290 lines
36 KiB
XML
290 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00605.x" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7845511" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1681906674025" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="DÁVALOS, LILIANA M." docDate="2006" docId="6C5E879A384CFFA9D967FF4AFC68FDE3" docLanguage="en" docName="BiolJourLinnSoc.88.101-118.pdf" docOrigin="Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 88 (1)" docSource="https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00605.x" docStyle="DocumentStyle:9003E61B240086A483DF5C949807DC7E.1:BiolJourLinnSoc.2003-.journal_article" docStyleId="9003E61B240086A483DF5C949807DC7E" docStyleName="BiolJourLinnSoc.2003-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Mormoops Leach 1821" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="114" masterDocId="9067FFE23840FFA4DA41FF8EFFE6FFC9" masterDocTitle="The geography of diversification in the mormoopids (Chiroptera: Mormoopidae)" masterLastPageNumber="118" masterPageNumber="101" pageNumber="113" updateTime="1681913280387" updateUser="juliana">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The geography of diversification in the mormoopids (Chiroptera: Mormoopidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>DÁVALOS, LILIANA M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2006</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2005-07-01</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>88</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>101</mods:start>
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<mods:end>118</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00605.x</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00605.x</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7845511</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6C5E879A384CFFA9D967FF4AFC68FDE3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6C5E879A384CFFA9D967FF4AFC68FDE3" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="114" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">
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<subSubSection box="[806,1184,196,217]" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="12.[806,1423,196,1904]" box="[806,1184,196,217]" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">
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<emphasis box="[806,1184,196,217]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">
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<taxonomicName ID-CoL="5V99" ID-ENA="59459" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[806,924,196,217]" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Mormoops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mormoops</taxonomicName>
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and the Mormoopidae
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="114" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="12.[806,1423,196,1904]" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">
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The estimated ancestral area of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[1199,1317,227,248]" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Mormoops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1199,1317,227,248]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">Mormoops</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and the mormoopids (
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<figureCitation box="[959,1022,257,279]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[162,240,894,913]" captionTargetBox="[294,1296,186,863]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Majority rule (50%) consensus of 19 000 cladograms resulting from Bayesian analysis of concatenated molecular data for all diagnosable mormoopid taxa (– lnL = 24 910; 95% confidence interval = 24,890–24 920). Dashed branches had posterior probabilities between 0.50 and 0.95. All other branches had posterior probabilities between 0.95 and 1. Names of outgroups are in bold; for sequence data, see Appendix. The top panel shows the ancestral area inferred for branch 1, the bottom panel shows the ancestral area of branches 2 and 3. DIVA Optimizations were constrained to a maximum of two areas, and all solutions are shown. Three alternatives to the polytomy of Pteronotus davyi and Pteronotus gymnonotus, two alternatives to the sister of Pteronotus quadridens and macleayii (davyi and gymnonotus, or personatus), and two taxonomies (the traditional species taxonomy of Smith (1972), or that shown in Figure 3 were analysed, and all result in the same composite estimates. Geographic distributions are as shown in Table 1. Pteronotus pristinus and Mormoops magna were not analysed. FG, French Guiana; Hon., Honduras; Mex., Mexico; PR, Puerto Rico; Ven., Venezuela." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7845524" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7845524/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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) encompasses both northern South America (
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<bibRefCitation author="Smith JD" box="[917,1057,288,310]" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" pagination="1 - 132" refId="ref12265" refString="Smith JD. 1972. Systematics of the Chiropteran family Mormoopidae. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publication 56: 1 - 132." type="journal article" year="1972">Smith, 1972</bibRefCitation>
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) and the Greater Antilles (Czaplewski & Morgan, 2003). The two biogeographical hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, and it is plausible that the most recent common ancestor of mormoopids was widespread from
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<collectingCountry box="[1228,1308,410,432]" name="Mexico" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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south to northern South America, and east to the Greater Antilles. Another interpretation of this result is that dispersal-vicariance analysis is inconclusive, and other sources of evidence are needed to clarify the geographical history of mormoopids.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="12.[806,1423,196,1904]" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">
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There are several reasons to doubt that the ancestor of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[835,953,626,647]" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Mormoops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[835,953,626,647]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">Mormoops</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was as widespread as estimated in
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[162,240,894,913]" captionTargetBox="[294,1296,186,863]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Majority rule (50%) consensus of 19 000 cladograms resulting from Bayesian analysis of concatenated molecular data for all diagnosable mormoopid taxa (– lnL = 24 910; 95% confidence interval = 24,890–24 920). Dashed branches had posterior probabilities between 0.50 and 0.95. All other branches had posterior probabilities between 0.95 and 1. Names of outgroups are in bold; for sequence data, see Appendix. The top panel shows the ancestral area inferred for branch 1, the bottom panel shows the ancestral area of branches 2 and 3. DIVA Optimizations were constrained to a maximum of two areas, and all solutions are shown. Three alternatives to the polytomy of Pteronotus davyi and Pteronotus gymnonotus, two alternatives to the sister of Pteronotus quadridens and macleayii (davyi and gymnonotus, or personatus), and two taxonomies (the traditional species taxonomy of Smith (1972), or that shown in Figure 3 were analysed, and all result in the same composite estimates. Geographic distributions are as shown in Table 1. Pteronotus pristinus and Mormoops magna were not analysed. FG, French Guiana; Hon., Honduras; Mex., Mexico; PR, Puerto Rico; Ven., Venezuela." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7845524" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7845524/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">Figure 5</figureCitation>
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. First, extant
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<taxonomicName box="[1037,1245,656,678]" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">
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<emphasis box="[1037,1155,656,677]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">Mormoops</emphasis>
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species
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</taxonomicName>
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do not overlap on the continent, but both are known from the Greater Antilles (albeit, one only as fossil). Second, one additional species,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Silva-Taboada" authorityYear="1974" box="[978,1184,748,769]" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Mormoops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magna">
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<emphasis box="[978,1184,748,769]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">Mormoops magna</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, is known from late Pleistocene remains on
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<collectingCountry box="[1090,1150,778,800]" name="Cuba" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">Cuba</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Silva-Taboada G" box="[1169,1410,778,800]" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" pagination="33 - 73" refId="ref12098" refString="Silva-Taboada G. 1974. Fossil Chiroptera from cave deposits in central Cuba, with description of two new species (Genera Pteronotus and Mormoops) and the first West Indian record of Mormoops megalophylla. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 19: 33 - 73." type="journal article" year="1974">Silva-Taboada, 1974</bibRefCitation>
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), adding a third
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[978,1096,810,831]" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Mormoops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[978,1096,810,831]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">Mormoops</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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lineage to the Greater Antilles. Third, it is parsimonious to postulate that the ancestor of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[948,1066,871,892]" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Mormoops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[948,1066,871,892]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">Mormoops</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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reached the Greater Antilles before splitting into the extant species but, even if it did not, the divergence between the Antillean
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Mormoops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blainvillei">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">blainvillei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and its sister taxon is significantly greater than that between
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<taxonomicName box="[965,1118,993,1014]" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Mormoops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megalophylla">
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<emphasis box="[965,1118,993,1014]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">megalophylla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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populations (
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<figureCitation box="[1275,1360,993,1015]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[142,220,1357,1376]" captionTargetBox="[143,755,198,1326]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Confidence intervals around observed sequence divergence resulting from parametric bootstrapping of rate-constant mormoopid phylogenies. A, estimates of divergence for mitochondrial ribosomal DNA (black diamonds) and the cytochrome b gene (white diamonds). B, estimates of divergence for nuclear Rag2. CA, Central America; FG, French Guiana; Mex., Mexico." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7845526" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7845526/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
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). The combination of species diversity and depth of divergence suggests
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[994,1112,1055,1076]" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Mormoops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[994,1112,1055,1076]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">Mormoops</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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expanded its range from north to south.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="12.[806,1423,196,1904]" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">
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If
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[858,976,1116,1137]" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Mormoops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[858,976,1116,1137]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">Mormoops</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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ranged into the Greater Antilles even before
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<taxonomicName box="[893,1009,1146,1167]" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Mormoops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blainvillei">
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<emphasis box="[893,1009,1146,1167]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">blainvillei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName box="[1088,1241,1146,1167]" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Mormoops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megalophylla">
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<emphasis box="[1088,1241,1146,1167]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">megalophylla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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differentiated, Caribbean colonization in this family can be traced back to the divergence between the mormoopid genera, and might be as ancient as the Oligocene or Miocene (Czaplewski & Morgan, 2003). A northern neotropical (and perhaps insular) origin for the genus can be overturned by the discovery of a basal
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<taxonomicName pageId="12" pageNumber="113">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">Mormoops</emphasis>
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species
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</taxonomicName>
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in South America. An extensive fossil record shows that
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<taxonomicName box="[1019,1209,1392,1413]" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Mormoops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megalophylla">
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<emphasis box="[1019,1042,1392,1413]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">M</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis box="[1056,1209,1392,1413]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">megalophylla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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ranged from Florida through the Greater Antilles to
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<collectingRegion box="[1238,1306,1422,1444]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">Bahia</collectingRegion>
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in
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<collectingCountry box="[1351,1421,1422,1444]" name="Brazil" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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during the Late Pleistocene (
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<bibRefCitation author="Ray CE & Olsen SJ & Gut HJ" box="[1141,1418,1453,1475]" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" pagination="373 - 395" refId="ref12006" refString="Ray CE, Olsen SJ, Gut HJ. 1963. Three mammals new to the Pleistocene fauna of Florida, and a reconsideration of five earlier records. Journal of Mammalogy 44: 373 - 395." type="journal article" year="1963">Ray, Olsen & Gut, 1963</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Silva-Taboada G" box="[806,1045,1484,1506]" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" pagination="33 - 73" refId="ref12098" refString="Silva-Taboada G. 1974. Fossil Chiroptera from cave deposits in central Cuba, with description of two new species (Genera Pteronotus and Mormoops) and the first West Indian record of Mormoops megalophylla. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 19: 33 - 73." type="journal article" year="1974">Silva-Taboada, 1974</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Czaplewski NJ & Cartelle C" box="[1063,1410,1484,1506]" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" pagination="784 - 803" refId="ref11280" refString="Czaplewski NJ, Cartelle C. 1998. Pleistocene bats from cave deposits in Bahia, Brazil. Journal of Mammalogy 79: 784 - 803." type="journal article" year="1998">Czaplewski & Cartelle, 1998</bibRefCitation>
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). Studies of morphological variation are necessary to determine the relationships among extant and fossil
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<taxonomicName box="[806,959,1576,1597]" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Mormoops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megalophylla">
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<emphasis box="[806,959,1576,1597]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">megalophylla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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populations and test the hypothesis presented here because more than one species might be involved (
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<bibRefCitation author="Morgan G" box="[918,1081,1637,1659]" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" pagination="369 - 407" refId="ref11868" refString="Morgan G. 2001. Patterns of extinction in West Indian bats. In: Woods CA, Sergile FE, eds. Biogeography of the West Indies. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 369 - 407." type="book chapter" year="2001">Morgan, 2001</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7845526" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7845526" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7845526/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" startId="12.[142,220,1357,1376]" targetBox="[143,755,198,1326]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph blockId="12.[142,758,1357,1553]" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[142,246,1357,1376]" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">Figure 6.</emphasis>
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Confidence intervals around observed sequence divergence resulting from parametric bootstrapping of rate-constant mormoopid phylogenies. A, estimates of divergence for mitochondrial ribosomal DNA (black diamonds) and the cytochrome
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<emphasis box="[452,465,1474,1493]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">b</emphasis>
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gene (white diamonds). B, estimates of divergence for nuclear
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<emphasis box="[552,594,1504,1522]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">Rag</emphasis>
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2. CA, Central America; FG, French Guiana; Mex., Mexico.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph blockId="12.[806,1423,196,1904]" lastBlockId="13.[162,779,195,1904]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="114" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">
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One prediction following Czaplewski & Morgan’s (2003) biogeographical model is borne by the molecular data: divergences between Antillean and continental mormoopids are greater than those between Central American and northern South American populations (
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<figureCitation box="[915,980,1821,1843]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[142,220,1357,1376]" captionTargetBox="[143,755,198,1326]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Confidence intervals around observed sequence divergence resulting from parametric bootstrapping of rate-constant mormoopid phylogenies. A, estimates of divergence for mitochondrial ribosomal DNA (black diamonds) and the cytochrome b gene (white diamonds). B, estimates of divergence for nuclear Rag2. CA, Central America; FG, French Guiana; Mex., Mexico." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7845526" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7845526/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
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). There is only one exception in the
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Pteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="111" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parnellii">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">P. parnellii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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lineage (subgenus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1843" box="[1153,1263,1852,1873]" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Phyllodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1153,1263,1852,1873]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">Phyllodia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), where two northern South American populations might not share a most recent common ancestor (
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<figureCitation box="[545,618,196,218]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[162,240,925,944]" captionTargetBox="[293,1293,214,910]" captionTargetId="graphics-218@7.[322,647,234,849]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. A, strict consensus of eight most parsimonious cladograms resulting from analysis of cytochrome b (L = 1792 steps, consistency index = 0.439, retention index = 0.775). Numbers below branches are Bremer support values, above branches are percent of 1000 jackknife replicates. Names of outgroups are in bold; for sequence data, see Appendix. B, phylogram resulting from maximum likelihood analysis using a rate-constant GTR+I+Γ model of DNA evolution (–lnL = 9181.23). Numbers above or below branches are percent of 300 50% jackknife replicates, thicker lines indicate 100% jackknife support." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7845520" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7845520/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">Figs 3</figureCitation>
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,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[632,647,195,217]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[162,240,894,913]" captionTargetBox="[294,1296,186,863]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Majority rule (50%) consensus of 19 000 cladograms resulting from Bayesian analysis of concatenated molecular data for all diagnosable mormoopid taxa (– lnL = 24 910; 95% confidence interval = 24,890–24 920). Dashed branches had posterior probabilities between 0.50 and 0.95. All other branches had posterior probabilities between 0.95 and 1. Names of outgroups are in bold; for sequence data, see Appendix. The top panel shows the ancestral area inferred for branch 1, the bottom panel shows the ancestral area of branches 2 and 3. DIVA Optimizations were constrained to a maximum of two areas, and all solutions are shown. Three alternatives to the polytomy of Pteronotus davyi and Pteronotus gymnonotus, two alternatives to the sister of Pteronotus quadridens and macleayii (davyi and gymnonotus, or personatus), and two taxonomies (the traditional species taxonomy of Smith (1972), or that shown in Figure 3 were analysed, and all result in the same composite estimates. Geographic distributions are as shown in Table 1. Pteronotus pristinus and Mormoops magna were not analysed. FG, French Guiana; Hon., Honduras; Mex., Mexico; PR, Puerto Rico; Ven., Venezuela." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7845524" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7845524/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">5</figureCitation>
|
||
). For every other mormoopid lineage, and even in one instance within
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1843" box="[243,353,257,278]" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Phyllodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[243,353,257,278]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">Phyllodia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the divergence between
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[637,718,257,279]" name="Mexico" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
/Central America and South America appears to be recent (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[170,235,318,340]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[142,220,1357,1376]" captionTargetBox="[143,755,198,1326]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Confidence intervals around observed sequence divergence resulting from parametric bootstrapping of rate-constant mormoopid phylogenies. A, estimates of divergence for mitochondrial ribosomal DNA (black diamonds) and the cytochrome b gene (white diamonds). B, estimates of divergence for nuclear Rag2. CA, Central America; FG, French Guiana; Mex., Mexico." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7845526" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7845526/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
), and might correspond to the completion of the Isthmus of
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[295,389,349,370]" name="Panama" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the late Pliocene. Either
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Mexico" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
/Central America or north-western South America was recently colonized by all mormoopid lineages. As discussed above, the direction of this expansion appears to be from north to south in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[582,700,472,493]" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Mormoops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[582,700,472,493]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">Mormoops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1843" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Pteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="personatus">P. personatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[300,332,502,523]" pageId="13" pageNumber="114" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, but the evidence is ambiguous for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1843" box="[162,272,533,554]" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Phyllodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[162,272,533,554]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">Phyllodia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as for
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[449,540,533,555]" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Pteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="davyi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[449,540,533,555]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">P. davyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[599,736,534,555]" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Pteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gymnonotus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[599,736,534,555]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">gymnonotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[162,779,195,1904]" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">
|
||
Because
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[288,406,564,585]" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Mormoops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[288,406,564,585]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">Mormoops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is at the base of the mormoopid radiation, restricting its ancestral distribution to the northern Neotropics constrains the geographical origin of the family to that region. Other than differences in branch length (longer for northern neotropical splits, shorter for divergences between
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[527,611,717,739]" name="Mexico" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
/Central America and South America), the fossil record also supports a north-to-south expansion. The oldest mormoopid diverged before the two extant genera (G. Morgan, pers. comm.), and ranged into Florida in the Oligocene (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Czaplewski NJ & Morgan GS & Naeher T" box="[170,582,870,892]" pageId="13" pageNumber="114" pagination="61 - 74" refId="ref11349" refString="Czaplewski NJ, Morgan GS, Naeher T. 2003. Molossid bats from the late Tertiary of Florida with a review of the Tertiary Molossidae of North America. Acta Chiropterologica 5: 61 - 74." type="journal article" year="2003">Czaplewski, Morgan & Naeher, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In general, mormoopids appear to have reached South America late in their history, after diversifying in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[589,672,932,954]" name="Mexico" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Central America, and/or the Greater Antilles (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[601,668,962,984]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[142,220,1357,1376]" captionTargetBox="[143,755,198,1326]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Confidence intervals around observed sequence divergence resulting from parametric bootstrapping of rate-constant mormoopid phylogenies. A, estimates of divergence for mitochondrial ribosomal DNA (black diamonds) and the cytochrome b gene (white diamonds). B, estimates of divergence for nuclear Rag2. CA, Central America; FG, French Guiana; Mex., Mexico." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7845526" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7845526/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[162,779,195,1904]" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">
|
||
This finding is critical to the biogeographical history of noctilionoids. Both morphology (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Simmons NB & Conway TM" pageId="13" pageNumber="114" pagination="1 - 97" refId="ref12187" refString="Simmons NB, Conway TM. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships of mormoopid bats (Chiroptera: Mormoopidae) based on morphological data. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 258: 1 - 97." type="journal article" year="2001">Simmons & Conway, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and large concatenated molecular datasets (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Teeling EC & Springer MS & Madsen O & Bates P & O'Brien SJ & Murphy WJ" box="[169,397,1085,1107]" pageId="13" pageNumber="114" pagination="580 - 584" refId="ref12486" refString="Teeling EC, Springer MS, Madsen O, Bates P, O'Brien SJ, Murphy WJ. 2005. A molecular phylogeny for bats illuminates biogeography and the fossil record. Science 307: 580 - 584." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Teeling
|
||
<emphasis box="[267,315,1085,1107]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) indicate that mormoopids and phyllostomids are each other’s closest relative (this topology was not always recovered in this study, probably because taxon sampling among bat families was poor relative to the higher-level analyses cited above). Two phylogenetic hypotheses have been proposed to explain relationships among phyllostomids. One, based on analyses of mostly morphological data (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wetterer AL & Rockman MV & Simmons NB" box="[169,607,1330,1352]" pageId="13" pageNumber="114" pagination="1 - 200" refId="ref12868" refString="Wetterer AL, Rockman MV, Simmons NB. 2000. Phylogeny of phyllostomid bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera): data from diverse morphological systems, sex chromosomes, and restriction sites. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 248: 1 - 200." type="journal article" year="2000">Wetterer, Rockman & Simmons, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) identified the vampires (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wied-Neuwied" authorityYear="1826" box="[286,402,1361,1382]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Desmodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[286,402,1361,1382]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">Desmodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1906" box="[419,519,1362,1383]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[419,519,1362,1383]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">Diaemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[588,688,1361,1382]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[588,688,1361,1382]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">Diphylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) as the oldest phyllostomid lineage. A second hypothesis based on mtrDNA and
|
||
<emphasis box="[431,477,1423,1444]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">Rag</emphasis>
|
||
2 (Baker, Porter, Hoofer & Van Den Bussche, 2003) suggests that
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1843" box="[671,777,1454,1475]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Macrotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[671,777,1454,1475]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">Macrotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
diverged before any other phyllostomid.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[162,779,195,1904]" lastBlockId="13.[826,1443,196,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">
|
||
The geographical distribution of the basal lineage of the phyllostomids would have a disproportionate effect on ancestral area reconstructions for that family. Vampires range from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[443,523,1606,1628]" name="Mexico" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[556,617,1606,1628]" name="Chile" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[671,773,1607,1628]" name="Uruguay" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and fossils have been found on
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[511,571,1637,1659]" name="Cuba" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Koopman K" box="[585,767,1637,1659]" pageId="13" pageNumber="114" pagination="1 - 217" refId="ref11747" refString="Koopman K. 1994. Chiroptera: systematics. Handbuch der Zoologie 8: 1 - 217." type="journal article" year="1994">Koopman, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This lineage would not constrain the ancestral area of the phyllostomids because of its widespread distribution. Since the greatest diversity of phyllostomids is concentrated in northern South America and the vampires include it in their range, this would likely be the most parsimonious ancestral area for the family. By contrast,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1843" box="[277,383,1852,1873]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Macrotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[277,383,1852,1873]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">Macrotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is only known from the southwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[263,425,1882,1904]" name="United States of America" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
south to
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[542,672,1882,1904]" name="Guatemala" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
, through the Greater Antilles and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1122,1229,196,218]" name="Bahamas" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Koopman K" box="[1246,1431,196,218]" pageId="13" pageNumber="114" pagination="1 - 217" refId="ref11747" refString="Koopman K. 1994. Chiroptera: systematics. Handbuch der Zoologie 8: 1 - 217." type="journal article" year="1994">Koopman, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). If
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1843" box="[854,960,227,248]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Macrotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[854,960,227,248]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">Macrotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is at the base of the phyllostomid radiation, then the ancestral distributions of mormoopids and phyllostomids were adjacent in the northernmost Neotropics. Phyllostomid fossils are known from the middle Miocene of La Venta (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Czaplewski NJ" box="[1165,1368,349,371]" pageId="13" pageNumber="114" pagination="410 - 431" refId="ref11230" refString="Czaplewski NJ. 1997. Chiroptera. In: Kay RF, Madden RH, Cifelli RL, Flynn JJ, eds. Vertebrate paleontology in the neotropics: the Miocene fauna of la Venta, Colombia. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 410 - 431." type="book chapter" year="1997">Czaplewski, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), indicating phyllostomids reached South America early in their history. The geographical distribution of these closely related families during their early history might help explain the remarkable differences in taxonomic and adaptive diversity between the two groups.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |