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<document id="2BFC67EDA03E880BF0818F030957BEED" ID-CLB-Dataset="22141" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2017.317" ID-GBIF-Dataset="97211781-a6c7-4ff6-9033-c31354f32dea" ID-ISSN="2118-9773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3827417" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1589469248766" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Freidberg, Amnon, Kovac, Damir &amp; Shiao, Shiuh-Feng" docDate="2017" docId="821687F9FFB0674FFDE684F6AD52485B" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-2017-317.pdf.imf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 317" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Ichneumonopsis burmensis Hardy 1973" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="15" masterDocId="7E2FFF81FFB66741FFC18058AE0F4B44" masterDocTitle="A revision of Ichneumonopsis Hardy, 1973 (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), Oriental bamboo-shoot fruit flies" masterLastPageNumber="23" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="7" updateTime="1698839715590" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-3.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="5C193BF6E9D769DE91E6ABB62C0B1264">A revision of Ichneumonopsis Hardy, 1973 (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), Oriental bamboo-shoot fruit flies</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="79361B2362B6D23F7C5C442DB4B266BA">Freidberg, Amnon</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9AF550DCF5F5ECACA624793764618A03">The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Israel National Center for Biodiversity Studies, Department of Zoology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel. &amp; Email: afdipter @ post. tau. ac. il &amp; urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 7687 F 3 A 8 - 39 F 4 - 44 A 8 - 8 C 66 - 1 E 4 A 5 B 372 A 9 E</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9B1DD146993DA7CB90F3DCD61E211211">Kovac, Damir</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="7EDA09E962D2E85B0CF134927805C39D">Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Senckenberganlage 25, D- 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. &amp; urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 8621 C 8 FD- 0 A 44 - 423 E- 8 B 74 - A 314 B 473 F 456 &amp; Corresponding author: damir. kovac @ senckenberg. de</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E0A6E7F6B860B32ACB3587929D34D525">Shiao, Shiuh-Feng</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1D8301CA327D4DA8309EC64731A0CE6F">Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University 27, Lane 113, Roosevelt Rd. Sec. 4, Taipei, Taiwan, 106. &amp; Email: sfshiao @ ntu. edu. tw &amp; urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: E 885 C 52 C- 5401 - 496 E- 96 DE-DE 12 B 2 B 7 B 8 AE</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="821687F9FFB0674FFDE684F6AD52485B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3846691" ID-GBIF-Taxon="164151073" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3846691" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:821687F9FFB0674FFDE684F6AD52485B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/821687F9FFB0674FFDE684F6AD52485B" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFB06747FDE684F6AA024F8C" ID-CoL="6MS9P" authority="Hardy, 1973" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1973" box="[551,1037,1198,1225]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmensis">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFB06747FDE684F6AD7A4F8D" bold="true" box="[551,885,1198,1225]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ichneumonopsis burmensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="6E2E4B1EFFB06747FCBD84F6AA024F8C" author="Hardy D. E." box="[892,1037,1198,1224]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref9877" refString="Hardy D. E. 1973. The Fruit Flies (Tephritidae - Diptera) of Thailand and Bordering Countries. Pacific Insects Monographs 31, Bishop Museum, Honolulu." type="book" year="1973">Hardy, 1973</bibRefCitation>
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<subSubSection id="42A56564FFB06747FDD3848AAA2E4FA8" box="[530,1057,1233,1260]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="description">
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFB06747FDD3848AAA2E4FA8" blockId="6.[530,1057,1198,1260]" box="[530,1057,1233,1260]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<figureCitation id="92842A6AFFB06747FDD3848AAC754FA8" box="[530,634,1234,1260]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Figs 2–4" captionStartId-0="5.[189,232,1998,2024]" captionStartId-1="7.[190,242,1965,1991]" captionTargetBox-0="[192,1396,1108,1946]" captionTargetBox-1="[194,1388,427,1889]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[189,1398,1106,1948]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[189,1398,427,1906]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionText-0="Fig. 1. Collecting localities of Ichneumonopsis spp." captionText-1="Figs 2–4. Ichneumonopsis spp., habitus. 2. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973, ♀. 3. I. hancocki sp. nov., holotype, ♂. 4. I. taiwanensis sp. nov., holotype, ♀." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827419" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827421" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3827419/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3827421/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 1–2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="92842A6AFFB06747FD46848AAC974FA8" box="[647,664,1234,1260]" captionStart="Figs 7–9" captionStartId="9.[189,241,1964,1990]" captionTargetBox="[249,1302,268,1913]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[239,1343,266,1923]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs 7–9. Ichneumonopsis spp., head and thorax, dorsal view. 7. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973. 8. I. hancocki sp. nov. 9. I. taiwanensis sp. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827425" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827425/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="92842A6AFFB06747FD65848AACCB4FA8" box="[676,708,1234,1260]" captionStart="Figs 10–12" captionStartId="10.[189,241,1964,1990]" captionTargetBox="[203,1398,1504,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[189,1398,1502,1913]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figs 10–12. Ichneumonopsis spp., thorax, lateral view. 10. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973. 11. I. hancocki sp. nov. 12. I. taiwanensis sp. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827427" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827427/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">10</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="92842A6AFFB06747FD11848AACE04FA8" box="[720,751,1234,1260]" captionStart="Figs 13–17" captionStartId="11.[189,241,1930,1956]" captionTargetBox="[244,1346,265,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[242,1346,265,1890]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figs 13–17. Ichneumonopsis spp., legs. 13. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973, foreleg. 14. I. taiwanensis sp. nov., foreleg. 15. I. hancocki sp. nov., foreleg. 16. I. hancocki sp. nov., midleg. 17. I. hancocki sp. nov., hindleg." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827429" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827429/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">13</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="92842A6AFFB06747FD3D848AAD144FA8" box="[764,795,1234,1260]" captionStart="Figs 18–19" captionStartId="12.[189,241,2001,2027]" captionTargetBox="[483,1102,1398,1946]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[483,1104,1398,1955]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figs 18–19. Ichneumonopsis spp., wing. 18. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973. 19. I. taiwanensis sp. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827431" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827431/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">18</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="92842A6AFFB06747FCE9848AAD7B4FA8" box="[808,884,1234,1260]" captionStart-0="Figs 20–21" captionStart-1="Figs 22–24" captionStartId-0="13.[189,241,2000,2026]" captionStartId-1="14.[189,241,1965,1991]" captionTargetBox-0="[469,1136,616,1940]" captionTargetBox-1="[202,1397,1313,1914]" captionTargetId-0="figure@13.[440,1147,616,1957]" captionTargetId-1="figure@14.[189,1397,1310,1922]" captionTargetPageId-0="13" captionTargetPageId-1="14" captionText-0="Figs 20–21. Ichneumonopsis burmensis Hardy, 1973, abdomen, dorsal view. 20. ♂. 21. ♀." captionText-1="Figs 22–24. Ichneumonopsisspp.,epandrium.22. I. burmensisHardy, 1973, anterior view.23. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973, lateral view. 24. Ichneumonopsis taiwanensis sp. nov., lateral view." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827433" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827435" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3827433/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3827435/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">20–23</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="92842A6AFFB06747FC418489ADAF4FA8" box="[896,928,1233,1260]" captionStart="Figs 25–26" captionStartId="15.[189,241,1997,2023]" captionTargetBox="[483,1102,1338,1942]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[483,1104,1338,1952]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figs 25–26. Ichneumonopsis spp., glans. 25. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973. 26. I. taiwanensis sp. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827437" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827437/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">25</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="92842A6AFFB06747FC6D848AADC34FA8" box="[940,972,1234,1260]" captionStart="Figs 27–30" captionStartId="16.[189,241,1926,1952]" captionTargetBox="[257,1342,265,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[242,1345,265,1889]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figs 27–30. Ichneumonopsis spp., aculeus. 27. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973, entire aculeus. 28. I. taiwanensis sp. nov., entire aculeus. 29. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973, aculeus apex. 30. I. taiwanensis sp. nov., aculeus apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827439/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">27</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="92842A6AFFB06747FC19848AAA2E4FA8" box="[984,1057,1234,1260]" captionStart="Figs 31–34" captionStartId="17.[189,241,1718,1744]" captionTargetBox="[309,1279,265,1691]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[309,1279,265,1693]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 31–34. Ichneumonopsis burmensis Hardy, 1973, biological traits. 31. Bamboo shoots of the host plant, Pseudoxytenanthera albociliata, at the edge of an abandoned field in northern Thailand in November. The shoots are 2–5 m tall and up to 2 cm wide at the base. 32. Bamboo internode (ca 7 mm wide) infested by an I. burmensis larva. The internode is located at the tip of the bamboo shoot, because the apical 4–5 internodes have died and fallen to the ground. 33. A fully-grown I. burmensis larva (length ca 14 mm) that has started to bite off strips of vascular bundles from the bamboo shoot wall (on the right) in order to create a cocoon. 34. I. burmensis puparium (length ca 8 mm) located in the internode cavity at the base of the infested internode. The upper part of the internode has broken off. Side branches growing from the basal bud were partly removed." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827441/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">31–34</figureCitation>
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<treatmentCitation id="8B1E10FEFFB06747FF7C854BACDD4E6A" author="Hardy D. E." box="[189,722,1299,1326]" page="133" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1973">
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFB06747FF7C854BACDD4E6A" ID-CoL="6MS9P" authority="Hardy, 1973: 133" authorityName="Hardy" authorityPageNumber="133" authorityYear="1973" box="[189,722,1299,1326]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmensis">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFB06747FF7C854BAFF34E69" box="[189,508,1299,1325]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ichneumonopsis burmensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="6E2E4B1EFFB06747FDC2854BACDD4E6A" author="Hardy D. E." box="[515,722,1299,1326]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref9877" refString="Hardy D. E. 1973. The Fruit Flies (Tephritidae - Diptera) of Thailand and Bordering Countries. Pacific Insects Monographs 31, Bishop Museum, Honolulu." type="book" year="1973">Hardy, 1973: 133</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFB06747FF7C850DAFF24E2B" ID-CoL="6MS9P" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1973" box="[189,509,1365,1391]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmensis">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFB06747FF7C850DAFF24E2B" box="[189,509,1365,1391]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ichneumonopsis burmensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–
<treatmentCitation id="8B1E10FEFFB06747FDDC850DACD44E34" author="Hardy D. E." box="[541,731,1365,1392]" page="54" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1986">
<bibRefCitation id="6E2E4B1EFFB06747FDDC850DACD44E34" author="Hardy D. E." box="[541,731,1365,1392]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="53 - 78" refId="ref9908" refString="Hardy D. E. 1986. The Adramini of Indonesia, New Guinea and adjacent islands (Diptera: Tephritidae: Trypetinae). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 27: 53 - 78." type="journal article" year="1986">Hardy 1986: 54</bibRefCitation>
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, 56 (key). —
<treatmentCitation id="8B1E10FEFFB06747FC42850EAAD64E2B" author="Drew R. A. I. &amp; Hancock D. L." box="[899,1241,1365,1392]" page="830" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1994">
<bibRefCitation id="6E2E4B1EFFB06747FC42850EAAD64E2B" author="Drew R. A. I. &amp; Hancock D. L." box="[899,1241,1365,1392]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="829 - 838" refId="ref9656" refString="Drew R. A. I. &amp; Hancock D. L. 1994. Revision of the tropical fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) of south-east Asia. I. Ichneumonopsis Hardy and Monacrostichus Bezzi. Invertebrate Taxonomy 8: 829 - 838." type="journal article" year="1994">Drew &amp; Hancock 1994: 830</bibRefCitation>
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. —
<treatmentCitation id="8B1E10FEFFB06747FACA850DAF834ED7" author="Norrbom A. L. &amp; Carroll L. E. &amp; Thompson F. C. &amp; White I. M. &amp; Freidberg A." page="161" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1999">
<bibRefCitation id="6E2E4B1EFFB06747FACA850DAF834ED7" author="Norrbom A. L. &amp; Carroll L. E. &amp; Thompson F. C. &amp; White I. M. &amp; Freidberg A." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="65 - 251" refId="ref10238" refString="Norrbom A. L., Carroll L. E., Thompson F. C., White I. M. &amp; Freidberg A. 1999 b. Systematic database of names. In: Thompson F. C. (ed.) Fruit Fly Expert Identification System and Systematic Information Database: 65 - 251. Myia 9, Backhuys, Leiden, and Diptera Data Dissemination Disk (CD-ROM)." type="journal article" year="1999">
Norrbom
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFB06747FF7C8522AEFD4ED7" box="[189,242,1401,1427]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
. 1999b: 161
</bibRefCitation>
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. —
<treatmentCitation id="8B1E10FEFFB06747FE018521ACFF4ED7" author="Radhakrishnan C." box="[448,752,1401,1427]" page="203" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="2000">
<bibRefCitation id="6E2E4B1EFFB06747FE018521ACFF4ED7" author="Radhakrishnan C." box="[448,752,1401,1427]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="203 - 204" refId="ref10357" refString="Radhakrishnan C. 2000. Ichneumonopsis burmensis Hardy (Tephritidae: Diptera: Insecta), a new record from India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India 98 (1): 203 - 204." type="journal article" year="2000">Radhakrishnan 2000: 203</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(first record for
<collectingCountry id="72A8767FFFB06747FC788521ADF54ED0" box="[953,1018,1401,1428]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">India</collectingCountry>
). —
<treatmentCitation id="8B1E10FEFFB06747FBF78521AB434ED7" author="Kovac D. &amp; Dohm P. &amp; Freidberg A. &amp; Norrbom A. L." box="[1078,1356,1401,1427]" page="184" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="2006">
<bibRefCitation id="6E2E4B1EFFB06747FBF78521AB434ED7" author="Kovac D. &amp; Dohm P. &amp; Freidberg A. &amp; Norrbom A. L." box="[1078,1356,1401,1427]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="163 - 196" refId="ref9991" refString="Kovac D., Dohm P., Freidberg A. &amp; Norrbom A. L. 2006. Catalog and revised classification of the Gastrozonini (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae). In: Freidberg A. (ed.) Biotaxonomy of Tephritoidea. Israel Journal of Entomology 35 - 36: 163 - 196." type="journal article" year="2006">
Kovac
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFB06747FB4A8522AACE4ED7" box="[1163,1217,1401,1427]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
. 2006: 184
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. —
<treatmentCitation id="8B1E10FEFFB06747FF7C85C5AFC74EF2" author="Kovac D. &amp; Freidberg A. &amp; Steck G." box="[189,456,1436,1463]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E667AD0FFF8ACA2B303CFB245592F42D" page="117" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="2013">
<bibRefCitation id="6E2E4B1EFFB06747FF7C85C5AFC74EF2" author="Kovac D. &amp; Freidberg A. &amp; Steck G." box="[189,456,1436,1463]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="117 - 132" refId="ref10050" refString="Kovac D., Freidberg A. &amp; Steck G. 2013. Biology and description of the third instar larva and puparium of Ichneumonopsis burmensis Hardy (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), a bamboo-breeding fruit fly from the Oriental region. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 61 (1): 117 - 132." type="journal article" year="2013">
Kovac
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFB06747FED085C5AF4B4EF2" box="[273,324,1436,1462]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
. 2013: 117
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(biology and immature stages).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="42A56564FFB06749FF7C8586ACB44AF7" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFB06747FF7C8586AFA54EBC" blockId="6.[189,426,1502,1528]" box="[189,426,1502,1528]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<heading id="51488183FFB06747FF7C8586AFA54EBC" bold="true" box="[189,426,1502,1528]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="3">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFB06747FF7C8586AFA54EBC" bold="true" box="[189,426,1502,1528]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Material examined</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFB06747FF7C8655ACC34D0F" blockId="6.[189,1399,1549,1611]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<materialsCitation id="BAD73CB2FFB06747FF7C8655AB784D63" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2618816302" box="[189,1399,1549,1576]" collectingDate="1938-04" collectionCode="BMNH" collectorName="G. Heinrich" country="Myanmar" elevation="1400" location="Hills" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Chin" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry id="72A8767FFFB06747FF7C8655AF544D63" box="[189,347,1549,1575]" name="Myanmar" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">MYANMAR</collectingCountry>
:
<typeStatus id="D504884DFFB06747FEB38655AFD34D63" box="[370,476,1549,1575]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
,
<specimenCount id="1CB9FD66FFB06747FE2B8656AC0D4D6C" box="[490,514,1550,1576]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
, Mt. Victoria,
<collectingRegion id="C87BF80DFFB06747FD758655ACE24D63" box="[692,749,1549,1575]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Chin</collectingRegion>
<location id="0F606034FFB06747FD368655AD3C4D63" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:821687F9FFB0674FFDE684F6AD52485B:0F606034FFB06747FD368655AD3C4D63" box="[759,819,1549,1575]" country="Myanmar" name="Hills" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" stateProvince="Chin">Hills</location>
,
<quantity id="CD479B0AFFB06747FC838655ADAF4D6C" box="[834,928,1549,1576]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="1400.0">
<elevation id="8192D1DCFFB06747FC838655ADAF4D6C" box="[834,928,1549,1576]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="1400.0">1400 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="7E01102FFFB06747FC6C8655AA284D63" box="[941,1063,1549,1575]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="1938-04">
<collectingDate id="6E45E9C7FFB06747FC6C8655AA284D63" box="[941,1063,1549,1575]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="1938-04">Apr. 1938</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="A74A5339FFB06747FBF78655AACB4D63" box="[1078,1220,1549,1575]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">G. Heinrich</collectorName>
leg. (
<collectionCode id="6CAEAE2AFFB06747FACA8655AB654D63" box="[1291,1386,1549,1575]" collectionName="United Kingdom, London, The Natural History Museum [formerly British Museum (Natural History)]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">BMNH</collectionCode>
);
</materialsCitation>
<typeStatus id="D504884DFFB06747FF7C8669AF114D0F" box="[189,286,1585,1611]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="allotype">allotype</typeStatus>
,
<specimenCount id="1CB9FD66FFB06747FEEB8669AF4F4D0F" box="[298,320,1585,1611]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
, same data as
<typeStatus id="D504884DFFB06747FE2B8669AC5E4D0F" box="[490,593,1585,1611]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(
<collectionCode id="6CAEAE2AFFB06747FDA08669ACCF4D0F" box="[609,704,1585,1611]" collectionName="United Kingdom, London, The Natural History Museum [formerly British Museum (Natural History)]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">BMNH</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFB06747FF7C862BADDB4D90" blockId="6.[189,1399,1650,1748]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<collectingCountry id="72A8767FFFB06747FF7C862BAF1A4DC9" box="[189,277,1651,1677]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">INDIA</collectingCountry>
:
<specimenCount id="1CB9FD66FFB06747FEE5862BAF5A4DC9" box="[292,341,1651,1677]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectingRegion id="C87BF80DFFB06747FEA9862AAFC04DC8" box="[360,463,1650,1676]" country="India" name="Manipur" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Manipur</collectingRegion>
, Churachandpur,
<quantity id="CD479B0AFFB06747FD64862AACF94DC9" box="[677,758,1650,1677]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.15" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="915.0">915 m</quantity>
,
<date id="7E01102FFFB06747FCC6862BADA04DC8" box="[775,943,1650,1677]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="1976-05-10">10 May 1976</date>
, S. Biswas leg., no. B 44, Ghorpade Collection Bangalore, purchased by Tel Aviv University, 2002 (
<collectionCode id="6CAEAE2AFFB06747FC7086CEAA484DF4" box="[945,1095,1686,1712]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">SMNHTAU</collectionCode>
);
<specimenCount id="1CB9FD66FFB06747FB9D86CEAA844DF5" box="[1116,1163,1686,1713]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="1CB9FD66FFB06747FB5886CEAAD14DF5" box="[1177,1246,1686,1713]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="female">2 ♀♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectingRegion id="C87BF80DFFB06747FB2C86CEAB7D4DF4" box="[1261,1394,1686,1712]" country="India" name="Meghalaya" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Meghalaya</collectingRegion>
, Nongpoh Forest,
<date id="7E01102FFFB06747FE4886E1AC5F4D90" box="[393,592,1721,1748]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="1980-04-25" valueMax="1980-04-28" valueMin="1980-04-25">25–28 Apr. 1980</date>
, A. Freidberg leg. (
<collectionCode id="6CAEAE2AFFB06747FCF386E2ADC74D90" box="[818,968,1722,1748]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">SMNHTAU</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFB06749FF7C86A4ACB44AF7" blockId="6.[189,1399,1787,2027]" lastBlockId="8.[189,1399,267,435]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<collectingCountry id="72A8767FFFB06747FF7C86A4AF564C52" box="[189,345,1788,1814]" name="Thailand" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">THAILAND</collectingCountry>
: all specimens were reared by D. Kovac from bamboo shoots of
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFB06747FB4686A3AF334C7D" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pseudoxytenanthera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="albociliata">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFB06747FB4686A3AF334C7D" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pseudoxytenanthera albociliata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, collected in North Thailand,
<collectingRegion id="C87BF80DFFB06747FD5C8747AD5D4C7D" box="[669,850,1823,1849]" country="Thailand" name="Mae Hong Son" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Mae Hong Son</collectingRegion>
, Pangmapha, near Ban Nam Rin, all deposited in SMF or SMNHTAU: larva collected
<date id="7E01102FFFB06747FD5C871BAD3B4C19" box="[669,820,1859,1885]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2008-12-01">1 Dec. 2008</date>
, adult
<date id="7E01102FFFB06747FC46871BAA264C19" box="[903,1065,1859,1885]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2009-05-22">22 May 2009</date>
(
<specimenCount id="1CB9FD66FFB06747FBFF871BAA634C19" box="[1086,1132,1859,1885]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
); larva collected
<date id="7E01102FFFB06747FAFF871BAEF44CC4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2008-11">Nov. 2008</date>
, adult
<date id="7E01102FFFB06747FE86873EAFED4CC4" box="[327,482,1894,1921]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2009-05-16">16 May 2009</date>
(
<specimenCount id="1CB9FD66FFB06747FE35873EAC104CC5" box="[500,543,1894,1921]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
, sample 12); alk 29, probe 13, larva collected
<date id="7E01102FFFB06747FBF6873EAAD84CC4" box="[1079,1239,1894,1921]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2008-11-21">21 Nov. 2008</date>
, puparium
<date id="7E01102FFFB06747FA98873EAF3F4CE0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2008-01-27">27 Jan. 2008</date>
, adult
<date id="7E01102FFFB06747FEBC87D2AC154CE0" box="[381,538,1930,1956]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2009-03-17">17 Mar. 2009</date>
(
<specimenCount id="1CB9FD66FFB06747FDEC87D2AC594CE0" box="[557,598,1930,1956]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
, sample 29); larva collected
<date id="7E01102FFFB06747FC6987D2AA464CE0" box="[936,1097,1930,1956]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2008-11-31">31 Nov. 2008</date>
, adult
<date id="7E01102FFFB06747FB5787D2AB3C4CE0" box="[1174,1331,1930,1956]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2009-03-17">17 Mar. 2009</date>
(
<specimenCount id="1CB9FD66FFB06747FA8487D2AB604CE0" box="[1349,1391,1930,1956]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
, sample 2); larva collected
<date id="7E01102FFFB06747FE2C87F6AC664C83" box="[493,617,1965,1992]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2008-11">Nov. 2008</date>
, adult
<date id="7E01102FFFB06747FD7287F5AD424C83" box="[691,845,1965,1992]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2009-05-29">29 May 2009</date>
(
<specimenCount id="1CB9FD66FFB06747FC9E87F5AD864C8C" box="[863,905,1965,1992]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
, sample 13); larva collected
<date id="7E01102FFFB06747FB1287F5AB7C4C83" box="[1235,1395,1965,1992]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2008-11-21">21 Nov. 2008</date>
, adult
<date id="7E01102FFFB06747FF3F8789AF974CAF" box="[254,408,2001,2027]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2009-05-29">29 May 2009</date>
(
<specimenCount id="1CB9FD66FFB06747FE6B8789AFDA4CAF" box="[426,469,2001,2027]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
, sample 14); larva collected
<date id="7E01102FFFB06747FCE18789ADCF4CAF" box="[800,960,2001,2027]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2008-11-21">21 Nov. 2008</date>
, adult
<date id="7E01102FFFB06747FBCA8789AAA94CAF" box="[1035,1190,2001,2027]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2009-05-29">29 May 2009</date>
(
<specimenCount id="1CB9FD66FFB06747FB768789AAED4CAF" box="[1207,1250,2001,2027]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
, sample 14); larva collected
<date id="7E01102FFFBE6749FEAF8153AC014A61" box="[366,526,267,294]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2009-11-15">15 Nov. 2009</date>
, puparium
<date id="7E01102FFFBE6749FD4F8153AD224A61" box="[654,813,267,294]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2009-12-21">21 Dec. 2009</date>
, adult
<date id="7E01102FFFBE6749FCB98154AA0F4A61" box="[888,1024,267,294]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2010-04-07">7 Apr. 2010</date>
(
<specimenCount id="1CB9FD66FFBE6749FBD08153AA334A62" box="[1041,1084,267,294]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
, Z56/1/09); larva collected
<date id="7E01102FFFBE6749FF7C8176AF6B4A0D" box="[189,356,302,329]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2009-11-15">15 Nov. 2009</date>
, adult
<date id="7E01102FFFBE6749FE768177AC5A4A0D" box="[439,597,303,329]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2010-04-30">30 Apr. 2010</date>
(
<specimenCount id="1CB9FD66FFBE6749FDAB8177AC964A0D" box="[618,665,303,329]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
, Z49/2/09); larva collected
<date id="7E01102FFFBE6749FC288176AA9F4A0D" box="[1001,1168,302,329]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2009-11-15">15 Nov. 2009</date>
, puparium
<date id="7E01102FFFBE6749FAD98177AEF44A28" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2009-12-17">17 Dec. 2009</date>
, adult
<date id="7E01102FFFBE6749FE89810AAFEE4A28" box="[328,481,338,364]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2010-04-30">30 Apr. 2010</date>
(
<specimenCount id="1CB9FD66FFBE6749FE32810AAC124A28" box="[499,541,338,364]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
, Z55/1/09); larvae collected
<date id="7E01102FFFBE6749FCB1810AAA1D4A28" box="[880,1042,338,364]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2009-11-28">28 Nov. 2009</date>
, adults
<date id="7E01102FFFBE6749FBAB810AAAF74A28" box="[1130,1272,338,364]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2010-05-03">3 May 2010</date>
(
<specimenCount id="1CB9FD66FFBE6749FACA810AAB384A28" box="[1291,1335,338,364]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="1CB9FD66FFBE6749FA82810AAB604A28" box="[1347,1391,338,364]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
, Z57/2/09); larva collected
<date id="7E01102FFFBE6749FE3D812DACAD4ACB" box="[508,674,373,399]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2009-11-28">28 Nov. 2009</date>
, adult
<date id="7E01102FFFBE6749FD35812DAD884ACB" box="[756,903,373,399]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2010-05-07">7 May 2010</date>
(
<specimenCount id="1CB9FD66FFBE6749FC5A812DADC54ACB" box="[923,970,373,399]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
, Z57/3/09); larva collected
<date id="7E01102FFFBE6749FAD6812DAEF44AF6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2012-11-15">15 Nov. 2012</date>
, adult
<date id="7E01102FFFBE6749FE8981C0AFEB4AF6" box="[328,484,408,435]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2013-05-11">11 May 2013</date>
(
<specimenCount id="1CB9FD66FFBE6749FE3681C0AC2E4AF7" box="[503,545,408,435]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
, Z68/2/12b).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="5EC06667FFB16746FF7F87F5AD144CAF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827421" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3827421" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827421/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[190,242,1965,1991]" targetBox="[194,1388,427,1889]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFB16746FF7F87F5AD144CAF" blockId="7.[190,1399,1965,2027]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFB16746FF7F87F5AF3D4C83" bold="true" box="[190,306,1965,1991]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 2–4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFB16746FE8187F5AFF04C83" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1973" box="[320,511,1965,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFB16746FE8187F5AFF04C83" box="[320,511,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ichneumonopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., habitus.
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFB16746FD7B87F5ACC64C83" bold="true" box="[698,713,1965,1991]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFB16746FD1C87F6AA144C83" authority="Hardy, 1973" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1973" box="[733,1051,1965,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmensis">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFB16746FD1C87F6AD7A4C83" box="[733,885,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">I. burmensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="6E2E4B1EFFB16746FC4387F5AA144C83" author="Hardy D. E." box="[898,1051,1965,1991]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref9877" refString="Hardy D. E. 1973. The Fruit Flies (Tephritidae - Diptera) of Thailand and Bordering Countries. Pacific Insects Monographs 31, Bishop Museum, Honolulu." type="book" year="1973">Hardy, 1973</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, ♀.
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFB16746FB9687F5AA694C83" bold="true" box="[1111,1126,1965,1991]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">3</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFB16746FBBA87F6AB0C4C83" authority="Freidberg &amp; Kovac &amp; Shiao, 2017" authorityName="Freidberg &amp; Kovac &amp; Shiao" authorityYear="2017" box="[1147,1283,1965,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hancocki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFB16746FBBA87F6AB0C4C83" box="[1147,1283,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">I. hancocki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23F85786FFB16746FAD187F6AB7E4C8C" box="[1296,1393,1966,1992]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype, ♂.
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFB16746FE998788AF684CAE" bold="true" box="[344,359,2000,2026]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">4</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFB16746FEB48789AC164CAE" authority="Freidberg &amp; Kovac &amp; Shiao, 2017" authorityName="Freidberg &amp; Kovac &amp; Shiao" authorityYear="2017" box="[373,537,2001,2026]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taiwanensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFB16746FEB48789AC164CAE" box="[373,537,2001,2026]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">I. taiwanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23F85786FFB16746FDE18789AC754CAF" box="[544,634,2001,2027]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype, ♀.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="42A56564FFBE674DFF7C8181AF9C4AB0" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFBE6749FF7C8181AF644AB7" blockId="8.[189,363,473,499]" box="[189,363,473,499]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<heading id="51488183FFBE6749FF7C8181AF644AB7" bold="true" box="[189,363,473,499]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="3">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBE6749FF7C8181AF644AB7" bold="true" box="[189,363,473,499]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Redescription</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFBE6749FF7C8250ADD74902" blockId="8.[189,1398,520,582]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<bibRefCitation id="6E2E4B1EFFBE6749FF7C8250AF614966" author="Hardy D. E." box="[189,366,520,546]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref9877" refString="Hardy D. E. 1973. The Fruit Flies (Tephritidae - Diptera) of Thailand and Bordering Countries. Pacific Insects Monographs 31, Bishop Museum, Honolulu." type="book" year="1973">Hardy’s (1973)</bibRefCitation>
original description is mostly adequate, requiring only a few comments and a description of the male terminalia (which is lacking in the original description).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFBE6749FF2B8235AF8349C3" blockId="8.[189,1399,621,753]" box="[234,396,621,647]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBE6749FF2B8235AF2249C3" bold="true" box="[234,301,621,647]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Head</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="92842A6AFFBE6749FEFC8235AF8C49C3" box="[317,387,621,647]" captionStart="Figs 7–9" captionStartId="9.[189,241,1964,1990]" captionTargetBox="[249,1302,268,1913]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[239,1343,266,1923]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs 7–9. Ichneumonopsis spp., head and thorax, dorsal view. 7. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973. 8. I. hancocki sp. nov. 9. I. taiwanensis sp. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827425" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827425/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFBE6749FF7C82C8AEF949B5" blockId="8.[189,1399,621,753]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
COLOURATION. Number of lateral facial spots varies between 2 (
<bibRefCitation id="6E2E4B1EFFBE6749FC6B82C8AA7849EE" author="Hardy D. E." box="[938,1143,656,682]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref9877" refString="Hardy D. E. 1973. The Fruit Flies (Tephritidae - Diptera) of Thailand and Bordering Countries. Pacific Insects Monographs 31, Bishop Museum, Honolulu." type="book" year="1973">Hardy 1973: 133</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 58b) and 4, spot pattern sometimes asymmetrical; parafacial sometimes with small dark spot in addition to large dorsal spot.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFBE6749FF7C8340AFDF4812" blockId="8.[189,1399,792,854]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">CHAETOTAXY. Tiny frontal seta or enlarged setula sometimes present (more so in females) slightly dorsal to large parafacial spot.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFBE6749FF2B8325AFD848D3" blockId="8.[189,1399,892,1166]" box="[234,471,892,919]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBE6749FF2B8325AF4848D3" bold="true" box="[234,327,893,919]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Thorax</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="92842A6AFFBE6749FE968324AFAC48D3" box="[343,419,892,919]" captionStart="Figs 7–9" captionStartId="9.[189,241,1964,1990]" captionTargetBox="[249,1302,268,1913]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[239,1343,266,1923]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs 7–9. Ichneumonopsis spp., head and thorax, dorsal view. 7. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973. 8. I. hancocki sp. nov. 9. I. taiwanensis sp. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827425" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827425/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 7</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="92842A6AFFBE6749FE718325AFC148D3" box="[432,462,893,919]" captionStart="Figs 10–12" captionStartId="10.[189,241,1964,1990]" captionTargetBox="[203,1398,1504,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[189,1398,1502,1913]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figs 10–12. Ichneumonopsis spp., thorax, lateral view. 10. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973. 11. I. hancocki sp. nov. 12. I. taiwanensis sp. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827427" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827427/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">10</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFBE674BFF7C83F8AD68481C" blockId="8.[189,1399,892,1166]" lastBlockId="10.[189,1399,267,856]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
COLOURATION. Scutal pattern (
<figureCitation id="92842A6AFFBE6749FDE683F8AC7C48FE" box="[551,627,928,954]" captionStart="Figs 7–9" captionStartId="9.[189,241,1964,1990]" captionTargetBox="[249,1302,268,1913]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[239,1343,266,1923]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs 7–9. Ichneumonopsis spp., head and thorax, dorsal view. 7. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973. 8. I. hancocki sp. nov. 9. I. taiwanensis sp. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827425" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827425/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
) comprised of vittae best developed in dark specimens (from
<collectingCountry id="72A8767FFFBE6749FF7C839BAF23489A" box="[189,300,963,990]" name="Thailand" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Thailand</collectingCountry>
): lateral (notopleural) vitta (pair) entirely blackish or brownish centrally; dorsocentral vitta (pair) extending from anterior brown margin of postpronotum as nearly complete vitta (narrowly but distinctly interrupted at transverse suture) to scutoscutellar suture, and both these vittae connect by blackish transverse band along this suture; median vitta (single) narrower and paler than dorsocentral vitta, extending from scapular setae to scutoscutellar suture, also connecting to scutoscutellar band; (pair of) complete yellow submedian bands result, extending from anterior margin of scutum to blackish scutoscutellar band, each about as wide as dorsocentral vitta. In paler specimens (from
<collectingCountry id="72A8767FFFBC674BFB308153AB204A62" box="[1265,1327,267,294]" name="India" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">India</collectingCountry>
) dark bands much paler and reduced, mostly less contrasted with yellow background, although brownishyellow lateral vitta well contrasted with adjacent yellow areas, and narrow median vitta visible throughout its length to or almost to transverse (scutoscutellar) band. Pleural pattern (
<figureCitation id="92842A6AFFBC674BFB1A812DAB394ACB" box="[1243,1334,373,399]" captionStart="Figs 10–12" captionStartId="10.[189,241,1964,1990]" captionTargetBox="[203,1398,1504,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[189,1398,1502,1913]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figs 10–12. Ichneumonopsis spp., thorax, lateral view. 10. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973. 11. I. hancocki sp. nov. 12. I. taiwanensis sp. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827427" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827427/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
; best developed in dark specimens) comprised of black vertical or oblique bands and/or spots on whitish or yellowish background as follows: proepisternum black, black extending dorsally to dark area anterior to postpronotum, ventrally to proepimeron (not entirely black), and further “extending” ventrally onto forecoxa dorsobasally; anepisternum with large triangular stripe extending from posterior end of postpronotum and notopleuron to anteroventral corner of anepisternum, just beyond delicate suture extending from near this corner to anepisternal seta; katepisternum with wide “v”-like black pattern, covering most of sclerite except dorsomedially and ventrally where yellowish; posterior arm of “v” “extending over anepimeron, including greater ampulla; narrow sinuous black band extending vertically along posterior half of meron, around anterodorsal margin of spiracle, penetrating into ventral margin of katatergite and reaching base of halter. Postcoxal bridge sclerotized and black. In specimens from
<collectingCountry id="72A8767FFFBC674BFAFB828DAB7949AB" box="[1338,1398,725,751]" name="India" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">India</collectingCountry>
dark pleural pattern mostly brown or dark yellow. Scutellum whitish, narrowly darkened (brownish or blackish) basally; subscutellum pale or dark yellowish, with brownish or blackish lateral and dorsal margins. Calypteres short, slightly bulging anterolaterally.
</paragraph>
<caption id="5EC06667FFBE6749FF7C8795AD9E4CAC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827423" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3827423" box="[189,913,1997,2024]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827423/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[189,241,1997,2023]" targetBox="[189,1393,1219,1949]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFBE6749FF7C8795AD9E4CAC" blockId="8.[189,913,1997,2024]" box="[189,913,1997,2024]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBE6749FF7C8795AF234CAC" bold="true" box="[189,300,1997,2024]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 5–6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFBE6749FEF28796AFB94CAC" authority="Freidberg &amp; Kovac &amp; Shiao, 2017" authorityName="Freidberg &amp; Kovac &amp; Shiao" authorityYear="2017" box="[307,438,1998,2024]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hancocki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBE6749FEF28796AFB94CAC" box="[307,438,1998,2024]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">I. hancocki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23F85786FFBE6749FE7C8796AC154CAC" box="[445,538,1998,2024]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, head, anterior view.
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBE6749FCD58796AD2C4CAC" bold="true" box="[788,803,1998,2024]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">5</emphasis>
. ♂.
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBE6749FC978796AD6A4CAC" bold="true" box="[854,869,1998,2024]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">6</emphasis>
. ♀.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="5EC06667FFBF6748FF7C87F4AC4E4CAD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827425" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3827425" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827425/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[189,241,1964,1990]" targetBox="[249,1302,268,1913]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFBF6748FF7C87F4AC4E4CAD" blockId="9.[189,1399,1964,2025]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBF6748FF7C87F4AF244C82" bold="true" box="[189,299,1964,1990]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 7–9.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFBF6748FEF087F4AFFF4C82" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1973" box="[305,496,1964,1990]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBF6748FEF087F4AFFF4C82" box="[305,496,1964,1990]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ichneumonopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., head and thorax, dorsal view.
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBF6748FC4A87F4AD954C82" bold="true" box="[907,922,1964,1990]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">7</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFBF6748FC6687F5AAC04C82" authority="Hardy, 1973" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1973" box="[935,1231,1964,1990]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmensis">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBF6748FC6687F5AA384C82" box="[935,1079,1964,1990]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">I. burmensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="6E2E4B1EFFBF6748FBFC87F4AAC04C82" author="Hardy D. E." box="[1085,1231,1964,1990]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref9877" refString="Hardy D. E. 1973. The Fruit Flies (Tephritidae - Diptera) of Thailand and Bordering Countries. Pacific Insects Monographs 31, Bishop Museum, Honolulu." type="book" year="1973">Hardy, 1973</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBF6748FB1887F4AAE74C82" bold="true" box="[1241,1256,1964,1990]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">8</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFBF6748FB3487F5AB784C82" authority="Freidberg &amp; Kovac &amp; Shiao, 2017" authorityName="Freidberg &amp; Kovac &amp; Shiao" authorityYear="2017" box="[1269,1399,1964,1990]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hancocki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBF6748FB3487F5AB784C82" box="[1269,1399,1964,1990]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">I. hancocki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23F85786FFBF6748FF7C8797AF174CAD" box="[189,280,1999,2025]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBF6748FEDF8797AF224CAD" bold="true" box="[286,301,1999,2025]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">9</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFBF6748FEFD8788AFD04CAD" authority="Freidberg &amp; Kovac &amp; Shiao, 2017" authorityName="Freidberg &amp; Kovac &amp; Shiao" authorityYear="2017" box="[316,479,2000,2025]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taiwanensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBF6748FEFD8788AFD04CAD" box="[316,479,2000,2025]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">I. taiwanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23F85786FFBF6748FE278797AC4E4CAD" box="[486,577,1999,2025]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFBC674BFF2B83D8AF9C48DE" blockId="10.[189,403,896,958]" box="[234,403,896,922]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBC674BFF2B83D8AF2A48DE" bold="true" box="[234,293,896,922]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Legs</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="92842A6AFFBC674BFEF483D8AF8548DE" box="[309,394,896,922]" captionStart="Figs 13–17" captionStartId="11.[189,241,1930,1956]" captionTargetBox="[244,1346,265,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[242,1346,265,1890]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figs 13–17. Ichneumonopsis spp., legs. 13. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973, foreleg. 14. I. taiwanensis sp. nov., foreleg. 15. I. hancocki sp. nov., foreleg. 16. I. hancocki sp. nov., midleg. 17. I. hancocki sp. nov., hindleg." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827429" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827429/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFBC674BFF7C83FBAF5448FA" blockId="10.[189,403,896,958]" box="[189,347,931,958]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">As for genus.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFBC674BFF2B83BCAF9348BB" blockId="10.[189,1398,996,1128]" box="[234,412,996,1023]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBC674BFF2B83BCAF2148BA" bold="true" box="[234,302,996,1022]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Wing</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="92842A6AFFBC674BFEFF83BDAF9C48BB" box="[318,403,997,1023]" captionStart="Figs 18–19" captionStartId="12.[189,241,2001,2027]" captionTargetBox="[483,1102,1398,1946]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[483,1104,1398,1955]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figs 18–19. Ichneumonopsis spp., wing. 18. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973. 19. I. taiwanensis sp. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827431" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827431/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFBC674BFF7C8450AFC34F2C" blockId="10.[189,1398,996,1128]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Pattern mostly as in
<bibRefCitation id="6E2E4B1EFFBC674BFE7F8450AC964F66" author="Hardy D. E." box="[446,665,1032,1058]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref9877" refString="Hardy D. E. 1973. The Fruit Flies (Tephritidae - Diptera) of Thailand and Bordering Countries. Pacific Insects Monographs 31, Bishop Museum, Honolulu." type="book" year="1973">Hardy (1973: 133</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 58d), with following additions: dark pattern along and posterior to last section of vein R
<subScript id="963B34AAFFBC674BFDA58465AC704F0F" attach="left" box="[612,639,1085,1099]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">4+5</subScript>
distinctly darker than adjacent parts of pattern; cell bcu and surrounding yellowish.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFBC674BFF2B84D7AC0D4FEE" blockId="10.[189,1399,1167,1335]" box="[234,514,1167,1194]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBC674BFF2B84D7AF6B4FED" bold="true" box="[234,356,1167,1193]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Abdomen</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="92842A6AFFBC674BFEB584C8AFF54FEE" box="[372,506,1168,1194]" captionStart="Figs 20–21" captionStartId="13.[189,241,2000,2026]" captionTargetBox="[469,1136,616,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[440,1147,616,1957]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figs 20–21. Ichneumonopsis burmensis Hardy, 1973, abdomen, dorsal view. 20. ♂. 21. ♀." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827433" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827433/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs 20–21</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFBC674BFF7C84EBAAF94E72" blockId="10.[189,1399,1167,1335]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
TERMINALIA, MALE (
<figureCitation id="92842A6AFFBC674BFE6084EBAC254F89" box="[417,554,1203,1229]" captionStart="Figs 22–24" captionStartId="14.[189,241,1965,1991]" captionTargetBox="[202,1397,1313,1914]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[189,1397,1310,1922]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figs 22–24. Ichneumonopsisspp.,epandrium.22. I. burmensisHardy, 1973, anterior view.23. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973, lateral view. 24. Ichneumonopsis taiwanensis sp. nov., lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827435/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs 22–23</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="92842A6AFFBC674BFDF884EBAC554F8A" box="[569,602,1203,1230]" captionStart="Figs 25–26" captionStartId="15.[189,241,1997,2023]" captionTargetBox="[483,1102,1338,1942]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[483,1104,1338,1952]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figs 25–26. Ichneumonopsis spp., glans. 25. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973. 26. I. taiwanensis sp. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827437" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827437/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">25</figureCitation>
). Digitiform prolongation of surstylus about four times as long as wide; setae on epandrium conspicuous, similar in appearance and density to those on proctiger; nonsclerotized part of glans beyond cochleate sclerotization elongate, about 4 times as long as wide, apically with small sclerotized sclerite about 0.25–0.30 times as long as width of cochleate complex.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFBC674DFF7C8506AD634A28" blockId="10.[189,1399,1374,1436]" lastBlockId="12.[189,1399,267,364]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
TERMINALIA, FEMALE (
<figureCitation id="92842A6AFFBC674BFE7D8506AC474E3C" box="[444,584,1374,1400]" captionStart="Figs 27–30" captionStartId="16.[189,241,1926,1952]" captionTargetBox="[257,1342,265,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[242,1345,265,1889]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figs 27–30. Ichneumonopsis spp., aculeus. 27. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973, entire aculeus. 28. I. taiwanensis sp. nov., entire aculeus. 29. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973, aculeus apex. 30. I. taiwanensis sp. nov., aculeus apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827439/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs 27–29</figureCitation>
). Cercal unit relatively broad, without constriction, with system of longitudinal “canals” crowded toward tip (tip of aculeus illustrated by
<bibRefCitation id="6E2E4B1EFFBC674BFBCB85D9AA944EDF" author="Hardy D. E." box="[1034,1179,1409,1435]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref9877" refString="Hardy D. E. 1973. The Fruit Flies (Tephritidae - Diptera) of Thailand and Bordering Countries. Pacific Insects Monographs 31, Bishop Museum, Honolulu." type="book" year="1973">Hardy 1973</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 58e); sensory setae short, about 0.12–0.16 times as long as width of aculeus at this level; spermathecae illustrated and described by
<bibRefCitation id="6E2E4B1EFFBA674DFE558176AC3E4A0D" author="Hardy D. E." box="[404,561,302,329]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref9877" refString="Hardy D. E. 1973. The Fruit Flies (Tephritidae - Diptera) of Thailand and Bordering Countries. Pacific Insects Monographs 31, Bishop Museum, Honolulu." type="book" year="1973">Hardy (1973</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 58c), who wrote: “Two small round spermathecae present”. The spermathecae, however, were not found in our dissections.
</paragraph>
<caption id="5EC06667FFBC674BFF7C87F4AC404CAE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827427" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3827427" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827427/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" startId="10.[189,241,1964,1990]" targetBox="[203,1398,1504,1910]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFBC674BFF7C87F4AC404CAE" blockId="10.[189,1399,1964,2026]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBC674BFF7C87F4AF444C82" bold="true" box="[189,331,1964,1990]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs 10–12.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFBC674BFE9487F4AC1B4C82" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1973" box="[341,532,1964,1990]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBC674BFE9487F4AC1B4C82" box="[341,532,1964,1990]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ichneumonopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., thorax, lateral view.
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBC674BFC9787F4AD7C4C82" bold="true" box="[854,883,1964,1990]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">10</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFBC674BFC4587F5AABB4C82" authority="Hardy, 1973" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1973" box="[900,1204,1964,1990]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmensis">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBC674BFC4587F5AA174C82" box="[900,1048,1964,1990]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">I. burmensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="6E2E4B1EFFBC674BFBE087F4AABB4C82" author="Hardy D. E." box="[1057,1204,1964,1990]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref9877" refString="Hardy D. E. 1973. The Fruit Flies (Tephritidae - Diptera) of Thailand and Bordering Countries. Pacific Insects Monographs 31, Bishop Museum, Honolulu." type="book" year="1973">Hardy, 1973</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBC674BFB0487F4AAD04C82" bold="true" box="[1221,1247,1964,1990]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">11</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFBC674BFB3387F5AB784C82" authority="Freidberg &amp; Kovac &amp; Shiao, 2017" authorityName="Freidberg &amp; Kovac &amp; Shiao" authorityYear="2017" box="[1266,1399,1964,1990]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hancocki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBC674BFB3387F5AB784C82" box="[1266,1399,1964,1990]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">I. hancocki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23F85786FFBC674BFF7C8788AF174CAE" box="[189,280,2000,2026]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBC674BFEDF8797AF344CAD" bold="true" box="[286,315,1999,2025]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">12</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFBC674BFE8B8788AFE14CAD" authority="Freidberg &amp; Kovac &amp; Shiao, 2017" authorityName="Freidberg &amp; Kovac &amp; Shiao" authorityYear="2017" box="[330,494,2000,2025]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taiwanensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBC674BFE8B8788AFE14CAD" box="[330,494,2000,2025]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">I. taiwanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23F85786FFBC674BFE348788AC404CAE" box="[501,591,2000,2026]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="5EC06667FFBD674AFF7C87D2AF124CAE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827429" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3827429" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827429/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" startId="11.[189,241,1930,1956]" targetBox="[244,1346,265,1884]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFBD674AFF7C87D2AF124CAE" blockId="11.[189,1398,1930,2026]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBD674AFF7C87D2AF484CE0" bold="true" box="[189,327,1930,1956]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs 13–17.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFBD674AFE8C87D2AC034CE0" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1973" box="[333,524,1930,1956]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBD674AFE8C87D2AC034CE0" box="[333,524,1930,1956]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ichneumonopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., legs.
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBD674AFD4B87D2ACA84CE0" bold="true" box="[650,679,1930,1956]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">13</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFBD674AFD7487D3ADD44CE0" authority="Hardy, 1973" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1973" box="[693,987,1930,1956]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmensis">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBD674AFD7487D3AD4B4CE0" box="[693,836,1930,1956]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">I. burmensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="6E2E4B1EFFBD674AFC8B87D2ADD44CE0" author="Hardy D. E." box="[842,987,1930,1956]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref9877" refString="Hardy D. E. 1973. The Fruit Flies (Tephritidae - Diptera) of Thailand and Bordering Countries. Pacific Insects Monographs 31, Bishop Museum, Honolulu." type="book" year="1973">Hardy, 1973</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, foreleg.
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBD674AFB8787D2AA6C4CE0" bold="true" box="[1094,1123,1930,1956]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">14</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFBD674AFBB187D3AB1D4CE0" authority="Freidberg &amp; Kovac &amp; Shiao, 2017" authorityName="Freidberg &amp; Kovac &amp; Shiao" authorityYear="2017" box="[1136,1298,1931,1956]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taiwanensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBD674AFBB187D3AB1D4CE0" box="[1136,1298,1931,1956]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">I. taiwanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23F85786FFBD674AFAD687D2AB7F4CE0" box="[1303,1392,1930,1956]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, foreleg.
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBD674AFEE287F5AF4F4C83" bold="true" box="[291,320,1965,1991]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">15</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFBD674AFE9387F6AFD64C83" authority="Freidberg &amp; Kovac &amp; Shiao, 2017" authorityName="Freidberg &amp; Kovac &amp; Shiao" authorityYear="2017" box="[338,473,1965,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hancocki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBD674AFE9387F6AFD64C83" box="[338,473,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">I. hancocki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23F85786FFBD674AFE2587F6AC4D4C8C" box="[484,578,1966,1992]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, foreleg.
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBD674AFD7B87F5ACD84C83" bold="true" box="[698,727,1965,1991]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">16</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFBD674AFD2B87F6AD7F4C83" authority="Freidberg &amp; Kovac &amp; Shiao, 2017" authorityName="Freidberg &amp; Kovac &amp; Shiao" authorityYear="2017" box="[746,880,1965,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hancocki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBD674AFD2B87F6AD7F4C83" box="[746,880,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">I. hancocki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23F85786FFBD674AFCBA87F6ADD54C8C" box="[891,986,1966,1992]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, midleg.
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBD674AFB9187F5AA624C83" bold="true" box="[1104,1133,1965,1991]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">17</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFBD674AFB4187F6AB094C83" authority="Freidberg &amp; Kovac &amp; Shiao, 2017" authorityName="Freidberg &amp; Kovac &amp; Shiao" authorityYear="2017" box="[1152,1286,1965,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hancocki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBD674AFB4187F6AB094C83" box="[1152,1286,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">I. hancocki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23F85786FFBD674AFAD087F6AB7F4C8C" box="[1297,1392,1966,1992]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, hindleg.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFBA674DFF2B81CBAC6E4AEA" blockId="12.[189,1399,403,500]" box="[234,609,403,430]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBA674DFF2B81CBAFAD4AE9" bold="true" box="[234,418,403,429]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Measurements</emphasis>
(length, in mm)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFBA674DFF7C81EEAF9C4AB0" blockId="12.[189,1399,403,500]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Male: body: 11.5–13.5; wing: 10.0–10.6; female: body, including oviscape: 18.0–24.1; wing: 10.5–11.8; oviscape: 6.9–8.5.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="42A56564FFBA674FFF7C8243ADB74AD4" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFBA674DFF7C8243ACCA4971" blockId="12.[189,709,539,565]" box="[189,709,539,565]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBA674DFF7C8243AC284971" bold="true" box="[189,551,539,565]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Biology and immature stages</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="92842A6AFFBA674DFDF68243ACB34971" box="[567,700,539,565]" captionStart="Figs 31–34" captionStartId="17.[189,241,1718,1744]" captionTargetBox="[309,1279,265,1691]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[309,1279,265,1693]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 31–34. Ichneumonopsis burmensis Hardy, 1973, biological traits. 31. Bamboo shoots of the host plant, Pseudoxytenanthera albociliata, at the edge of an abandoned field in northern Thailand in November. The shoots are 2–5 m tall and up to 2 cm wide at the base. 32. Bamboo internode (ca 7 mm wide) infested by an I. burmensis larva. The internode is located at the tip of the bamboo shoot, because the apical 4–5 internodes have died and fallen to the ground. 33. A fully-grown I. burmensis larva (length ca 14 mm) that has started to bite off strips of vascular bundles from the bamboo shoot wall (on the right) in order to create a cocoon. 34. I. burmensis puparium (length ca 8 mm) located in the internode cavity at the base of the infested internode. The upper part of the internode has broken off. Side branches growing from the basal bud were partly removed." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827441/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 31–34</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFBA674DFF7C8212AA094873" blockId="12.[189,1399,585,824]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
A detailed biological account of this species was the subject of another publication (
<bibRefCitation id="6E2E4B1EFFBA674DFB558212AB644920" author="Kovac D. &amp; Freidberg A. &amp; Steck G." box="[1172,1387,586,612]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="117 - 132" refId="ref10050" refString="Kovac D., Freidberg A. &amp; Steck G. 2013. Biology and description of the third instar larva and puparium of Ichneumonopsis burmensis Hardy (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), a bamboo-breeding fruit fly from the Oriental region. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 61 (1): 117 - 132." type="journal article" year="2013">
Kovac
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBA674DFB288212AB134920" box="[1257,1308,586,612]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
). Only the following few relevant comments have been taken from that publication in order to add some perspective to the present one. In north-west
<collectingCountry id="72A8767FFFBA674DFD2382C8AD4549EE" box="[738,842,656,682]" name="Thailand" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Thailand</collectingCountry>
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFBA674DFC9582C9ADE649EE" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1973" box="[852,1001,656,682]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmensis">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBA674DFC9582C9ADE649EE" box="[852,1001,656,682]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">I. burmensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae were found to develop in shoots of the bamboo
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFBA674DFE0082EBAA08498A" authority="(Munro) Nguyen" authorityName="Nguyen" baseAuthorityName="Munro" box="[449,1031,691,718]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pseudoxytenanthera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="albociliata">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBA674DFE0082EBAD384989" box="[449,823,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Pseudoxytenanthera albociliata</emphasis>
(Munro) Nguyen
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="92842A6AFFBA674DFBD682EBAA614989" box="[1047,1134,691,717]" captionStart="Figs 31–34" captionStartId="17.[189,241,1718,1744]" captionTargetBox="[309,1279,265,1691]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[309,1279,265,1693]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 31–34. Ichneumonopsis burmensis Hardy, 1973, biological traits. 31. Bamboo shoots of the host plant, Pseudoxytenanthera albociliata, at the edge of an abandoned field in northern Thailand in November. The shoots are 2–5 m tall and up to 2 cm wide at the base. 32. Bamboo internode (ca 7 mm wide) infested by an I. burmensis larva. The internode is located at the tip of the bamboo shoot, because the apical 4–5 internodes have died and fallen to the ground. 33. A fully-grown I. burmensis larva (length ca 14 mm) that has started to bite off strips of vascular bundles from the bamboo shoot wall (on the right) in order to create a cocoon. 34. I. burmensis puparium (length ca 8 mm) located in the internode cavity at the base of the infested internode. The upper part of the internode has broken off. Side branches growing from the basal bud were partly removed." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827441/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
). In our study area the bamboo clumps of
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFBA674DFE5E828FAC3449B4" box="[415,571,726,752]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pseudoxytenanthera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="albociliata">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBA674DFE5E828FAC3449B4" box="[415,571,726,752]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">P. albociliata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
grew in open clearings, at the edges of fields, or in secondary forest at altitudes of
<quantity id="CD479B0AFFBA674DFE8882A1AFEF4850" box="[329,480,761,788]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="900.0" valueMax="1200.0" valueMin="600.0">600–1200 m</quantity>
. In addition, we have one, newly reared specimen of
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFBA674DFB9682A2AAE54850" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1973" box="[1111,1258,762,788]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmensis">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBA674DFB9682A2AAE54850" box="[1111,1258,762,788]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">I. burmensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from a side branch of a bamboo shoot of
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFBA674DFDD48345AA094873" authority="(Roxburgh) Nees." box="[533,1030,797,824]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Dendrocalamus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strictus">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBA674DFDD48345AD234873" box="[533,812,797,823]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Dendrocalamus strictus</emphasis>
(Roxburgh) Nees.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFBA674DFF7C8306AD914F6C" blockId="12.[189,1399,862,1065]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Each infested bamboo shoot usually contained only one internode inhabited by a single
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFBA674DFB228307AB78483C" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1973" box="[1251,1399,862,888]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmensis">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBA674DFB228307AB78483C" box="[1251,1399,862,888]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">I. burmensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larva (
<figureCitation id="92842A6AFFBA674DFEC983D9AF5248DF" box="[264,349,897,923]" captionStart="Figs 31–34" captionStartId="17.[189,241,1718,1744]" captionTargetBox="[309,1279,265,1691]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[309,1279,265,1693]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 31–34. Ichneumonopsis burmensis Hardy, 1973, biological traits. 31. Bamboo shoots of the host plant, Pseudoxytenanthera albociliata, at the edge of an abandoned field in northern Thailand in November. The shoots are 2–5 m tall and up to 2 cm wide at the base. 32. Bamboo internode (ca 7 mm wide) infested by an I. burmensis larva. The internode is located at the tip of the bamboo shoot, because the apical 4–5 internodes have died and fallen to the ground. 33. A fully-grown I. burmensis larva (length ca 14 mm) that has started to bite off strips of vascular bundles from the bamboo shoot wall (on the right) in order to create a cocoon. 34. I. burmensis puparium (length ca 8 mm) located in the internode cavity at the base of the infested internode. The upper part of the internode has broken off. Side branches growing from the basal bud were partly removed." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827441/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
) which pupariated in a cocoon (
<figureCitation id="92842A6AFFBA674DFD1B83D9AD3C48DF" box="[730,819,897,923]" captionStart="Figs 31–34" captionStartId="17.[189,241,1718,1744]" captionTargetBox="[309,1279,265,1691]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[309,1279,265,1693]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 31–34. Ichneumonopsis burmensis Hardy, 1973, biological traits. 31. Bamboo shoots of the host plant, Pseudoxytenanthera albociliata, at the edge of an abandoned field in northern Thailand in November. The shoots are 2–5 m tall and up to 2 cm wide at the base. 32. Bamboo internode (ca 7 mm wide) infested by an I. burmensis larva. The internode is located at the tip of the bamboo shoot, because the apical 4–5 internodes have died and fallen to the ground. 33. A fully-grown I. burmensis larva (length ca 14 mm) that has started to bite off strips of vascular bundles from the bamboo shoot wall (on the right) in order to create a cocoon. 34. I. burmensis puparium (length ca 8 mm) located in the internode cavity at the base of the infested internode. The upper part of the internode has broken off. Side branches growing from the basal bud were partly removed." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827441/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
). The infested internode was the 4
<superScript id="FDCA9BA7FFBA674DFB0983D8AAEA48DF" attach="none" box="[1224,1253,896,923]" fontSize="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">th–</superScript>
6
<superScript id="FDCA9BA7FFBA674DFB3283D8AB0F48CA" attach="left" box="[1267,1280,896,910]" fontSize="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">th</superScript>
internode below the apex. The larvae fed mainly in the lower half of the internode on the white pith found in the internode cavity, and also damaged the bamboo wall at the base of the internode. Due to these feeding activities the apical 4–5 internodes of the bamboo shoot died off and fell to the ground, with the infested internode remaining at the apex of the bamboo shoot (
<figureCitation id="92842A6AFFBA674DFCF98456AD9F4F6C" box="[824,912,1038,1064]" captionStart="Figs 31–34" captionStartId="17.[189,241,1718,1744]" captionTargetBox="[309,1279,265,1691]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[309,1279,265,1693]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 31–34. Ichneumonopsis burmensis Hardy, 1973, biological traits. 31. Bamboo shoots of the host plant, Pseudoxytenanthera albociliata, at the edge of an abandoned field in northern Thailand in November. The shoots are 2–5 m tall and up to 2 cm wide at the base. 32. Bamboo internode (ca 7 mm wide) infested by an I. burmensis larva. The internode is located at the tip of the bamboo shoot, because the apical 4–5 internodes have died and fallen to the ground. 33. A fully-grown I. burmensis larva (length ca 14 mm) that has started to bite off strips of vascular bundles from the bamboo shoot wall (on the right) in order to create a cocoon. 34. I. burmensis puparium (length ca 8 mm) located in the internode cavity at the base of the infested internode. The upper part of the internode has broken off. Side branches growing from the basal bud were partly removed." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827441/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFBA674DFF7C8408AAFB4E79" blockId="12.[189,1399,1104,1341]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
The fully-grown larvae usually moved to the base of the internode cavity, where they created a cocoon by tearing off strips of vascular bundles from the bamboo wall (
<figureCitation id="92842A6AFFBA674DFC63842BADF94FC9" box="[930,1014,1139,1165]" captionStart="Figs 31–34" captionStartId="17.[189,241,1718,1744]" captionTargetBox="[309,1279,265,1691]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[309,1279,265,1693]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 31–34. Ichneumonopsis burmensis Hardy, 1973, biological traits. 31. Bamboo shoots of the host plant, Pseudoxytenanthera albociliata, at the edge of an abandoned field in northern Thailand in November. The shoots are 2–5 m tall and up to 2 cm wide at the base. 32. Bamboo internode (ca 7 mm wide) infested by an I. burmensis larva. The internode is located at the tip of the bamboo shoot, because the apical 4–5 internodes have died and fallen to the ground. 33. A fully-grown I. burmensis larva (length ca 14 mm) that has started to bite off strips of vascular bundles from the bamboo shoot wall (on the right) in order to create a cocoon. 34. I. burmensis puparium (length ca 8 mm) located in the internode cavity at the base of the infested internode. The upper part of the internode has broken off. Side branches growing from the basal bud were partly removed." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827441/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
) and enclosing themselves using finer bamboo particles probably mixed with frass. The larvae pupariated in the cocoon (
<figureCitation id="92842A6AFFBA674DFB2384CEAB354FF4" box="[1250,1338,1174,1200]" captionStart="Figs 31–34" captionStartId="17.[189,241,1718,1744]" captionTargetBox="[309,1279,265,1691]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[309,1279,265,1693]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 31–34. Ichneumonopsis burmensis Hardy, 1973, biological traits. 31. Bamboo shoots of the host plant, Pseudoxytenanthera albociliata, at the edge of an abandoned field in northern Thailand in November. The shoots are 2–5 m tall and up to 2 cm wide at the base. 32. Bamboo internode (ca 7 mm wide) infested by an I. burmensis larva. The internode is located at the tip of the bamboo shoot, because the apical 4–5 internodes have died and fallen to the ground. 33. A fully-grown I. burmensis larva (length ca 14 mm) that has started to bite off strips of vascular bundles from the bamboo shoot wall (on the right) in order to create a cocoon. 34. I. burmensis puparium (length ca 8 mm) located in the internode cavity at the base of the infested internode. The upper part of the internode has broken off. Side branches growing from the basal bud were partly removed." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827441/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
) and remained there for about three months during the dry season. During that time the upper two-thirds of the infested internode broke off and fell to the ground, but the puparium usually remained in place at the tip of the bamboo shoot. However, sometimes the larvae pupariated in the upper part of the internode and then also fell with it to the ground still enclosed by the internode cavity and the cocoon.
</paragraph>
<caption id="5EC06667FFBA674DFF7C8789AB3C4CA8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827431" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3827431" box="[189,1331,2001,2028]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827431/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" startId="12.[189,241,2001,2027]" targetBox="[483,1102,1398,1946]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFBA674DFF7C8789AB3C4CA8" blockId="12.[189,1331,2001,2028]" box="[189,1331,2001,2028]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBA674DFF7C8789AF464CAF" bold="true" box="[189,329,2001,2027]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 18–19.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFBA674DFE918789AC004CAF" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1973" box="[336,527,2001,2027]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBA674DFE918789AC004CAF" box="[336,527,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ichneumonopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., wing.
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBA674DFD5E8789ACB34CAF" bold="true" box="[671,700,2001,2027]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">18</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFBA674DFD0A878AADF84CAF" authority="Hardy, 1973" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1973" box="[715,1015,2001,2027]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmensis">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBA674DFD0A878AAD534CAF" box="[715,860,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">I. burmensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="6E2E4B1EFFBA674DFCA28789ADF84CAF" author="Hardy D. E." box="[867,1015,2001,2027]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref9877" refString="Hardy D. E. 1973. The Fruit Flies (Tephritidae - Diptera) of Thailand and Bordering Countries. Pacific Insects Monographs 31, Bishop Museum, Honolulu." type="book" year="1973">Hardy, 1973</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBA674DFBC38789AA104CAF" bold="true" box="[1026,1055,2001,2027]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">19</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFBA674DFBEF878AAADD4CAF" authority="Freidberg &amp; Kovac &amp; Shiao, 2017" authorityName="Freidberg &amp; Kovac &amp; Shiao" authorityYear="2017" box="[1070,1234,2002,2027]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taiwanensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBA674DFBEF878AAADD4CAF" box="[1070,1234,2002,2027]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">I. taiwanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="23F85786FFBA674DFB18878AAB3C4CA8" box="[1241,1331,2002,2028]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFBB674CFF7C8153AB1C4A91" blockId="13.[189,1399,267,469]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
The larvae of
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFBB674CFEB18154AC094A61" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1973" box="[368,518,267,293]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmensis">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBB674CFEB18154AC094A61" box="[368,518,267,293]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">I. burmensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were found in the field in October and November. They pupariated in November or December and the adults emerged between the end of March and beginning of May. Most (and the largest) shoots of
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFBB674CFE2F810AAC864A2F" box="[494,649,337,363]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pseudoxytenanthera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="albociliata">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBB674CFE2F810AAC864A2F" box="[494,649,337,363]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P. albociliata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appeared between September and November, but smaller shoots also appeared after the start of the rainy season in June and July. Combining the phenological data obtained in
<collectingCountry id="72A8767FFFBB674CFE8981C0AF8B4AF6" box="[328,388,408,434]" name="India" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">India</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="72A8767FFFBB674CFE7F81C0AC264AF6" box="[446,553,408,434]" name="Thailand" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, it appears that
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFBB674CFD2381C0AD7B4AF6" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1973" box="[738,884,408,434]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmensis">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBB674CFD2381C0AD7B4AF6" box="[738,884,408,434]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">I. burmensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is bivoltine, since the adults were collected or reared from larvae during two distinct seasons, i.e., March – May and October – November.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFBB674FFF7C81A4ADB74AD4" blockId="13.[189,1398,508,570]" lastBlockId="14.[189,1399,267,400]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
The bamboo microhabitat of
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFBB674CFDCC81A5AC924952" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1973" box="[525,669,508,534]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmensis">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBB674CFDCC81A5AC924952" box="[525,669,508,534]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">I. burmensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to that of the
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFBB674CFC6A81A4AA4C4952" authorityName="Hering" authorityYear="1947" box="[939,1091,508,534]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Gastrozonini">Gastrozonini</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFBB674CFB8981A4AEF4497E" authority="Hardy, 1973" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1973" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Anoplomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufipes">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBB674CFB8981A4AB2D4952" box="[1096,1314,508,534]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Anoplomus rufipes</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="6E2E4B1EFFBB674CFAE981A4AEF4497E" author="Hardy D. E." pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref9877" refString="Hardy D. E. 1973. The Fruit Flies (Tephritidae - Diptera) of Thailand and Bordering Countries. Pacific Insects Monographs 31, Bishop Museum, Honolulu." type="book" year="1973">Hardy, 1973</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Larvae of
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFBB674CFEBC8278AFE2497E" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1973" box="[381,493,544,570]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Anoplomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufipes">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBB674CFEBC8278AFE2497E" box="[381,493,544,570]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. rufipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also colonized a single internode of a living bamboo shoot, namely the 5
<superScript id="FDCA9BA7FFBB674CFAFF8246AB53497D" attach="none" box="[1342,1372,542,569]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">th–</superScript>
6
<superScript id="FDCA9BA7FFBB674CFAA88246AB794968" attach="none" box="[1385,1398,542,556]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">th</superScript>
internode below the apex (
<bibRefCitation id="6E2E4B1EFFB8674FFE3C8153AC9A4A62" author="Kovac D." box="[509,661,267,294]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="869 - 896" refId="ref9945" refString="Kovac D. 2015. Reproductive behavior and basic biology of the Oriental bamboo-inhabiting Anoplomus rufipes and a comparison with frugivorous Dacinae fruit flies. Insects 6 (4): 869 - 896. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / insects 6040869" type="journal article" year="2015">Kovac 2015</bibRefCitation>
). However, they generally inhabited a larger bamboo species,
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFB8674FFF7C8177AC674A0D" authority="Munro" authorityName="Munro" box="[189,616,303,329]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cephalostachyum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pergracile">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFB8674FFF7C8177AC004A0D" box="[189,527,303,329]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Cephalostachyum pergracile</emphasis>
Munro
</taxonomicName>
, and there the infested internodes contained up to
<specimenCount id="1CB9FD66FFB8674FFB6C8177AB134A0C" box="[1197,1308,302,329]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="larva">40 larvae</specimenCount>
. Unlike
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFB8674FFF7C810AAF3F4A28" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1973" box="[189,304,338,364]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Anoplomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufipes">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFB8674FFF7C810AAF3F4A28" box="[189,304,338,364]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A. rufipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFB8674FFE77810AAC5E4A28" authorityName="Hering" authorityYear="1947" box="[438,593,338,364]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Gastrozonini">Gastrozonini</taxonomicName>
, the larvae of
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFB8674FFCC0810BAD994A28" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1973" box="[769,918,338,364]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmensis">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFB8674FFCC0810BAD994A28" box="[769,918,338,364]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">I. burmensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
did not skip and they pupariated in the internode and not in the soil (thereby removing the need to skip).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="5EC06667FFBB674CFF7C8788AAD04CAF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3827433" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3827433" box="[189,1247,2000,2027]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3827433/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" startId="13.[189,241,2000,2026]" targetBox="[469,1136,616,1940]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFBB674CFF7C8788AAD04CAF" blockId="13.[189,1247,2000,2027]" box="[189,1247,2000,2027]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBB674CFF7C8788AF464CAE" bold="true" box="[189,329,2000,2026]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs 20–21.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFBB674CFE918788AD264CAE" authority="Hardy, 1973" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1973" box="[336,809,2000,2026]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmensis">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBB674CFE918788AC804CAE" box="[336,655,2000,2026]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Ichneumonopsis burmensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="6E2E4B1EFFBB674CFD578788AD264CAE" author="Hardy D. E." box="[662,809,2000,2026]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref9877" refString="Hardy D. E. 1973. The Fruit Flies (Tephritidae - Diptera) of Thailand and Bordering Countries. Pacific Insects Monographs 31, Bishop Museum, Honolulu." type="book" year="1973">Hardy, 1973</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, abdomen, dorsal view.
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBB674CFB848788AA6D4CAE" bold="true" box="[1093,1122,2000,2026]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">20</emphasis>
. ♂.
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFBB674CFB548788AABD4CAE" bold="true" box="[1173,1202,2000,2026]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">21</emphasis>
. ♀.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="42A56564FFB8674FFF7C81EEAA0F4ABB" box="[189,1024,438,512]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFB8674FFF7C81EEAF594A94" blockId="14.[189,342,438,464]" box="[189,342,438,464]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<heading id="51488183FFB8674FFF7C81EEAF594A94" bold="true" box="[189,342,438,464]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" reason="3">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFB8674FFF7C81EEAF594A94" bold="true" box="[189,342,438,464]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Distribution</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFB8674FFF7C81BDAA0F4ABB" blockId="14.[189,1024,485,512]" box="[189,1024,485,512]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<collectingCountry id="72A8767FFFB8674FFF7C81BDAEF64ABB" box="[189,249,485,511]" name="India" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">India</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="C87BF80DFFB8674FFEC881BDAF9F4ABB" box="[265,400,485,511]" country="India" name="Meghalaya" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Meghalaya</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="C87BF80DFFB8674FFE5A81BDAC0A4944" box="[411,517,485,512]" country="India" name="Manipur" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Manipur</collectingRegion>
),
<collectingCountry id="72A8767FFFB8674FFDD881BDAC844ABB" box="[537,651,485,511]" name="Myanmar" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="72A8767FFFB8674FFD0281BDAD244ABB" box="[707,811,485,511]" name="Thailand" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Thailand</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="C87BF80DFFB8674FFCFA81BDADFC4ABB" box="[827,1011,485,511]" country="Thailand" name="Mae Hong Son" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Mae Hong Son</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="42A56564FFB8674FFF7C827EAD52485B" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFB8674FFF7C827EAF4B4904" blockId="14.[189,324,550,576]" box="[189,324,550,576]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<heading id="51488183FFB8674FFF7C827EAF4B4904" bold="true" box="[189,324,550,576]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" reason="3">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFB8674FFF7C827EAF4B4904" bold="true" box="[189,324,550,576]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Comments</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A0036EFFFB8674FFF7C820DAD52485B" blockId="14.[189,1399,597,799]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="CDBF4D6CFFB8674FFF7C820DAC0F492B" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1973" box="[189,512,597,623]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmensis">
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFB8674FFF7C820DAC0F492B" box="[189,512,597,623]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ichneumonopsis burmensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was known from eastern
<collectingCountry id="72A8767FFFB8674FFC80820DAD72492B" box="[833,893,597,623]" name="India" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">India</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="C87BF80DFFB8674FFC50820DAA17492B" box="[913,1048,597,623]" country="India" name="Meghalaya" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Meghalaya</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="C87BF80DFFB8674FFBE6820DAA9E492B" box="[1063,1169,597,623]" country="India" name="Manipur" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Manipur</collectingRegion>
:
<bibRefCitation id="6E2E4B1EFFB8674FFB61820DAEF549D6" author="Drew R. A. I. &amp; Hancock D. L." pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="829 - 838" refId="ref9656" refString="Drew R. A. I. &amp; Hancock D. L. 1994. Revision of the tropical fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) of south-east Asia. I. Ichneumonopsis Hardy and Monacrostichus Bezzi. Invertebrate Taxonomy 8: 829 - 838." type="journal article" year="1994">Drew &amp; Hancock 1994</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="6E2E4B1EFFB8674FFECB8220AC0B49D6" author="Radhakrishnan C." box="[266,516,632,658]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="203 - 204" refId="ref10357" refString="Radhakrishnan C. 2000. Ichneumonopsis burmensis Hardy (Tephritidae: Diptera: Insecta), a new record from India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India 98 (1): 203 - 204." type="journal article" year="2000">Radhakrishnan 2000</bibRefCitation>
), western
<collectingCountry id="72A8767FFFB8674FFD408221ACFC49D7" box="[641,755,633,659]" name="Myanmar" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="6E2E4B1EFFB8674FFCC78220AD9149D6" author="Hardy D. E." box="[774,926,632,658]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref9877" refString="Hardy D. E. 1973. The Fruit Flies (Tephritidae - Diptera) of Thailand and Bordering Countries. Pacific Insects Monographs 31, Bishop Museum, Honolulu." type="book" year="1973">Hardy, 1973</bibRefCitation>
) and northwest
<collectingCountry id="72A8767FFFB8674FFBA58220AAC349D6" box="[1124,1228,632,658]" name="Thailand" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Thailand</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="6E2E4B1EFFB8674FFB1E8220AEF749F1" author="Kovac D. &amp; Freidberg A. &amp; Steck G." pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="117 - 132" refId="ref10050" refString="Kovac D., Freidberg A. &amp; Steck G. 2013. Biology and description of the third instar larva and puparium of Ichneumonopsis burmensis Hardy (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), a bamboo-breeding fruit fly from the Oriental region. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 61 (1): 117 - 132." type="journal article" year="2013">
Kovac
<emphasis id="38CBEAFDFFB8674FFAF98221AB6049D6" box="[1336,1391,632,658]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
and the present publication). It is probably more widespread than indicated, and we assume that it occurs at least in countries where the associated bamboo species grows, i.e., in
<collectingCountry id="72A8767FFFB8674FFB1A82E6AB2B499C" box="[1243,1316,702,728]" name="Nepal" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Nepal</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="72A8767FFFB8674FFAF282E6AB7D499C" box="[1331,1394,702,728]" name="India" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">India</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="72A8767FFFB8674FFF7C82BAAF4649B8" box="[189,329,738,764]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="72A8767FFFB8674FFE9782BAAFC749B8" box="[342,456,738,764]" name="Myanmar" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
(eastern and southern parts),
<collectingCountry id="72A8767FFFB8674FFCEA82BAAD9949B8" box="[811,918,738,764]" name="Thailand" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Thailand</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="72A8767FFFB8674FFC6282BAADD349B8" box="[931,988,738,764]" name="Laos" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Laos</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="72A8767FFFB8674FFBD982BAAA7449B8" box="[1048,1147,738,764]" name="Vietnam" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="6E2E4B1EFFB8674FFB4D82BAAB6549B8" author="Ohrenberger D." box="[1164,1386,738,764]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref10314" refString="Ohrenberger D. 1999. The Bamboos of the World: Annotated Nomenclature and Literature of the Species and the Higher and Lower Taxa. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, Lausanne, New York, Oxford, Shannon, Singapore and Tokyo." type="book" year="1999">Ohrenberger 1999</bibRefCitation>
). The Thai population is darker than the Indian population.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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