294 lines
32 KiB
XML
294 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document id="C42CB8A5D9287A505A5EDF46C97DA245" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3925.1.10" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c4aba132-e666-4614-b782-3b5d2fdceebe" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="234742" ID-ZooBank="0BE7EE5D-A1BB-4D9B-81BA-DA1E3F7CA7FF" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461001188156" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Nel, Andre, Garrouste, Romain & Prokop, Jakub" docDate="2015" docId="80700060FF8F6C74FF1A18A2E442FE84" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03925p150.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3925 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Afrocladus kenyaensis Nel, Garrouste & Prokop, 2015, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="148" masterDocId="7C497818FF8D6C70FF8D1C2EE100FF98" masterDocTitle="The first African Anthracoptilidae (Insecta: Paoliida) near the Permian — Triassic boundary in Kenya" masterLastPageNumber="150" masterPageNumber="145" pageNumber="147" updateTime="1698564660387" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="7C2FEB10FDB84D15E46B40F342965BEF">
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<mods:title id="EB006187E9471673608A6517D1E98995">The first African Anthracoptilidae (Insecta: Paoliida) near the Permian — Triassic boundary in Kenya</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="DFBD05BA7344C7F5B88555AC0C1E4EA3" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="1981C635FA01B7C09769B4C67AF9A204">
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<mods:roleTerm id="61CC0FB75176E756FEE9BB76944933A7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="006B05BC6EAD84866FB55D2ECE2351B5">Nel, Andre</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="0950A3A9B5278BF83E3DB961C6269189">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="A22ABDBC08CDFBE8C078DA3B837C6855">Garrouste, Romain</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="EEF5D7778B74FE54C089AD5CFAE45246" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="435FED868A35AD1E2F46CB1BAE291F60">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="65C1466A74E97707E9CDC0ADE9DDA2CE">Prokop, Jakub</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="8D6E68561F27943B8BD7557474361857">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="15594A36207B5D688CAF1C2592AF6740">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="887C66BD976558AA7457C286B994660D">
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<mods:date id="F22EFA94F2D6BB3E395AC6B8B133C7CB">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="1EC65ABD47729F339116118A8B829F84" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="D633F83E0EB4D49B3723C6BA2BF9DAA3">3925</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="5EB842730E2BDB644EBFDC254C8D3039" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="F939F39723F601B4B6D4D3BC10513EF0">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="B74A94AB5A7E0EEB50FD421F1F8F0CB1">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="14C9C4AB5043CE56F7ECC6E6B4E8C088" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3925.1.10</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="B97840B17034CE8D694164691CC0C7CD" type="GBIF-Dataset">c4aba132-e666-4614-b782-3b5d2fdceebe</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="7826380666E637210907B8CC51091D3F" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="88AE5EE87FA3253BF80E5DEEA2E06546" type="Zenodo-Dep">234742</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="BA68C1E1527CE2A97FA3949706DE36E6" type="ZooBank">0BE7EE5D-A1BB-4D9B-81BA-DA1E3F7CA7FF</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="80700060FF8F6C74FF1A18A2E442FE84" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6103362" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119598504" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6103362" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:80700060FF8F6C74FF1A18A2E442FE84" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/80700060FF8F6C74FF1A18A2E442FE84" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="148" pageId="2" pageNumber="147">
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<subSubSection id="40C3E2FDFF8F6C72FF1A18A2E023FB50" pageId="2" pageNumber="147" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="0866B176FF8F6C72FF1A18A2E30CFB3F" blockId="2.[151,524,1164,1224]" box="[151,524,1164,1191]" pageId="2" pageNumber="147">
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<heading id="532E061AFF8F6C72FF1A18A2E30CFB3F" bold="true" box="[151,524,1164,1191]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="147" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8F6C72FF1A18A2E30CFB3F" bold="true" box="[151,524,1164,1191]" pageId="2" pageNumber="147">
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<taxonomicName id="CFD9CAF5FF8F6C72FF1A18A2E0A8FB3E" box="[151,424,1164,1190]" class="Insecta" family="Anthracoptilidae" genus="Afrocladus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Protorthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kenyaensis" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8F6C72FF1A18A2E0A8FB3E" bold="true" box="[151,424,1164,1190]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="147">Afrocladus kenyaensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="219ED01FFF8F6C72FE2218A3E30CFB3F" box="[431,524,1165,1191]" pageId="2" pageNumber="147" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0866B176FF8F6C72FF1A1881E023FB50" blockId="2.[151,524,1164,1224]" box="[151,291,1199,1224]" pageId="2" pageNumber="147">
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(
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<figureCitation id="90E2ADF3FF8F6C72FF131881E01CFB50" box="[158,284,1199,1224]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="2.[151,250,1978,2000]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,250,605,627]" captionTargetBox-0="[226,1360,1559,1956]" captionTargetBox-1="[271,1311,201,574]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[226,1360,1559,1956]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[265,1322,193,583]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Afrocladus kenyaensis sp. nov., holotype NHM II 3069 a, b, photograph of wing, copyright NHM, London (scale bar represents 1 mm)." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Afrocladus kenyaensis sp. nov., holotype NHM II 3069 a, b, drawing of wing (scale bar represents 1 mm)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/234745/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/234746/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="147">Figure 3–4</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="40C3E2FDFF8F6C72FF1A18D9E48DFA97" box="[151,1421,1271,1296]" pageId="2" pageNumber="147" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="0866B176FF8F6C72FF1A18D9E48DFA97" blockId="2.[151,1436,1271,1476]" box="[151,1421,1271,1296]" pageId="2" pageNumber="147">
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<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8F6C72FF1A18D9E1FFFA88" bold="true" box="[151,255,1271,1296]" pageId="2" pageNumber="147">Material</emphasis>
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.
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<typeStatus id="D7620FD4FF8F6C72FE8018D9E075FA88" box="[269,373,1271,1296]" pageId="2" pageNumber="147" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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specimen NHM II 3069 a, b (print and counterprint), Natural History Museum, London,
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<collectingCountry id="70CEF1E6FF8F6C72FAD018D6E489FA97" box="[1373,1417,1272,1295]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="2" pageNumber="147">UK</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="40C3E2FDFF8F6C72FF4A1935E393FAE4" pageId="2" pageNumber="147" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="0866B176FF8F6C72FF4A1935E3BBFAAC" blockId="2.[151,1436,1271,1476]" box="[199,699,1307,1332]" pageId="2" pageNumber="147">
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<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8F6C72FF4A1935E046FAAC" bold="true" box="[199,326,1307,1332]" pageId="2" pageNumber="147">Etymology</emphasis>
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. Named after the
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<collectingCountry id="70CEF1E6FF8F6C72FD821932E358FAAC" box="[527,600,1308,1332]" name="Kenya" pageId="2" pageNumber="147">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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country.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0866B176FF8F6C72FF4A1911E393FAE4" blockId="2.[151,1436,1271,1476]" pageId="2" pageNumber="147">
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<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8F6C72FF4A1911E094FAC0" bold="true" box="[199,404,1343,1368]" pageId="2" pageNumber="147">Age and outcrop</emphasis>
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. Late Permian (?),
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<collectingCountry id="70CEF1E6FF8F6C72FDF61911E3E9FAC0" box="[635,745,1343,1368]" name="Kenya" pageId="2" pageNumber="147">Mombasa</collectingCountry>
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Basin, Lower unit of Maji ya Chumvi Formation, Duruma Sandstones series, Karoo supergroup,
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<collectingCountry id="70CEF1E6FF8F6C72FDCF194AE38FFAE4" box="[578,655,1380,1404]" name="Kenya" pageId="2" pageNumber="147">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="40C3E2FDFF8F6C72FF4A19A9E5F5FA5B" pageId="2" pageNumber="147" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="0866B176FF8F6C72FF4A19A9E5F5FA5B" blockId="2.[151,1436,1271,1476]" pageId="2" pageNumber="147">
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<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8F6C72FF4A19A9E03AFA38" bold="true" box="[199,314,1415,1440]" pageId="2" pageNumber="147">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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. Based on hind (?) wing venation only, wing longer than that of
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<taxonomicName id="CFD9CAF5FF8F6C72FBBB19A9E40FFA07" box="[1078,1295,1415,1439]" class="Insecta" family="Anthracoptilidae" genus="Afrocladus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Protorthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumilio">
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<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8F6C72FBBB19A9E40FFA07" box="[1078,1295,1415,1439]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="147">Afrocladus pumilio</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="70CEF1E6FF8F6C72FAAD19A6E442FA07" box="[1312,1346,1416,1439]" name="Poland" pageId="2" pageNumber="147">RP</collectingCountry>
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closely parallel to RA near its base, CuA with four anterior branches instead of three in
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<taxonomicName id="CFD9CAF5FF8F6C72FB951982E5EEFA5C" box="[1048,1262,1452,1476]" class="Insecta" family="Anthracoptilidae" genus="Afrocladus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Protorthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumilio">
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<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8F6C72FB951982E5EEFA5C" box="[1048,1262,1452,1476]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="147">Afrocladus pumilio</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="5CA6E1FEFF8F6C72FF1A1B94E074F876" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/234745/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="147" targetBox="[226,1360,1559,1956]" targetPageId="2">
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<paragraph id="0866B176FF8F6C72FF1A1B94E074F876" blockId="2.[151,1436,1978,2030]" pageId="2" pageNumber="147">
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<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8F6C72FF1A1B94E013F857" bold="true" box="[151,275,1978,2000]" pageId="2" pageNumber="147">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="CFD9CAF5FF8F6C72FE971B94E0FDF848" box="[282,509,1978,2000]" class="Insecta" family="Anthracoptilidae" genus="Afrocladus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Protorthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kenyaensis" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8F6C72FE971B94E0FDF848" box="[282,509,1978,2000]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="147">Afrocladus kenyaensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8F6C72FD8E1B94E353F857" bold="true" box="[515,595,1978,1999]" pageId="2" pageNumber="147">
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="219ED01FFF8F6C72FD8E1B94E353F857" box="[515,595,1978,1999]" pageId="2" pageNumber="147" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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, holotype NHM II 3069 a, b, photograph of wing, copyright NHM, London (scale bar represents 1 mm).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="5CA6E1FEFF8E6C73FF1A1E73E44DFDEA" box="[151,1357,604,627]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/234746/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" targetBox="[271,1311,201,574]" targetPageId="3">
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<paragraph id="0866B176FF8E6C73FF1A1E73E44DFDEA" blockId="3.[151,1357,604,627]" box="[151,1357,604,627]" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">
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<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8E6C73FF1A1E73E012FDEA" bold="true" box="[151,274,605,627]" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="CFD9CAF5FF8E6C73FE941E72E0FBFDEA" box="[281,507,604,626]" class="Insecta" family="Anthracoptilidae" genus="Afrocladus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Protorthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kenyaensis" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8E6C73FE941E72E0FBFDEA" box="[281,507,604,626]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">Afrocladus kenyaensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8E6C73FD8C1E73E352FDEA" bold="true" box="[513,594,605,626]" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="219ED01FFF8E6C73FD8C1E73E352FDEA" box="[513,594,605,626]" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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, holotype NHM II 3069 a, b, drawing of wing (scale bar represents 1 mm).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="40C3E2FDFF8E6C73FF4A1EB1E2D0FBDC" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="0866B176FF8E6C73FF4A1EB1E2D0FBDC" blockId="3.[151,1437,671,2028]" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">
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<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8E6C73FF4A1EB1E051FD20" bold="true" box="[199,337,671,696]" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">Description</emphasis>
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. Nearly complete single wing with part of anal area missing, 9.0 mm long,
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<quantity id="CF211C93FF8E6C73FB2A1E8EE5FEFD2F" box="[1191,1278,672,696]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" unit="mm" value="2.7">2.7 mm</quantity>
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||
wide; simple, straight, concave ScP closely parallel to Radius,
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||
<quantity id="CF211C93FF8E6C73FD5F1EEAE22BFD43" box="[722,811,708,732]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
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||
apart, ending on costa
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||
<quantity id="CF211C93FF8E6C73FBCF1EEAE59BFD43" box="[1090,1179,708,732]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" unit="mm" value="3.1">3.1 mm</quantity>
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from wing base; area between ScP and costal margin narrow,
|
||
<quantity id="CF211C93FF8E6C73FDED1EC6E3B8FD67" box="[608,696,744,768]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
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wide, without visible crossveins or veinlets; radial stem straight, with
|
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<collectingCountry id="70CEF1E6FF8E6C73FF421F22E1F1FCBB" box="[207,241,780,803]" name="Poland" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">RP</collectingCountry>
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||
separating from RA
|
||
<quantity id="CF211C93FF8E6C73FE561F22E330FCBB" box="[475,560,780,804]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" unit="mm" value="3.2">3.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
from wing base; RA straight, apparently simple; slightly concave
|
||
<collectingCountry id="70CEF1E6FF8E6C73FA9F1F22E434FCBB" box="[1298,1332,780,803]" name="Poland" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">RP</collectingCountry>
|
||
with two visible branches;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="70CEF1E6FF8E6C73FEED1F1EE082FCDF" box="[352,386,816,839]" name="Poland" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">RP</collectingCountry>
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||
closely parallel to RA at its base, touching median vein close to its base; slightly concave median vein divided into two parallel simple branches
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||
<quantity id="CF211C93FF8E6C73FD771F7DE250FCF3" box="[762,848,851,876]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
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||
from wing base; a brace m-cua between M and CuA
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||
<quantity id="CF211C93FF8E6C73FF1A1F56E1EDFC17" box="[151,237,888,912]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" unit="mm" value="1.8">1.8 mm</quantity>
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from wing base; CuA and CuP emerging from a common stem; convex CuA anteriorly pectinate with four parallel simple branches less convex than main stem of CuA; concave CuP simple, weakly curved with a rather narrow area between it and CuA,
|
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<quantity id="CF211C93FF8E6C73FD801F91E362FC4F" box="[525,610,959,984]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
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||
wide; area between CuP and posterior wing margin ca.
|
||
<quantity id="CF211C93FF8E6C73FB421FEEE424FC4F" box="[1231,1316,960,984]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" unit="mm" value="1.1">1.1 mm</quantity>
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wide; first anal vein convex, simple, weakly curved; second anal vein more poorly preserved but with apparently two posterior branches; two further anal veins more very poorly indicated; several simple crossveins between branches of M and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="70CEF1E6FF8E6C73FE891802E02AFBDB" box="[260,298,1068,1091]" name="Poland" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">RP</collectingCountry>
|
||
; all branches of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="70CEF1E6FF8E6C73FE6C1802E303FBDB" box="[481,515,1068,1091]" name="Poland" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">RP</collectingCountry>
|
||
, M and CuA weakly curved and parallel.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="40C3E2FDFF8E6C74FF4A1861E442FE84" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="149" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="0866B176FF8E6C73FF4A1861E1C2FAFB" blockId="3.[151,1437,671,2028]" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">
|
||
<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8E6C73FF4A1861E045FBF0" bold="true" box="[199,325,1103,1128]" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">Discussion</emphasis>
|
||
. These two fossils fall in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CFD9CAF5FF8E6C73FD1B1861E51FFBFF" authority="Guan et al." authorityName="Guan et al." box="[662,1055,1103,1128]" class="Insecta" family="Anthracoptilidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Protorthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
|
||
Anthracoptilidae sensu Guan
|
||
<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8E6C73FC6B187EE51FFBFF" box="[998,1055,1103,1127]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(in press), as it has the following diagnostic characters of the family, i.e. ScP ending on RA or on costal margin;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="70CEF1E6FF8E6C73FB8A185AE529FB13" box="[1031,1065,1140,1163]" name="Poland" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">RP</collectingCountry>
|
||
emerging from R in basal half of wing; median vein strongly approximate or shortly fused with
|
||
<collectingCountry id="70CEF1E6FF8E6C73FCE818B6E287FB37" box="[869,903,1176,1199]" name="Poland" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">RP</collectingCountry>
|
||
near base of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="70CEF1E6FF8E6C73FBAE18B6E545FB37" box="[1059,1093,1176,1199]" name="Poland" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">RP</collectingCountry>
|
||
(synapomorphy); branches of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="70CEF1E6FF8E6C73FF1A1892E1B9FB4B" box="[151,185,1212,1235]" name="Poland" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">RP</collectingCountry>
|
||
, median vein and CuA strongly parallel at least in their basal halves; median vein braced to CuA by a short convex cross-vein mp-cua; CuA and CuP emerging from a long common stem; main stem of CuA strongly convex, but anteriorly pectinate with at least a series of parallel branches, all less convex than main stem of CuA (synapomorphy); CuP concave simple; at least two anal veins more convex than CuP; anal area can be very large or not.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0866B176FF8E6C73FF4A1941E22DFA48" blockId="3.[151,1437,671,2028]" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">
|
||
The presence of a common stem Cu from which CuA emerges directly excludes affinities with the archaeorthopteran of the clade
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CFD9CAF5FF8E6C73FE7F19BDE27CFA34" authority="Handlirsch, 1937" authorityName="Handlirsch" authorityYear="1937" box="[498,892,1427,1452]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cnemidolestodea" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Cnemidolestodea Handlirsch, 1937</taxonomicName>
|
||
(sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6C48CC87FF8E6C73FC5C19BDE573FA34" author="Bethoux" box="[977,1139,1427,1452]" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" refString="Bethoux, O. (2005) Cnemidolestodea (Insecta): an ancient order reinstated. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 3, 403 - 408. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 147720190500163 X" type="journal article" year="2005">Béthoux 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), in which CuA is also anteriorly pectinate (see discussion in Guan
|
||
<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8E6C73FD0B1996E3BFFA57" box="[646,703,1463,1487]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
in press).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0866B176FF8E6C73FF4A19F5E250F980" blockId="3.[151,1437,671,2028]" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">
|
||
These two wings have a very narrow area between costa and ScP, suggesting they are hindwings, as this area is clearly broader in the forewings of the other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CFD9CAF5FF8E6C73FD0119D1E24CF980" box="[652,844,1535,1560]" class="Insecta" family="Anthracoptilidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Protorthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anthracoptilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0866B176FF8E6C73FF1A1A0DE059F930" blockId="3.[151,1437,671,2028]" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">
|
||
After Rasnitsyn & Aristov (2004), only the genera
|
||
<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8E6C73FD651A0DE288F9A3" box="[744,904,1571,1595]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">Jarmilacladus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8E6C73FC141A0DE547F9A3" box="[921,1095,1571,1595]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">Rhinomaloptila</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8E6C73FB071A0DE41BF9A3" box="[1162,1307,1571,1595]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">Spargoptilon</emphasis>
|
||
share with
|
||
<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8E6C73FF1A1A69E011F9C7" box="[151,273,1607,1631]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">Afrocladus</emphasis>
|
||
the ScP ending on costal margin and not on radius. This character seems to be rather variable at generic level because
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CFD9CAF5FF8E6C73FEBB1A45E3FFF91C" authority="Guan et al., 2015" authorityName="Guan et al." authorityYear="2015" box="[310,767,1643,1668]" class="Insecta" family="Ischnoneuridae" genus="Mesoptilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cnemidolestodea" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carpenteri">
|
||
<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8E6C73FEBB1A45E32FF91B" box="[310,559,1643,1667]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">Mesoptilus carpenteri</emphasis>
|
||
Guan
|
||
<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8E6C73FDF11A42E3BCF91B" box="[636,700,1643,1667]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">et al.,</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, shares it while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CFD9CAF5FF8E6C73FC351A45E43AF91C" authority="Lameere 1917" authorityName="Lameere" authorityYear="1917" box="[952,1338,1643,1668]" class="Insecta" family="Ischnoneuridae" genus="Mesoptilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cnemidolestodea" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dolloi">
|
||
<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8E6C73FC351A45E57DF91B" box="[952,1149,1643,1667]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">Mesoptilus dolloi</emphasis>
|
||
(Lameere 1917)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has ScP ending on radius.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0866B176FF8E6C73FF4A1A9DE48BF88C" blockId="3.[151,1437,671,2028]" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">
|
||
<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8E6C73FF4A1A9DE041F953" box="[199,321,1715,1739]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">Afrocladus</emphasis>
|
||
differs from all anthracoptilids except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CFD9CAF5FF8E6C73FC9D1A9DE5D5F954" authority="Carpenter, 1966" authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1966" box="[784,1237,1715,1740]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Paracladus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="retardatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8E6C73FC9D1A9DE510F953" box="[784,1040,1715,1739]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">Paracladus retardatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6C48CC87FF8E6C73FB961A9AE5D5F954" author="Carpenter" box="[1051,1237,1715,1740]" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" refString="Carpenter, F. M. (1966) The Lower Permian insects of Kansas. Part 11. The orders Protorthoptera and Orthoptera. Psyche, 73, 46 - 88. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1966 / 47172" type="journal article" year="1966">Carpenter, 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in the distinctly shorter ScP, with apex close to base of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="70CEF1E6FF8E6C73FDEF1AF6E385F977" box="[610,645,1752,1775]" name="Poland" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">RP</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CFD9CAF5FF8E6C73FD1F1AF9E26BF977" box="[658,875,1751,1775]" class="Insecta" family="Anthracoptilidae" genus="Afrocladus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Protorthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumilio">
|
||
<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8E6C73FD1F1AF9E26BF977" box="[658,875,1751,1775]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">Afrocladus pumilio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CFD9CAF5FF8E6C73FC2A1AF9E5A4F977" box="[935,1188,1751,1775]" class="Insecta" family="Anthracoptilidae" genus="Afrocladus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Protorthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kenyaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8E6C73FC2A1AF9E5A4F977" box="[935,1188,1751,1775]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">Afrocladus kenyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have also very small wings, 5.5 to 9.0 mm long, unlike the other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CFD9CAF5FF8E6C73FD0F1AD5E23EF88C" box="[642,830,1787,1812]" class="Insecta" family="Anthracoptilidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Protorthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anthracoptilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
that have wings ranging between
|
||
<quantity id="CF211C93FF8E6C73FB301AD2E44BF88B" box="[1213,1355,1788,1812]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="4.8" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" unit="mm" value="32.5" valueMax="48.0" valueMin="17.0">17 to 48 mm</quantity>
|
||
long.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0866B176FF8E6C74FF4A1B31E442FE84" blockId="3.[151,1437,671,2028]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="149" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">
|
||
<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8E6C73FF4A1B31E05CF8A0" bold="true" box="[199,348,1823,1848]" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">Conculusion</emphasis>
|
||
The presence of fossil insects on the surface of borehole samples is highly improbable, although few other records are known (viz. the case of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="D7620FD4FF8E6C73FD5C1B6DE233F8C4" box="[721,819,1859,1884]" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8E6C73FCD61B6DE553F8C3" box="[859,1107,1859,1883]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">Permophlebia uralica</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6C48CC87FF8E6C73FBD11B6DE412F8C4" author="Nel" box="[1116,1298,1859,1884]" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" refString="Nel, A., Bethoux, O., Bechly, G., Martinez-Delclos, X. & Papier, F. (2001) The Permo-Triassic Odonatoptera of the ' protodonate' grade (Insecta: Odonatoptera). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, New Series, 37, 501 - 525." type="journal article" year="2001">Nel et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These two discoveries in the same outcrop suggest that the corresponding layers are probably very rich in fossil terrestrial arthropods. It would be of great interest to search for new material
|
||
<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8E6C73FC3D1BA2E2F9F83B" box="[944,1017,1932,1955]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CFD9CAF5FF8E6C73FB861BA5E5E4F83B" box="[1035,1252,1931,1955]" class="Insecta" family="Anthracoptilidae" genus="Afrocladus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Protorthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumilio">
|
||
<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8E6C73FB861BA5E5E4F83B" box="[1035,1252,1931,1955]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">Afrocladus pumilio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CFD9CAF5FF8E6C73FAAF1BA5E010F85F" class="Insecta" family="Anthracoptilidae" genus="Afrocladus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Protorthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kenyaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8E6C73FAAF1BA5E010F85F" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">Afrocladus kenyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are the first African and the youngest representatives of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CFD9CAF5FF8E6C73FC3A1B81E576F850" box="[951,1142,1967,1992]" class="Insecta" family="Anthracoptilidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Protorthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anthracoptilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and of the Paoliida. They are of very small sizes, distinctly smaller than all the other Paoliida except some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CFD9CAF5FF8E6C73FBA61BFDE5CDF874" box="[1067,1229,2003,2028]" class="Insecta" family="Blattinopsidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Blattinopsidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CFD9CAF5FF8E6C74FB501BFDE0BDFF28" authority="Meunier, 1907" authorityName="Meunier" authorityYear="1907" class="Insecta" family="Blattinopsidae" genus="Glaphyrophlebia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="149" order="Blattodea" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pygmaea">
|
||
<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF8E6C74FB501BFDE1FCFF28" italics="true" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="149" pageId="3" pageNumber="148">Glaphyrophlebia pygmaea</emphasis>
|
||
(Meunier, 1907)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Late Carboniferous of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="70CEF1E6FF896C74FCBB1CB6E285FF37" box="[822,901,152,175]" name="France" pageId="4" pageNumber="149">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with a wing
|
||
<quantity id="CF211C93FF896C74FBA91CB6E575FF37" box="[1060,1141,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="149" unit="mm" value="14.0">14 mm</quantity>
|
||
long) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6C48CC87FF896C74FB471CB9E016FF4C" author="Hornschemeyer" pageId="4" pageNumber="149" refString="Hornschemeyer, T. & Stapf, H. (2001) Review of Blattinopsidae (Prothortoptera) with description of new species from the Lower Permian of Niedermoschel (Germany). Neue Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen, 221, 81 - 109." type="journal article" year="2001">Hörnschemeyer & Stapf 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This size reduction could be put in parallel to a similar phenomenon that seems to have affected the last representatives of the order Palaeodictyoptera during the Late Permian (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6C48CC87FF896C74FC6B1CF1E5C7FF60" author="Bethoux" box="[998,1223,223,248]" pageId="4" pageNumber="149" refString="Bethoux, O., Nel, A., Schneider, J. W. & Gand, G. (2007) Lodetiella magnifica nov. gen. and nov. sp. (Insecta: Palaeodictyoptera; Permian), an extreme situation in wing morphology of palaeopterous insects. Geobios, 40, 181 - 189. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2006.04.001" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Béthoux
|
||
<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF896C74FBC01CCFE585FF60" box="[1101,1157,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It could be due to adaptations to environmental changes that have taken place around the P-T boundary (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6C48CC87FF896C74FBD31D2AE437FE84" author="Aristov" box="[1118,1335,260,285]" pageId="4" pageNumber="149" refString="Aristov, D. S., Bashkuev, A. S., Golubev, V. K., Gorochov, A. V., Karasev, E. V., Kopylov, D. S., Ponomarenko, A. G., Rasnitsyn, A. P., Rasnitsyn, D. A., Sinitshenkova, N. D., Sukatsheva, I. D. & Vassilenko, D. V. (2013) Fossil Insects of the Middle and Upper Permian of European Russia. Paleontological Journal, 47, 641 - 832. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0031030113070010" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Aristov
|
||
<emphasis id="3AAD6D64FF896C74FB361D2BE5F3FE84" box="[1211,1267,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="149">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |