separated from other species of 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD17C23FE59FA7AFD69F9D6" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[511,648,1519,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD17C23FE59FA7AFD69F9D6" box="[511,648,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="124">Chironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23A357FBFFD17C23FD37FA7AFD2EF9D6" box="[657,719,1519,1545]" pageId="1" pageNumber="124" sensu="lato">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD17C23FD37FA7AFD29F9D6" box="[657,712,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="124">s. lat</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(see treatment of taxonomy in “Remarks” section) by the combination of the following: large, conical frontal tubercles; antennae lacking typical plume; an apical truncation of the wing; AR 1.27–1.70; shortened palps; mid and hind tarsi reduced; long inferior volsellae extending well beyond gonostylus; parallel-sided anal point which rapidly constricts distally into a small point; setae present on ventral side of extension of superior volsellae; and lack of median setae on anal tergite. Females can by separated from other Chironomini by the following: squama with setae; antenna with 5 flagellomeres; palps with 5 segments; pulvilli present; front tibia with low, rounded scale; mid and hind tibia with 2 spurs; gonocoxapodeme rounded and not joined mesally; lack of setae on gonocoxite IX; gonapophyses VIII divided into dorsomesal lobe and well-developed ventrolateral lobe; cerci large; and segment X expanded forming a collar around basal half of cerci although not as well developed as in 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD17C23FE6BF8A6FDC0F892" box="[461,545,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Fleuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD17C23FE6BF8A6FDC0F892" box="[461,545,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="124">Fleuria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. More specifically, females can be separated from other species of 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD17C23FAB5F8A6FF37F8AE" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="124">
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD17C23FAB5F8A6FA7DF892" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[1299,1436,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Chironomus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23A357FBFFD17C23FF31F8C2FF37F8AE" box="[151,214,1879,1905]" pageId="1" pageNumber="124" sensu="lato">s. lat.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
by the combination of the following: large, conical, frontal tubercles; reduced palps; an apical truncation of the wing; mid and hind tarsi reduced; gonocoxite IX without seta; apodeme lobe weak, without microtrichia; and segment X with more than 20 setae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="42FE6519FFD27C26FF61FF03FE6DF87A" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="127" pageId="2" pageNumber="125" type="description">
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD27C20FF61FF03FEB0FF6F" blockId="2.[151,1436,150,645]" box="[199,337,150,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="125">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD27C20FF61FF03FEB0FF6F" bold="true" box="[199,337,150,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="125">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD27C20FF61FF2EFAE6FEC2" blockId="2.[151,1436,150,645]" pageId="2" pageNumber="125">
Male imago (n=15, unless otherwise stated). Total length 8.40–13.47, 
<quantity id="CD1C9B77FFD27C20FC75FF2EFBD7FF0A" box="[979,1078,187,213]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.8" pageId="2" pageNumber="125" unit="mm" value="9.8">9.80 mm</quantity>
(n=14). Wing length 3.79–4.32, 
<quantity id="CD1C9B77FFD27C20FF31FF4BFF1CFF26" box="[151,253,222,249]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.15" pageId="2" pageNumber="125" unit="mm" value="4.15">4.15 mm</quantity>
. Total length/wing length 1.98–3.21, 2.36 (n=14). Wing length/length of profemur 3.99–6.09, 4.48 (n=14). Coloration brown to pale brown (alcohol preserved specimens), wings hyaline and without markings.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD27C20FF61FEB2FCCEFE56" blockId="2.[151,1436,150,645]" pageId="2" pageNumber="125">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD27C20FF61FEB2FEC5FE9E" box="[199,292,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="125">Antenna</emphasis>
(n=6) (
<figureCitation id="92DF2A17FFD27C20FE26FEB2FE38FE9E" box="[384,473,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1812,1836]" captionTargetBox="[154,1426,675,1776]" captionTargetId="figure-232@2.[151,1436,666,1786]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Chironomus gelhausi n. sp. male. A—antenna; B—head; C—cibarial pump; D—distal end of third palpomere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6364374" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6364374/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="125">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
). Antennae missing from most specimens. Antenna with 11 segments and antennal plume reduced; AR 1.27–1.70, 1.54. Ultimate flagellomere 629–815, 737 μm long. Longest antennal seta 183–363, 275 μm long (n=4), most setae missing in some specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD27C20FF61FE06FB6FFD5A" blockId="2.[151,1436,150,645]" pageId="2" pageNumber="125">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD27C20FF61FE06FEE5FE72" box="[199,260,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="125">Head</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="92DF2A17FFD27C20FEB3FE06FE8AFE72" box="[277,363,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1812,1836]" captionTargetBox="[154,1426,675,1776]" captionTargetId="figure-232@2.[151,1436,666,1786]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Chironomus gelhausi n. sp. male. A—antenna; B—head; C—cibarial pump; D—distal end of third palpomere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6364374" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6364374/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="125">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
). Temporal setae 17–35, 28 μm; including 3–8, 5 inner verticals, 6–14, 10 outer verticals, and 7–16, 13 postorbitals. Clypeus with 5–22, 16 setae. Frontal tubercle 88–153, 114 μm high, 105–170, 139 μm wide, well developed and conical shaped with apical end constricted (Fi. 1B). Frons covered in dense microtrichia with microtrichia longest on frontal tubercles. Tentorium, stipes and cibarial pump as in 
<figureCitation id="92DF2A17FFD27C20FB9CFE6AFB4CFDC6" box="[1082,1197,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1812,1836]" captionTargetBox="[154,1426,675,1776]" captionTargetId="figure-232@2.[151,1436,666,1786]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Chironomus gelhausi n. sp. male. A—antenna; B—head; C—cibarial pump; D—distal end of third palpomere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6364374" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6364374/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="125">Figure 1C</figureCitation>
. Tentorium 230–325, 281 μm long; 55–84, 68 μm wide at sieve plate and 40–70, 55 μm wide at tentorial pit. Stipes 175–294, 267 μm long; 10–17, 14 μm wide. Palp segment lengths (n=12): 75–124, 92; 60–90, 75; 198–278, 235; 51–270, 141; 116–153, 131. Third palpomere (
<figureCitation id="92DF2A17FFD27C20FE3FFDFEFDEFFD5A" box="[409,526,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1812,1836]" captionTargetBox="[154,1426,675,1776]" captionTargetId="figure-232@2.[151,1436,666,1786]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Chironomus gelhausi n. sp. male. A—antenna; B—head; C—cibarial pump; D—distal end of third palpomere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6364374" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6364374/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="125">Fig. 1D; n</figureCitation>
=14) with 11–19, 15 sensilla, longest 10–24, 16 μm long.
</paragraph>
<caption id="5E9B661AFFD27C20FF31F881FA9EF8F2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6364374" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6364374" box="[151,1407,1812,1837]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6364374/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="125" startId="2.[151,250,1812,1836]" targetBox="[154,1426,675,1776]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD27C20FF31F881FA9EF8F2" blockId="2.[151,1407,1812,1837]" box="[151,1407,1812,1837]" pageId="2" pageNumber="125">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD27C20FF31F881FEF2F8F2" bold="true" box="[151,275,1812,1837]" pageId="2" pageNumber="125">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD27C20FEBFF880FE13F8F2" authority="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr, 2022" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[281,498,1813,1837]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD27C20FEBFF880FE13F8F2" box="[281,498,1813,1837]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="125">Chironomus gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD27C20FE5EF880FDD0F8F2" bold="true" box="[504,561,1813,1837]" pageId="2" pageNumber="125">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23A357FBFFD27C20FE5EF880FDD0F8F2" box="[504,561,1813,1837]" pageId="2" pageNumber="125" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
male. A—antenna; B—head; C—cibarial pump; D—distal end of third palpomere.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD27C20FF61F8CEFDB3F83E" blockId="2.[151,1437,1883,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="125">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD27C20FF61F8CEFEC1F8AA" box="[199,288,1883,1909]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="125">Thorax.</emphasis>
Tubercle well developed. Antepronotum with no setae. Dorsocentrals 10–19, 15, all short and decumbent; acrostichals 6 (n=1), all short and decumbent, starting midway between antepronotum and tubercle, typically not visible when laterally mounted although two setal scars were apparent on tubercle on 
<specimenCount id="1CE2FD1BFFD27C20FB3EF836FAD6F862" box="[1176,1335,1955,1981]" pageId="2" pageNumber="125" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
; prealars 7–11, 9. Scutellum with 6–15, 10 setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD37C21FF61FF02FB29FF0A" blockId="3.[151,1437,150,429]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD37C21FF61FF02FEE0FF6F" box="[199,257,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">Wing</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="92DF2A17FFD37C21FEB6FF02FE8AFF6E" box="[272,363,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1620,1644]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,463,1587]" captionTargetId="figure-182@3.[151,1436,453,1597]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Chironomus gelhausi n. sp. male. A—wing; B—fore, mid, and hind tarsi; C—apex of fore, mid, and hind tibiae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6364376" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6364376/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
). Apical tip of wing truncated; VR 1.02–1.11, 1.07. Brachiolum with 3–5, 4 setae; R 18–27, 24; R 
<subScript id="966034D7FFD37C21FF0CFF58FF53FF04" attach="left" box="[170,178,205,219]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">1</subScript>
with 0 setae; R 
<subScript id="966034D7FFD37C21FEC6FF58FE9BFF04" attach="left" box="[352,378,205,219]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">4+5</subScript>
with 2–8, 4 setae; other veins and cells bare. Squama with 13–26, 18 setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD37C21FF61FF4AFC8AFE72" blockId="3.[151,1437,150,429]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD37C21FF61FF4AFF1DFF27" box="[199,252,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">Legs</emphasis>
(Figs, 2B, C). Mid and hind legs reduced in length (
<figureCitation id="92DF2A17FFD37C21FCF4FF4AFC44FF26" box="[850,933,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1620,1644]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,463,1587]" captionTargetId="figure-182@3.[151,1436,453,1597]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Chironomus gelhausi n. sp. male. A—wing; B—fore, mid, and hind tarsi; C—apex of fore, mid, and hind tibiae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6364376" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6364376/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">Fig 2B</figureCitation>
). Scale of fore tibia 24–60, 43 μm long (
<figureCitation id="92DF2A17FFD37C21FAD3FF4AFF5DFEC2" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1620,1644]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,463,1587]" captionTargetId="figure-182@3.[151,1436,453,1597]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Chironomus gelhausi n. sp. male. A—wing; B—fore, mid, and hind tarsi; C—apex of fore, mid, and hind tibiae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6364376" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6364376/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">Fig 2C</figureCitation>
); spur of mid tibia 29–53, 41 μm long; spur of hind tibia 30–59, 43 μm long (
<figureCitation id="92DF2A17FFD37C21FB88FE96FB9FFEC2" box="[1070,1150,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1620,1644]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,463,1587]" captionTargetId="figure-182@3.[151,1436,453,1597]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Chironomus gelhausi n. sp. male. A—wing; B—fore, mid, and hind tarsi; C—apex of fore, mid, and hind tibiae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6364376" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6364376/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">Fig 2C</figureCitation>
) although hind tibia spur reduced or missing on some specimens. Comb on mid tibia 18–31, 24 μm long, with width of combs on mid tibia similar; comb on hind tibia 18–38, 25 μm long, one comb on hind tibia much wider than the other (
<figureCitation id="92DF2A17FFD37C21FB54FEDEFAA5FEBA" box="[1266,1348,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1620,1644]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,463,1587]" captionTargetId="figure-182@3.[151,1436,453,1597]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Chironomus gelhausi n. sp. male. A—wing; B—fore, mid, and hind tarsi; C—apex of fore, mid, and hind tibiae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6364376" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6364376/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">Fig 2C</figureCitation>
). Width at apex of fore tibia 145–175, 161 μm; width at apex of mid tibia 120–189, 170 μm; width at apex of hind tibia 160–213, 193 μm. Lengths and proportions of legs as in 
<tableCitation id="47660329FFD37C21FCB7FE06FC84FE72" box="[785,869,403,429]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,235,332,356]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Lengths (in μm) and proportions of legs of Chironomus gelhausi n. sp. male (n = 15)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5E9B661AFFD47C26FF31FED9FB91FEBB" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" tableUuid="5E9B661AFFD47C26FF31FED9FB91FEBB">Table 1</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="5E9B661AFFD37C21FF31F9C1FA6FF9B3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6364376" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6364376" box="[151,1422,1620,1645]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6364376/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" startId="3.[151,250,1620,1644]" targetBox="[157,1429,463,1587]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD37C21FF31F9C1FA6FF9B3" blockId="3.[151,1422,1620,1645]" box="[151,1422,1620,1645]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD37C21FF31F9C1FEF2F9B3" bold="true" box="[151,275,1620,1644]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD37C21FEBFF9C1FE13F9B3" authority="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr, 2022" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[281,498,1620,1644]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD37C21FEBFF9C1FE13F9B3" box="[281,498,1620,1644]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">Chironomus gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD37C21FE5EF9C0FDD0F9B2" bold="true" box="[504,561,1621,1645]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23A357FBFFD37C21FE5EF9C0FDD0F9B2" box="[504,561,1621,1645]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
male. A—wing; B—fore, mid, and hind tarsi; C—apex of fore, mid, and hind tibiae.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD37C26FF61F90EFC66FEC2" blockId="3.[151,1436,1691,2041]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,150,285]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="127" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD37C21FF61F90EFEB7F96B" box="[199,342,1691,1716]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">Hypopygium</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="92DF2A17FFD37C21FECFF90EFE51F96A" box="[361,432,1691,1717]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[229,1358,189,1905]" captionTargetId="figure-19@5.[216,1372,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Chironomus gelhausi n. sp. male. A—hypopygium, dorsal view; B—hypopygium with anal point and tergite IX removed, dorsal aspect to the left and ventral aspect to the right; C—ventral view of superior volsella; D—lateral view of gonostylus (left) and inferior volsella (right); E—anal point, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6364378" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6364378/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). Rotated up to 180º in all specimens examined. Tergite IX covered with microtrichia, with no median setae anterior of the anal point and 39–61, 50 setae on each side of base of anal point (
<figureCitation id="92DF2A17FFD37C21FA90F92AFA6EF906" box="[1334,1423,1727,1753]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[229,1358,189,1905]" captionTargetId="figure-19@5.[216,1372,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Chironomus gelhausi n. sp. male. A—hypopygium, dorsal view; B—hypopygium with anal point and tergite IX removed, dorsal aspect to the left and ventral aspect to the right; C—ventral view of superior volsella; D—lateral view of gonostylus (left) and inferior volsella (right); E—anal point, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6364378" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6364378/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
); anal tergite bands forming a shallow “U” and not reaching the base of anal point (
<figureCitation id="92DF2A17FFD37C21FB95F976FB6FF922" box="[1075,1166,1763,1789]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[229,1358,189,1905]" captionTargetId="figure-19@5.[216,1372,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Chironomus gelhausi n. sp. male. A—hypopygium, dorsal view; B—hypopygium with anal point and tergite IX removed, dorsal aspect to the left and ventral aspect to the right; C—ventral view of superior volsella; D—lateral view of gonostylus (left) and inferior volsella (right); E—anal point, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6364378" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6364378/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
). Laterosternite IX with 0 setae. Anal point broad, parallel-sided and rapidly constricting to a small point, 92–115, 104 μm long, 40–78, 65 μm wide at base, 59–78, 69 μm wide medially, 5–15, 11 μm wide near apex; T-shaped in cross section. Transverse sternapodeme 390–525, 468 μm long, nearly straight (
<figureCitation id="92DF2A17FFD37C21FD56F8DAFCA6F8B6" box="[752,839,1871,1897]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[229,1358,189,1905]" captionTargetId="figure-19@5.[216,1372,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Chironomus gelhausi n. sp. male. A—hypopygium, dorsal view; B—hypopygium with anal point and tergite IX removed, dorsal aspect to the left and ventral aspect to the right; C—ventral view of superior volsella; D—lateral view of gonostylus (left) and inferior volsella (right); E—anal point, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6364378" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6364378/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
). Phallapodeme 445–636, 556 μm long. Superior volsella and 280–380, 340 μm long, 76–125, 101 μm wide at base, 24–54, 40 μm wide at apex, with 27–38, 31 setae on the ventral side and extending to approximately the midpoint of the medially directed extension; dorsal side of the superior volsella with microtrichia only present on base and ventral side with microtrichia extending approximately 2/3 of the superior volsellae (
<figureCitation id="92DF2A17FFD37C21FE78F84AFDD7F826" box="[478,566,2015,2041]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[229,1358,189,1905]" captionTargetId="figure-19@5.[216,1372,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Chironomus gelhausi n. sp. male. A—hypopygium, dorsal view; B—hypopygium with anal point and tergite IX removed, dorsal aspect to the left and ventral aspect to the right; C—ventral view of superior volsella; D—lateral view of gonostylus (left) and inferior volsella (right); E—anal point, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6364378" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6364378/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
). Median volsella absent. Inferior volsella extending beyond apex of gonostylus 662–1118, 902 μm long, 48–145, 70 μm wide at base, 66–194, 115 μm wide at apex, dorsoventrally expanded distally, and covered with numerous simple, stout setae (
<figureCitation id="92DF2A17FFD47C26FCB3FF2EFC8EFF0A" box="[789,879,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[229,1358,189,1905]" captionTargetId="figure-19@5.[216,1372,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Chironomus gelhausi n. sp. male. A—hypopygium, dorsal view; B—hypopygium with anal point and tergite IX removed, dorsal aspect to the left and ventral aspect to the right; C—ventral view of superior volsella; D—lateral view of gonostylus (left) and inferior volsella (right); E—anal point, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6364378" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6364378/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
). Gonocoxite 403–732, 558 μm long. Gonostylus 414–690, 538 μm long, robust, dorsoventrally expanded, and with numerous stout setae, especially on the inner margin (
<figureCitation id="92DF2A17FFD47C26FF53FE96FEAEFEC2" box="[245,335,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[229,1358,189,1905]" captionTargetId="figure-19@5.[216,1372,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Chironomus gelhausi n. sp. male. A—hypopygium, dorsal view; B—hypopygium with anal point and tergite IX removed, dorsal aspect to the left and ventral aspect to the right; C—ventral view of superior volsella; D—lateral view of gonostylus (left) and inferior volsella (right); E—anal point, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6364378" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6364378/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
). HR 0.79–1.22, 1.04. HV (n=14) 1.42–2.65, 1.87.
</paragraph>
<caption id="5E9B661AFFD47C26FF31FED9FB91FEBB" ID-Table-UUID="5E9B661AFFD47C26FF31FED9FB91FEBB" box="[151,1136,332,357]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5E9B661AFFD47C26FF31FED9FB91FEBB" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" startId="4.[151,235,332,356]" targetBox="[166,1323,373,845]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD47C26FF31FED9FB91FEBB" blockId="4.[151,1136,332,357]" box="[151,1136,332,357]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD47C26FF31FED9FEE4FEBB" bold="true" box="[151,261,332,356]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Lengths (in μm) and proportions of legs of 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD47C26FD67FED9FC7BFEBB" authority="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr, 2022" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[705,922,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD47C26FD67FED9FC7BFEBB" box="[705,922,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">Chironomus gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD47C26FC06FED8FC38FEBA" bold="true" box="[928,985,333,357]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23A357FBFFD47C26FC06FED8FC38FEBA" box="[928,985,333,357]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
male (n = 15).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD47C26FF4CFEE0FAF9FC98" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<table id="78E4C432FFD483DDFF00FEE0FACAFC92" box="[166,1323,373,845]" gridcols="5" gridrows="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<tr id="B4D434D0FFD483DDFF00FEE0FACAFE4D" box="[166,1323,373,402]" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="F7055DACFFD483DDFF4CFEE0FE7DFE4D" box="[234,412,373,402]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">fe</th>
<th id="F7055DACFFD483DDFDBCFEE0FD2DFE4D" box="[538,716,373,402]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">ti</th>
<th id="F7055DACFFD483DDFCECFEE0FC1DFE4D" box="[842,1020,373,402]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">ta1</th>
<th id="F7055DACFFD483DDFBDCFEE0FACAFE4D" box="[1146,1323,373,402]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">ta2</th>
</tr>
<tr id="B4D434D0FFD483DDFF00FE08FACAFE64" box="[166,1323,413,443]" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<th id="F7055DACFFD483DDFF00FE08FF5AFE64" box="[166,187,413,443]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">p 1</th>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFF4CFE08FE7DFE64" box="[234,412,413,443]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">1982–2405, 2188</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFDBCFE08FD2DFE64" box="[538,716,413,443]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">1896–2276, 2095</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFCECFE08FC1DFE64" box="[842,1020,413,443]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">1998–2426, 2227</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFBDCFE08FACAFE64" box="[1146,1323,413,443]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">1290–1711, 1452</td>
</tr>
<tr id="B4D434D0FFD483DDFF00FE50FACAFE3C" box="[166,1323,453,483]" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<th id="F7055DACFFD483DDFF00FE50FF5AFE3C" box="[166,187,453,483]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">p2</th>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFF4CFE50FE7DFE3C" box="[234,412,453,483]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">1790–2986, 2052</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFDBCFE50FD2DFE3C" box="[538,716,453,483]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">1825–2195, 2036</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFCECFE50FC1DFE3C" box="[842,1020,453,483]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">611–734, 663</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFBDCFE50FACAFE3C" box="[1146,1323,453,483]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">361–466, 421</td>
</tr>
<tr id="B4D434D0FFD483DDFF00FE78FACAFDD4" box="[166,1323,493,523]" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<th id="F7055DACFFD483DDFF00FE78FF5AFDD4" box="[166,187,493,523]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">P3</th>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFF4CFE78FE7DFDD4" box="[234,412,493,523]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">1954–2393, 2160</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFDBCFE78FD2DFDD4" box="[538,716,493,523]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">1848–2320, 2099</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFCECFE78FC1DFDD4" box="[842,1020,493,523]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">649–854, 738</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFBDCFE78FACAFDD4" box="[1146,1323,493,523]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">404–473, 429</td>
</tr>
<tr id="B4D434D0FFD483DDFF00FD83FACAFDEB" box="[166,1323,534,564]" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-4="1">
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFF4CFD83FE7DFDEB" box="[234,412,534,564]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">ta3</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFDBCFD83FD2DFDEB" box="[538,716,534,564]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">ta4</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFCECFD83FC1DFDEB" box="[842,1020,534,564]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">ta 5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="B4D434D0FFD483DDFF00FDABFACAFD83" box="[166,1323,574,604]" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="F7055DACFFD483DDFF00FDABFF5AFD83" box="[166,187,574,604]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">p 1</th>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFF4CFDABFE7DFD83" box="[234,412,574,604]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">1055–1425, 1186</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFDBCFDABFD2DFD83" box="[538,716,574,604]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">817–1173, 929</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFCECFDABFC1DFD83" box="[842,1020,574,604]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">361–490, 400</td>
</tr>
<tr id="B4D434D0FFD483DDFF00FDF3FACAFD5B" box="[166,1323,614,644]" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="F7055DACFFD483DDFF00FDF3FF5AFD5B" box="[166,187,614,644]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">p2</th>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFF4CFDF3FE7DFD5B" box="[234,412,614,644]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">320–386, 348</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFDBCFDF3FD2DFD5B" box="[538,716,614,644]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">250–310, 272</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFCECFDF3FC1DFD5B" box="[842,1020,614,644]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">226–264, 244</td>
</tr>
<tr id="B4D434D0FFD483DDFF00FD1BFACAFD73" box="[166,1323,654,684]" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="F7055DACFFD483DDFF00FD1BFF5AFD73" box="[166,187,654,684]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">P3</th>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFF4CFD1BFE7DFD73" box="[234,412,654,684]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">310–379, 345</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFDBCFD1BFD2DFD73" box="[538,716,654,684]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">250–303, 271</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFCECFD1BFC1DFD73" box="[842,1020,654,684]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">225–264, 241</td>
</tr>
<tr id="B4D434D0FFD483DDFF00FD22FACAFD10" box="[166,1323,695,719]" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFF4CFD22FE7DFD10" box="[234,412,695,719]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">LR</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFDBCFD22FD2DFD10" box="[538,716,695,719]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">BV</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFCECFD22FC1DFD10" box="[842,1020,695,719]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">SV</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFBDCFD22FACAFD10" box="[1146,1323,695,719]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">BR</td>
</tr>
<tr id="B4D434D0FFD483DDFF00FD4AFACAFD22" box="[166,1323,735,765]" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<th id="F7055DACFFD483DDFF00FD4AFF5AFD22" box="[166,187,735,765]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">p 1</th>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFF4CFD4AFE7DFD22" box="[234,412,735,765]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">1.02–1.13, 1.06</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFDBCFD4AFD2DFD22" box="[538,716,735,765]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">1.42–1.76, 1.65</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFCECFD4AFC1DFD22" box="[842,1020,735,765]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">1.82–2.02, 1.93</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFBDCFD4AFACAFD22" box="[1146,1323,735,765]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">0.52–0.90, 0.62</td>
</tr>
<tr id="B4D434D0FFD483DDFF00FC92FACAFCFA" box="[166,1323,775,805]" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<th id="F7055DACFFD483DDFF00FC92FF5AFCFA" box="[166,187,775,805]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">p2</th>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFF4CFC92FE7DFCFA" box="[234,412,775,805]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">0.30–0.36, 0.33</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFDBCFC92FD2DFCFA" box="[538,716,775,805]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">3.51–4.49, 3.70</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFCECFC92FC1DFCFA" box="[842,1020,775,805]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">5.49–7.67, 6.17</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFBDCFC92FACAFCFA" box="[1146,1323,775,805]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">0.37–0.54, 0.48</td>
</tr>
<tr id="B4D434D0FFD483DDFF00FCBAFACAFC92" box="[166,1323,815,845]" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<th id="F7055DACFFD483DDFF00FCBAFF5AFC92" box="[166,187,815,845]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">P3</th>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFF4CFCBAFE7DFC92" box="[234,412,815,845]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">0.30–0.38, 0.35</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFDBCFCBAFD2DFC92" box="[538,716,815,845]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">3.72–4.20, 3.89</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFCECFCBAFC1DFC92" box="[842,1020,815,845]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">5.49–6.41, 5.78</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD483DDFBDCFCBAFACAFC92" box="[1146,1323,815,845]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">0.34–0.60, 0.48</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD47C26FF61FCE2FF34FC06" blockId="4.[151,1437,887,1957]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
Female imago (n=3, unless otherwise stated). Total length 8.53–9.24, 
<quantity id="CD1C9B77FFD47C26FC42FCE2FBADFC4E" box="[996,1100,887,913]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.79" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" unit="mm" value="8.79">8.79 mm</quantity>
. Wing length 5.02–5.24, 
<quantity id="CD1C9B77FFD47C26FACAFCE2FF27FC6A" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.11" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" unit="mm" value="5.11">5.11 mm</quantity>
. Total length/wing length 1.64–1.84, 1.72. Wing length/length of profemur 4.32–5.07, 4.63. Coloration as in male.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD47C26FF61FC76FBFEFBFE" blockId="4.[151,1437,887,1957]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD47C26FF61FC76FEC5FC22" box="[199,292,995,1021]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">Antenna</emphasis>
(Fig. X). AR 0.51–0.67, 0.57. Flagellomere lengths (in μm): 234–264, 245; 123–130, 127; 114–121, 117; 128–143, 133; 303–400, 353. Longest antennal seta 129–170, 150 μm long.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD47C26FF61FBBEFB1DFB26" blockId="4.[151,1437,887,1957]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD47C26FF61FBBEFEE5FB9A" box="[199,260,1067,1093]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">Head</emphasis>
(Fig. X). Well-developed conical frontal tubercles, frontal tubercle 59–86, 76 μm high, 91–100, 96 μm wide, with conspicuous microtrichia. Frons as in male. Temporal setae 22–25, 24; including 3–4, 3 inner verticals, 9–11, 10 outer verticals, and 8–13, 10 postorbitals. Scapus setae 0–8, 5. Clypeus with 22–33, 28 setae. Tentorium 275–311, 292 μm long; 49–85, 64 μm wide at sieve plate and 31–50, 40 μm wide at tentorial pit. Stipes 270–296, 283 μm long; 10–16, 13 μm wide. Palp segment lengths (n=2; in μm): 79–104, 92; 55–80, 68; 226–275, 251; 128– 130, 129; 136–173, 155. Third palpomere (n=2) with 19–26, 23 sensilla, longest 11–15, 13 μm long.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD47C26FF61FA96FCF3FABA" blockId="4.[151,1437,887,1957]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD47C26FF61FA96FEC1FAC2" box="[199,288,1283,1309]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">Thorax.</emphasis>
Tubercle well developed. Antepronotum with no setae. Dorsocentrals 13–19, 15, all short and decumbent; apparently 0 acrostichals, although they may not be visible in laterally mounted specimens as in the male; prealars 7–9, 8. Scutellum with 7–16, 11 setae, uniserial.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD47C26FF61FAE5FF1BFA0E" blockId="4.[151,1437,887,1957]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD47C26FF61FAE5FEE9FA56" box="[199,264,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">Wing.</emphasis>
Apical tip of wing truncated as in male; VR 1.08–1.13, 1.10. Brachiolum with 3–4, 4 setae; R with 29–35, 32 setae; R 
<subScript id="966034D7FFD47C26FECCFA30FE93FA6C" attach="left" box="[362,370,1445,1459]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">1</subScript>
with 1–11, 5 setae; R 
<subScript id="966034D7FFD47C26FDCCFA30FD65FA6C" attach="left" box="[618,644,1445,1459]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">4+5</subScript>
with 13–24, 18 setae; other veins and cells bare. Squama with 14–17, 16 setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD47C26FF61FA49FDD4F95A" blockId="4.[151,1437,887,1957]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD47C26FF61FA49FF1DFA2A" box="[199,252,1500,1525]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">Legs</emphasis>
. Mid and hind legs reduced in length. Scale of fore tibia 33–45, 37 μm long; spur of mid tibia 40–44, 41 μm long; spur of hind tibia 31–34, 33 μm long (n=2). Comb on mid tibia 20–25, 23 μm long, with width of combs on mid tibia similar; comb on hind tibia 22–23, 23 μm long (n=2), one comb on hind tibia much wider than the other. Width at apex of fore tibia 125–135, 130 μm; of mid tibia 154–165, 158 μm; of hind tibia 179–187, 182 μm. Lengths and proportions of legs as in 
<tableCitation id="47660329FFD47C26FE7AF9FEFDD3F95A" box="[476,562,1643,1669]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,235,150,174]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="TABLE 2. Lengths (in μm) and proportions of legs of Chironomus gelhausi n. sp. female (n = 3, unless otherwise noted)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5E9B661AFFD67C24FF31FF03FA8AFF70" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" tableUuid="5E9B661AFFD67C24FF31FF03FA8AFF70">Table 2</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD47C26FF61F91AFAACF976" blockId="4.[151,1437,887,1957]" box="[199,1357,1679,1705]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD47C26FF61F91AFED8F976" box="[199,313,1679,1705]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">Abdomen.</emphasis>
Tergite VIII with 32–37, 34 setae. Sternite VIII with 122–179, 149 setae and no lateral setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD47C26FF61F926FC19F882" blockId="4.[151,1437,887,1957]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD47C26FF61F926FED0F912" box="[199,305,1715,1741]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">Genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="92DF2A17FFD47C26FEE4F926FE69F912" box="[322,392,1715,1741]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1821,1845]" captionTargetBox="[163,1425,283,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-63@7.[151,1436,273,1798]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Chironomus gelhausi n. sp. female genitalia, A—ventral view; B—lobes of gonapophyses VIII (VIL = ventrolateral lobe; ApL = apodeme lobe; DmL=dorsomesal lobe)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6364380" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6364380/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Gonocoxite IX without setae. Tergite IX with 51–56, 53 setae. Gonocoxapodeme rounded and not joined mesally. Segment X expanded forming a collar around basal half of cerci with 64-78, 71 setae. Cercus large, expanded anteriorly and irregularly shaped, 355–424, 393 μm long. Seminal capsule 273–346, 320 μm long and 194–241, 217 μm wide. Notum 367–383, 376 μm long. Gonapophyses VIII divided into a dorsomesal lobe and well-developed ventrolateral lobe; apodeme lobe weak, without microtrichia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD47C26FF61F8F2FE97F85E" blockId="4.[151,1437,887,1957]" box="[199,374,1895,1921]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">Pupa: unknown</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD47C26FF61F81EFE6DF87A" blockId="4.[151,1437,887,1957]" box="[199,396,1931,1957]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">Larvae: unknown</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="5E9B661AFFD57C27FF31F802FCA8F827" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6364378" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6364378" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6364378/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="128" startId="5.[151,250,1943,1967]" targetBox="[229,1358,189,1905]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD57C27FF31F802FCA8F827" blockId="5.[151,1436,1943,2040]" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD57C27FF31F802FEF5F870" bold="true" box="[151,276,1943,1967]" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD57C27FEBAF80DFE14F86F" authority="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr, 2022" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[284,501,1944,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD57C27FEBAF80DFE14F86F" box="[284,501,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">Chironomus gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD57C27FE5BF80DFDD6F86F" bold="true" box="[509,567,1944,1968]" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23A357FBFFD57C27FE5BF80DFDD6F86F" box="[509,567,1944,1968]" pageId="5" pageNumber="128" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
male. A—hypopygium, dorsal view; B—hypopygium with anal point and tergite IX removed, dorsal aspect to the left and ventral aspect to the right; C—ventral view of superior volsella; D—lateral view of gonostylus (left) and inferior volsella (right); E—anal point, lateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="5E9B661AFFD67C24FF31FF03FA8AFF70" ID-Table-UUID="5E9B661AFFD67C24FF31FF03FA8AFF70" box="[151,1387,150,175]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5E9B661AFFD67C24FF31FF03FA8AFF70" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" startId="6.[151,235,150,174]" targetBox="[166,1367,191,663]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD67C24FF31FF03FA8AFF70" blockId="6.[151,1387,150,175]" box="[151,1387,150,175]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FF31FF03FEE5FF71" bold="true" box="[151,260,150,174]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
Lengths (in μm) and proportions of legs of 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FD67FF02FC7BFF70" authority="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr, 2022" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[705,922,151,175]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FD67FF02FC7BFF70" box="[705,922,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Chironomus gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FC06FF02FC38FF70" bold="true" box="[928,985,151,175]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23A357FBFFD67C24FC06FF02FC38FF70" box="[928,985,151,175]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
female (n = 3, unless otherwise noted).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD67C24FF79FF2AFAB6FD4D" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<table id="78E4C432FFD683DDFF00FF2AFAB6FD48" box="[166,1367,191,663]" gridcols="5" gridrows="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<tr id="B4D434D0FFD683DDFF00FF2AFAB6FF02" box="[166,1367,191,221]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="F7055DACFFD683DDFF79FF2AFE5DFF02" box="[223,444,191,221]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">fe</th>
<th id="F7055DACFFD683DDFDAFFF2AFD07FF02" box="[521,742,191,221]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">ti</th>
<th id="F7055DACFFD683DDFC9DFF2AFBCAFF02" box="[827,1067,191,221]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">ta 1</th>
<th id="F7055DACFFD683DDFBDCFF2AFAB6FF02" box="[1146,1367,191,221]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">ta 2</th>
</tr>
<tr id="B4D434D0FFD683DDFF00FF72FAB6FEDA" box="[166,1367,231,261]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<th id="F7055DACFFD683DDFF00FF72FF5AFEDA" box="[166,187,231,261]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">p1</th>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFF79FF72FE5DFEDA" box="[223,444,231,261]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">1821–1821, 1989</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFDAFFF72FD07FEDA" box="[521,742,231,261]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">1817–1817, 1962</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFC9DFF72FBCAFEDA" box="[827,1067,231,261]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">1839–1766, 1906</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFBDCFF72FAB6FEDA" box="[1146,1367,231,261]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">973–973, 1176</td>
</tr>
<tr id="B4D434D0FFD683DDFF00FE9AFAB6FEF2" box="[166,1367,271,301]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<th id="F7055DACFFD683DDFF00FE9AFF5AFEF2" box="[166,187,271,301]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">p2</th>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFF79FE9AFE5DFEF2" box="[223,444,271,301]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">1958–1958, 2158</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFDAFFE9AFD07FEF2" box="[521,742,271,301]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">2017–2017, 2309</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFC9DFE9AFBCAFEF2" box="[827,1067,271,301]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">768–738, 803</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFBDCFE9AFAB6FEF2" box="[1146,1367,271,301]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">479–479, 551</td>
</tr>
<tr id="B4D434D0FFD683DDFF00FEA2FAB6FE8A" box="[166,1367,311,341]" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<th id="F7055DACFFD683DDFF00FEA2FF5AFE8A" box="[166,187,311,341]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">P3</th>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFF79FEA2FE5DFE8A" box="[223,444,311,341]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">2165–2165, 2411</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFDAFFEA2FD07FE8A" box="[521,742,311,341]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">2288–2260, 2480</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFC9DFEA2FBCAFE8A" box="[827,1067,311,341]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">1276–1276, 1445 (n=2)</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFBDCFEA2FAB6FE8A" box="[1146,1367,311,341]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">853–853, 973 (n=2)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="B4D434D0FFD683DDFF00FEF5FAB6FEA0" box="[166,1367,352,383]" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-4="1">
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFF79FEF5FE5DFEA0" box="[223,444,352,383]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">ta 3</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFDAFFEF5FD07FEA0" box="[521,742,352,383]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">ta 4</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFC9DFEF5FBCAFEA0" box="[827,1067,352,383]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">ta 5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="B4D434D0FFD683DDFF00FE1DFAB6FE79" box="[166,1367,392,422]" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="F7055DACFFD683DDFF00FE1DFF5AFE79" box="[166,187,392,422]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">p1</th>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFF79FE1DFE5DFE79" box="[223,444,392,422]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">771–728, 821</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFDAFFE1DFD07FE79" box="[521,742,392,422]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">648–609, 684</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFC9DFE1DFBCAFE79" box="[827,1067,392,422]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">336–322, 358</td>
</tr>
<tr id="B4D434D0FFD683DDFF00FE25FAB6FE11" box="[166,1367,432,462]" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="F7055DACFFD683DDFF00FE25FF5AFE11" box="[166,187,432,462]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">p2</th>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFF79FE25FE5DFE11" box="[223,444,432,462]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">405–404, 454</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFDAFFE25FD07FE11" box="[521,742,432,462]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">313–313, 338 (n=2)</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFC9DFE25FBCAFE11" box="[827,1067,432,462]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">230–230, 249 (n=2)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="B4D434D0FFD683DDFF00FE4DFAB6FE29" box="[166,1367,472,502]" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="F7055DACFFD683DDFF00FE4DFF5AFE29" box="[166,187,472,502]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">P3</th>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFF79FE4DFE5DFE29" box="[223,444,472,502]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">671–671, 755 (n=2)</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFDAFFE4DFD07FE29" box="[521,742,472,502]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">471–471, 530 (n=2)</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFC9DFE4DFBCAFE29" box="[827,1067,472,502]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">266–266, 304 (n=2)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="B4D434D0FFD683DDFF00FD94FAB6FDC6" box="[166,1367,513,537]" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFF79FD94FE5DFDC6" box="[223,444,513,537]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">LR</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFDAFFD94FD07FDC6" box="[521,742,513,537]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">BV</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFC9DFD94FBCAFDC6" box="[827,1067,513,537]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">SV</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFBDCFD94FAB6FDC6" box="[1146,1367,513,537]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">BR</td>
</tr>
<tr id="B4D434D0FFD683DDFF00FDBCFAB6FD98" box="[166,1367,553,583]" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<th id="F7055DACFFD683DDFF00FDBCFF5AFD98" box="[166,187,553,583]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">p1</th>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFF79FDBCFE5DFD98" box="[223,444,553,583]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">1.01–0.97, 1.01</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFDAFFDBCFD07FD98" box="[521,742,553,583]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">2.01–1.93, 2.01</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFC9DFDBCFBCAFD98" box="[827,1067,553,583]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">1.98–1.98, 2.10</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFBDCFDBCFAB6FD98" box="[1146,1367,553,583]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">0.81–0.81, 0.99</td>
</tr>
<tr id="B4D434D0FFD683DDFF00FDC4FAB6FDB0" box="[166,1367,593,623]" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<th id="F7055DACFFD683DDFF00FDC4FF5AFDB0" box="[166,187,593,623]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">p2</th>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFF79FDC4FE5DFDB0" box="[223,444,593,623]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">0.38–0.35, 0.38</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFDAFFDC4FD07FDB0" box="[521,742,593,623]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">3.32–3.31, 3.32 (n=2)</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFC9DFDC4FBCAFDB0" box="[827,1067,593,623]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">5.18–5.18, 5.61</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFBDCFDC4FAB6FDB0" box="[1146,1367,593,623]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">0.99–0.61, 0.99</td>
</tr>
<tr id="B4D434D0FFD683DDFF00FDECFAB6FD48" box="[166,1367,633,663]" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<th id="F7055DACFFD683DDFF00FDECFF5AFD48" box="[166,187,633,663]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">P3</th>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFF79FDECFE5DFD48" box="[223,444,633,663]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">0.56–0.56, 0.58 (n=2)</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFDAFFDECFD07FD48" box="[521,742,633,663]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">2.53–2.47, 2.53 (n=2)</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFC9DFDECFBCAFD48" box="[827,1067,633,663]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">3.49–3.38, 3.49 (n=2)</td>
<td id="F7055DACFFD683DDFBDCFDECFAB6FD48" box="[1146,1367,633,663]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">0.75–0.75, 0.76 (n=2)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="42FE6519FFD67C2AFF61FD54FD1FFB1A" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="131" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD67C24FF61FD54FEA5FB0B" blockId="6.[151,1437,705,2028]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FF61FD54FEDAFD04" bold="true" box="[199,315,705,731]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Remarks.</emphasis>
Currently, we lack consensus regarding the placement and status of 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FBC5FD54FB0DFD04" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[1123,1260,705,731]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FBC5FD54FB0DFD04" box="[1123,1260,705,731]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Chironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subgenera and closely related genera (
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD67C24FE3CFD70FD62FD20" author="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Dillon, M. &amp; Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. R." box="[410,643,741,768]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" pagination="353 - 502" refId="ref7480" refString="Cranston, P. S., Dillon, M., Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. R. (1989) Keys and diagnoses of the adult males of the subfamily Chironominae (Diptera, Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 34, 353 - 502." type="journal article" year="1989">
Cranston 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FDAEFD73FDDBFD20" box="[520,570,741,767]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">et al</emphasis>
. 1989
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD67C24FD28FD70FCBAFD20" author="Martin, J. &amp; Blinov, A. &amp; Alieva, E. &amp; Hirabayashi, K." box="[654,859,741,767]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" pagination="193 - 203" refId="ref8225" refString="Martin, J., Blinov, A., Alieva, E. &amp; Hirabayashi, K. (2007) A molecular phylogenetic investigation of the genera closely related to Chironomus Meigen (Diptera: Chironomidae). In: Andersen, T. (Ed.), Contributions to the Systematics and Ecology of Aquatic Diptera - A Tribute to Ole A. Saether. The Caddis Press, Columbus Ohio, pp. 193 - 203." type="book chapter" year="2007">
Martin 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FD47FD73FCFBFD20" box="[737,794,741,767]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">et al.</emphasis>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD67C24FCC1FD70FBC5FD20" author="Epler, J. H. &amp; Ekrem, T. &amp; Cranston, P. S." box="[871,1060,741,767]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" pagination="387 - 556" refId="ref7746" refString="Epler, J. H., Ekrem, T. &amp; Cranston, P. S., (2013) The larvae of Chironominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - keys and diagnoses. In: Andersen, T., Cranston, P. S. &amp; Epler J. H. (Eds.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic region: Keys and diagnoses, Part, 1. Insects and Systematics &amp; Evolution, Supplement, 66, 387 - 556." type="journal article" year="2013">
Epler 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FC0CFD73FC02FD20" box="[938,995,741,767]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
) which complicates placement of 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FF31FC9CFEF7FCFC" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[151,278,777,803]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FF31FC9CFEF7FCFC" box="[151,278,777,803]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">C. gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD67C24FE85FC9CFDF6FCFC" author="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Dillon, M. &amp; Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. R." box="[291,535,777,803]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" pagination="353 - 502" refId="ref7480" refString="Cranston, P. S., Dillon, M., Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. R. (1989) Keys and diagnoses of the adult males of the subfamily Chironominae (Diptera, Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 34, 353 - 502." type="journal article" year="1989">
Cranston 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FE29FC9FFE27FCFC" box="[399,454,777,803]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">et al.</emphasis>
(1989)
</bibRefCitation>
recognized several subgenera (i.e., 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FC03FC9CFB60FCFC" box="[933,1153,777,803]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Camptochironomus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FB28FC9CFAAAFCFC" box="[1166,1355,777,803]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Lobochironomus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FAFEFC9CFF02FC98" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Chaetolabis</emphasis>
, and 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FEB9FCB8FE08FC98" box="[287,489,813,839]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FEB9FCB8FE49FC98" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[287,424,813,839]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Chironomus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23A357FBFFD67C24FE09FCBBFE08FC98" box="[431,489,814,839]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
). 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FDA6FCB8FDB5FC98" box="[512,596,813,839]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Fleuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FDA6FCB8FDB5FC98" box="[512,596,813,839]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Fleuria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FD2FFCB8FCC1FC98" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1913" box="[649,800,813,839]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Baeotendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FD2FFCB8FCC1FC98" box="[649,800,813,839]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Baeotendipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are included as separate genera in 
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD67C24FB04FCB8FA76FC98" author="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Dillon, M. &amp; Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. R." box="[1186,1431,813,839]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" pagination="353 - 502" refId="ref7480" refString="Cranston, P. S., Dillon, M., Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. R. (1989) Keys and diagnoses of the adult males of the subfamily Chironominae (Diptera, Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 34, 353 - 502." type="journal article" year="1989">
Cranston 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FAABFCBBFAA4FC98" box="[1293,1349,813,839]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">et al.</emphasis>
(1989)
</bibRefCitation>
, but this publication also noted that these two genera are probably subordinate within 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FBD8FCC4FAE6FCB4" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[1150,1287,849,875]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FBD8FCC4FAE6FCB4" box="[1150,1287,849,875]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Chironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD67C24FABFFCC4FF03FC50" author="Epler, J. H. &amp; Ekrem, T. &amp; Cranston, P. S." pageId="6" pageNumber="129" pagination="387 - 556" refId="ref7746" refString="Epler, J. H., Ekrem, T. &amp; Cranston, P. S., (2013) The larvae of Chironominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - keys and diagnoses. In: Andersen, T., Cranston, P. S. &amp; Epler J. H. (Eds.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic region: Keys and diagnoses, Part, 1. Insects and Systematics &amp; Evolution, Supplement, 66, 387 - 556." type="journal article" year="2013">
Epler 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FAC7FCC7FA7CFCB4" box="[1377,1437,849,875]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">et al.</emphasis>
(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
treats 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FE8AFCE0FE22FC50" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1913" box="[300,451,885,911]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Baeotendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FE8AFCE0FE22FC50" box="[300,451,885,911]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Baeotendipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FE5EFCE0FDADFC50" box="[504,588,885,911]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Fleuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FE5EFCE0FDADFC50" box="[504,588,885,911]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Fleuria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as part of 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FD66FCE0FC6FFC50" box="[704,910,885,911]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FD66FCE0FCA8FC50" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[704,841,885,911]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Chironomus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23A357FBFFD67C24FCF6FCE3FC6FFC50" box="[848,910,885,911]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" sensu="lato">s. lat.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
although it is also noted that inclusion of 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FAC6FCE0FF59FC6C" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Fleuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FAC6FCE0FF59FC6C" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Fleuria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FF5CFC0CFE62FC6C" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[250,387,921,947]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FF5CFC0CFE62FC6C" box="[250,387,921,947]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Chironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not imply synonymy. In addition, 
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD67C24FCE1FC0CFBF9FC6C" author="Epler, J. H. &amp; Ekrem, T. &amp; Cranston, P. S." box="[839,1048,921,947]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" pagination="387 - 556" refId="ref7746" refString="Epler, J. H., Ekrem, T. &amp; Cranston, P. S., (2013) The larvae of Chironominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - keys and diagnoses. In: Andersen, T., Cranston, P. S. &amp; Epler J. H. (Eds.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic region: Keys and diagnoses, Part, 1. Insects and Systematics &amp; Evolution, Supplement, 66, 387 - 556." type="journal article" year="2013">
Epler 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FC2AFC0FFC24FC6C" box="[908,965,921,947]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">et al.</emphasis>
(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
indicated that 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FB66FC0CFA7DFC6C" box="[1216,1436,921,947]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Camptochironomus</emphasis>
should be synonymized with 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FE7AFC28FD43FC08" box="[476,674,957,983]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FE7AFC28FD84FC08" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[476,613,957,983]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Chironomus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23A357FBFFD67C24FDCAFC2BFD43FC08" box="[620,674,958,983]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" sensu="stricto">s. str</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
which is supported by molecular studies of phylogenic relationships within the genus (
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD67C24FEF8FC74FDD5FC24" author="Guryev, V. &amp; Makarevitch, I. &amp; Blinov, A. &amp; Martin, J." box="[350,564,993,1019]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" pagination="9 - 21" refId="ref7933" refString="Guryev, V., Makarevitch, I., Blinov, A. &amp; Martin, J. (2001). Phylogeny of the genus Chironomus (Diptera) inferred from DNA sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase I. Molecular Phylogenetics and evolution, 19 (1), 9 - 21. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / mpev. 2001.0898" type="journal article" year="2001">
Guryev 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FE1CFC77FE13FC24" box="[442,498,993,1019]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">et al.</emphasis>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD67C24FD98FC74FCECFC24" author="Martin, J. &amp; Blinov, A. &amp; Alieva, E. &amp; Hirabayashi, K." box="[574,781,993,1019]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" pagination="193 - 203" refId="ref8225" refString="Martin, J., Blinov, A., Alieva, E. &amp; Hirabayashi, K. (2007) A molecular phylogenetic investigation of the genera closely related to Chironomus Meigen (Diptera: Chironomidae). In: Andersen, T. (Ed.), Contributions to the Systematics and Ecology of Aquatic Diptera - A Tribute to Ole A. Saether. The Caddis Press, Columbus Ohio, pp. 193 - 203." type="book chapter" year="2007">
Martin 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FD37FC77FD28FC24" box="[657,713,993,1019]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">et al.</emphasis>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
). Although a fuller description of the status of 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FAB5FC74FA7DFC24" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[1299,1436,993,1019]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FAB5FC74FA7DFC24" box="[1299,1436,993,1019]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Chironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and closely related genera is beyond the scope of this paper, it is relevant to the generic placement of 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FAB3FB90FA74FBC0" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[1301,1429,1029,1055]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FAB3FB90FA74FBC0" box="[1301,1429,1029,1055]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">C. gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Here we follow the classification of 
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD67C24FD95FBBCFCF3FB9C" author="Martin, J. &amp; Blinov, A. &amp; Alieva, E. &amp; Hirabayashi, K." box="[563,786,1065,1091]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" pagination="193 - 203" refId="ref8225" refString="Martin, J., Blinov, A., Alieva, E. &amp; Hirabayashi, K. (2007) A molecular phylogenetic investigation of the genera closely related to Chironomus Meigen (Diptera: Chironomidae). In: Andersen, T. (Ed.), Contributions to the Systematics and Ecology of Aquatic Diptera - A Tribute to Ole A. Saether. The Caddis Press, Columbus Ohio, pp. 193 - 203." type="book chapter" year="2007">
Martin 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FD21FBBFFD21FB9C" box="[647,704,1065,1091]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">et al.</emphasis>
(2007)
</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD67C24FCEFFBBCFBF8FB9C" author="Epler, J. H. &amp; Ekrem, T. &amp; Cranston, P. S." box="[841,1049,1065,1091]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" pagination="387 - 556" refId="ref7746" refString="Epler, J. H., Ekrem, T. &amp; Cranston, P. S., (2013) The larvae of Chironominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - keys and diagnoses. In: Andersen, T., Cranston, P. S. &amp; Epler J. H. (Eds.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic region: Keys and diagnoses, Part, 1. Insects and Systematics &amp; Evolution, Supplement, 66, 387 - 556." type="journal article" year="2013">
Epler 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FC28FBBFFC26FB9C" box="[910,967,1065,1091]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">et al.</emphasis>
(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
where 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FBCBFBBCFADDFB9C" box="[1133,1340,1065,1091]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FBCBFBBCFB17FB9C" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[1133,1270,1065,1091]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Chironomus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23A357FBFFD67C24FB58FBBFFADDFB9C" box="[1278,1340,1065,1091]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" sensu="lato">s. lat.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
consists of the subgenera 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FEFDFBD8FDC9FBB8" box="[347,552,1101,1127]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FEFDFBD8FE05FBB8" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[347,484,1101,1127]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Chironomus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23A357FBFFD67C24FE4AFBDBFDC9FBB8" box="[492,552,1102,1127]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FD91FBD8FD5FFBB8" box="[567,702,1101,1127]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Chaetolabis</emphasis>
, and 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FD58FBD8FC5AFBB8" box="[766,955,1101,1127]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Lobochironomus</emphasis>
(including 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FB98FBD8FB44FBB8" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1924" box="[1086,1189,1101,1127]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Einfeldia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FB98FBD8FB44FBB8" box="[1086,1189,1101,1127]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Einfeldia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Group C). The genus 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FF31FBE4FE89FB54" box="[151,360,1137,1163]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FF31FBE4FEC1FB54" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[151,288,1137,1163]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Chironomus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23A357FBFFD67C24FE8FFBE7FE89FB54" box="[297,360,1137,1163]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" sensu="lato">s. lat.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
also includes “ 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FDBEFBE4FD4EFB54" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1913" box="[536,687,1137,1163]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Baeotendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FDBEFBE4FD4EFB54" box="[536,687,1137,1163]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Baeotendipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” which may be part of 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FC19FBE4FB6CFB54" box="[959,1165,1137,1163]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FC19FBE4FBA9FB54" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[959,1096,1137,1163]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Chironomus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23A357FBFFD67C24FBF7FBE7FB6CFB54" box="[1105,1165,1138,1163]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
or a separate subgenus. The taxa 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FF5BFB00FEB0FB70" box="[253,337,1173,1199]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Fleuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FF5BFB00FEB0FB70" box="[253,337,1173,1199]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Fleuria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FE22FB00FE10FB70" authorityName="Lipina" authorityYear="1939" box="[388,497,1173,1199]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Benthalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FE22FB00FE10FB70" box="[388,497,1173,1199]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Benthalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FDA6FB00FD5CFB70" box="[512,701,1173,1199]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FDA6FB00FD86FB70" box="[512,615,1173,1199]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Einfeldia</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
group B) are considered to likely be distinct genera closely related to 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FF12FB2CFEDCFB0C" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[180,317,1209,1235]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FF12FB2CFEDCFB0C" box="[180,317,1209,1235]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Chironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD67C25FF61FB4BFE79FF26" blockId="6.[151,1437,705,2028]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,249]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="130" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
In addition to our lack of consensus regarding the placement and status of 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FBB4FB48FB7AFB28" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[1042,1179,1245,1271]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FBB4FB48FB7AFB28" box="[1042,1179,1245,1271]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Chironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subgenera and closely related genera, the placement of 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FDA0FA94FD67FAC4" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[518,646,1281,1307]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FDA0FA94FD67FAC4" box="[518,646,1281,1307]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">C. gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is complicated by several morphological characteristics which are apparently unusual due to its surface-mating habit. It has been demonstrated that in other surface mating 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FABCFAB0FF5FFABC" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chironomidae</taxonomicName>
taxa with highly specialized morphology, placement into a genus using only morphology can be problematic (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD67C24FF73FAF8FE5CFA58" author="Andersen, T. &amp; Baranov, V. &amp; Hagenlund, L. K. &amp; Ivkovic, M. &amp; Kvifte, G. M. &amp; Pavlek, M." box="[213,445,1389,1416]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" pagination="0152884" refId="ref7096" refString="Andersen, T., Baranov, V., Hagenlund, L. K., Ivkovic, M., Kvifte, G. M. &amp; Pavlek, M. (2016) Blind flight? A new troglobiotic orthoclad (Diptera, Chironomidae) from the Lukina Jama - Trojama Cave in Croatia. PloS One, 11 (4), e 0152884. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0152884" type="journal article" year="2016">Andersen et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
, Qi 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FE4FFAFBFDC0FA58" box="[489,545,1389,1415]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">et al.</emphasis>
2018). However, the morphology in 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FC1DFAF8FBDBFA58" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[955,1082,1389,1415]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FC1DFAF8FBDBFA58" box="[955,1082,1389,1415]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">C. gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not so specialized for surface mating to make generic placement ambiguous, particularly within the broader concept of 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FB26FA04FAAFFA74" box="[1152,1358,1425,1451]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FB26FA04FAE8FA74" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[1152,1289,1425,1451]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Chironomus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23A357FBFFD67C24FAB6FA07FAAFFA74" box="[1296,1358,1425,1451]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" sensu="lato">s. lat.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FAF8FA07FA7DFA74" box="[1374,1436,1426,1451]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD67C24FF31FA20FEBDFA10" author="Epler, J. H. &amp; Ekrem, T. &amp; Cranston, P. S." box="[151,348,1461,1487]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" pagination="387 - 556" refId="ref7746" refString="Epler, J. H., Ekrem, T. &amp; Cranston, P. S., (2013) The larvae of Chironominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - keys and diagnoses. In: Andersen, T., Cranston, P. S. &amp; Epler J. H. (Eds.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic region: Keys and diagnoses, Part, 1. Insects and Systematics &amp; Evolution, Supplement, 66, 387 - 556." type="journal article" year="2013">
Epler 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FF7BFA23FEF6FA10" box="[221,279,1461,1487]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
). As such, 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FE7CFA20FDBAFA10" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[474,603,1461,1487]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FE7CFA20FDBAFA10" box="[474,603,1461,1487]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">C. gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fits reasonably well within the diagnosis for the genus 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FB7EFA20FA80FA10" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[1240,1377,1461,1487]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FB7EFA20FA80FA10" box="[1240,1377,1461,1487]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Chironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The following characters for 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FE09FA4CFDD1FA2C" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[431,560,1497,1523]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FE09FA4CFDD1FA2C" box="[431,560,1497,1523]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">C. gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are consistent with the adult male diagnosis for 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FBFCFA4CFACAFA2C" box="[1114,1323,1497,1523]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FBFCFA4CFB02FA2C" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[1114,1251,1497,1523]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Chironomus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23A357FBFFD67C24FB4AFA4FFACAFA2C" box="[1260,1323,1497,1523]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" sensu="lato">s. lat.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
in 
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD67C24FAF4FA4CFEB3F9C8" author="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Dillon, M. &amp; Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. R." pageId="6" pageNumber="129" pagination="353 - 502" refId="ref7480" refString="Cranston, P. S., Dillon, M., Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. R. (1989) Keys and diagnoses of the adult males of the subfamily Chironominae (Diptera, Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 34, 353 - 502." type="journal article" year="1989">
Cranston 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FF64FA6BFF1AF9C8" box="[194,251,1533,1559]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">et al.</emphasis>
(1989)
</bibRefCitation>
: 11 flagellomeres; fused antepronotal lobes; pulvilli present; well-developed inferior and superior volsellae; and setae on the base of the superior volsellae. This species differs from the 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FBC6F9B4FACDF9E4" box="[1120,1324,1569,1595]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FBC6F9B4FB08F9E4" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[1120,1257,1569,1595]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Chironomus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23A357FBFFD67C24FB57F9B7FACDF9E4" box="[1265,1324,1570,1595]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
diagnosis in 
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD67C24FF12F9D0FE4BF980" author="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Dillon, M. &amp; Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. R." box="[180,426,1605,1631]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" pagination="353 - 502" refId="ref7480" refString="Cranston, P. S., Dillon, M., Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. R. (1989) Keys and diagnoses of the adult males of the subfamily Chironominae (Diptera, Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 34, 353 - 502." type="journal article" year="1989">
Cranston 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FE86F9D3FEB8F980" box="[288,345,1605,1631]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">et al.</emphasis>
(1989)
</bibRefCitation>
in that setae are present on the ventral side of the extension of the superior volsella which is bare in other 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FEF6F9FCFDC0F95C" box="[336,545,1641,1667]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FEF6F9FCFE38F95C" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[336,473,1641,1667]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Chironomus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23A357FBFFD67C24FE45F9FFFDC0F95C" box="[483,545,1642,1667]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
species. Although superior volsellae differ in shape between 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FB4EF9FCFA8BF95C" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[1256,1386,1641,1667]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FB4EF9FCFA8BF95C" box="[1256,1386,1641,1667]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">C. gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FF31F918FE25F977" authority="" box="[151,452,1677,1704]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Chaetolabis">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FF31F918FEC1F978" box="[151,288,1677,1703]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Chironomus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FE94F918FE58F978" box="[306,441,1677,1703]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Chaetolabis</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
, both taxa possess setae on the ventral side of the superior volsellae indicating that this character occurs within 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FE02F924FD92F914" box="[420,627,1713,1739]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FE02F924FDCCF914" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[420,557,1713,1739]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Chironomus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23A357FBFFD67C24FD93F927FD92F914" box="[565,627,1713,1739]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" sensu="lato">s. lat.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
In addition, median anal tergite setae are absent in 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FB10F924FAD7F914" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[1206,1334,1713,1739]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FB10F924FAD7F914" box="[1206,1334,1713,1739]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">C. gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which is unusual in 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FEB5F940FE03F930" box="[275,482,1749,1775]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FEB5F940FE7DF930" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[275,412,1749,1775]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Chironomus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23A357FBFFD67C24FE02F943FE03F930" box="[420,482,1749,1775]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" sensu="lato">s. lat.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
; however, these setae are also absent in some surface-mating 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FB3DF940FA86F930" box="[1179,1383,1749,1775]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FB3DF940FAC5F930" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[1179,1316,1749,1775]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Chironomus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23A357FBFFD67C24FA8DF943FA86F930" box="[1323,1383,1750,1775]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
species (e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FEAFF96CFD79F8CC" authority="Malloch" authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1915" box="[265,664,1785,1811]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidivittatus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FEAFF96CFDD4F8CC" box="[265,565,1785,1811]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Chironomus pallidivittatus</emphasis>
Malloch
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FD69F96CFC1BF8CB" authority="Skuse" authorityName="Skuse" authorityYear="1889" box="[719,1018,1785,1812]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tepperi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FD69F96CFC4FF8CC" box="[719,942,1785,1811]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Chironomus tepperi</emphasis>
Skuse
</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD67C24FBA9F96CFB17F8CC" author="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Dillon, M. &amp; Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. R." box="[1039,1270,1785,1812]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" pagination="353 - 502" refId="ref7480" refString="Cranston, P. S., Dillon, M., Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. R. (1989) Keys and diagnoses of the adult males of the subfamily Chironominae (Diptera, Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 34, 353 - 502." type="journal article" year="1989">
Cranston 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FBDBF96FFB4FF8CC" box="[1149,1198,1785,1811]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">et al</emphasis>
. 1989
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD67C24FAA7F96CFA70F8CC" author="Martin, J." box="[1281,1425,1785,1811]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" refId="ref8186" refString="Martin, J. (2022) Australian and Pacific Chironomus species. Available from: http: // www. chironomidae. net / Martin / AustChironfiles / AustChiron. html (Accessed February 21, 2022)" type="url" year="2022">Martin 2022</bibRefCitation>
). The mean antennal ratio for males of 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FD99F888FD5EF8E8" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[575,703,1821,1847]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FD99F888FD5EF8E8" box="[575,703,1821,1847]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">C. gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was only 1.54 which differed from the diagnostic antennal ratios for 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FF66F8D4FE6EF884" box="[192,399,1857,1883]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FF66F8D4FEA8F884" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[192,329,1857,1883]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Chironomus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23A357FBFFD67C24FEF7F8D7FE6EF884" box="[337,399,1857,1883]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" sensu="lato">s. lat.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(greater than 2.0; 
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD67C24FDC6F8D4FCDFF884" author="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Dillon, M. &amp; Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. R." box="[608,830,1857,1884]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" pagination="353 - 502" refId="ref7480" refString="Cranston, P. S., Dillon, M., Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. R. (1989) Keys and diagnoses of the adult males of the subfamily Chironominae (Diptera, Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 34, 353 - 502." type="journal article" year="1989">Cranston et al 1989</bibRefCitation>
) and “ 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FC2DF8D4FBC3F884" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1913" box="[907,1058,1857,1883]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Baeotendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FC2DF8D4FBC3F884" box="[907,1058,1857,1883]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Baeotendipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” (approximately 2.0; 
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD67C24FABDF8D4FF16F8A0" author="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Dillon, M. &amp; Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. R." pageId="6" pageNumber="129" pagination="353 - 502" refId="ref7480" refString="Cranston, P. S., Dillon, M., Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. R. (1989) Keys and diagnoses of the adult males of the subfamily Chironominae (Diptera, Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 34, 353 - 502." type="journal article" year="1989">
Cranston 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FA2EF8D7FF55F8A0" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">et al.</emphasis>
1989
</bibRefCitation>
). However, the lower antennal ratio is also observed in other surfacing mating taxa (e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FB44F8F0FAD7F8A0" box="[1250,1334,1893,1919]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Fleuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FB44F8F0FAD7F8A0" box="[1250,1334,1893,1919]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Fleuria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
antennal ratio = 0.64; 
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD67C24FE8FF81CFE07F87C" author="Song, C. &amp; Wang, Q. &amp; Sun, B. &amp; Liu, W. &amp; Wang, X." box="[297,486,1929,1955]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" pagination="218 - 225" refId="ref8723" refString="Song, C., Wang, Q., Sun, B., Liu, W. &amp; Wang, X. (2017) Fleuria Kieffer, 1924 (Diptera: Chironomidae) a newly recorded genus from China. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 93, 218 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.3956 / 2017 - 93.4.218" type="journal article" year="2017">
Song 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FECCF81FFE43F87C" box="[362,418,1929,1955]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">et al.</emphasis>
2017
</bibRefCitation>
). Thus, there is no discrepancy placing 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FC07F81CFBC0F87C" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[929,1057,1929,1955]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FC07F81CFBC0F87C" box="[929,1057,1929,1955]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">C. gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FBE3F81CFAF5F87C" box="[1093,1300,1929,1955]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FBE3F81CFB2FF87C" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[1093,1230,1929,1955]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Chironomus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23A357FBFFD67C24FB70F81FFAF5F87C" box="[1238,1300,1929,1955]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" sensu="lato">s. lat.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
if the lower antennal ratio in 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FEFCF838FE3DF818" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[346,476,1965,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FEFCF838FE3DF818" box="[346,476,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">C. gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be attributed to its surface-mating habit. Similarly, 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FBF8F838FB01F818" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[1118,1248,1965,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FBF8F838FB01F818" box="[1118,1248,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">C. gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from the diagnoses for most other 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD67C24FE14F844FD75F834" box="[434,660,2001,2027]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FE14F844FDDAF834" box="[434,571,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Chironomus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD67C24FD04F844FC69F834" author="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Dillon, M. &amp; Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. R." box="[674,904,2001,2027]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" pagination="353 - 502" refId="ref7480" refString="Cranston, P. S., Dillon, M., Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. R. (1989) Keys and diagnoses of the adult males of the subfamily Chironominae (Diptera, Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 34, 353 - 502." type="journal article" year="1989">
Cranston 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD67C24FCB6F847FCA9F834" box="[784,840,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">et al.</emphasis>
1989
</bibRefCitation>
) by possessing reduced palps, reduced mid and hind legs, and a robust gonostylus densely covered with setae on the inner margin. However, some or all of these characters are also observed in some 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD77C25FD9DFF2EFCE6FF0B" box="[571,775,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD77C25FD9DFF2EFD25FF0A" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[571,708,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Chironomus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23A357FBFFD77C25FD6AFF2EFCE6FF0B" box="[716,775,187,212]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
and “ 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD77C25FCECFF2EFC00FF0A" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1913" box="[842,993,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Baeotendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD77C25FCECFF2EFC00FF0A" box="[842,993,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">Baeotendipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” species and can presumably be attributed to surface mating.
</paragraph>
<caption id="5E9B661AFFD77C25FF31F888FD3FF886" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6364380" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6364380" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6364380/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" startId="7.[151,250,1821,1845]" targetBox="[163,1425,283,1787]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD77C25FF31F888FD3FF886" blockId="7.[151,1436,1821,1882]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD77C25FF31F888FEF5F8EA" bold="true" box="[151,276,1821,1845]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD77C25FEBDF888FE14F8EA" authority="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr, 2022" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[283,501,1821,1845]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD77C25FEBDF888FE14F8EA" box="[283,501,1821,1845]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">Chironomus gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD77C25FE5AF88BFDD7F8E9" bold="true" box="[508,566,1822,1846]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23A357FBFFD77C25FE5AF88BFDD7F8E9" box="[508,566,1822,1846]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
female genitalia, A—ventral view; B—lobes of gonapophyses VIII (VIL = ventrolateral lobe; ApL = apodeme lobe; DmL=dorsomesal lobe).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD77C2AFF61F81DFBBAFD5A" blockId="7.[151,1436,1928,2026]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,1221]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="131" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">
The species 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD77C25FEF3F81DFE37F87D" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[341,470,1928,1954]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD77C25FEF3F81DFE37F87D" box="[341,470,1928,1954]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">C. gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares several morphological characteristics with 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD77C25FBB5F81DFB86F87D" box="[1043,1127,1928,1954]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Fleuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD77C25FBB5F81DFB86F87D" box="[1043,1127,1928,1954]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">Fleuria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
including truncated wings, large and conical frontal tubercles, reduced palps and mid and hind legs, lack of median anal tergite setae, and robust gonostylus densely covered with setae on the inner margin. However, these characters are likely to be homoplastic and related to the shared surface-mating habit of these taxa. In addition, the hypopygia of these two taxa are very different with 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFEBFFF2EFE8CFF0A" box="[281,365,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Fleuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFEBFFF2EFE8CFF0A" box="[281,365,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Fleuria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possessing a globular hypopygium with short, wide superior and inferior volsellae and a short, kidney-shaped gonostylus (
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD87C2AFE6BFF4AFD5DFF26" author="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Dillon, M. &amp; Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. R." box="[461,700,223,249]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" pagination="353 - 502" refId="ref7480" refString="Cranston, P. S., Dillon, M., Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. R. (1989) Keys and diagnoses of the adult males of the subfamily Chironominae (Diptera, Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 34, 353 - 502." type="journal article" year="1989">
Cranston 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFD9BFF4AFD96FF26" box="[573,631,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">et al.</emphasis>
1989
</bibRefCitation>
). However, the distinctive hypopygial characters in 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFAA9FF4AFA82FF26" box="[1295,1379,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Fleuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFAA9FF4AFA82FF26" box="[1295,1379,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Fleuria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may represent strongly modified morphology associated with surface-mating and therefore is possibly autapomorphic within the species. Another species which may represent a second species of 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFBA6FEB2FBB5FE9E" box="[1024,1108,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Fleuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFBA6FEB2FBB5FE9E" box="[1024,1108,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Fleuria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with a more typical hypopygium, 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFF46FEDEFC95FEBA" authority="Sublette (Cranston et al. 1989)" box="[224,884,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natchitocheae">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFF46FEDEFDEFFEBA" box="[224,526,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Chironomus natchitocheae</emphasis>
Sublette (
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD87C2AFD27FEDEFC8DFEBA" author="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Dillon, M. &amp; Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. R." box="[641,876,331,357]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" pagination="353 - 502" refId="ref7480" refString="Cranston, P. S., Dillon, M., Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. R. (1989) Keys and diagnoses of the adult males of the subfamily Chironominae (Diptera, Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 34, 353 - 502." type="journal article" year="1989">
Cranston 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFD56FEDEFCC8FEBA" box="[752,809,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">et al.</emphasis>
1989
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, also does not have hypopygial characters which would indicate affiliation with 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFE4BFEFAFD8AFE56" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[493,619,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFE4BFEFAFD8AFE56" box="[493,619,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">C. gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Placement of 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFCB6FEFAFC2DFE56" box="[784,972,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natchitocheae">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFCB6FEFAFC2DFE56" box="[784,972,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">C. natchitocheae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
within 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFBB9FEFAFB6DFE56" authorityName="Lipina" authorityYear="1939" box="[1055,1164,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Benthalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFBB9FEFAFB6DFE56" box="[1055,1164,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Benthalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFB3DFEFAFAE3FE56" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1924" box="[1179,1282,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Einfeldia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFB3DFEFAFAE3FE56" box="[1179,1282,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Einfeldia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Group B) has also been suggested (J. Martin pers. com., 
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD87C2AFDD5FE06FD10FE72" author="Epler, J. H." box="[627,753,403,429]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" refId="ref7695" refString="Epler, J. H. (2019) Corrections and additions for Epler's &quot; Identification manual for the larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of North and South Carolina &quot;. Available from: http: // johnepler. com / CorAdd-NS. html (Accessed February 21, 2022)" type="url" year="2019">Epler 2019</bibRefCitation>
) based on the presence of a longitudinal row of median setae on the anal tergite. However, 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFE55FE22FD94FE0E" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[499,629,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFE55FE22FD94FE0E" box="[499,629,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">C. gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks median anal tergite setae which indicates that it does not belong within 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFF41FE4EFEB5FE2A" authorityName="Lipina" authorityYear="1939" box="[231,340,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Benthalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFF41FE4EFEB5FE2A" box="[231,340,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Benthalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The species 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFE48FE4EFD8EFE2A" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[494,623,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFE48FE4EFD8EFE2A" box="[494,623,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">C. gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares some characters with 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFC1DFE4EFBD6FE2A" authorityName="Goetghebuer" authorityYear="1922" box="[955,1079,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Kiefferulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFC1DFE4EFBD6FE2A" box="[955,1079,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Kiefferulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
including the presence of setae on the ventral side of the extension of the superior volsella and the lack of median setae on the anal tergite in some species. However, in males of 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFE4EFDB6FD87FDE2" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[488,614,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFE4EFDB6FD87FDE2" box="[488,614,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">C. gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the inferior volsella is not as strongly expanded distally and in the female there are no apically pointed scales on the dorsomesal lobe (
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD87C2AFC8DFDD2FBEEFDBE" author="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Webb, C. J. &amp; Martin, J." box="[811,1039,583,609]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" pagination="401 - 432" refId="ref7538" refString="Cranston, P. S., Webb, C. J. &amp; Martin, J. (1990) The saline nuisance chironomid Carteronica longilobus (Diptera: Chironomidae): a systematic reappraisal. Systematic Entomology, 15 (4), 401 - 432. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1990. tb 00074. x" type="journal article" year="1990">
Cranston 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFC31FDD2FC2FFDBE" box="[919,974,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">et al.</emphasis>
1990
</bibRefCitation>
). Overall, morphological characters do not indicate that 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFED0FDFEFE14FD5A" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[374,501,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFED0FDFEFE14FD5A" box="[374,501,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">C. gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be placed in 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFD7AFDFEFCD1FD5A" box="[732,816,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Fleuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFD7AFDFEFCD1FD5A" box="[732,816,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Fleuria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFC98FDFEFC4AFD5A" authorityName="Lipina" authorityYear="1939" box="[830,939,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Benthalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFC98FDFEFC4AFD5A" box="[830,939,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Benthalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, or 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFC71FDFEFBB2FD5A" authorityName="Goetghebuer" authorityYear="1922" box="[983,1107,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Kiefferulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFC71FDFEFBB2FD5A" box="[983,1107,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Kiefferulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD87C2AFF61FD1AFDA5FC32" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">
The female of 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFECBFD1AFE0CFD76" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[365,493,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFECBFD1AFE0CFD76" box="[365,493,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">C. gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also fits within 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFD05FD1AFC93FD76" box="[675,882,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFD05FD1AFCCDFD76" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[675,812,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Chironomus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23A357FBFFD87C2AFC92FD1AFC93FD76" box="[820,882,655,681]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" sensu="lato">s. lat.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
although some characters are not consistent with the diagnosis in 
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD87C2AFEE8FD26FE10FD12" author="Saether, O. A." box="[334,497,691,717]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" pagination="1 - 209" refId="ref8615" refString="Saether, O. A. (1977) Female genitalia in Chironomidae and other Nematocera: morphology, phylogenies, keys. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 197, 1 - 209." type="journal article" year="1977">Saether (1977)</bibRefCitation>
. For example, the apodeme lobe in 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFC27FD26FBE0FD12" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[897,1025,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFC27FD26FBE0FD12" box="[897,1025,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">C. gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not appear to bear microtrichia although this may be consistent with some 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFDD0FD42FCE6FD2E" box="[630,775,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFDD0FD42FCE2FD2E" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[630,771,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chironomus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
For example, microtrichia are not shown on the illustration of the apodeme lobe 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFE24FD6EFD35FCCA" authority="Meigen" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1830" box="[386,724,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aprilinus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFE24FD6EFD96FCCA" box="[386,631,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Chironomus aprilinus</emphasis>
Meigen
</taxonomicName>
(as 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFCA4FD6EFB83FCC9" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1913" box="[770,1122,763,790]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="halophilus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFCA4FD6EFBE8FCCA" box="[770,1033,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Chironomus halophilus</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
) in 
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD87C2AFB2BFD6EFACEFCCA" author="Saether, O. A." box="[1165,1327,763,789]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" pagination="1 - 209" refId="ref8615" refString="Saether, O. A. (1977) Female genitalia in Chironomidae and other Nematocera: morphology, phylogenies, keys. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 197, 1 - 209." type="journal article" year="1977">Saether (1977)</bibRefCitation>
. Segment X also has large extensions which bear more than 20 setae on each side in 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFC71FC8AFBB7FCE6" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[983,1110,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFC71FC8AFBB7FCE6" box="[983,1110,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">C. gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, in 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFB52FC8AFA92FCE6" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[1268,1395,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFB52FC8AFA92FCE6" box="[1268,1395,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">C. gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the apodeme lobe is not fused with the dorsomesal lobe and the extensions on segment X are not expanded to the extent observed in 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFEF6FCF2FE45FC5E" box="[336,420,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Fleuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFEF6FCF2FE45FC5E" box="[336,420,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Fleuria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The expanded segment X and the lack of setae on gonocoxite IX could be associated with surface mating although we are not aware of previous discussions regarding how these genitalic characters may be advantageous for surface-mating species. In general, additional comparative analyses of the females between 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFACCFC3AFF19FC33" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFACCFC3AFF19FC33" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Chironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and related genera is needed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD87C2AFF61FC62FD1FFB1A" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">
Although 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFE9FFC62FE58FBCE" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[313,441,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFE9FFC62FE58FBCE" box="[313,441,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">C. gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fits reasonably well into the genus 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFCEAFC62FC34FBCE" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[844,981,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFCEAFC62FC34FBCE" box="[844,981,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Chironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it may not key out correctly in existing keys for adult males and females (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD87C2AFDEDFB8EFCD0FBEA" author="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Dillon, M. &amp; Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. R." box="[587,817,1051,1077]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" pagination="353 - 502" refId="ref7480" refString="Cranston, P. S., Dillon, M., Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. R. (1989) Keys and diagnoses of the adult males of the subfamily Chironominae (Diptera, Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 34, 353 - 502." type="journal article" year="1989">
Cranston 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFD11FB8EFD0EFBEA" box="[695,751,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">et al.</emphasis>
1989
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD87C2AFC9DFB8EFC28FBEA" author="Saether, O. A." box="[827,969,1051,1077]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" pagination="1 - 209" refId="ref8615" refString="Saether, O. A. (1977) Female genitalia in Chironomidae and other Nematocera: morphology, phylogenies, keys. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 197, 1 - 209." type="journal article" year="1977">Saether 1977</bibRefCitation>
) due the apically truncated wing, reduced palps, reduced mid and hind tarsi, and other characters associated with surface mating. In both 
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD87C2AFB0CFBAAFA7DFB86" author="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Dillon, M. &amp; Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. R." box="[1194,1436,1087,1113]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" pagination="353 - 502" refId="ref7480" refString="Cranston, P. S., Dillon, M., Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. R. (1989) Keys and diagnoses of the adult males of the subfamily Chironominae (Diptera, Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 34, 353 - 502." type="journal article" year="1989">
Cranston 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFAB3FBAAFAADFB86" box="[1301,1356,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">et al.</emphasis>
(1989)
</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD87C2AFF60FBF6FE86FBA2" author="Saether, O. A." box="[198,359,1123,1149]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" pagination="1 - 209" refId="ref8615" refString="Saether, O. A. (1977) Female genitalia in Chironomidae and other Nematocera: morphology, phylogenies, keys. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 197, 1 - 209." type="journal article" year="1977">Saether (1977)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFED5FBF6FE13FBA2" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[371,498,1123,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFED5FBF6FE13FBA2" box="[371,498,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">C. gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
will likely key out as 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFD41FBF6FCDAFBA2" box="[743,827,1123,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Fleuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFD41FBF6FCDAFBA2" box="[743,827,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Fleuria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although for both the male and female, these couplets do not match all of the characters used in the couplets for 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFCB9FB12FC92FB7E" box="[799,883,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Fleuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFCB9FB12FC92FB7E" box="[799,883,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Fleuria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. As a solution, we suggest, the following amendment to the dichotomous key in 
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD87C2AFDA6FB3EFD1BFB1A" author="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Dillon, M. &amp; Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. R." box="[512,762,1195,1221]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" pagination="353 - 502" refId="ref7480" refString="Cranston, P. S., Dillon, M., Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. R. (1989) Keys and diagnoses of the adult males of the subfamily Chironominae (Diptera, Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 34, 353 - 502." type="journal article" year="1989">
Cranston 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFDCAFB3EFD45FB1A" box="[620,676,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">et al.</emphasis>
(1989)
</bibRefCitation>
:
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="42FE6519FFD87C2AFF31FB65FA7DFAE0" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" type="key">
<key id="7E7561A3FFD87C2AFF31FB65FA7DFAE0" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">
<keyStep id="B1102E37FFD87C2AFF31FB65FA7DFAE0" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD87C2AFF31FB65FA7DFAD9" blockId="8.[151,1436,1264,1344]" box="[151,1436,1264,1286]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">
<keyLead id="B11595A7FFD87C2AFF31FB65FA7DFAD9" box="[151,1436,1264,1286]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">
2. Wing apically with angled truncation and antenna with fewer than 10 flagellomeres (Fig. 10.22).......... 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFAA4FB65FAABFADA" ID-CoL="62SQQ" box="[1282,1354,1264,1285]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Fleuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFAA4FB65FAABFADA" box="[1282,1354,1264,1285]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Fleuria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(p. 379)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD87C2AFF31FA98FA7DFAE0" blockId="8.[151,1436,1264,1344]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">
<keyLead id="B11595A7FFD87C2AFF31FA98FA7DFAE0" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">
- Wing apically rounded. Antenna with 11–13 flagellomeres (
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFC8BFA98FC7DFAFD" ID-CoL="LW8" authorityName="Shilova" authorityYear="1955" box="[813,924,1293,1314]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Acalcarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFC8BFA98FC7DFAFD" box="[813,924,1293,1314]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Acalcarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exceptionally has 9 flagellomeres). If wing apically with angled truncation then antenna with 11 flagellomeres..................................................... 3
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</key>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="42FE6519FFD87C2AFF61FAFAFB56F976" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD87C2AFF61FAFAFB98FA0E" blockId="8.[151,1437,1391,2029]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">
For the female, the dichotomous key in 
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD87C2AFDD8FAFAFCFDFA56" author="Saether, O. A." box="[638,796,1391,1417]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" pagination="1 - 209" refId="ref8615" refString="Saether, O. A. (1977) Female genitalia in Chironomidae and other Nematocera: morphology, phylogenies, keys. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 197, 1 - 209." type="journal article" year="1977">Saether (1977)</bibRefCitation>
would need to be amended in several locations and we do not suggest those here. An update to the key in 
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD87C2AFD0AFA06FCADFA72" author="Saether, O. A." box="[684,844,1427,1453]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" pagination="1 - 209" refId="ref8615" refString="Saether, O. A. (1977) Female genitalia in Chironomidae and other Nematocera: morphology, phylogenies, keys. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 197, 1 - 209." type="journal article" year="1977">Saether (1977)</bibRefCitation>
including the addition of taxa and to reflect changes in taxonomy would be an opportunity to incorporate amended characters in 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFC4FFA22FB93FA0E" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[1001,1138,1463,1489]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFC4FFA22FB93FA0E" box="[1001,1138,1463,1489]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Chironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD87C2AFF61FA4EFB56F976" blockId="8.[151,1437,1391,2029]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">
Despite some characters which differ from the diagnosis, 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFCFAFA4EFC3CFA2A" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[860,989,1499,1525]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFCFAFA4EFC3CFA2A" box="[860,989,1499,1525]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">C. gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fits best within 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFB3FFA4EFA8AFA2A" box="[1177,1387,1499,1525]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFB3FFA4EFAC3FA2A" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[1177,1314,1499,1525]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Chironomus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23A357FBFFD87C2AFA8AFA4EFA8AFA2A" box="[1324,1387,1499,1525]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" sensu="lato">s. lat.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
and atypical characteristics can be attributed to its surface-mating habit as in some other 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFB9EFA6AFAE0F9C7" box="[1080,1281,1535,1561]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFB9EFA6AFB20F9C6" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[1080,1217,1535,1561]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Chironomus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23A357FBFFD87C2AFB61FA6AFAE0F9C7" box="[1223,1281,1535,1560]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
species (
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD87C2AFAC2FA6AFE9CF9E2" author="Hein, J. &amp; Schmulbach, J. C." pageId="8" pageNumber="131" pagination="458 - 464" refId="ref8003" refString="Hein, J. &amp; Schmulbach, J. C. (1971) Intraspecific and interspecific breeding behavior of Chironomus pallidivittatus (Diptera: Chironomidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 103 (3), 458 - 464. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 103458 - 3" type="journal article" year="1971">Hein &amp; Schmulbach 1971</bibRefCitation>
) and possibly “ 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFD8DF9B6FD23F9E2" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1913" box="[555,706,1571,1597]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Baeotendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFD8DF9B6FD23F9E2" box="[555,706,1571,1597]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Baeotendipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”. Due to uncertainty regarding the relationship and status of 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFACCF9B6FF19F9BF" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFACCF9B6FF19F9BF" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Chironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subgenera and closely related taxa, we opt not to propose subgeneric placement for 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFB3CF9D2FAF8F9BE" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[1178,1305,1607,1633]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFB3CF9D2FAF8F9BE" box="[1178,1305,1607,1633]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">C. gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In general, additional study, including examination of the larva and pupa as well as cytological and molecular evidence will be needed to determine relationships between this species and other species of 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFC4FF91AFB56F976" box="[1001,1207,1679,1705]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFC4FF91AFB93F976" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[1001,1138,1679,1705]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Chironomus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23A357FBFFD87C2AFBDFF91AFB56F976" box="[1145,1207,1679,1705]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" sensu="lato">s. lat.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="42FE6519FFD87C28FF61F927FD44FBA2" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="133" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD87C2BFF61F927FCB7FE56" blockId="8.[151,1437,1391,2029]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,393]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="132" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFF61F927FE14F912" bold="true" box="[199,501,1714,1741]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Distribution and ecology.</emphasis>
The habitat from which 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFCA9F926FC71F912" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[783,912,1715,1741]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFCA9F926FC71F912" box="[783,912,1715,1741]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">C. gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was collected is used here to describe its ecological requirements and possible distribution for this species. 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFCF5F942FBA2F92E" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[851,1091,1751,1777]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFCF5F942FBA2F92E" box="[851,1091,1751,1777]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Chironomus gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from a single lake in 
<collectingCountry id="72F37602FFD87C2AFF31F96EFEE6F8CA" box="[151,263,1787,1813]" name="Mongolia" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
, Tunamal Nuur (nuur = lake; 
<figureCitation id="92DF2A17FFD87C2AFDF5F96EFD4DF8CA" box="[595,684,1786,1813]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,960,984]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,567,937]" captionTargetId="figure-142@9.[151,1436,417,937]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Wide view of the type locality (Tunamal Nuur) of Chironomus gelhausi n. sp. (photo credit: C. Riley Nelson)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6364382" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6364382/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
). Interestingly, another surface-mating species was collected at this locality, a skating trichopteran, 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFE58F88AFD3EF8E6" box="[510,735,1823,1849]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Agrypnia hayfordae</emphasis>
Morse &amp; Chuluunbat (Morse &amp; Chuluunbat 2007). This lake is small, approximately 8 hectares, with a muddy and rocky shoreline, and is surrounded by steppe (
<figureCitation id="92DF2A17FFD87C2AFB5BF8D6FAA3F882" box="[1277,1346,1858,1885]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,960,984]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,567,937]" captionTargetId="figure-142@9.[151,1436,417,937]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Wide view of the type locality (Tunamal Nuur) of Chironomus gelhausi n. sp. (photo credit: C. Riley Nelson)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6364382" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6364382/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). At the time of sampling, this lake lacked emergent vegetation and floating algae (
<figureCitation id="92DF2A17FFD87C2AFC7BF8F2FBC0F85D" box="[989,1057,1895,1922]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1870,1894]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1009,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-168@9.[151,1436,1009,1847]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Shoreline habitat of the type locality (Tunamal Nuur) of Chironomus gelhausi n. sp. (photo credit: C. Riley Nelson)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6364384" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6364384/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
) and had black, anoxic sediments indicating high levels of nutrient enrichment. Many species of 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFCC2F81EFC0CF87A" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[868,1005,1931,1957]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFCC2F81EFC0CF87A" box="[868,1005,1931,1957]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Chironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occur in and are in fact characteristic of eutrophic and hypereutrophic lakes. Based on physical descriptions of this lake, 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFBEEF83AFB28F816" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[1096,1225,1967,1993]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFBEEF83AFB28F816" box="[1096,1225,1967,1993]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">C. gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occupies a habitat which is characteristic of many species in this genus. Some species of 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD87C2AFC08F846FBD6F832" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[942,1079,2003,2029]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD87C2AFC08F846FBD6F832" box="[942,1079,2003,2029]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Chironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are also tolerant of elevated salinity (
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD97C2BFF46FF02FE25FF6E" author="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Dillon, M. &amp; Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. R." box="[224,452,151,177]" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" pagination="353 - 502" refId="ref7480" refString="Cranston, P. S., Dillon, M., Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. R. (1989) Keys and diagnoses of the adult males of the subfamily Chironominae (Diptera, Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 34, 353 - 502." type="journal article" year="1989">
Cranston 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD97C2BFEEBFF02FE64FF6E" box="[333,389,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">et al.</emphasis>
1989
</bibRefCitation>
) and many lakes in western 
<collectingCountry id="72F37602FFD97C2BFD59FF02FC8DFF6E" box="[767,876,151,177]" name="Mongolia" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
are considered subsaline, hyposaline, mesohaline, and hypersaline (Bouchard 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD97C2BFE69FF2EFDE8FF0A" box="[463,521,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">et al.</emphasis>
in press). However, salinity measurements for Tunamal Nuur were not available and we cannot determine at this time if this species is halophilic. Although this species is known from a single lake, it is possible that this species occurs in other lakes in the region given that lakes are relatively common within the Great Lakes region of 
<collectingCountry id="72F37602FFD97C2BFE34FEB2FDE2FE9E" box="[402,515,295,321]" name="Mongolia" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
. Unfortunately, it is possible that habitat for this species is shrinking because lakes in this region face threats from overgrazing and climate change which is decreasing lake sizes and degrading water quality (
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD97C2BFF55FEFAFE5EFE56" author="Laurie, A. &amp; Jamsranjav, J. &amp; van den Heuvel O. &amp; Nyamjav, E." box="[243,447,367,393]" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" pagination="321 - 343" refId="ref8120" refString="Laurie, A., Jamsranjav, J., van den Heuvel O. &amp; Nyamjav, E. (2010) Biodiversity conservation and the ecological limits to development options in the Mongolian Altai: formulation of a strategy and discussion of priorities. Central Asian Survey, 29, 321 - 343. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02634937.2010.528188" type="journal article" year="2010">
Laurie 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD97C2BFEE3FEFAFE9FFE56" box="[325,382,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD97C2BFE6CFEFAFD72FE56" author="Hilker, T. &amp; Natsagdorj, E. &amp; Waring, R. H. &amp; Lyapustin, A. &amp; Wang, Y." box="[458,659,367,393]" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" pagination="418 - 428" refId="ref8057" refString="Hilker, T., Natsagdorj, E., Waring, R. H., Lyapustin, A. &amp; Wang, Y. (2014) Satellite observed widespread decline in Mongolian grasslands largely due to overgrazing. Global Change Biology, 20, 418 - 428. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / gcb. 12365" type="journal article" year="2014">
Hilker 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD97C2BFDBFFEFAFDB0FE56" box="[537,593,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFD97C2BFD3BFEFAFCABFE56" author="Tao, S. &amp; Fang, J. &amp; Zhao, X. &amp; Zhao, S. &amp; Shen, H. &amp; Hu, H. &amp; Tang, Z. &amp; Wang, Z. &amp; Guo, Q." box="[669,842,366,393]" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" pagination="2281 - 2286" refId="ref8829" refString="Tao, S., Fang, J., Zhao, X., Zhao, S., Shen, H., Hu, H., Tang, Z., Wang, Z. &amp; Guo, Q. (2015) Rapid loss of lakes on the Mongolian Plateau. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112, 2281 - 2286. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 1411748112" type="journal article" year="2015">
Tao 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD97C2BFD68FEFAFCE7FE56" box="[718,774,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">et al.</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="5E9B661AFFD97C2BFF31FC55FA99FC07" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6364382" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6364382" box="[151,1400,960,985]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6364382/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" startId="9.[151,250,960,984]" targetBox="[151,1436,567,937]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD97C2BFF31FC55FA99FC07" blockId="9.[151,1400,960,985]" box="[151,1400,960,985]" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD97C2BFF31FC55FEF2FC06" bold="true" box="[151,275,960,985]" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Wide view of the type locality (Tunamal Nuur) of 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD97C2BFCBEFC55FC10FC07" authority="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr, 2022" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[792,1009,960,984]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD97C2BFCBEFC55FC10FC07" box="[792,1009,960,984]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">Chironomus gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD97C2BFC51FC54FBD1FC06" bold="true" box="[1015,1072,961,985]" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23A357FBFFD97C2BFC51FC54FBD1FC06" box="[1015,1072,961,985]" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(photo credit: C. Riley Nelson).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="5E9B661AFFD97C2BFF31F8DBFA7CF8B9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6364384" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6364384" box="[151,1437,1870,1895]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6364384/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" startId="9.[151,250,1870,1894]" targetBox="[151,1436,1009,1847]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD97C2BFF31F8DBFA7CF8B9" blockId="9.[151,1437,1870,1895]" box="[151,1437,1870,1895]" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD97C2BFF31F8DBFEF0F8B9" bold="true" box="[151,273,1870,1894]" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Shoreline habitat of the type locality (Tunamal Nuur) of 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD97C2BFCEEF8DBFBFEF8B9" authority="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr, 2022" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[840,1055,1870,1894]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD97C2BFCEEF8DBFBFEF8B9" box="[840,1055,1870,1894]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">Chironomus gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD97C2BFB82F8DBFBBDF8B9" bold="true" box="[1060,1116,1870,1894]" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23A357FBFFD97C2BFB82F8DBFBBDF8B9" box="[1060,1116,1870,1894]" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(photo credit: C. Riley Nelson).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFD97C28FF61F800FD75FD76" blockId="9.[151,1437,1940,2039]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,151,1149]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="133" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">
We use observations of the behavior of 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFD97C2BFD2BF800FCEFF871" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[653,782,1940,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFD97C2BFD2BF800FCEFF871" box="[653,782,1940,1967]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">C. gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the field and morphological characteristics to describe possible strategies used by this species to exploit the harsh environment in which they occur. During collection of this species, individuals were observed aggregating on exposed rocks near the shore in groups largely consisting of males. Some individuals were observed skating using their wings for propulsion on the water’s surface. Active adults were observed skating out toward the middle of the lake, but no aggregations on the water’s surface were observed. Although copulation was not observed in the field, the hypopygium was inverted up to 180º in all preserved male specimens examined for this study. This indicates that these individuals had mated and that the hypopygium remained in the inverted position following mating. This attribute can be used to provide insight into the mating behavior of 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFDA7C28FE84FEDEFE42FEBA" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[290,419,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFDA7C28FE84FEDEFE42FEBA" box="[290,419,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">C. gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Torsion of the male abdomen (i.e., hypopygium inversum) has been observed in several surface-mating dipterans including chironomids (e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFDA7C28FD5DFEFAFBC8FE56" authority="Skuse" authorityName="Skuse" authorityYear="1889" box="[763,1065,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tepperi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFDA7C28FD5DFEFAFC3AFE57" box="[763,987,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">Chironomus tepperi</emphasis>
Skuse
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFDA7C28FB93FEFAFB03FE56" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" box="[1077,1250,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Fleuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFDA7C28FB93FEFAFB68FE56" box="[1077,1161,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">Fleuria</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFDA7C28FB48FEFAFE5EFE72" authority="Ferrington &amp; Saether" authorityName="Ferrington &amp; Saether" authorityYear="1987" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Oliveridia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hugginsi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFDA7C28FB48FEFAFF2CFE73" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">Oliveridia hugginsi</emphasis>
Ferrington &amp; Saether
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFDA7C28FE6FFE06FCCDFE71" authority="Qi &amp; Lin" authorityName="Qi &amp; Lin" authorityYear="2018" box="[457,812,403,430]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Dicrotendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinicus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFDA7C28FE6FFE06FD5DFE73" box="[457,700,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">Dicrotendipes sinicus</emphasis>
Qi &amp; Lin
</taxonomicName>
) and tipulids (
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFDA7C28FC68FE06FAB5FE71" authority="(Alexander))" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Alexander" baseAuthorityYear="1938" box="[974,1364,403,430]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Phantolabis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacustris">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFDA7C28FC68FE06FB5DFE72" box="[974,1212,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">Phantolabis lacustris</emphasis>
(Alexander))
</taxonomicName>
(Martin &amp; Porter 1977, 
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFDA7C28FEC9FE22FDB0FE0E" author="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Dillon, M. &amp; Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. R." box="[367,593,439,465]" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" pagination="353 - 502" refId="ref7480" refString="Cranston, P. S., Dillon, M., Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. R. (1989) Keys and diagnoses of the adult males of the subfamily Chironominae (Diptera, Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 34, 353 - 502." type="journal article" year="1989">Cranston et al 1989</bibRefCitation>
, Ferrington &amp; Saether 1987, Qi et al 2018, 
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFDA7C28FB9BFE22FA90FE0E" author="Bouchard, R. W., Jr. &amp; Gelhaus, J. K." box="[1085,1393,439,465]" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" pagination="86 - 100" refId="ref7179" refString="Bouchard, R. W., Jr. &amp; Gelhaus, J. K. (2020) First record of a skating crane fly: The unusual ecology, behavior, and morphology of Phantolabis lacustris (Alexander, 1938) (Diptera: Limoniidae) with descriptions of the immature stages. Freshwater Science, 39, 86 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 707406" type="journal article" year="2020">Bouchard &amp; Gelhaus 2020</bibRefCitation>
). In these taxa, torsion of the abdomen occurs when the mating pair changes to an end-to-end position while coupled (
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFDA7C28FF39FE6AFEB0FDC5" author="Neumann, D." box="[159,337,511,538]" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" pagination="387 - 414" refId="ref8449" refString="Neumann, D. (1976) Adaptations of chironomids to intertidal environments. Annual Review of Entomology, 21, 387 - 414. https: // doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. en. 21.010176.002131" type="journal article" year="1976">Neumann 1976</bibRefCitation>
). In this position, either the male or female may transport the opposite sex away from competitors or to the oviposition site. The torsion of the male abdomen suggests that in 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFDA7C28FC7DFDB6FBBAFDE2" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[987,1115,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFDA7C28FC7DFDB6FBBAFDE2" box="[987,1115,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">C. gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
coupling begins with a faceto-back position with dorsal flexion of the male’s abdomen (see 
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFDA7C28FCC1FDD2FBF7FDBD" author="Neumann, D." box="[871,1046,583,610]" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" pagination="387 - 414" refId="ref8449" refString="Neumann, D. (1976) Adaptations of chironomids to intertidal environments. Annual Review of Entomology, 21, 387 - 414. https: // doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. en. 21.010176.002131" type="journal article" year="1976">Neumann 1976</bibRefCitation>
). Once coupled, the position likely changes to an end-to-end position with 180º torsion of the male’s abdomen. However, it is not known if this species mates on substrates or on the water’s surface.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A5B3692FFDA7C28FF61FD26FD44FBA2" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1149]" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">
Observations of the behavior and morphology of 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFDA7C28FD53FD26FC97FD12" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[757,886,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFDA7C28FD53FD26FC97FD12" box="[757,886,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">C. gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
indicated that morphological features associated with surface mating are not as extreme in this species as in some other surface-mating species of 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFDA7C28FB5AFD42FA7DFD2E" box="[1276,1436,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chironomidae</taxonomicName>
(e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFDA7C28FF7CFD6EFE6BFCCA" authority="Haliday" authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1855" box="[218,394,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Clunio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFDA7C28FF7CFD6EFEC7FCCA" box="[218,294,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">Clunio</emphasis>
Haliday
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFDA7C28FE3EFD6EFC7EFCC9" authority="Edwards, Zealandochlus Brundin" authorityName="Edwards, Zealandochlus Brundin" authorityYear="1926" box="[408,927,763,790]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Pontomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFDA7C28FE3EFD6EFDF0FCCB" box="[408,529,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">Pontomyia</emphasis>
Edwards, 
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFDA7C28FD29FD6EFCD5FCCA" box="[655,820,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">Zealandochlus</emphasis>
Brundin
</taxonomicName>
). Field notes also indicated that this species could both skate on the water’s surface as well as fly short distances. This species was also observed flying to light traps. This intermediate degree of adaption to surface-mating where adults can skate as well as fly has been documented in other chironomids which have or are presumed to have lost the behavior of aerial swarming including 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFDA7C28FF65FC1EFE8EFC7A" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" box="[195,367,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Fleuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFDA7C28FF65FC1EFEF6FC7A" box="[195,279,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">Fleuria</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFDA7C28FE01FC1EFC8CFC79" authority="(Fittkau)" baseAuthorityName="Fittkau" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[423,877,907,934]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Goeldichironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonicus">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFDA7C28FE01FC1EFCE3FC7B" box="[423,770,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">Goeldichironomus amazonicus</emphasis>
(Fittkau)
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFDA7C28FCDDFC1EFBEEFC7A" author="Fittkau, E. J." box="[891,1039,907,933]" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" pagination="259 - 265" refId="ref7894" refString="Fittkau, E. J. (1968) Siolimyia amazonica n. gen. n. spec., eine flugfahige Chironomide (Diptera) mit einem Hypopygium inversum. Amazoniana, 1, 259 - 265." type="journal article" year="1968">Fittkau 1968</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFDA7C28FBBDFC1EFB7FFC7A" author="Wirth, W. W." box="[1051,1182,907,933]" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" pagination="134 - 135" refId="ref8911" refString="Wirth, W. W. (1979) Siolimyia amazonica Fittkau, an aquatic midge new to Florida with nuisance potential. Florida Entomologist, 62, 134 - 135. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3494090" type="journal article" year="1979">Wirth 1979</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="6E754B63FFDA7C28FB0CFC1EFF35FC16" author="Fedorova, M. V. &amp; Zhantiev, R. D." pageId="10" pageNumber="133" pagination="896 - 902" refId="ref7838" refString="Fedorova, M. V. &amp; Zhantiev, R. D. (2009) Structure and function of the Johnston's organ in Fleuria lacustris Kieff. Males (Diptera, Chironomidae). Entomological Review, 89, 896 - 902. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 001387380908003 X" type="journal article" year="2009">Fedorova &amp; Zhantiev 2009</bibRefCitation>
). Such a strategy would presumably be beneficial in ensuring that adults are not displaced from the mating site while also maintaining the ability to rapidly disperse to new habitats. We can hypothesize that such a strategy is advantageous on the Mongolian steppe where there is limited tall vegetation to provide shelter for aerial swarms and suitable habitats can be sparsely distributed in the landscape. We conclude that 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFDA7C28FBF1FB8EFB38FBEA" authorityName="Jr &amp; Hayford &amp; Ferrington Jr" authorityYear="2022" box="[1111,1241,1051,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelhausi">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFDA7C28FBF1FB8EFB38FBEA" box="[1111,1241,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">C. gelhausi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a 
<taxonomicName id="CDE44D11FFDA7C28FAB5FB8EFF09FB86" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">
<emphasis id="3890EA80FFDA7C28FAB5FB8EFA7DFBEA" box="[1299,1436,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">Chironomus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
which has independently evolved surface-mating behavior and concomitant morphological characteristics that impart advantages in a harsh environment.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>