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<document id="85FDF7E0DD4A63BFEF566BDFA386285D" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5297.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7989227" ID-ZooBank="8D837208-C432-4FB7-A6E7-223C87808B3C" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="valdenar" checkinTime="1685519915935" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Bockmann, Flávio A., Ferrer, Juliano, Rizzato, Pedro P., Esguícero, André L. H., Duboc, Luiz F. &amp; Ingenito, Leonardo F. S." docDate="2023" docId="605EA82E6C61FFA3FF14FE0EFD132509" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5297.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5297 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Scleronema Eigenmann 1917" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="34" masterDocId="9C67D0566C7EFF82FF83FFD4FFC02324" masterDocTitle="Anatomy, ecology, and behavior of a new species of Scleronema Eigenmann, 1917 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from coastal drainages in the southern Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, with comments on the monophyly and phylogeny of the genus" masterLastPageNumber="47" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="32" updateTime="1685538943864" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="3A7E5162D491EAB1259DF60C7B3D80C8">Anatomy, ecology, and behavior of a new species of Scleronema Eigenmann, 1917 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from coastal drainages in the southern Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, with comments on the monophyly and phylogeny of the genus</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CC5AC6CB8B1774CD4F872EC442F92E65">Bockmann, Flávio A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CA8DFA1E931AA411D8475BC547A0B7CC">Ferrer, Juliano</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0E3AC773A98A5F3CA8B4A1E6311E5968">Laboratório de Ictiologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501 - 970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil julianoferrer @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6198 - 6289</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="52607C7A2DB23A3325E1807E8B42047E">Rizzato, Pedro P.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="93540FF6F86FD09014A38D41B03A94C3">Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, travessa 14, no. 101, 05508 - 090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="435E0D4DB9B0D71DE757EBB9469879AF">Esguícero, André L. H.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="DFE602F4B3B5812E2B60B93481CEBD57">Laboratório de Ictiologia de Ribeirão Preto-LIRP, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. dos Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040 - 901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil &amp; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Comparada, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. dos Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040 - 901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="662390D574BA428B95D4AA9B771F5B63">Duboc, Luiz F.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="92CC9E837564D7D53A13CE1C54577713">Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas-DCAB, Centro Universitário Norte do Espírito Santo-CEUNES, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Rodovia BR- 101 Norte, km 60, 29932 - 540 São Mateus, ES, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E25EDD6842D7946FDE0ADDE411CEF243">Ingenito, Leonardo F. S.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="282EE132A1CB555C4F4752312C043D94">Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas-DCAB, Centro Universitário Norte do Espírito Santo-CEUNES, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Rodovia BR- 101 Norte, km 60, 29932 - 540 São Mateus, ES, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="605EA82E6C61FFA3FF14FE0EFD132509" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7990939" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7990939" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:605EA82E6C61FFA3FF14FE0EFD132509" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/605EA82E6C61FFA3FF14FE0EFD132509" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<subSubSection id="A0ED4AB36C61FF9DFF14FE0EFE0A22D0" box="[151,458,474,501]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="E84819386C61FF9DFF14FE0EFE0A22D0" blockId="31.[151,458,474,501]" box="[151,458,474,501]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<heading id="B300AE546C61FF9DFF14FE0EFE0A22D0" bold="true" box="[151,458,474,501]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" reason="1">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFF14FE0EFE0A22D0" bold="true" box="[151,458,474,501]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFF14FE0EFEF822D0" bold="true" box="[151,312,474,501]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Monophyly of</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFEBCFE0EFE0A22D0" ID-CoL="644SN" ID-ENA="210582" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1917" box="[319,458,474,500]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Scleronema</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="E84819386C61FF9DFF14FDC8FED9202A" blockId="31.[151,1437,540,2043]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
The inclusion of
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFED6FDC8FD4F2112" box="[341,655,540,566]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auromaculatum">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFED6FDC8FD4F2112" box="[341,655,540,566]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Scleronema auromaculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a species quite morphologically divergent from all other members of
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFF14FD94FEDA217E" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1917" box="[151,282,576,602]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFF14FD94FEDA217E" box="[151,282,576,602]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Scleronema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in the genus required a new, more comprehensive diagnosis (
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFC5FFD94FB77217E" author="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Sampaio, W. M. S. &amp; Giongo, P. &amp; Almeida, F. B. &amp; Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M." box="[988,1207,576,603]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref29492" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M., Sampaio, W. M. S., Giongo, P., Almeida, F. B., Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M. (2022 a) An enigmatic interstitial trichomycterine catfish from south-eastern Brazil found at about 1000 km away from its sister group (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 297, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2022.02.007" type="journal article" year="2022">
Costa
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFBA5FD95FB98217E" box="[1062,1112,576,602]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
., 2022a
</bibRefCitation>
). The monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFF14FDB0FEDA215A" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1917" box="[151,282,612,638]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFF14FDB0FEDA215A" box="[151,282,612,638]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Scleronema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in an expanded sense (
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFDA1FDB1FD84215A" box="[546,580,613,638]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">i.e.</emphasis>
, including
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFD47FDB0FC50215A" box="[708,912,612,638]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auromaculatum">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFD47FDB0FC50215A" box="[708,912,612,638]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">S. auromaculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) is currently supported by two characters, one of which is the presence of a skin flap on the posterior margin of the opercle (
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFB8DFD5CFB292186" author="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Sampaio, W. M. S. &amp; Giongo, P. &amp; Almeida, F. B. &amp; Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M." box="[1038,1257,648,675]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref29492" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M., Sampaio, W. M. S., Giongo, P., Almeida, F. B., Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M. (2022 a) An enigmatic interstitial trichomycterine catfish from south-eastern Brazil found at about 1000 km away from its sister group (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 297, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2022.02.007" type="journal article" year="2022">
Costa
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFBD4FD5DFB492186" box="[1111,1161,648,674]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
., 2022a
</bibRefCitation>
). This character has been widely and traditionally used to diagnose the genus (
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFCEFFD78FBF921E2" author="Eigenmann, C. H." box="[876,1081,684,710]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="690 - 703" refId="ref30480" refString="Eigenmann, C. H. (1917) Descriptions of sixteen new species of Pygidiidae. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 56 (7), 690 - 703. [https: // www. jstor. org / stable / pdf / 983889. pdf? refreqid = excelsior % 3 A 05 de 781 f 395 a 18 a 712424 e 4 f 830 f 0 a f 8]" type="journal article" year="1917">Eigenmann, 1917</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFBCBFD78FB4321E2" author="Eigenmann, C. H." box="[1096,1155,684,710]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="259 - 398" refId="ref30556" refString="Eigenmann, C. H. (1918) The Pygidiidae, a family of South American catfishes. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum, 7, 259 - 398. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 7314281 # page / 381 / mode / 1 up]" type="journal article" year="1918">1918</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFB12FD78FA8E21E2" author="de Pinna, M. C. C." box="[1169,1358,684,710]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref33219" refString="de Pinna, M. C. C. (1989 a) A new sarcoglanidine catfish, phylogeny of its subfamily, and an appraisal of the phyletic status of the Trichomycterinae (Teleostei, Trichomycteridae). American Museum Novitates, 2950, 1 - 25. [https: // digitallibrary. amnh. org / handle / 2246 / 5105]" type="journal article" year="1989">de Pinna, 1989a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFADEFD78FA5821E2" author="de Pinna, M. C. C." box="[1373,1432,684,710]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="279 - 330" refId="ref33419" refString="de Pinna, M. C. C. (1998) Phylogenetic relationships of Neotropical Siluriformes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi): historical overview and synthesis of hypotheses. In: Malabarba, L. R., Reis, R. E., Vari, R. P., Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S. (Eds.), Phylogeny and classification of Neotropical fishes. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre, pp. 279 - 330." type="book chapter" year="1998">1998</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFF14FD04FEFF21CE" author="Arratia, G." box="[151,319,720,746]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="395 - 403" refId="ref26926" refString="Arratia, G. (1990 a) The South American Trichomycterinae (Teleostei: Siluriformes), a problematic group. In: Petersand, G. &amp; Hutterer, R. (Eds.), International Symposium on Vertebrate Biogeography and Systematics in the Tropics. Alexander Koenig Zoological Research Institute and Zoological Museum, Bonn, pp. 395 - 403." type="book chapter" year="1990">Arratia, 1990a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFECEFD04FDC121CE" author="Wosiacki, W. B." box="[333,513,720,746]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref35335" refString="Wosiacki, W. B. (2002) Estudo das relacles filogeneticas de Trichomycterinae (Teleostei, Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae) com uma proposta de classificacao. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Universidade de S &quot; o Paulo, S &quot; o Paulo, 324 pp." type="book" year="2002">Wosiacki, 2002</bibRefCitation>
; Ferrrer &amp; Malabarba, 2020) and is conspicuously present in
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFB4FFD04FA5C21CE" authorityName="Bockmann &amp; Ferrer &amp; Rizzato &amp; Esguícero &amp; Duboc &amp; Ingenito" authorityYear="2023" box="[1228,1436,720,746]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carijo">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFB4FFD04FA5C21CE" box="[1228,1436,720,746]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Scleronema carijo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="70CC05BD6C61FF9DFF1CFD20FECB202A" box="[159,267,756,782]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="5.[151,250,1953,1977]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,250,1905,1929]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,1206,1927]" captionTargetBox-1="[153,1423,419,1877]" captionTargetId-0="figure-550@5.[151,1436,1206,1927]" captionTargetId-1="figure-140@7.[151,1435,417,1882]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Scleronema carijo, new species, LIRP 16930, 37.2 mm SL, holotype, in left lateral (above) and dorsal view. Scale bar = 5 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Anterior body region of Scleronema carijo, new species, LIRP 16930, 37.2 mm SL, holotype, in dorsal view.Arrow points to skin fold on the posterodorsal surface of the maxillary-barbel base.Abbreviations: io10–11 = infraorbital laterosensory pores 10 and 11; ll1–2 = trunk lateral line pores 1 and 2; po1–2 = postorbital laterosensory pores 1 and 2; so4 = supraorbital laterosensory pore 4; so6 = supraorbital laterosensory pore 6 (epiphyseal). Scale bar = 3 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7989231" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7989233" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7989231/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7989233/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Figs. 1–2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E84819386C61FF9DFF44FCCCFAEB279B" blockId="31.[151,1437,540,2043]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
The second character was proposed by
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFD09FCCCFCAD2016" author="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Sampaio, W. M. S. &amp; Giongo, P. &amp; Almeida, F. B. &amp; Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M." box="[650,877,792,819]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref29492" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M., Sampaio, W. M. S., Giongo, P., Almeida, F. B., Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M. (2022 a) An enigmatic interstitial trichomycterine catfish from south-eastern Brazil found at about 1000 km away from its sister group (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 297, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2022.02.007" type="journal article" year="2022">
Costa
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFD50FCCDFCC62016" box="[723,774,792,818]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
. (2022a)
</bibRefCitation>
as an osteological synapomorphy of
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFA9AFCCCFA5C2016" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1917" box="[1305,1436,792,818]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFA9AFCCCFA5C2016" box="[1305,1436,792,818]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Scleronema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in their expanded sense: the anterior portion of the contralateral frontals medially separated from each other by a broad interspace, as illustrated for
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFDA7FCB4FD32205E" box="[548,754,864,890]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auromaculatum">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFDA7FCB4FD32205E" box="[548,754,864,890]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">S. auromaculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFC81FCB4FBCA205E" author="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Sampaio, W. M. S. &amp; Giongo, P. &amp; Almeida, F. B. &amp; Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M." box="[770,1034,864,891]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref29492" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M., Sampaio, W. M. S., Giongo, P., Almeida, F. B., Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M. (2022 a) An enigmatic interstitial trichomycterine catfish from south-eastern Brazil found at about 1000 km away from its sister group (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 297, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2022.02.007" type="journal article" year="2022">
Costa
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFCCEFCB5FC40205E" box="[845,896,864,890]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
., 2022a: 91
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 5a) and
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFB26FCB4FA5C205E" authorityName="Ferrer &amp; Malabarba" authorityYear="2020" box="[1189,1436,864,890]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guapa">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFB26FCB4FAE8205E" box="[1189,1320,864,890]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Scleronema</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFAD5FCB5FA5C205E" box="[1366,1436,865,890]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">guapa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFF1CFC50FE6820BA" author="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Sampaio, W. M. S. &amp; Giongo, P. &amp; Almeida, F. B. &amp; Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M." box="[159,424,900,927]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref29492" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M., Sampaio, W. M. S., Giongo, P., Almeida, F. B., Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M. (2022 a) An enigmatic interstitial trichomycterine catfish from south-eastern Brazil found at about 1000 km away from its sister group (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 297, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2022.02.007" type="journal article" year="2022">
Costa
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFF69FC51FEDD20BA" box="[234,285,900,926]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
., 2022a: 91
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 5d). The plesiomorphic state, the anterior portion of the frontals near or contacting medially, would be present, according to
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFDE1FC7CFC8120E6" author="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Sampaio, W. M. S. &amp; Giongo, P. &amp; Almeida, F. B. &amp; Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M." box="[610,833,936,963]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref29492" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M., Sampaio, W. M. S., Giongo, P., Almeida, F. B., Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M. (2022 a) An enigmatic interstitial trichomycterine catfish from south-eastern Brazil found at about 1000 km away from its sister group (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 297, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2022.02.007" type="journal article" year="2022">
Costa
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFD2AFC7DFD1A20E6" box="[681,730,936,962]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
. (2022a)
</bibRefCitation>
, in all members of
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFB95FC7CFEDC20C2" authority="Katz, Barbosa, Mattos &amp; Costa, 2018" authorityName="Katz, Barbosa, Mattos &amp; Costa" authorityYear="2018" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Cambeva" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFB95FC7CFB4020E6" box="[1046,1152,936,962]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Cambeva</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFB05FC7DFEDC20C2" author="Katz, A. M. &amp; Barbosa, M. A. &amp; Mattos, J. L. O. &amp; Costa, W. J. E. M." pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="557 - 566" refId="ref31778" refString="Katz, A. M., Barbosa, M. A., Mattos, J. L. O., Costa, W. J. E. M. (2018) Multigene analysis of the catfish genus Trichomycterus and description of a new South American trichomycterine genus (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae). Zoosystematics and Evolution, 94 (2), 557 - 566. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zse. 94.29872" type="journal article" year="2018">Katz, Barbosa, Mattos &amp; Costa, 2018</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFED3FC18FE3E20C2" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1832" box="[336,510,972,998]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Trichomycterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFED3FC18FE3E20C2" box="[336,510,972,998]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Trichomycterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, genera that form with
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFC83FC18FC4320C2" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1917" box="[768,899,972,998]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFC83FC18FC4320C2" box="[768,899,972,998]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Scleronema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the so-called CST-clade (
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFB1CFC18FAB320C2" author="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Sampaio, W. M. S. &amp; Giongo, P. &amp; Almeida, F. B. &amp; Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M." box="[1183,1395,972,999]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref29492" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M., Sampaio, W. M. S., Giongo, P., Almeida, F. B., Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M. (2022 a) An enigmatic interstitial trichomycterine catfish from south-eastern Brazil found at about 1000 km away from its sister group (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 297, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2022.02.007" type="journal article" year="2022">
Costa
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFB65FC19FAD620C2" box="[1254,1302,972,998]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
., 2022a
</bibRefCitation>
), as well as in all other trichomycterines. However,
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFD2EFC24FCCD272E" authorityName="Bockmann &amp; Ferrer &amp; Rizzato &amp; Esguícero &amp; Duboc &amp; Ingenito" authorityYear="2023" box="[685,781,1008,1034]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carijo">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFD2EFC24FCCD272E" box="[685,781,1008,1034]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">S. carijo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not display the apomorphic state; on the contrary, its frontals are in close contact anteriorly, except for a short and narrow anterior region (
<figureCitation id="70CC05BD6C61FF9DFBBCFBC0FB4C270A" box="[1087,1164,1044,1070]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1752,1776]" captionTargetBox="[272,1314,182,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-30@10.[271,1315,181,1728]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Skull, Weberian capsule, and premaxilla-maxilla-autopalatine complex of Scleronema carijo, new species, LIRP 16931, 30.3 mm SL, paratype (c&amp;s), in dorsal view. Abbreviations: acf = anterior cranial fontanel; ao = antorbital; ap = autopalatine; cmx = coronomaxillar cartilage; eb = epiphyseal bar; eo = epioccipital; fr = frontal; io10–11 = infraorbital laterosensory pores 10 and 11; le = lateral ethmoid; ll1–2 = trunk lateral line pores 1 and 2; llo = lateral line tubular ossicle; me = mesethmoid; mx = maxilla; pcf = posterior cranial fontanel; pmx = premaxilla; po1–2 = postorbital laterosensory pores 1 and 2; pt = pterotic; pte-sc = posttemporo-supracleithrum; so4 = supraorbital laterosensory pore 4; so6 = supraorbital laterosensory pore 6 (epiphyseal); sp+po+ps = complex bone formed by sphenotic, prootic, and pterosphenoid; ss = sesamoid supraorbital (= barbular of de Pinna et al., 2020); su = supraoccipital; wc = Weberian capsule. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7989235" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7989235/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="70CC05BD6C61FF9DFB1BFBC0FB7E270A" box="[1176,1214,1044,1070]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1717,1741]" captionTargetBox="[311,1276,181,1693]" captionTargetId="figure-19@11.[311,1276,181,1693]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Tridimensional model of the skull, Weberian capsule, and right premaxilla-maxilla-autopalatine complex of Scleronema carijo, new species, LIRP 16930, 37.2 mm SL, holotype. A. dorsal view; B. left lateral view; C. ventral view. Shaded region on the left edge of the skull in dorsal view (A) represents the course of the supraorbital, otic, and postotic laterosensory canals. Abbreviations: acf = anterior cranial fontanel; ao = antorbital; ap = autopalatine; bo+ex = complex bone formed by basioccipital plus exoccipital; eb = epiphyseal bar; eo = epioccipital; fr = frontal; le = lateral ethmoid; llo = lateral line ossicle; me = mesethmoid; mx = maxilla; of = orbital foramen; os = orbitosphenoid; pa = parasphenoid; pcf = posterior cranial fontanel; pmx = premaxilla; pt = pterotic; pte-sc = posttemporo-supracleithrum; sp+po+ps = complex bone formed by sphenotic, prootic, and pterosphenoid; ss = sesamoid supraorbital (= barbular of de Pinna et al., 2020); su = supraoccipital; tff = trigeminofacial foramen; vo = vomer; wc = Weberian capsule. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7989237" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7989237/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">4A</figureCitation>
). Furthermore, such a presumably plesiomorphic condition can also be observed in all other species of
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFBB9FBECFB7D2776" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1917" box="[1082,1213,1080,1106]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFBB9FBECFB7D2776" box="[1082,1213,1080,1106]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Scleronema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFB4EFBECFF042752" author="Eigenmann, C. H." pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="259 - 398" refId="ref30556" refString="Eigenmann, C. H. (1918) The Pygidiidae, a family of South American catfishes. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum, 7, 259 - 398. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 7314281 # page / 381 / mode / 1 up]" type="journal article" year="1918">Eigenmann, 1918: 282</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 2d; and
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFED5FB89FD932752" author="Ferrer, J." box="[342,595,1116,1143]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref30809" refString="Ferrer, J. (2016) Filogenia e revisao taxonomica do genero Scleronema (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 249 pp." type="book" year="2016">Ferrer, 2016: 171–172</bibRefCitation>
, figs. 10–11, for some examples). Therefore, it is necessary to properly and thoroughly reevaluate the definition of this character and its distribution both within
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFBD3FB54FB1327BE" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1917" box="[1104,1235,1152,1178]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFBD3FB54FB1327BE" box="[1104,1235,1152,1178]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Scleronema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as well as among other members of
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFEE0FB70FDE9279A" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1858" box="[355,553,1188,1214]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Trichomycterinae">Trichomycterinae</taxonomicName>
to corroborate its value as a potential synapomorphy of
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFB22FB70FAE4279A" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1917" box="[1185,1316,1188,1214]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFB22FB70FAE4279A" box="[1185,1316,1188,1214]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Scleronema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E84819386C61FF9DFF44FB1DFB4724DE" blockId="31.[151,1437,540,2043]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
Here we propose a new putative synapomorphy for
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFC94FB1CFC5A27C6" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1917" box="[791,922,1224,1250]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFC94FB1CFC5A27C6" box="[791,922,1224,1250]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Scleronema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFB9FFB1CFB2927C6" box="[1052,1257,1224,1250]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auromaculatum">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFB9FFB1CFB2927C6" box="[1052,1257,1224,1250]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">S. auromaculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which, despite being easily observed externally, has been neglected so far: the presence of a more or less developed but distinctive adipose fin posterior to the dorsal fin, confluent posteriorly with the dorsal lobe of the caudal fin. This character is unequivocally present in
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFE4DFAE0FD5C266A" authorityName="Bockmann &amp; Ferrer &amp; Rizzato &amp; Esguícero &amp; Duboc &amp; Ingenito" authorityYear="2023" box="[462,668,1332,1358]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carijo">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFE4DFAE0FD5C266A" box="[462,668,1332,1358]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Scleronema carijo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="70CC05BD6C61FF9DFD28FAE0FD39266A" box="[683,761,1332,1358]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1953,1977]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1206,1927]" captionTargetId="figure-550@5.[151,1436,1206,1927]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Scleronema carijo, new species, LIRP 16930, 37.2 mm SL, holotype, in left lateral (above) and dorsal view. Scale bar = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7989231" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7989231/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="70CC05BD6C61FF9DFC8BFAE0FC91266B" box="[776,849,1332,1359]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 15" captionStart-1="FIGURE 16" captionStartId-0="23.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionStartId-1="24.[151,250,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox-0="[217,1370,250,1914]" captionTargetBox-1="[276,1310,212,1811]" captionTargetId-0="figure-19@23.[217,1371,181,1919]" captionTargetId-1="figure-30@24.[276,1310,181,1815]" captionTargetPageId-0="23" captionTargetPageId-1="24" captionText-0="FIGURE 15. Radiographs of the dorsal- and anal-fin skeletons of Scleronema carijo, new species: A. LIRP 16930, 37.2 mm SL, holotype; B. LIRP 16931, 34.8 mm SL, paratype. Arrows point to first and last dorsal-fin basal radials. Abbreviation: af = adipose fin. Scale bars = 3 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 16. Radiographs of the caudal-fin skeleton of Scleronema carijo, new species: A. LIRP 16931, 36.2 mm SL, paratype; B. MNHCI 10220, 39.2 mm SL, paratype. Abbreviations: af = adipose fin; ep = epural; ha+has = complex hypurapophysis composed of hypurapophysis (ha) and secondary hypurapophysis (has); hu3+hu4+hu5 = dorsal complex caudal plate formed by co-ossification of hypurals 3, 4 and 5; ph+hu1+hu2 = ventral complex caudal plate formed by co-ossification of hypurals 1 and 2 and parhypural; pu1+u1 = complex caudal centrum composed of preural centrum 1 and ural centrum 1; pu2 = preural centrum 2; ur = uroneural. Scale bars = 2 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7989263" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7989265" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7989263/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7989265/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">15–16</figureCitation>
), as well as in all other species of the genus (
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFAD3FAE0FF132656" author="Ferrer, J." pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref30809" refString="Ferrer, J. (2016) Filogenia e revisao taxonomica do genero Scleronema (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 249 pp." type="book" year="2016">Ferrer, 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFF61FA8DFDD92656" author="Ferrer, J. &amp; Malabarba, L. R." box="[226,537,1368,1395]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="190081" refId="ref31033" refString="Ferrer, J. &amp; Malabarba, L. R. (2020) Systematic revision of the Neotropical catfish genus Scleronema (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), with descriptions of six new species from Pampa grasslands. Neotropical Ichthyology, 18 (2), e 190081. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1982 - 0224 - 2019 - 0081" type="journal article" year="2020">Ferrer &amp; Malabarba, 2020</bibRefCitation>
), including in the recently described
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFC52FA8CFB612656" box="[977,1185,1368,1394]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auromaculatum">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFC52FA8CFB612656" box="[977,1185,1368,1394]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">S. auromaculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFB37FA8CFF2026B2" author="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Sampaio, W. M. S. &amp; Giongo, P. &amp; Almeida, F. B. &amp; Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M." pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref29492" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M., Sampaio, W. M. S., Giongo, P., Almeida, F. B., Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M. (2022 a) An enigmatic interstitial trichomycterine catfish from south-eastern Brazil found at about 1000 km away from its sister group (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 297, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2022.02.007" type="journal article" year="2022">
Costa
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFA82FA8DFAF72656" box="[1281,1335,1368,1394]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
., 2022a: 89–90
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 2a, 4). This character is also homoplastically present, among trichomycterids, in some members of
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFF14FA74FE90269E" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1944" box="[151,336,1440,1466]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Glanapteryginae">Glanapteryginae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFEE7FA74FD4D269E" authority="Myers, 1944" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1944" box="[356,653,1440,1467]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Pygidianops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFEE7FA74FE30269E" box="[356,496,1440,1466]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Pygidianops</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFE78FA75FD4D269E" author="Myers, G. S." box="[507,653,1440,1467]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="591 - 602" refId="ref32559" refString="Myers, G. S. (1944) Two extraordinary new blind nematognath fishes from the Rio Negro, representing a new subfamily of Pygidiidae, with a rearrangement of the genera of the family, and illustrations of some previously described genera and species from Venezuela and Brazil. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 23 (40), 591 - 602. https: // biostor. org / reference / 144041" type="journal article" year="1944">Myers, 1944</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFD48FA74FC31269E" authority="Myers, 1944" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1944" box="[715,1009,1440,1467]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Typhlobelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFD48FA74FC92269E" box="[715,850,1440,1466]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Typhlobelus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFCDFFA75FC31269E" author="Myers, G. S." box="[860,1009,1440,1467]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="591 - 602" refId="ref32559" refString="Myers, G. S. (1944) Two extraordinary new blind nematognath fishes from the Rio Negro, representing a new subfamily of Pygidiidae, with a rearrangement of the genera of the family, and illustrations of some previously described genera and species from Venezuela and Brazil. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 23 (40), 591 - 602. https: // biostor. org / reference / 144041" type="journal article" year="1944">Myers, 1944</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFB83FA75FB55269E" author="Myers, G. S." box="[1024,1173,1440,1467]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="591 - 602" refId="ref32559" refString="Myers, G. S. (1944) Two extraordinary new blind nematognath fishes from the Rio Negro, representing a new subfamily of Pygidiidae, with a rearrangement of the genera of the family, and illustrations of some previously described genera and species from Venezuela and Brazil. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 23 (40), 591 - 602. https: // biostor. org / reference / 144041" type="journal article" year="1944">Myers, 1944</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFB27FA74FAA1269E" author="de Pinna, M. C. C." box="[1188,1377,1440,1466]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref33219" refString="de Pinna, M. C. C. (1989 a) A new sarcoglanidine catfish, phylogeny of its subfamily, and an appraisal of the phyletic status of the Trichomycterinae (Teleostei, Trichomycteridae). American Museum Novitates, 2950, 1 - 25. [https: // digitallibrary. amnh. org / handle / 2246 / 5105]" type="journal article" year="1989">de Pinna, 1989a</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFF14FA10FE8B26FA" authorityName="Myers &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1966" box="[151,331,1476,1502]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sarcoglanidinae">Sarcoglanidinae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFED8FA10FCDE26FA" authority="Myers &amp; Weitzman, 1966" authorityName="Myers &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1966" box="[347,798,1476,1503]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Malacoglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFED8FA10FE3526FA" box="[347,501,1476,1502]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Malacoglanis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFE78FA11FCDE26FA" author="Myers, G. S. &amp; Weitzman, S. H." box="[507,798,1476,1503]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="277 - 287" refId="ref32637" refString="Myers, G. S. &amp; Weitzman, S. H. (1966) Two remarkable new trichomycterid catfishes from the Amazon basin in Brazil and Colombia. Journal of Zoology, 149 (3), 277 - 287. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1966. tb 04049. x" type="journal article" year="1966">Myers &amp; Weitzman, 1966</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFCABFA10FB1526FA" authority="Myers &amp; Weitzman, 1966" authorityName="Myers &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1966" box="[808,1237,1476,1503]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Sarcoglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFCABFA10FC6D26FA" box="[808,941,1476,1502]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Sarcoglanis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFC30FA11FB1526FA" author="Myers, G. S. &amp; Weitzman, S. H." box="[947,1237,1476,1503]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="277 - 287" refId="ref32637" refString="Myers, G. S. &amp; Weitzman, S. H. (1966) Two remarkable new trichomycterid catfishes from the Amazon basin in Brazil and Colombia. Journal of Zoology, 149 (3), 277 - 287. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1966. tb 04049. x" type="journal article" year="1966">Myers &amp; Weitzman, 1966</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFA8DFA10FE832526" authority="de Pinna, 1989" authorityName="de Pinna" authorityYear="1989" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Stauroglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFA8DFA10FA5C26FA" box="[1294,1436,1476,1502]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Stauroglanis</emphasis>
de Pinna, 1989
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFED3FA3DFDB72526" author="Myers, G. S. &amp; Weitzman, S. H." box="[336,631,1512,1539]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="277 - 287" refId="ref32637" refString="Myers, G. S. &amp; Weitzman, S. H. (1966) Two remarkable new trichomycterid catfishes from the Amazon basin in Brazil and Colombia. Journal of Zoology, 149 (3), 277 - 287. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1966. tb 04049. x" type="journal article" year="1966">Myers &amp; Weitzman, 1966</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFD00FA3CFCFC2526" author="de Pinna, M. C. C." box="[643,828,1512,1538]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref33219" refString="de Pinna, M. C. C. (1989 a) A new sarcoglanidine catfish, phylogeny of its subfamily, and an appraisal of the phyletic status of the Trichomycterinae (Teleostei, Trichomycteridae). American Museum Novitates, 2950, 1 - 25. [https: // digitallibrary. amnh. org / handle / 2246 / 5105]" type="journal article" year="1989">de Pinna, 1989a</bibRefCitation>
), and in all species of the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFB58FA3CFA5C2526" authorityName="de Pinna" authorityYear="1992" box="[1243,1436,1512,1538]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Copionodontinae">Copionodontinae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFF1CF9D8FE8A2502" author="de Pinna, M. C. C." box="[159,330,1548,1574]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="175 - 229" refId="ref33345" refString="de Pinna, M. C. C. (1992) A new subfamily of Trichomycteridae (Teleostei, Siluriformes), lower loricarioid relationships and a discussion on the impact of additional taxa for phylogenetic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 106 (3), 175 - 229. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1992. tb 01247. x" type="journal article" year="1992">de Pinna, 1992</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFED5F9D8FD812502" author="de Pinna, M. C. C. &amp; Reis, V. &amp; Zanata, A." box="[342,577,1548,1575]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="180049" refId="ref33512" refString="de Pinna, M. C. C., Abrah &quot; o, V., Reis, V. &amp; Zanata, A. (2018) A new species of Copionodon representing a relictual occurrence of the Copionodontinae (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), with a CT-scan imaging survey of key subfamilial features. Neotropical Ichthyology, 16 (4), e 180049. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1982 - 0224 - 20180049" type="journal article" year="2018">
de Pinna
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFE3DF9D9FE2F2502" box="[446,495,1548,1574]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
., 2018
</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFDD0F9D8FC852503" author="Schaefer, S. A. &amp; Provenzano, F. &amp; de Pinna, M. C. C. &amp; Baskin, J. N." box="[595,837,1548,1575]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 27" refId="ref34884" refString="Schaefer, S. A., Provenzano, F., de Pinna, M. C. C. &amp; Baskin, J. N. (2005) New and noteworthy Venezuelan glanapterygine catfishes (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae), with discussion of their biogeography and psammophily. American Museum Novitates, 3496, 1 - 27. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0082 (2005) 496 [0001: NANVGC] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2005">
Schaefer
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFD38F9D9FD342502" box="[699,756,1548,1574]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
(2005)
</bibRefCitation>
treated this structure in
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFBD0F9D8FB1F2502" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1944" box="[1107,1247,1548,1574]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Pygidianops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFBD0F9D8FB1F2502" box="[1107,1247,1548,1574]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Pygidianops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFA96F9D8FA5C2502" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1944" box="[1301,1436,1548,1574]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Typhlobelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFA96F9D8FA5C2502" box="[1301,1436,1548,1574]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Typhlobelus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as part of a dorsal fin-fold that extends from the head to the dorsal margin of the caudal fin. As the adipose fin is a remnant of the larval dorsal fin-fold, there is no reason to reject an initial homology statement between these fins in
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFF14F9ACFE9025B6" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1944" box="[151,336,1656,1682]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Glanapteryginae">Glanapteryginae</taxonomicName>
and other trichomycterids on a structural basis (
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFCEBF9ACFBE025B6" author="de Pinna, M. C. C." box="[872,1056,1656,1682]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref33219" refString="de Pinna, M. C. C. (1989 a) A new sarcoglanidine catfish, phylogeny of its subfamily, and an appraisal of the phyletic status of the Trichomycterinae (Teleostei, Trichomycteridae). American Museum Novitates, 2950, 1 - 25. [https: // digitallibrary. amnh. org / handle / 2246 / 5105]" type="journal article" year="1989">de Pinna, 1989a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFBA9F9ACFAC625B6" author="Rizzato, P. P. &amp; Costa Jr., E. P. D. &amp; Trajano, E. &amp; Bichuette, M. E." box="[1066,1286,1656,1683]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="477 - 491" refId="ref34548" refString="Rizzato, P. P., Costa Jr., E. P. D., Trajano, E. &amp; Bichuette, M. E. (2011) Trichomycterus dali: a new highly troglomorphic catfish (Silurifomes: Trichomycteridae) from Serra da Bodoquena, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Central Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 9 (3), 477 - 491. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252011000300003" type="journal article" year="2011">
Rizzato
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFB05F9ADFB7725B6" box="[1158,1207,1656,1682]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
., 2011
</bibRefCitation>
), although its occurrence in those taxa is homoplastic in relation to
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFD79F948FCBD2592" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1917" box="[762,893,1692,1718]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFD79F948FCBD2592" box="[762,893,1692,1718]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Scleronema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, considering the phylogenetic distance between these taxa. Within
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFEF1F914FDFB25FE" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1858" box="[370,571,1728,1754]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Trichomycterinae">Trichomycterinae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFDC9F914FC1025FE" authority="(Costa, 1992)" baseAuthorityName="Costa" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[586,976,1728,1754]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Cambeva" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variegata">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFDC9F914FCE925FE" box="[586,809,1728,1754]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Cambeva variegata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFCBFF914FC0825FE" author="Costa, W. J. E. M." box="[828,968,1728,1754]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="101 - 110" refId="ref28457" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M. (1992) Description de huit nouvelles especes du genre Trichomycterus (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), du Bresil oriental. Revue Francaise d'Aquariologie Herpetologie, 18 (4), 101 - 110." type="journal article" year="1992">Costa, 1992</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFB8DF914FAA525FE" authorityName="Reis, de Pinna &amp; Pessali" authorityYear="2019" box="[1038,1381,1728,1754]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Trichomycterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="astromycterus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFB8DF914FAA525FE" box="[1038,1381,1728,1754]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Trichomycterus astromycterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also have a vestigial adipose fin (
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFE69F930FD7325DA" author="Costa, W. J. E. M." box="[490,691,1764,1790]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="101 - 110" refId="ref28457" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M. (1992) Description de huit nouvelles especes du genre Trichomycterus (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), du Bresil oriental. Revue Francaise d'Aquariologie Herpetologie, 18 (4), 101 - 110." type="journal article" year="1992">Costa, 1992: 104</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 3;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFC97F930FC1B25DA" author="Reis, V. J. C. &amp; de Pinna, M. C. C. &amp; Pessali, T. C." box="[788,987,1764,1791]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="918 - 931" refId="ref34341" refString="Reis, V. J. C., de Pinna, M. C. C. &amp; Pessali, T. C. (2019) A new species of Trichomycterus Valenciennes 1832 (Trichomycteridae: Siluriformes) from the Rio Doce drainage with remarkable similarities with Bullockia and a CT-scan survey. Journal of Fish Biology, 95 (3), 918 - 931. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jfb. 14089" type="journal article" year="2019">
Reis
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFCD2F931FC4625DA" box="[849,902,1764,1790]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
., 2019
</bibRefCitation>
), possibly as independent acquisitions, considering the phylogenies that include these species (
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFC8AF8DCFC0A2406" author="Katz, A. M. &amp; Barbosa, M. A. &amp; Mattos, J. L. O. &amp; Costa, W. J. E. M." box="[777,970,1800,1827]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="557 - 566" refId="ref31778" refString="Katz, A. M., Barbosa, M. A., Mattos, J. L. O., Costa, W. J. E. M. (2018) Multigene analysis of the catfish genus Trichomycterus and description of a new South American trichomycterine genus (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae). Zoosystematics and Evolution, 94 (2), 557 - 566. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zse. 94.29872" type="journal article" year="2018">
Katz
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFCC4F8DDFCB92406" box="[839,889,1800,1826]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
., 2018
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFC55F8DCFBA02406" author="Costa, W. J. E. M." box="[982,1120,1800,1826]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="160 - 191" refId="ref28502" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M. (2021) Comparative osteology, phylogeny and classification of the Eastern South American catfish genus Trichomycterus (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Taxonomy, 1, 160 - 191. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / taxonomy 1020013" type="journal article" year="2021">Costa, 2021</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFBEEF8DCFAB22406" author="Reis, V. J. C. &amp; de Pinna, M. C. C." box="[1133,1394,1800,1826]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="344 - 441" refId="ref34265" refString="Reis, V. J. C. &amp; de Pinna, M. C. C. (2022) Diversity and systematics of Trichomycterus Valenciennes 1832 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) in the Rio Doce Basin: iterating DNA, phylogeny and classical taxonomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 197 (2), 344 - 441. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlac 018" type="journal article" year="2022">Reis &amp; de Pinna, 2022</bibRefCitation>
). In addition,
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFE80F8F8FD872462" authority="Rizzato" authorityName="Rizzato" box="[259,583,1836,1862]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Trichomycterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dali">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFE80F8F8FE272462" box="[259,487,1836,1862]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Trichomycterus dali</emphasis>
Rizzato
</taxonomicName>
, Costa-Jr., Trajano &amp; Bichuette, 2011, a highly troglomorphic species that inhabit caves in the Serra da Bodoquena region in
<collectingCountry id="90E059A86C61FF9DFD62F884FCE8244E" box="[737,808,1872,1898]" name="Brazil" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, also exhibits a well-developed adipose dorsal fin-fold extending along the entire dorsal profile of the trunk and confluent with the caudal fin, the posterior part of which (
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFF22F84DFF032496" box="[161,195,1945,1970]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">i.e.</emphasis>
, posterior to the dorsal fin) is homologous to the adipose fin (
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFC0DF84CFB6D2496" author="Rizzato, P. P. &amp; Costa Jr., E. P. D. &amp; Trajano, E. &amp; Bichuette, M. E." box="[910,1197,1944,1971]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="477 - 491" refId="ref34548" refString="Rizzato, P. P., Costa Jr., E. P. D., Trajano, E. &amp; Bichuette, M. E. (2011) Trichomycterus dali: a new highly troglomorphic catfish (Silurifomes: Trichomycteridae) from Serra da Bodoquena, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Central Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 9 (3), 477 - 491. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252011000300003" type="journal article" year="2011">
Rizzato
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFC6CF84DFBE22496" box="[1007,1058,1944,1970]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
., 2011: 480
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 2, 486, fig. 12).
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C61FF9DFF14F868FEBE24F2" author="Rizzato, P. P. &amp; Costa Jr., E. P. D. &amp; Trajano, E. &amp; Bichuette, M. E." box="[151,382,1980,2007]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="477 - 491" refId="ref34548" refString="Rizzato, P. P., Costa Jr., E. P. D., Trajano, E. &amp; Bichuette, M. E. (2011) Trichomycterus dali: a new highly troglomorphic catfish (Silurifomes: Trichomycteridae) from Serra da Bodoquena, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Central Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 9 (3), 477 - 491. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252011000300003" type="journal article" year="2011">
Rizzato
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFF77F869FEE624F2" box="[244,294,1980,2006]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
. (2011)
</bibRefCitation>
hypothesized that the presence of this character in
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFC43F869FBC824F2" box="[960,1032,1980,2006]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Trichomycterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dali">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C61FF9DFC43F869FBC824F2" box="[960,1032,1980,2006]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">T. dali</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is related to its subterranean habits, therefore, it probably also represents an independent acquisition within
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C61FF9DFC3AF834FB4324DE" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1858" box="[953,1155,2016,2042]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Trichomycterinae">Trichomycterinae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E84819386C5EFFA2FF44FF43FDBB22AD" blockId="32.[151,1436,151,393]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
The monophyly of the genus
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FD99FF43FD5D2395" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1917" box="[538,669,151,177]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FD99FF43FD5D2395" box="[538,669,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Scleronema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, therefore, can be supported by these two synapomorphies: (1) the presence of a skin flap on the posterior margin of the opercle, and (2) the presence of a distinct adipose fin posteriorly confluent with the dorsal fold of the caudal fin. The former is exclusive of
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FC6EFF0BFBB023DD" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1917" box="[1005,1136,223,249]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FC6EFF0BFBB023DD" box="[1005,1136,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Scleronema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and has been traditionally used to diagnose the genus (
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FE6BFED7FD772239" author="Eigenmann, C. H." box="[488,695,259,285]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="690 - 703" refId="ref30480" refString="Eigenmann, C. H. (1917) Descriptions of sixteen new species of Pygidiidae. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 56 (7), 690 - 703. [https: // www. jstor. org / stable / pdf / 983889. pdf? refreqid = excelsior % 3 A 05 de 781 f 395 a 18 a 712424 e 4 f 830 f 0 a f 8]" type="journal article" year="1917">Eigenmann, 1917</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FD45FED7FCC12239" author="Eigenmann, C. H." box="[710,769,259,285]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="259 - 398" refId="ref30556" refString="Eigenmann, C. H. (1918) The Pygidiidae, a family of South American catfishes. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum, 7, 259 - 398. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 7314281 # page / 381 / mode / 1 up]" type="journal article" year="1918">1918</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FC92FED7FC102239" author="de Pinna, M. C. C." box="[785,976,259,285]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref33219" refString="de Pinna, M. C. C. (1989 a) A new sarcoglanidine catfish, phylogeny of its subfamily, and an appraisal of the phyletic status of the Trichomycterinae (Teleostei, Trichomycteridae). American Museum Novitates, 2950, 1 - 25. [https: // digitallibrary. amnh. org / handle / 2246 / 5105]" type="journal article" year="1989">de Pinna, 1989a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FC63FED7FBDB2239" author="de Pinna, M. C. C." box="[992,1051,259,285]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="279 - 330" refId="ref33419" refString="de Pinna, M. C. C. (1998) Phylogenetic relationships of Neotropical Siluriformes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi): historical overview and synthesis of hypotheses. In: Malabarba, L. R., Reis, R. E., Vari, R. P., Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S. (Eds.), Phylogeny and classification of Neotropical fishes. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre, pp. 279 - 330." type="book chapter" year="1998">1998</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FBA9FED7FB132239" author="Arratia, G." box="[1066,1235,259,285]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="395 - 403" refId="ref26926" refString="Arratia, G. (1990 a) The South American Trichomycterinae (Teleostei: Siluriformes), a problematic group. In: Petersand, G. &amp; Hutterer, R. (Eds.), International Symposium on Vertebrate Biogeography and Systematics in the Tropics. Alexander Koenig Zoological Research Institute and Zoological Museum, Bonn, pp. 395 - 403." type="book chapter" year="1990">Arratia, 1990a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FB61FED7FA582239" author="Wosiacki, W. B." box="[1250,1432,259,285]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refId="ref35335" refString="Wosiacki, W. B. (2002) Estudo das relacles filogeneticas de Trichomycterinae (Teleostei, Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae) com uma proposta de classificacao. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Universidade de S &quot; o Paulo, S &quot; o Paulo, 324 pp." type="book" year="2002">Wosiacki, 2002</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FF14FEF3FE7F2265" author="Ferrer, J. &amp; Malabarba, L. R." box="[151,447,295,321]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="190081" refId="ref31033" refString="Ferrer, J. &amp; Malabarba, L. R. (2020) Systematic revision of the Neotropical catfish genus Scleronema (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), with descriptions of six new species from Pampa grasslands. Neotropical Ichthyology, 18 (2), e 190081. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1982 - 0224 - 2019 - 0081" type="journal article" year="2020">Ferrer &amp; Malabarba, 2020</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FE49FEF3FD5F2265" author="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Sampaio, W. M. S. &amp; Giongo, P. &amp; Almeida, F. B. &amp; Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M." box="[458,671,295,321]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref29492" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M., Sampaio, W. M. S., Giongo, P., Almeida, F. B., Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M. (2022 a) An enigmatic interstitial trichomycterine catfish from south-eastern Brazil found at about 1000 km away from its sister group (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 297, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2022.02.007" type="journal article" year="2022">
Costa
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FD92FEF3FD812265" box="[529,577,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
., 2022a
</bibRefCitation>
), while the second represents a new synapomorphy herein proposed, homoplastically shared with only a few other trichomycterines. Based on the presence of these two characters,
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FA04FE9FFF1A22AC" authorityName="Bockmann &amp; Ferrer &amp; Rizzato &amp; Esguícero &amp; Duboc &amp; Ingenito" authorityYear="2023" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carijo">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FA04FE9FFF1A22AC" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">S. carijo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is included in the genus
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FE73FEBBFDB322AD" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1917" box="[496,627,367,393]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FE73FEBBFDB322AD" box="[496,627,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Scleronema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E84819386C5EFFA2FF14FE0EFD6B22D0" blockId="32.[151,683,474,501]" box="[151,683,474,501]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FF14FE0EFD6B22D0" bold="true" box="[151,683,474,501]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FF14FE0EFE1722D1" bold="true" box="[151,471,474,501]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Monophyly of the subgenus</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FE5DFE0EFD6B22D0" authorityYear="2022" box="[478,683,474,500]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Plesioscleronema</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E84819386C5EFFA2FF14FDF7FED42031" blockId="32.[151,1437,547,2013]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FF14FDF7FEBC2119" author="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Sampaio, W. M. S. &amp; Giongo, P. &amp; Almeida, F. B. &amp; Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M." box="[151,380,547,573]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref29492" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M., Sampaio, W. M. S., Giongo, P., Almeida, F. B., Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M. (2022 a) An enigmatic interstitial trichomycterine catfish from south-eastern Brazil found at about 1000 km away from its sister group (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 297, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2022.02.007" type="journal article" year="2022">
Costa
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FF63FDF7FED42119" box="[224,276,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
. (2022a)
</bibRefCitation>
postulated three synapomorphies to support the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FB9DFDF7FB242119" authorityName="Costa, Sampaio, Giongo, de Almeida, Azevedo-Santos &amp; Katz" authorityYear="2022" box="[1054,1252,547,573]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Plesioscleronema">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FB9DFDF7FB242119" box="[1054,1252,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Plesioscleronema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, composed of a single species,
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FEC4FD93FDD62145" box="[327,534,583,609]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auromaculatum">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FEC4FD93FDD62145" box="[327,534,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">S. auromaculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, namely: 1) the presence of an expansion on the posterodorsal portion of the quadrate directed towards a concavity on the anterior outgrowth of the hyomandibula (
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FBEBFDBFFAAA21A1" author="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Sampaio, W. M. S. &amp; Giongo, P. &amp; Almeida, F. B. &amp; Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M." box="[1128,1386,619,645]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref29492" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M., Sampaio, W. M. S., Giongo, P., Almeida, F. B., Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M. (2022 a) An enigmatic interstitial trichomycterine catfish from south-eastern Brazil found at about 1000 km away from its sister group (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 297, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2022.02.007" type="journal article" year="2022">
Costa
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FB32FDBFFB2321A1" box="[1201,1251,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
., 2022a: 91
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 5f); 2) the presence of a broad hemal spine on the preural centrum 2, its width about twice or slightly more than twice the width of the anteriorly adjacent hemal spine (
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FC8FFD67FCEF21E8" box="[780,815,691,716]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">i.e.</emphasis>
, of preural centrum 3;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FBB4FD67FAFA21E9" author="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Sampaio, W. M. S. &amp; Giongo, P. &amp; Almeida, F. B. &amp; Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M." box="[1079,1338,691,717]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref29492" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M., Sampaio, W. M. S., Giongo, P., Almeida, F. B., Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M. (2022 a) An enigmatic interstitial trichomycterine catfish from south-eastern Brazil found at about 1000 km away from its sister group (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 297, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2022.02.007" type="journal article" year="2022">
Costa
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FBFCFD67FB7121E9" box="[1151,1201,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
., 2022a: 91
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 5l); and 3) the uroneural separated from the dorsal hypural plate by a small (
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FC35FD03FC1921D4" box="[950,985,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">i.e.</emphasis>
, narrow) interspace (
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FB47FD03FF752031" author="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Sampaio, W. M. S. &amp; Giongo, P. &amp; Almeida, F. B. &amp; Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M." pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref29492" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M., Sampaio, W. M. S., Giongo, P., Almeida, F. B., Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M. (2022 a) An enigmatic interstitial trichomycterine catfish from south-eastern Brazil found at about 1000 km away from its sister group (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 297, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2022.02.007" type="journal article" year="2022">
Costa
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FA8FFD03FAFC21D5" box="[1292,1340,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
., 2022a: 91
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 5l).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E84819386C5EFFA2FF44FCCBFDC6265D" blockId="32.[151,1437,547,2013]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
The posterodorsal margin of the quadrate of
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FD4BFCCBFCE9201C" authorityName="Bockmann &amp; Ferrer &amp; Rizzato &amp; Esguícero &amp; Duboc &amp; Ingenito" authorityYear="2023" box="[712,809,799,825]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carijo">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FD4BFCCBFCE9201C" box="[712,809,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">S. carijo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="70CC05BD6C5EFFA2FCB9FCCBFC67201D" box="[826,935,799,825]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 8" captionStart-1="FIGURE 9" captionStartId-0="16.[151,250,1730,1754]" captionStartId-1="17.[151,250,1712,1736]" captionTargetBox-0="[184,1402,182,1705]" captionTargetBox-1="[189,1398,181,1688]" captionTargetId-0="figure-30@16.[183,1403,181,1706]" captionTargetId-1="figure-19@17.[189,1398,181,1688]" captionTargetPageId-0="16" captionTargetPageId-1="17" captionText-0="FIGURE 8. Left suspensorium and opercular apparatus of Scleronema carijo, new species, LIRP 16931, 30.3 mm SL, paratype (c&amp;s). A. lateral view; B. mesial view. Abbreviations: hcj = hyomandibular cartilaginous joint for skull; hco = hyomandibular condyle for opercle; hfen = hyomandibular foramen for entrance of the hyomandibular nerve trunk; hfex = hyomandibular foramen for exit of the hyomandibular nerve trunk; hpd = hyomandibular posterodorsal process; hy = hyomandibula; iop = interopercle; mp = metapterygoid; odp = opercular dorsal process for insertion of dilatator operculi and levator operculi; op = opercle; pfen = preopercular foramen for entrance of the cutaneous nerve branch of the external mandibular branch of the facial nerve; pfex1 = first preopercular foramen for exit of the cutaneous nerve branch of the external mandibular branch of the facial nerve; pfex2 = second preopercular foramen for exit of the cutaneous nerve branch of the external mandibular branch of the facial nerve; pop = preopercle; q = quadrate; qac = quadrate articular condyle for anguloarticular. Scale bar= 1 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 9. Tridimensional model of the left suspensorium and opercular apparatus of Scleronema carijo, new species, LIRP 16930, 37.2 mm SL, holotype. A. lateral view; B. mesial view. Abbreviations: hco = hyomandibular condyle for opercle; hfen = hyomandibular foramen for entrance of the hyomandibular nerve trunk; hfex = hyomandibular foramen for exit of the hyomandibular nerve trunk; hj = hyomandibular joint for skull; hpd = hyomandibular posterodorsal process; hy = hyomandibula; iop = interopercle; mp = metapterygoid; odp = opercular dorsal process for insertion of dilatator operculi and levator operculi; op = opercle; pfen = preopercular foramen for entrance of the cutaneous nerve branch of the external mandibular branch of the facial nerve; pfex1 = first preopercular foramen for exit of the cutaneous nerve branch of the external mandibular branch of the facial nerve; pfex2 = second preopercular foramen for exit of the cutaneous nerve branch of the external mandibular branch of the facial nerve; pop = preopercle; q = quadrate; qac = quadrate articular condyle for anguloarticular. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7989245" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7989247" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7989245/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7989247/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Figs. 8–9</figureCitation>
) is mostly smooth, lacking any pronounced processes, running aligned to the correspondingly smooth anterior border of the hyomandibula (
<figureCitation id="70CC05BD6C5EFFA2FB65FC97FA952079" box="[1254,1365,835,861]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 8" captionStart-1="FIGURE 9" captionStartId-0="16.[151,250,1730,1754]" captionStartId-1="17.[151,250,1712,1736]" captionTargetBox-0="[184,1402,182,1705]" captionTargetBox-1="[189,1398,181,1688]" captionTargetId-0="figure-30@16.[183,1403,181,1706]" captionTargetId-1="figure-19@17.[189,1398,181,1688]" captionTargetPageId-0="16" captionTargetPageId-1="17" captionText-0="FIGURE 8. Left suspensorium and opercular apparatus of Scleronema carijo, new species, LIRP 16931, 30.3 mm SL, paratype (c&amp;s). A. lateral view; B. mesial view. Abbreviations: hcj = hyomandibular cartilaginous joint for skull; hco = hyomandibular condyle for opercle; hfen = hyomandibular foramen for entrance of the hyomandibular nerve trunk; hfex = hyomandibular foramen for exit of the hyomandibular nerve trunk; hpd = hyomandibular posterodorsal process; hy = hyomandibula; iop = interopercle; mp = metapterygoid; odp = opercular dorsal process for insertion of dilatator operculi and levator operculi; op = opercle; pfen = preopercular foramen for entrance of the cutaneous nerve branch of the external mandibular branch of the facial nerve; pfex1 = first preopercular foramen for exit of the cutaneous nerve branch of the external mandibular branch of the facial nerve; pfex2 = second preopercular foramen for exit of the cutaneous nerve branch of the external mandibular branch of the facial nerve; pop = preopercle; q = quadrate; qac = quadrate articular condyle for anguloarticular. Scale bar= 1 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 9. Tridimensional model of the left suspensorium and opercular apparatus of Scleronema carijo, new species, LIRP 16930, 37.2 mm SL, holotype. A. lateral view; B. mesial view. Abbreviations: hco = hyomandibular condyle for opercle; hfen = hyomandibular foramen for entrance of the hyomandibular nerve trunk; hfex = hyomandibular foramen for exit of the hyomandibular nerve trunk; hj = hyomandibular joint for skull; hpd = hyomandibular posterodorsal process; hy = hyomandibula; iop = interopercle; mp = metapterygoid; odp = opercular dorsal process for insertion of dilatator operculi and levator operculi; op = opercle; pfen = preopercular foramen for entrance of the cutaneous nerve branch of the external mandibular branch of the facial nerve; pfex1 = first preopercular foramen for exit of the cutaneous nerve branch of the external mandibular branch of the facial nerve; pfex2 = second preopercular foramen for exit of the cutaneous nerve branch of the external mandibular branch of the facial nerve; pop = preopercle; q = quadrate; qac = quadrate articular condyle for anguloarticular. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7989245" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7989247" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7989245/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7989247/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Figs. 8–9</figureCitation>
). This condition, presumably plesiomorphic, is in fact present in all other species of
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FC57FCB3FB9720A5" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1917" box="[980,1111,871,897]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FC57FCB3FB9720A5" box="[980,1111,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Scleronema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
other than
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FB4FFCB3FA5520A5" box="[1228,1429,871,897]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auromaculatum">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FB4FFCB3FA5520A5" box="[1228,1429,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">S. auromaculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, such as illustrated for
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FE11FC5FFDD12080" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[402,529,907,933]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutum">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FE11FC5FFDD12080" box="[402,529,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">S. minutum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FDA2FC5FFD282081" author="Ferrer, J." box="[545,744,907,933]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refId="ref30809" refString="Ferrer, J. (2016) Filogenia e revisao taxonomica do genero Scleronema (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 249 pp." type="book" year="2016">Ferrer, 2016: 177</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 16) and
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FC02FC5FFBEB2081" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1917" box="[897,1067,907,933]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="operculatum">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FC02FC5FFBEB2081" box="[897,1067,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">S. operculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FBB9FC5FFAC22081" author="Ferrer, J." box="[1082,1282,907,933]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refId="ref30809" refString="Ferrer, J. (2016) Filogenia e revisao taxonomica do genero Scleronema (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 249 pp." type="book" year="2016">Ferrer, 2016: 173</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 11;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FAE4FC5FFE9320ED" author="Katz, A. M. &amp; Barbosa, M. A. &amp; Mattos, J. L. O. &amp; Costa, W. J. E. M." pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="557 - 566" refId="ref31778" refString="Katz, A. M., Barbosa, M. A., Mattos, J. L. O., Costa, W. J. E. M. (2018) Multigene analysis of the catfish genus Trichomycterus and description of a new South American trichomycterine genus (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae). Zoosystematics and Evolution, 94 (2), 557 - 566. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zse. 94.29872" type="journal article" year="2018">
Katz
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FF14FC7BFF0920ED" box="[151,201,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
., 2018: 562
</bibRefCitation>
, fig.
<quantity id="2F0FB4DD6C5EFFA2FE0FFC7AFE6B20ED" box="[396,427,942,969]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="g" value="5.0">5g</quantity>
). This character is also present in several other members of
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FBD2FC7BFADA20ED" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1858" box="[1105,1306,943,969]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Trichomycterinae">Trichomycterinae</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FAA5FC7BFA8E20EC" box="[1318,1358,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">e.g.</emphasis>
, in the genera
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FF69FC07FCA020C9" authority="Arratia, Chang, Menu-Marque &amp; Rojas, 1978" authorityName="Arratia, Chang, Menu-Marque &amp; Rojas" authorityYear="1978" box="[234,864,979,1005]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Bullockia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FF69FC07FE9520C9" box="[234,341,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Bullockia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FEDEFC07FCA020C9" author="Arratia, G. &amp; Chang, A. &amp; Menu-Marque, S. &amp; Rojas, G." box="[349,864,979,1005]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="157 - 94" refId="ref27084" refString="Arratia, G., Chang, A., Menu-Marque, S. &amp; Rojas, G. (1978) About Bullockia gen. nov., Trichomycterus mendozensis n. sp. and revision of the family Trichomycteridae (Pisces, Siluriformes). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 13 (3 - 4), 157 - 94. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650527809360539" type="journal article" year="1978">Arratia, Chang, Menu-Marque &amp; Rojas, 1978</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="70CC05BD6C5EFFA2FCF3FC07FC0420C9" box="[880,964,979,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="29.[152,255,1321,1345]" captionTargetBox="[163,1434,454,1296]" captionTargetId="figure-145@29.[151,1435,453,1297]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 21. Left suspensorium and opercular apparatus of Bullockia maldonadoi, LIRP 5947, 45.8 mm SL (c&amp;s), in left lateral view.Abbreviations: hcj = hyomandibular cartilaginous joint for skull; hj = hyomandibular joint for skull; hpd = hyomandibular posterodorsal process; hy = hyomandibula; iop = interopercle; mp = metapterygoid; odp = opercular dorsal process for insertion of dilatator operculi and levator operculi; op = opercle; pfex1 = first preopercular foramen for exit of the cutaneous nerve branch of the external mandibular branch of the facial nerve; pfex2 = second preopercular foramen for exit of the cutaneous nerve branch of the external mandibular branch of the facial nerve; pop = preopercle; q = quadrate; qac = quadrate articular condyle for anguloarticular. Scale bar= 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7989277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7989277/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FC4CFC07FB2120C9" author="Arratia, G. &amp; Chang, A. &amp; Menu-Marque, S. &amp; Rojas, G." box="[975,1249,979,1005]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="157 - 94" refId="ref27084" refString="Arratia, G., Chang, A., Menu-Marque, S. &amp; Rojas, G. (1978) About Bullockia gen. nov., Trichomycterus mendozensis n. sp. and revision of the family Trichomycteridae (Pisces, Siluriformes). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 13 (3 - 4), 157 - 94. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650527809360539" type="journal article" year="1978">
Arratia
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FBA5FC07FB9820C9" box="[1062,1112,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
., 1978: 164
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 2b;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FAC5FC07FEDB2735" author="Arratia, G." pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="193 - 218" refId="ref26992" refString="Arratia, G. (1990 b) Development and diversity of the suspensorium of the trichomycterids and comparison with loricarioids (Teleostei: Siluriformes). Journal of Morphology, 205 (2), 193 - 218. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 1052050208" type="journal article" year="1990">Arratia, 1990b: 204</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 10c;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FE0CFC23FD962735" author="Ferrer, J." box="[399,598,1015,1041]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refId="ref30809" refString="Ferrer, J. (2016) Filogenia e revisao taxonomica do genero Scleronema (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 249 pp." type="book" year="2016">Ferrer, 2016: 176</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 15),
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FD44FC23FCF12735" authorityName="Katz, Barbosa, Mattos &amp; Costa" authorityYear="2018" box="[711,817,1015,1041]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Cambeva" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FD44FC23FCF12735" box="[711,817,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Cambeva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Bockmann
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FC46FC23FC3F2735" box="[965,1023,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
, 2004: 232, fig. 6;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FB5DFC23FF312711" author="Katz, A. M. &amp; Barbosa, M. A." pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="3 - 8" refId="ref31690" refString="Katz, A. M. &amp; Barbosa, M. A. (2014) Re-description of Trichomycterus cubataonis Bizerril, 1994 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from the Cubat &quot; o, river basin, southern Brazil. Vertebrate Zoology, 64 (1), 3 - 8. [https: // www. senckenberg. de / wp-content / uploads / 2019 / 08 / 01 _ vertebrate _ zoology _ 64 - 1 _ barbosa _ 3 - 8. pdf]" type="journal article" year="2014">Katz &amp; Barbosa, 2014: 5</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 3;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FED1FBCFFD952711" author="Katz, A. M. &amp; Barbosa, M. A. &amp; Mattos, J. L. O. &amp; Costa, W. J. E. M." box="[338,597,1050,1077]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="557 - 566" refId="ref31778" refString="Katz, A. M., Barbosa, M. A., Mattos, J. L. O., Costa, W. J. E. M. (2018) Multigene analysis of the catfish genus Trichomycterus and description of a new South American trichomycterine genus (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae). Zoosystematics and Evolution, 94 (2), 557 - 566. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zse. 94.29872" type="journal article" year="2018">
Katz
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FE12FBCFFE062711" box="[401,454,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
., 2018: 562
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 5b, d, f;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FD7EFBCFFC202711" author="Reis, R. B. &amp; Wosiacki, W. B. &amp; Ferrer, J. &amp; Donin, L. M. &amp; Graca, W. J." box="[765,992,1051,1077]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref34177" refString="Reis, R. B., Wosiacki, W. B., Ferrer, J., Donin, L. M. &amp; Graca, W. J. (2023) A new species of Cambeva (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from an area of high anthropogenic impacts in the headwaters of Rio Iguacu, Southern Brazil. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 1 - 11. [published online] https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / cjz- 2022 - 0150" type="book chapter" year="2023">
Reis
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FCBAFBCFFCAD2711" box="[825,877,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
., 2023: 6
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 3b),
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FBD4FBCFFF0F277D" authority="von Humboldt, 1805" authorityName="von Humboldt" authorityYear="1805" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Eremophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FBD4FBCFFB252711" box="[1111,1253,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Eremophilus</emphasis>
von Humboldt, 1805
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FF63FBEBFE05277D" author="Arratia, G." box="[224,453,1087,1113]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="193 - 218" refId="ref26992" refString="Arratia, G. (1990 b) Development and diversity of the suspensorium of the trichomycterids and comparison with loricarioids (Teleostei: Siluriformes). Journal of Morphology, 205 (2), 193 - 218. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 1052050208" type="journal article" year="1990">Arratia, 1990b: 204</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 10b;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FDBEFBEBFCEA277D" author="Wosiacki, W. B." box="[573,810,1087,1113]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refId="ref35335" refString="Wosiacki, W. B. (2002) Estudo das relacles filogeneticas de Trichomycterinae (Teleostei, Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae) com uma proposta de classificacao. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Universidade de S &quot; o Paulo, S &quot; o Paulo, 324 pp." type="book" year="2002">Wosiacki, 2002: 306</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 63),
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FC1EFBEBFB22277D" authority="Eigenmann, 1909" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1909" box="[925,1250,1087,1113]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Hatcheria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FC1EFBEBFBCF277D" box="[925,1039,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Hatcheria</emphasis>
Eigenmann, 1909
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FB73FBEBFEB52759" authority="Costa &amp; Bockmann, 1993" authorityName="Costa &amp; Bockmann" authorityYear="1993" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Ituglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FB73FBEBFA94277D" box="[1264,1364,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Ituglanis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FADFFBEBFEB52759" author="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Bockmann, F. A." pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refId="ref28642" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Bockmann, F. A. (1993) Um noveau genre neotropical de la famille des Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes:" type="book" year="1993">Costa &amp; Bockmann, 1993</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FE07FBB7FD192759" author="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Bockmann, F. A." box="[388,729,1122,1149]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refId="ref28642" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Bockmann, F. A. (1993) Um noveau genre neotropical de la famille des Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes:" type="book" year="1993">Costa &amp; Bockmann, 1993: 45</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 4;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FCB1FBB7FB442759" author="Datovo, A. &amp; Landim, M. I." box="[818,1156,1122,1149]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="455 - 464" refId="ref29963" refString="Datovo, A. &amp; Landim, M. I. (2005) Ituglanis macunaima, a new catfish from the rio Araguaia basin, Brazil (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Neotropical Ichthyology, 3 (4), 455 - 464. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252005000400002" type="journal article" year="2005">Datovo &amp; Landim, 2005: 459</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 4;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FB58FBB7FE8D2785" author="Campos-Paiva, R. M. &amp; Costa, W. J. E. M." pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="53 - 59" refId="ref27850" refString="Campos-Paiva, R. M. &amp; Costa, W. J. E. M. (2007) Ituglanis paraguassuensis sp. n. (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae): a new catfish from the rio Paraguacu, northeastern Brazil. Zootaxa, 1471 (1), 53 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1471.1.5" type="journal article" year="2007">Campos-Paiva &amp; Costa, 2007: 57</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 3;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FE24FB53FCD42785" author="Rizzato, P. P. &amp; Bichuette, M. E." box="[423,788,1158,1185]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="577 - 598" refId="ref34422" refString="Rizzato, P. P. &amp; Bichuette, M. E. (2014) Ituglanis boticario, a new troglomorphic catfish (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from Mambai karst area, central Brazil. Zoologia, 31 (6), 577 - 598. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1984 - 46702014000600006" type="journal article" year="2014">Rizzato &amp; Bichuette, 2014: 585</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 9;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FCEDFB53FB6B2785" author="Mendonca, M. B. &amp; Oyakawa, O. T. &amp; Wosiacki, W. B." box="[878,1195,1159,1185]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="473 - 488" refId="ref32300" refString="Mendonca, M. B., Oyakawa, O. T. &amp; Wosiacki, W. B. (2018) A new species of Ituglanis Costa &amp; Bockmann, 1993 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from Rio Ribeira de Iguape and upper Rio Tiete basins, southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa, 4504 (4), 473 - 488. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4504.4.2" type="journal article" year="2018">
Mendonça
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FC6EFB53FBDF2785" box="[1005,1055,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
., 2018: 478
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 4),
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FA8EFB53FEEB27E1" authority="Arratia, 1998" authorityName="Arratia" authorityYear="1998" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Silvinichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FA8EFB53FA5C2785" box="[1293,1436,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Silvinichthys</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FF14FB7FFEEB27E1" author="Arratia, G." box="[151,299,1195,1221]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="347 - 370" refId="ref27044" refString="Arratia, G. (1998) Silvinichthys, a new genus of trichomycterid catfishes from the Argentinian Andes, with redescription of Trichomycterus nigricans. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 9 (4), 347 - 370." type="journal article" year="1998">Arratia, 1998</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FEBBFB7FFDC227E1" author="Arratia, G." box="[312,514,1195,1221]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="347 - 370" refId="ref27044" refString="Arratia, G. (1998) Silvinichthys, a new genus of trichomycterid catfishes from the Argentinian Andes, with redescription of Trichomycterus nigricans. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 9 (4), 347 - 370." type="journal article" year="1998">Arratia, 1998:360</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 8b), and
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FD1BFB7FFC8627E1" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1832" box="[664,838,1195,1221]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Trichomycterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FD1BFB7FFC8627E1" box="[664,838,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Trichomycterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FCD0FB7FFB7227E1" author="Bockmann, F. A. &amp; Sazima, I." box="[851,1202,1195,1221]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="61 - 74" refId="ref27782" refString="Bockmann, F. A. &amp; Sazima, I. (2004) Trichomycterus maracaya, a new catfish from the upper rio Parana, southeastern Brazil (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), with notes on the T. brasiliensis species-complex. Neotropical Ichthyology, 2 (2), 61 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252004000200003" type="journal article" year="2004">Bockmann &amp; Sazima, 2004: 66</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 6;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FA87FB7FFEC927CD" author="Rizzato, P. P. &amp; Costa Jr., E. P. D. &amp; Trajano, E. &amp; Bichuette, M. E." pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="477 - 491" refId="ref34548" refString="Rizzato, P. P., Costa Jr., E. P. D., Trajano, E. &amp; Bichuette, M. E. (2011) Trichomycterus dali: a new highly troglomorphic catfish (Silurifomes: Trichomycteridae) from Serra da Bodoquena, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Central Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 9 (3), 477 - 491. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252011000300003" type="journal article" year="2011">
Rizzato
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FADCFB7FFA5627E1" box="[1375,1430,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
, 2011: 482
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 6;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FEDAFB1BFDAA27CD" author="Angulo, A. &amp; DoNascimiento, C. &amp; Lasso-Alcala, O. M. &amp; Farah-Perez, A. &amp; Langeani, F. &amp; McMahan, C. D." box="[345,618,1230,1257]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="530 - 550" refId="ref26784" refString="Angulo, A., DoNascimiento, C., Lasso-Alcala, O. M., Farah-Perez, A., Langeani, F. &amp; McMahan, C. D. (2018) Redescription of Trichomycterus striatus (Meek &amp; Hildebrand, 1913) (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), with notes on its geographic distribution. Zootaxa, 4420 (4), 530 - 550. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4420.4.5" type="journal article" year="2018">
Angulo
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FE30FB1BFE2327CD" box="[435,483,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
., 2018: 536
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 4a–b;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FD67FB1BFC3D27CD" author="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Katz, A. M. &amp; Mattos, J. L. O. &amp; Amorim, P. F. &amp; Mesquita, B. O. &amp; Vilardo, P. J. &amp; Barbosa, M. A." box="[740,1021,1231,1257]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="2905 - 2928" refId="ref29106" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M., Katz, A. M., Mattos, J. L. O., Amorim, P. F., Mesquita, B. O., Vilardo, P. J. &amp; Barbosa, M. A. (2020 b) Historical review and redescription of three poorly known species of the catfish genus Trichomycterus from south-eastern Brazil (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Journal of Natural History, 53 (47 - 48), 2905 - 2928. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2020.1752406" type="journal article" year="2020">
Costa
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FCA9FB1BFC9A27CD" box="[810,858,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
., 2020b: 2912
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 2b, e, h;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FB12FB1BFA8F27CD" author="Costa, W. J. E. M." box="[1169,1359,1231,1257]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="160 - 191" refId="ref28502" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M. (2021) Comparative osteology, phylogeny and classification of the Eastern South American catfish genus Trichomycterus (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Taxonomy, 1, 160 - 191. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / taxonomy 1020013" type="journal article" year="2021">Costa, 2021: 170</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 3;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FF14FB27FE532629" author="Reis, V. J. C. &amp; de Pinna, M. C. C." box="[151,403,1267,1293]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="344 - 441" refId="ref34265" refString="Reis, V. J. C. &amp; de Pinna, M. C. C. (2022) Diversity and systematics of Trichomycterus Valenciennes 1832 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) in the Rio Doce Basin: iterating DNA, phylogeny and classical taxonomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 197 (2), 344 - 441. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlac 018" type="journal article" year="2022">Reis &amp; de Pinna, 2022</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 21;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FE72FB27FD3A2629" author="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Mattos, J. L. O. &amp; Vilardo, P. J. &amp; Amorim, P. F. &amp; Katz, A. M." box="[497,762,1267,1293]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="491 - 523" refId="ref29402" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M., Mattos, J. L. O., Vilardo, P. J., Amorim, P. F. &amp; Katz, A. M. (2022 b) Perils of underestimating species diversity: revisiting systematics of Psammocambeva catfishes (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from the Rio Paraiba do Sul basin, South-Eastern Brazil. Taxonomy, 2, 491 - 523. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / taxonomy 2040032" type="journal article" year="2022">
Costa
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FDB4FB27FDA72629" box="[567,615,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
., 2022b: 498
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 4a–g). Even when the margin exhibits some irregularity, it is quite subtle, not comparable to the conspicuous backward-facing process of the quadrate of
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FB53FAC3FA5C2615" box="[1232,1436,1303,1329]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auromaculatum">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FB53FAC3FA5C2615" box="[1232,1436,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">S. auromaculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FF1CFAEFFE632671" author="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Sampaio, W. M. S. &amp; Giongo, P. &amp; Almeida, F. B. &amp; Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M." box="[159,419,1339,1365]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref29492" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M., Sampaio, W. M. S., Giongo, P., Almeida, F. B., Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M. (2022 a) An enigmatic interstitial trichomycterine catfish from south-eastern Brazil found at about 1000 km away from its sister group (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 297, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2022.02.007" type="journal article" year="2022">
Costa
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FF6BFAEFFEDB2671" box="[232,283,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
., 2022a: 91
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 5f). This character is, therefore, considered autapomorphic of
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FB1DFAEFFAAB2671" box="[1182,1387,1339,1365]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auromaculatum">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FB1DFAEFFAAB2671" box="[1182,1387,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">S. auromaculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and diagnostic for
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FEBAFA8BFE3F265D" authorityName="Costa, Sampaio, Giongo, de Almeida, Azevedo-Santos &amp; Katz" authorityYear="2022" box="[313,511,1375,1401]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Plesioscleronema">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FEBAFA8BFE3F265D" box="[313,511,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Plesioscleronema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E84819386C5EFFA2FF44FA57FD5E2551" blockId="32.[151,1437,547,2013]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
Like most species of the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FDCCFA57FD1226B9" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1917" box="[591,722,1411,1437]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FDCCFA57FD1226B9" box="[591,722,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Scleronema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the hemal spine of the preural centrum 2 of
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FB4DFA57FAED26B8" authorityName="Bockmann &amp; Ferrer &amp; Rizzato &amp; Esguícero &amp; Duboc &amp; Ingenito" authorityYear="2023" box="[1230,1325,1411,1437]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carijo">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FB4DFA57FAED26B8" box="[1230,1325,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">S. carijo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is thicker than the neural spine of the preural centrum 1, but only slightly (
<figureCitation id="70CC05BD6C5EFFA2FCEBFA73FC7B26E5" box="[872,955,1447,1473]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[276,1310,212,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-30@24.[276,1310,181,1815]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 16. Radiographs of the caudal-fin skeleton of Scleronema carijo, new species: A. LIRP 16931, 36.2 mm SL, paratype; B. MNHCI 10220, 39.2 mm SL, paratype. Abbreviations: af = adipose fin; ep = epural; ha+has = complex hypurapophysis composed of hypurapophysis (ha) and secondary hypurapophysis (has); hu3+hu4+hu5 = dorsal complex caudal plate formed by co-ossification of hypurals 3, 4 and 5; ph+hu1+hu2 = ventral complex caudal plate formed by co-ossification of hypurals 1 and 2 and parhypural; pu1+u1 = complex caudal centrum composed of preural centrum 1 and ural centrum 1; pu2 = preural centrum 2; ur = uroneural. Scale bars = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7989265" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7989265/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
), certainly not comparable to the condition of
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FF37FA1FFEBF26C1" box="[180,383,1483,1509]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auromaculatum">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FF37FA1FFEBF26C1" box="[180,383,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">S. auromaculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in which the width of the hemal spine of preural centrum 2 is about twice or slightly more than twice the width of the anteriorly adjacent hemal spine (
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FC8CFA3BFCF1252C" box="[783,817,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">i.e.</emphasis>
, of preural centrum 3), as described and illustrated by
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FF14F9C7FE552509" author="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Sampaio, W. M. S. &amp; Giongo, P. &amp; Almeida, F. B. &amp; Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M." box="[151,405,1555,1581]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref29492" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M., Sampaio, W. M. S., Giongo, P., Almeida, F. B., Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M. (2022 a) An enigmatic interstitial trichomycterine catfish from south-eastern Brazil found at about 1000 km away from its sister group (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 297, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2022.02.007" type="journal article" year="2022">
Costa
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FF5EF9C7FECE2509" box="[221,270,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
. (2022a: 91
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 5l). Thus, this characteristic, which is plesiomorphically absent in
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FB2EF9C7FACB2508" authorityName="Bockmann &amp; Ferrer &amp; Rizzato &amp; Esguícero &amp; Duboc &amp; Ingenito" authorityYear="2023" box="[1197,1291,1555,1581]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carijo">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FB2EF9C7FACB2508" box="[1197,1291,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">S. carijo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and all other members of the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FE34F9E3FDFA2575" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1917" box="[439,570,1591,1617]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FE34F9E3FDFA2575" box="[439,570,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Scleronema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is corroborated as being autapomorphic for
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FBA9F9E3FB352575" box="[1066,1269,1591,1617]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auromaculatum">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FBA9F9E3FB352575" box="[1066,1269,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">S. auromaculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and, therefore, diagnostic for the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FE52F98FFD572551" authorityName="Costa, Sampaio, Giongo, de Almeida, Azevedo-Santos &amp; Katz" authorityYear="2022" box="[465,663,1627,1653]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Plesioscleronema">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FE52F98FFD572551" box="[465,663,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Plesioscleronema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E84819386C5EFFA2FF44F9ABFD472469" blockId="32.[151,1437,547,2013]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
According to
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FEE6F9ABFD8B25BD" author="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Sampaio, W. M. S. &amp; Giongo, P. &amp; Almeida, F. B. &amp; Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M." box="[357,587,1663,1689]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref29492" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M., Sampaio, W. M. S., Giongo, P., Almeida, F. B., Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M. (2022 a) An enigmatic interstitial trichomycterine catfish from south-eastern Brazil found at about 1000 km away from its sister group (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 297, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2022.02.007" type="journal article" year="2022">
Costa
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FE2DF9ABFE2225BD" box="[430,482,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
. (2022a)
</bibRefCitation>
, the uroneural of
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FC9AF9ABFB9525BD" box="[793,1109,1663,1689]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auromaculatum">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FC9AF9ABFB9525BD" box="[793,1109,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Scleronema auromaculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is separated from the dorsal hypural plate by a small (
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FE33F977FE122598" box="[432,466,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">i.e.</emphasis>
, narrow) space (
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FD0AF977FC452599" author="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Sampaio, W. M. S. &amp; Giongo, P. &amp; Almeida, F. B. &amp; Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M." box="[649,901,1699,1725]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref29492" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M., Sampaio, W. M. S., Giongo, P., Almeida, F. B., Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M. (2022 a) An enigmatic interstitial trichomycterine catfish from south-eastern Brazil found at about 1000 km away from its sister group (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 297, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2022.02.007" type="journal article" year="2022">
Costa
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FD52F977FCC12599" box="[721,769,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
., 2022a: 91
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 5l), whereas in the remaining species of the genus, the uroneural and the dorsal hypural plate contact each other (
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FC23F913FB6125C5" author="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Sampaio, W. M. S. &amp; Giongo, P. &amp; Almeida, F. B. &amp; Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M." box="[928,1185,1735,1761]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref29492" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M., Sampaio, W. M. S., Giongo, P., Almeida, F. B., Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M. (2022 a) An enigmatic interstitial trichomycterine catfish from south-eastern Brazil found at about 1000 km away from its sister group (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 297, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2022.02.007" type="journal article" year="2022">
Costa
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FC6AF913FBDA25C5" box="[1001,1050,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
., 2022a: 91
</bibRefCitation>
, fig.
<quantity id="2F0FB4DD6C5EFFA2FB58F912FAC325C5" box="[1243,1283,1734,1761]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="m" value="5.0">5m</quantity>
). In
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FAB5F913FA5525C4" authorityName="Bockmann &amp; Ferrer &amp; Rizzato &amp; Esguícero &amp; Duboc &amp; Ingenito" authorityYear="2023" box="[1334,1429,1735,1761]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carijo">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FAB5F913FA5525C4" box="[1334,1429,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">S. carijo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the space between the uroneural and the dorsal hypural plate is also narrow (
<figureCitation id="70CC05BD6C5EFFA2FB86F93FFB992421" box="[1029,1113,1771,1797]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[276,1310,212,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-30@24.[276,1310,181,1815]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 16. Radiographs of the caudal-fin skeleton of Scleronema carijo, new species: A. LIRP 16931, 36.2 mm SL, paratype; B. MNHCI 10220, 39.2 mm SL, paratype. Abbreviations: af = adipose fin; ep = epural; ha+has = complex hypurapophysis composed of hypurapophysis (ha) and secondary hypurapophysis (has); hu3+hu4+hu5 = dorsal complex caudal plate formed by co-ossification of hypurals 3, 4 and 5; ph+hu1+hu2 = ventral complex caudal plate formed by co-ossification of hypurals 1 and 2 and parhypural; pu1+u1 = complex caudal centrum composed of preural centrum 1 and ural centrum 1; pu2 = preural centrum 2; ur = uroneural. Scale bars = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7989265" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7989265/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
), being, in some specimens, negligible, a condition widespread among other members of the subgenus
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FC70F8DBFBBE240D" box="[1011,1150,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FC70F8DBFBBA240D" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1917" box="[1011,1146,1807,1833]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Scleronema</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Therefore, the uroneural state of
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FF73F8E7FE8F2468" authorityName="Bockmann &amp; Ferrer &amp; Rizzato &amp; Esguícero &amp; Duboc &amp; Ingenito" authorityYear="2023" box="[240,335,1843,1869]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carijo">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FF73F8E7FE8F2468" box="[240,335,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">S. carijo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to be polymorphic.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E84819386C5EFFA2FF44F883FA5C24F9" blockId="32.[151,1437,547,2013]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
In addition to these three synapomorphies, the two following osteological characters were listed in the diagnosis of
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FF35F8AFFE4824B1" box="[182,392,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Pseudoscleronema</emphasis>
, but their phylogenetic polarities had not been evaluated by the authors (
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FB3BF8AFFA5124B1" author="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Sampaio, W. M. S. &amp; Giongo, P. &amp; Almeida, F. B. &amp; Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M." box="[1208,1425,1915,1941]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref29492" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M., Sampaio, W. M. S., Giongo, P., Almeida, F. B., Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M. (2022 a) An enigmatic interstitial trichomycterine catfish from south-eastern Brazil found at about 1000 km away from its sister group (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 297, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2022.02.007" type="journal article" year="2022">
Costa
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FA82F8AFFAF224B1" box="[1281,1330,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
., 2022a
</bibRefCitation>
): 1) the presence of a well-developed lateral process in the vomer (
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FCF5F84BFBB7249D" author="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Sampaio, W. M. S. &amp; Giongo, P. &amp; Almeida, F. B. &amp; Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M." box="[886,1143,1951,1977]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref29492" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M., Sampaio, W. M. S., Giongo, P., Almeida, F. B., Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M. (2022 a) An enigmatic interstitial trichomycterine catfish from south-eastern Brazil found at about 1000 km away from its sister group (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 297, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2022.02.007" type="journal article" year="2022">
Costa
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FC3CF84BFC30249D" box="[959,1008,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
., 2022a: 91
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 5c); and 2) the shape of the metapterygoid, described as robust and longer than deep (
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5EFFA2FCEBF817FBA924F9" author="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Sampaio, W. M. S. &amp; Giongo, P. &amp; Almeida, F. B. &amp; Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M." box="[872,1129,1987,2013]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref29492" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M., Sampaio, W. M. S., Giongo, P., Almeida, F. B., Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M. (2022 a) An enigmatic interstitial trichomycterine catfish from south-eastern Brazil found at about 1000 km away from its sister group (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 297, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2022.02.007" type="journal article" year="2022">
Costa
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FC32F817FC2224F9" box="[945,994,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
., 2022a: 91
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 5f). Such structures of
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E84819386C5EFFA2FFE0F7E6FA5C2B6F" blockId="32.[99,1436,2094,2123]" box="[99,1436,2094,2123]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
ANATOMY, ECOLOGY, &amp; BEHAVIOR OF A NEW SPECIES OF
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FD44F7E6FC352B6E" box="[711,1013,2098,2122]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5EFFA2FD44F7E6FC962B61" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1917" box="[711,854,2098,2117]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">SCLERONEMA</taxonomicName>
Zootaxa
</emphasis>
5297 (1) © 2023 Magnolia Press
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5EFFA2FAE4F7E6FAB02B6E" bold="true" box="[1383,1392,2098,2122]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">·</emphasis>
33
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E84819386C5FFFA3FF14FF43FDA923DD" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,1581]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FF14FF43FD002395" box="[151,704,151,177]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auromaculatum" subGenus="Pseudoscleronema">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FF14FF43FD002395" box="[151,704,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Scleronema (Pseudoscleronema) auromaculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are compared here with those of
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FBBDFF43FB5F2394" authorityName="Bockmann &amp; Ferrer &amp; Rizzato &amp; Esguícero &amp; Duboc &amp; Ingenito" authorityYear="2023" box="[1086,1183,151,177]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carijo">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FBBDFF43FB5F2394" box="[1086,1183,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">S. carijo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FA9AFF43FF2B23F1" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FA9AFF43FA5C2395" box="[1305,1436,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Scleronema</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
, to assess their phylogenetic signals for the subgenera
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FCD5FF6FFBE823F1" box="[854,1064,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Pseudoscleronema</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FBE2FF6FFB2423F1" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1917" box="[1121,1252,187,213]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FBE2FF6FFB2423F1" box="[1121,1252,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Scleronema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as well as their diagnostic value for the former subgenus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E84819386C5FFFA3FF44FED7FE07218D" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,1581]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
The presence of a well-developed lateral process in the vomer presumably distinguishes
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FA9AFED7FE872265" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auromaculatum">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FA9AFED7FE872265" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Scleronema auromaculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from all other species of the genus belonging to the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FBB2FEF3FB742265" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1917" box="[1073,1204,295,321]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FBB2FEF3FB742265" box="[1073,1204,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Scleronema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which would bear, instead, a rudimentary lateral process in the vomer (
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5FFFA3FD60FE9FFC272241" author="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Sampaio, W. M. S. &amp; Giongo, P. &amp; Almeida, F. B. &amp; Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M." box="[739,999,331,357]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref29492" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M., Sampaio, W. M. S., Giongo, P., Almeida, F. B., Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M. (2022 a) An enigmatic interstitial trichomycterine catfish from south-eastern Brazil found at about 1000 km away from its sister group (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 297, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2022.02.007" type="journal article" year="2022">
Costa
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FCAEFE9FFC9F2241" box="[813,863,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
., 2022a: 91
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 5c). Indeed, the illustration of the skull of
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FF73FEBBFE7B22AD" box="[240,443,367,393]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auromaculatum">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FF73FEBBFE7B22AD" box="[240,443,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">S. auromaculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
provided by
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5FFFA3FDCFFEBBFC8722AD" author="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Sampaio, W. M. S. &amp; Giongo, P. &amp; Almeida, F. B. &amp; Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M." box="[588,839,367,393]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref29492" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M., Sampaio, W. M. S., Giongo, P., Almeida, F. B., Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M. (2022 a) An enigmatic interstitial trichomycterine catfish from south-eastern Brazil found at about 1000 km away from its sister group (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 297, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2022.02.007" type="journal article" year="2022">
Costa
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FD11FEBBFD0222AD" box="[658,706,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
. (2022a: 91
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 5c) shows a vomer with well-marked (longer and narrower), backwards-directed lateral processes, giving the bone a winged aspect.According to the authors (
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5FFFA3FAC2FE47FEF222F5" author="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Sampaio, W. M. S. &amp; Giongo, P. &amp; Almeida, F. B. &amp; Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M." pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref29492" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M., Sampaio, W. M. S., Giongo, P., Almeida, F. B., Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M. (2022 a) An enigmatic interstitial trichomycterine catfish from south-eastern Brazil found at about 1000 km away from its sister group (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 297, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2022.02.007" type="journal article" year="2022">
Costa
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FA0BFE47FF6D22F5" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
., 2022a: 91
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 5d–e), the lateral process of the vomer of other
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FCFBFE63FB9322F5" box="[888,1107,439,465]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FCFBFE63FC3B22F5" box="[888,1019,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Scleronema</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
would be, differently, shorter and wider so that the bone displays a mace-like appearance. However, the state of this character in
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FB6FFE0FFA8B22D0" authorityName="Bockmann &amp; Ferrer &amp; Rizzato &amp; Esguícero &amp; Duboc &amp; Ingenito" authorityYear="2023" box="[1260,1355,475,501]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carijo">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FB6FFE0FFA8B22D0" box="[1260,1355,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">S. carijo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cannot be determined with certainty because both conditions may be present in the same specimen (
<figureCitation id="70CC05BD6C5FFFA3FB2EFE2BFAC7213D" box="[1197,1287,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1717,1741]" captionTargetBox="[311,1276,181,1693]" captionTargetId="figure-19@11.[311,1276,181,1693]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Tridimensional model of the skull, Weberian capsule, and right premaxilla-maxilla-autopalatine complex of Scleronema carijo, new species, LIRP 16930, 37.2 mm SL, holotype. A. dorsal view; B. left lateral view; C. ventral view. Shaded region on the left edge of the skull in dorsal view (A) represents the course of the supraorbital, otic, and postotic laterosensory canals. Abbreviations: acf = anterior cranial fontanel; ao = antorbital; ap = autopalatine; bo+ex = complex bone formed by basioccipital plus exoccipital; eb = epiphyseal bar; eo = epioccipital; fr = frontal; le = lateral ethmoid; llo = lateral line ossicle; me = mesethmoid; mx = maxilla; of = orbital foramen; os = orbitosphenoid; pa = parasphenoid; pcf = posterior cranial fontanel; pmx = premaxilla; pt = pterotic; pte-sc = posttemporo-supracleithrum; sp+po+ps = complex bone formed by sphenotic, prootic, and pterosphenoid; ss = sesamoid supraorbital (= barbular of de Pinna et al., 2020); su = supraoccipital; tff = trigeminofacial foramen; vo = vomer; wc = Weberian capsule. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7989237" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7989237/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
). In addition, this polymorphism is also observed in other species of the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FC17FDF7FBD72119" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1917" box="[916,1047,547,573]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FC17FDF7FBD72119" box="[916,1047,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Scleronema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, such as
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FBFEFDF7FB3B2118" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[1149,1275,547,573]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutum">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FBFEFDF7FB3B2118" box="[1149,1275,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">S. minutum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5FFFA3FA89FDF7FF032145" author="Ferrer, J." pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref30809" refString="Ferrer, J. (2016) Filogenia e revisao taxonomica do genero Scleronema (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 249 pp." type="book" year="2016">Ferrer, 2016: 174</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 12). Furthermore, a well-developed and pointed lateral process in the vomer in close resemblance with the character state reported for
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FE4AFDBFFD5521A1" box="[457,661,619,645]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auromaculatum">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FE4AFDBFFD5521A1" box="[457,661,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">S. auromaculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5FFFA3FD3CFDBFFC5B21A1" author="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Sampaio, W. M. S. &amp; Giongo, P. &amp; Almeida, F. B. &amp; Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M." box="[703,923,619,645]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref29492" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M., Sampaio, W. M. S., Giongo, P., Almeida, F. B., Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M. (2022 a) An enigmatic interstitial trichomycterine catfish from south-eastern Brazil found at about 1000 km away from its sister group (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 297, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2022.02.007" type="journal article" year="2022">
Costa
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FC86FDBFFCF621A1" box="[773,822,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
. (2022a)
</bibRefCitation>
is present in
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FBADFDBFFB7F21A1" authorityName="Ferrer &amp; Malabarba" authorityYear="2020" box="[1070,1215,619,645]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macanuda">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FBADFDBFFB7F21A1" box="[1070,1215,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">S. macanuda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FB77FDBFFA5D21A1" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1917" box="[1268,1437,619,645]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="operculatum">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FB77FDBFFA5D21A1" box="[1268,1437,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">S. operculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
according to
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5FFFA3FEAAFD5BFE03218D" author="Ferrer, J." box="[297,451,655,681]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref30809" refString="Ferrer, J. (2016) Filogenia e revisao taxonomica do genero Scleronema (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 249 pp." type="book" year="2016">Ferrer (2016)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E84819386C5FFFA3FF44FD67FE582081" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,1581]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5FFFA3FF44FD67FE0A21E9" author="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Sampaio, W. M. S. &amp; Giongo, P. &amp; Almeida, F. B. &amp; Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M." box="[199,458,691,717]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref29492" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M., Sampaio, W. M. S., Giongo, P., Almeida, F. B., Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M. (2022 a) An enigmatic interstitial trichomycterine catfish from south-eastern Brazil found at about 1000 km away from its sister group (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 297, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2022.02.007" type="journal article" year="2022">
Costa
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FE8CFD67FE8021E9" box="[271,320,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
. (2022a: 91
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 5f) described the metapterygoid of
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FC12FD67FB9E21E9" box="[913,1118,691,717]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auromaculatum">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FC12FD67FB9E21E9" box="[913,1118,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">S. auromaculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as robust, longer than deep, contrasting with the presumably slender, deeper than longer metapterygoid of the members of the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FA9AFD03FA5C21D5" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1917" box="[1305,1436,727,753]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FA9AFD03FA5C21D5" box="[1305,1436,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Scleronema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5FFFA3FF1CFD2FFE5C2031" author="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Sampaio, W. M. S. &amp; Giongo, P. &amp; Almeida, F. B. &amp; Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M." box="[159,412,763,789]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref29492" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M., Sampaio, W. M. S., Giongo, P., Almeida, F. B., Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M. (2022 a) An enigmatic interstitial trichomycterine catfish from south-eastern Brazil found at about 1000 km away from its sister group (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 297, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2022.02.007" type="journal article" year="2022">
Costa
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FF64FD2FFED72031" box="[231,279,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
., 2022a: 91
</bibRefCitation>
, fig.
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–h). However, the metapterygoid configuration shown by
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FBF6FD2FFA802031" box="[1141,1344,763,789]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auromaculatum">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FBF6FD2FFA802031" box="[1141,1344,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">S. auromaculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to have a wider distribution in the genus than suggested, being present at least in
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FBAFFCCBFB4C201C" authorityName="Bockmann &amp; Ferrer &amp; Rizzato &amp; Esguícero &amp; Duboc &amp; Ingenito" authorityYear="2023" box="[1068,1164,799,825]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carijo">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FBAFFCCBFB4C201C" box="[1068,1164,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">S. carijo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="70CC05BD6C5FFFA3FB1FFCCBFAC9201D" box="[1180,1289,799,825]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 8" captionStart-1="FIGURE 9" captionStartId-0="16.[151,250,1730,1754]" captionStartId-1="17.[151,250,1712,1736]" captionTargetBox-0="[184,1402,182,1705]" captionTargetBox-1="[189,1398,181,1688]" captionTargetId-0="figure-30@16.[183,1403,181,1706]" captionTargetId-1="figure-19@17.[189,1398,181,1688]" captionTargetPageId-0="16" captionTargetPageId-1="17" captionText-0="FIGURE 8. Left suspensorium and opercular apparatus of Scleronema carijo, new species, LIRP 16931, 30.3 mm SL, paratype (c&amp;s). A. lateral view; B. mesial view. Abbreviations: hcj = hyomandibular cartilaginous joint for skull; hco = hyomandibular condyle for opercle; hfen = hyomandibular foramen for entrance of the hyomandibular nerve trunk; hfex = hyomandibular foramen for exit of the hyomandibular nerve trunk; hpd = hyomandibular posterodorsal process; hy = hyomandibula; iop = interopercle; mp = metapterygoid; odp = opercular dorsal process for insertion of dilatator operculi and levator operculi; op = opercle; pfen = preopercular foramen for entrance of the cutaneous nerve branch of the external mandibular branch of the facial nerve; pfex1 = first preopercular foramen for exit of the cutaneous nerve branch of the external mandibular branch of the facial nerve; pfex2 = second preopercular foramen for exit of the cutaneous nerve branch of the external mandibular branch of the facial nerve; pop = preopercle; q = quadrate; qac = quadrate articular condyle for anguloarticular. Scale bar= 1 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 9. Tridimensional model of the left suspensorium and opercular apparatus of Scleronema carijo, new species, LIRP 16930, 37.2 mm SL, holotype. A. lateral view; B. mesial view. Abbreviations: hco = hyomandibular condyle for opercle; hfen = hyomandibular foramen for entrance of the hyomandibular nerve trunk; hfex = hyomandibular foramen for exit of the hyomandibular nerve trunk; hj = hyomandibular joint for skull; hpd = hyomandibular posterodorsal process; hy = hyomandibula; iop = interopercle; mp = metapterygoid; odp = opercular dorsal process for insertion of dilatator operculi and levator operculi; op = opercle; pfen = preopercular foramen for entrance of the cutaneous nerve branch of the external mandibular branch of the facial nerve; pfex1 = first preopercular foramen for exit of the cutaneous nerve branch of the external mandibular branch of the facial nerve; pfex2 = second preopercular foramen for exit of the cutaneous nerve branch of the external mandibular branch of the facial nerve; pop = preopercle; q = quadrate; qac = quadrate articular condyle for anguloarticular. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7989245" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7989247" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7989245/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7989247/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Figs. 8–9</figureCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FA9DFCCBFA5C201C" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[1310,1436,799,825]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutum">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FA9DFCCBFA5C201C" box="[1310,1436,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">S. minutum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5FFFA3FF1CFC97FEA92079" author="Ferrer, J." box="[159,361,835,861]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref30809" refString="Ferrer, J. (2016) Filogenia e revisao taxonomica do genero Scleronema (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 249 pp." type="book" year="2016">Ferrer, 2016: 172</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 10; cited as
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FDB7FC97FD252078" baseAuthorityName="Devincenzi" baseAuthorityYear="1942" box="[564,741,835,861]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angustirostre">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FDB7FC97FD252078" box="[564,741,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">S. angustirostre</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FCB3FC97FC1B2079" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1917" box="[816,987,835,861]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="operculatum">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FCB3FC97FC1B2079" box="[816,987,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">S. operculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5FFFA3FC6FFC97FB762079" author="Ferrer, J." box="[1004,1206,835,861]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref30809" refString="Ferrer, J. (2016) Filogenia e revisao taxonomica do genero Scleronema (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 249 pp." type="book" year="2016">Ferrer, 2016: 173</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 11). In a quick analysis, we noticed that there is a relevant degree of variation in the morphology of the metapterygoid in some species of
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FE8EFC5FFE502081" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1917" box="[269,400,907,933]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FE8EFC5FFE502081" box="[269,400,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Scleronema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E84819386C5FFFA3FF44FC7BFE132629" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,1581]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Thus, among the three synapomorphies proposed for
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FC97FC7BFC1A20ED" authorityName="Costa, Sampaio, Giongo, de Almeida, Azevedo-Santos &amp; Katz" authorityYear="2022" box="[788,986,943,969]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Plesioscleronema">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FC97FC7BFC1A20ED" box="[788,986,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Plesioscleronema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5FFFA3FC6BFC7BFB7C20ED" author="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Sampaio, W. M. S. &amp; Giongo, P. &amp; Almeida, F. B. &amp; Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M." box="[1000,1212,943,969]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref29492" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M., Sampaio, W. M. S., Giongo, P., Almeida, F. B., Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M. (2022 a) An enigmatic interstitial trichomycterine catfish from south-eastern Brazil found at about 1000 km away from its sister group (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 297, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2022.02.007" type="journal article" year="2022">
Costa
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FBACFC7BFB9F20ED" box="[1071,1119,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
., 2022a
</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FB4EFC7BFAEB20EC" authorityName="Bockmann &amp; Ferrer &amp; Rizzato &amp; Esguícero &amp; Duboc &amp; Ingenito" authorityYear="2023" box="[1229,1323,943,969]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carijo">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FB4EFC7BFAEB20EC" box="[1229,1323,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">S. carijo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
definitely has the corresponding plesiomorphic states of two of them: 1) the posterodorsal margin of the quadrate mostly smooth, not forming any noticeable process; and 2) the hemal spine of the preural centrum 2 only slightly more robust than the neural spine of the preural centrum 1. Regarding the third putative synapomorphy for
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FB4CFBCFFA552711" authorityName="Costa, Sampaio, Giongo, de Almeida, Azevedo-Santos &amp; Katz" authorityYear="2022" box="[1231,1429,1051,1077]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Plesioscleronema">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FB4CFBCFFA552711" box="[1231,1429,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Plesioscleronema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the uroneural apart from the dorsal hypural plate by a narrow interspace,
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FC46FBEBFBE4277C" authorityName="Bockmann &amp; Ferrer &amp; Rizzato &amp; Esguícero &amp; Duboc &amp; Ingenito" authorityYear="2023" box="[965,1060,1087,1113]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carijo">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FC46FBEBFBE4277C" box="[965,1060,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">S. carijo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exhibits the condition considered plesiomorphic, supposedly present in species of the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FCBDFBB7FC012759" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1917" box="[830,961,1123,1149]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FCBDFBB7FC012759" box="[830,961,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Scleronema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as wel as the apomorphic one, presumably found only in
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FEB4FB53FE3D2785" authorityName="Costa, Sampaio, Giongo, de Almeida, Azevedo-Santos &amp; Katz" authorityYear="2022" box="[311,509,1159,1185]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Plesioscleronema">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FEB4FB53FE3D2785" box="[311,509,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Plesioscleronema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Therefore, until a reassessment is made to determine its states in
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FB6AFB53FAAC2785" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1917" box="[1257,1388,1159,1185]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FB6AFB53FAAC2785" box="[1257,1388,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Scleronema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and a phylogenetic investigation among
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FDBFFB7FFCDE27E1" box="[572,798,1195,1221]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FDBFFB7FFD7F27E1" box="[572,703,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Scleronema</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
, this character should be excluded as a synapomorphy of
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FF3BFB1BFEBE27CD" authorityName="Costa, Sampaio, Giongo, de Almeida, Azevedo-Santos &amp; Katz" authorityYear="2022" box="[184,382,1231,1257]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Plesioscleronema">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FF3BFB1BFEBE27CD" box="[184,382,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Plesioscleronema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Despite the indecision on this feature, it is evident that
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FB8CFB1BFBB027CC" authorityName="Bockmann &amp; Ferrer &amp; Rizzato &amp; Esguícero &amp; Duboc &amp; Ingenito" authorityYear="2023" box="[1039,1136,1231,1257]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carijo">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FB8CFB1BFBB027CC" box="[1039,1136,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">S. carijo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cannot be assigned to the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FE85FB27FE0C2629" authorityName="Costa, Sampaio, Giongo, de Almeida, Azevedo-Santos &amp; Katz" authorityYear="2022" box="[262,460,1267,1293]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Plesioscleronema">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FE85FB27FE0C2629" box="[262,460,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Plesioscleronema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E84819386C5FFFA3FF44FAC3FD132509" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,1581]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
As a result of this review, two of those characters were corroborated as diagnostic of the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FF14FAEFFE9D2671" authorityName="Costa, Sampaio, Giongo, de Almeida, Azevedo-Santos &amp; Katz" authorityYear="2022" box="[151,349,1339,1365]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Plesioscleronema">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FF14FAEFFE9D2671" box="[151,349,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Plesioscleronema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 1) a distinctive expansion on the posterodorsal portion of the quadrate directed towards a concavity on the anterior outgrowth of the hyomandibula; and 2) a broad hemal spine on the preural centrum 2, its width about twice or slightly more than twice the width of the anteriorly adjacent hemal spine (
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FB7FFA57FADE26B8" box="[1276,1310,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">i.e.</emphasis>
, of preural centrum 1). Regarding those two other osteological features mentioned in the diagnosis of
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FB1FFA73FAA226E5" authorityName="Costa, Sampaio, Giongo, de Almeida, Azevedo-Santos &amp; Katz" authorityYear="2022" box="[1180,1378,1447,1473]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Plesioscleronema">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FB1FFA73FAA226E5" box="[1180,1378,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Plesioscleronema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
only (
<bibRefCitation id="8C6664C96C5FFFA3FF1CFA1FFEB626C1" author="Costa, W. J. E. M. &amp; Sampaio, W. M. S. &amp; Giongo, P. &amp; Almeida, F. B. &amp; Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M." box="[159,374,1483,1509]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref29492" refString="Costa, W. J. E. M., Sampaio, W. M. S., Giongo, P., Almeida, F. B., Azevedo-Santos, V. M. &amp; Katz, A. M. (2022 a) An enigmatic interstitial trichomycterine catfish from south-eastern Brazil found at about 1000 km away from its sister group (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 297, 85 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2022.02.007" type="journal article" year="2022">
Costa
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FF64FA1FFEDF26C1" box="[231,287,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
, 2022a
</bibRefCitation>
), referring to the morphology of the vomer and the metapterygoid, it was revealed that they are intraspecifically polymorphic or that they exhibit both states among the species of the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="2FF762BB6C5FFFA3FB45FA3BFA89252D" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1917" box="[1222,1353,1519,1545]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Scleronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA83C52A6C5FFFA3FB45FA3BFA89252D" box="[1222,1353,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Scleronema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, being, therefore, devoid of diagnostic value for the genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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