314 lines
40 KiB
XML
314 lines
40 KiB
XML
<document id="D9FD8F90DACC5776EF172F23C7571398" ID-CLB-Dataset="36166" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.507.9536" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c3897e58-874d-416c-929d-b9548b3eb125" ID-PMC="PMC4490219" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-507-41" ID-PubMed="26155071" ID-ZooBank="5B98461CADA248A68FDDD4551C6C7903" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-507-41" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 507" ModsDocTitle="A new leafminer on grapevine and Rhoicissus (Vitaceae) in South Africa within an expanded generic concept of Holocacista (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae)" checkinTime="1451244266749" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="van Nieukerken, Erik J. & Geertsema, Henk" docDate="2015" docId="46A15C1085598273AA15532F3EB484CC" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 507: 41-97" docOrigin="ZooKeys 507" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.507.9536" docTitle="Holocacista capensis Nieukerken & Geertsema, 2015, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="1455B935-A7E5-4247-8BAB-47825BAF3048" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="54" masterDocId="FFBDFFD87D3DFF967112FF98FFE3FF85" masterDocTitle="A new leafminer on grapevine and Rhoicissus (Vitaceae) in South Africa within an expanded generic concept of Holocacista (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae)" masterLastPageNumber="97" masterPageNumber="41" pageNumber="51" updateTime="1701373680836" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="70ADD837957F22031AB17A2B2B9C4B95">A new leafminer on grapevine and Rhoicissus (Vitaceae) in South Africa within an expanded generic concept of Holocacista (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B3421C49DE2C7E4D6C522B757CEEB975">van Nieukerken, Erik J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F94747243869B38A56A1E5352533FA66">Geertsema, Henk</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="D1D477A1AED503AD299FC1A7B8FFE4AD">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="747B91112CD5DD93DD34D641F9BB43FE">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="0CC8E07D0FB0275414CD8CFC10A26604">507</mods:number>
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<mods:end id="7B02C65A8D1DEBB133BE10B9E74706DB">97</mods:end>
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<mods:url id="98AB6FED1F831217D6DA2B55FD74B45D">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.507.9536</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="7AC5FDC2527B5450CC63F702E6F1FE8B">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="3B010BFE205859FAF9F03A572D99A280" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.507.9536</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0AD90D1B98B43C25EAAA69131018A227" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-507-41</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="46A15C1085598273AA15532F3EB484CC" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152060323" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1455B935-A7E5-4247-8BAB-47825BAF3048" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/46A15C1085598273AA15532F3EB484CC" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">
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<subSubSection id="39D03CBD7363EE7A33906DB8B04EDA96" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="7E6EDBBB6950902F9AE7FAFE75DBF1DB" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">Taxon classification Animalia Lepidoptera Heliozelidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6D60F004A4CF8C7A4B6EBF4DCA76FB23" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="B36E56AD5EC35B77BD2A651D9D4DFAD9" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">
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<taxonomicName id="A1ACF7221B9F3A37AF71B723F5D6E373" LSID="http://zoobank.org/1455B935-A7E5-4247-8BAB-47825BAF3048" genus="Holocacista" lsidName="Holocacista capensis" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="capensis">Holocacista capensis</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="58ADA9CEF76ED0FBDD4C159A193213BA" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 1-3, 22, 25, 30, 37-53, 70-82, 94-96, 107-110, 115, 116
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="91734AB3D111924B98706ECB38F941D8" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="7528A94B381BC1EC4066325A4C98E859" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">
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<taxonomicName id="643CF12D210841ECF8C6280444C051F5" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antispila" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Antispila</taxonomicName>
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sp.
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<bibRefCitation id="A9F21F3C41E052D2FE09BC7D791C0F56" author="Kroon, DM" journalOrPublisher="Lepidopterists' Society of Africa, x" pageId="28" pageNumber="69" title="Lepidoptera of Southern Africa: Host-Plants & other associations. A Catalogue" year="1999">Kroon (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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: 83, 120 [on
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<taxonomicName id="4CDB08247709D6A1ABF17A01E948C97A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Vitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vitis" order="Vitales" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Vitis</taxonomicName>
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sp.].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="79302AFCE8161FA7E31E32AD566AB0ED" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" type="type material">
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<paragraph id="36FBCB00286C2CB5BC67946556040EB0" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EFB35575C67BA3AD086454F211346BCC" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">
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Holotype male, South Africa (Western Cape), Paarl NW, De Heuvel estate, 180 m, 16.i.2013, leafmines on
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<taxonomicName id="EF70BEC6FEE207327584663B16178B1B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Vitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vitis vinifera" order="Vitales" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vinifera">Vitis vinifera</taxonomicName>
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cv
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<normalizedToken id="9B4EE38C348E36EB7AF0B6FA747C3577" originalValue="‘Regal’">'Regal'</normalizedToken>
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, EvN2013004, emerged 27.i.2013, E.J. van Nieukerken & H. Geertsema, Genitalia slide EvN4622, DNA extracted (RMNH.INS.24622) (RMNH).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="EB51D26A5A3EDFEB1C08DFE67902CDC7" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" type="differential diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="38B9A358961CE85B7FAD1B5DC0619A0E" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CC243677571C14243F92D66383A603C5" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">
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Externally
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<taxonomicName id="4C9FCD208CE6F3B23B0B44F206B1479A" genus="Holocacista" lsidName="Holocacista capensis" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="capensis">Holocacista capensis</taxonomicName>
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is almost inseparable from other South African
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<taxonomicName id="6D01E51376119884B945346C99FADA50" family="Vitaceae" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" rank="family">Vitaceae</taxonomicName>
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-feeding
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<taxonomicName id="71CA18247762E63D12BE306F53149F77" genus="Holocacista" lsidName="Holocacista" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" rank="genus">Holocacista</taxonomicName>
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species, including
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<taxonomicName id="88F9A5AF9B03EBF604A4EDC92767F1F6" genus="Holocacista" lsidName="Holocacista salutans" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="salutans">Holocacista salutans</taxonomicName>
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. Absence or reduction of the first costal spot in the male, however, may be an indication that the specimen might be
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<taxonomicName id="97AC2F6B4FAAC5C62C6E4C02C256D7FA" genus="Holocacista" lsidName="Holocacista capensis" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="capensis">Holocacista capensis</taxonomicName>
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; only study of genitalia allows a firm identification. For differences with
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<taxonomicName id="488D20F12C3CE93776C7BDB707246B3E" genus="Holocacista" lsidName="Holocacista varii" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="varii">Holocacista varii</taxonomicName>
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, see there. The only South African
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<taxonomicName id="B36C8AC28D88CF6A9D722EFB2EFD682B" family="Vitaceae" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" rank="family">Vitaceae</taxonomicName>
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-feeding
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<normalizedToken id="AF8E9A62BBD6D56BD25190DE29811C3E" originalValue="“real”">"real"</normalizedToken>
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<taxonomicName id="9D3E1A7CF8F41E6B6E9BC431E3F9B2CC" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antispila" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Antispila</taxonomicName>
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species is much larger and has more antennal segments (ca. 26). In male genitalia the configuration of the small number of spines on phallocrypt in combination with the ventrally curved phallus appendix is characteristic, otherwise very similar to
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<taxonomicName id="504662C370C54A14CDE9FDB31E192A0C" genus="Holocacista" lsidName="Holocacista salutans" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="salutans">Holocacista salutans</taxonomicName>
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and some of the unnamed
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<taxonomicName id="6F4A12019CF4A2C3C6506141BA77DED4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Rhoicissus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhoicissus" order="Vitales" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Rhoicissus</taxonomicName>
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miners. Leafmines characterised by the very contorted first part of the mine, which is straighter or shorter in the other species; currently the only known leafminer on
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<taxonomicName id="6FD0C7EA08D71BFD63E507CE1B579037" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Vitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vitis" order="Vitales" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Vitis</taxonomicName>
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in South Africa.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="97D6CC4AABD45C341F215E493F54F661" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" type="description">
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<paragraph id="CBD6BEAF993C543E9FB4FED978A3262E" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AF4C5D27ABB370D16D59925FFFDC317D" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">Male (Figs 1, 3). Head face and vertex covered with appressed, metallic, silvery-white scales, more brownish grey on vertex. Palpi porrect, white; base of proboscis covered with white scales. Antenna with 16 segments, ringed, each flagellomere with a basal fuscous scale ring and apical white scale ring on upper side, scales on underside all white. Legs grey, tarsi mostly yellowish white, especially on underside. Thorax and forewings ground colour grey brown, slightly irrorate, caused by scales being dark tipped and paler at base. A silver-white pattern on forewing consists of a triangular dorsal spot at 1/4, usually associated with a minor spot of just a few scales at costa, that may be joined to dorsal spot, or even completely absent; a second triangular dorsal spot at 1/2, reaching almost to middle of wing; a triangular costal spot just beyond middle, always separate; fringe line very distinct, demarcated by dark-tipped scales. Terminal fringe silvery white. Hindwings pale grey. Underside of wings fuscous, with white spots visible. Abdomen lead coloured, including vestiture on external genitalia.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3DA4CE4B775A267849B6EFEBD8D972F1" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">Female (Fig. 2). Antenna with 16 segments. Colour pattern distinct from male: scales almost uniformly dark fuscous with purplish tinge, resulting in darker, velvety wing colour and contrasting silvery-white pattern; first costal and dorsal spots joined to form a narrow fascia, wider at dorsum; second dorsal and costal spots as in male; fringe line distinct, scales forming cilia line with slightly paler bases. Abdomen almost black, narrowly pointed posteriorly.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D0EAF6DEA1841BE714A404D47CCB088C" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">
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Measurements. Male: forewing length 1.8-2.3 mm (2.0
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<normalizedToken id="2089BF13B51D7B86A238B282CD8E61E0" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.1, 20) (1 dwarf of 1.55 mm forewing length excluded), wingspan: 3.9-4.9 mm. Female: forewing length 1.9-2.1 mm (2.0
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<normalizedToken id="6782F5C6AE2AAACC8A4734E2677CEEBD" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.1, 14), wingspan 4.0-4.6 mm.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="90BD8722A89E45CA675F49DA17FDC9ED" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">
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<pageBreakToken id="C6F746FDB90DDAAF97E5FD98FF10851B" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" start="start">Male</pageBreakToken>
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genitalia (Figs 37-49, 94-96, 107-110, 115). Total length vinculum + tegumen 425-625
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<normalizedToken id="A1D65801822371936FACA5635AA72570" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. Vinculum (S IX) long, reaching anterior margin of segment VI. Tegumen (Figs 41, 46, 110) well sclerotised, with medial, slightly-bilobed posterior projection, one sensilla on each lobe; tegumen dorsally with groups of microtrichia, and two lateral lobes with setae or sensilla; a poorly-sclerotised structure below tegumen may be a reduced uncus. Valva (Figs 40, 43, 108) narrow, apex blunt, with stalked pectinifer halfway to inner margin, pecten comprising 8-11 blunt sensilla, usually same number on both valvae, but sometimes a difference of one. Valva length (without transtilla) 200-230
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<normalizedToken id="CD5D37B826E81972B59D4C55CE33E528" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. Transtilla (Figs 41, 109) with long sublateral processes and medial spatulate posterior process, with rounded corners. Juxta elongate, as a narrow ventral process of phallus, attached on phallus near phallocrypt spines (Fig. 48). Phallus (Figs 39, 42, 44, 45, 48, 49, 94-96, 107) long and narrow, ca. 340-425
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<normalizedToken id="EA9288ABE954BA7130C14C6B0A0C8594" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long. Phallocrypt (manica) with some strongly-sclerotised conical spines, arranged asymmetrically; in lateral view (Figs 44, 94-96) one dorsally, curved ventrad, a similar strong one ventrally curved dorsad, latter with 3-4 smaller spines in a row anteriorly; in ventrally mounted specimens spines appear mostly on right side, where phallus is constricted. Phallus outer tube with ventrally-curved appendix ca.103-150
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<normalizedToken id="32E3C6592EDEBA0DDA23C4C64E09693D" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long (measured along curve).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EF0DFDFBB4004BFE998E214A209E4EEB" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">
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Female genitalia (Figs 50-53). Length of anterior apophyses 800-900
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<normalizedToken id="BD39DD6317150AD19F3DBC2472774E0B" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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(n=5), posterior apophyses 880-935
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<normalizedToken id="E9E3B3A3BD5C78A5E42353E2C4ACE9BC" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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(n=5). Oviscapt with 5-6 cusps on either side (Figs 51, 52). Ductus spermathecae with many wide convolutions, spermathecal papilla with circle-shaped sclerotisation (Fig. 50).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="951A941BCD33B1046FD474E7785FF3FB" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" type="biology">
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<paragraph id="59A4487564AB511A2858EF92C8BDD736" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">Biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AF1A1AB4016239D7910A715D1FD6CAFE" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">
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Host plants.
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<taxonomicName id="25F9C46191E90E5C1F9AAB5DECFEB1D7" family="Vitaceae" lsidName="" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" rank="family">Vitaceae</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="E838141C240C0634787F363E68CF14CE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Rhoicissus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhoicissus digitata" order="Vitales" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="digitata">Rhoicissus digitata</taxonomicName>
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(L.f.) Gilg. & M. Brandt and various South African grown cultivars of
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<taxonomicName id="46F1368C4226D151E73AA3CB6990A665" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Vitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vitis vinifera" order="Vitales" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vinifera">Vitis vinifera</taxonomicName>
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(e.g., Chardonnay, Chenin Blanc, Red Globe,
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<normalizedToken id="4B697C12BDC63862309A391A27B8161C" originalValue="Régal">Regal</normalizedToken>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8CD5D5485D9A02EB44A48E77F13215F3" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">
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Leafmines (Figs 70-75, 79). The egg is inserted on the leaf underside, usually within 1-2 mm from a vein, rarely slightly farther. Freshly expanded foliage is preferentially selected for oviposition, but as egg laying proceeds from early spring to late autumn, it also oviposits on older leaves, even those showing previous feeding. The majority of the mines on
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<taxonomicName id="035448C8A06191C6F53E8E7C839455A1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Vitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vitis" order="Vitales" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Vitis</taxonomicName>
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(75% of 160 mines from six samples) start at the leaf edge, but even there the egg is always near the vein in the tip of a lobe; some mines originate close to the leaf midrib. Also, the few studied mines on
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<taxonomicName id="2FAEC7CCE8D51539BC88574C9C8FBD65" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Rhoicissus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhoicissus" order="Vitales" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Rhoicissus</taxonomicName>
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start at the leaf(let) tip. The mine starts as a much contorted narrow gallery, often first in a zigzag pattern with U-turns, eventually enlarging into an irregular wide gallery or a blotch. The frass is brown in the early mine, later black, in a rather thin line in the centre of the gallery; later the frass is in clumps in a wider central line. The whole mine occupies a small area of ca. 12-15 mm long, of which the size depends on leaf thickness; in thin leaves mines are appreciably longer and wider. Mines are very often clustered in groups of 3-5 or even more. The larva cuts out an elliptic case of about 2.5-4.1 mm (3.4
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<normalizedToken id="56EBD37A97C3A25A33C2498843BD7E07" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.3, n=34)
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<normalizedToken id="496ACAB956EB08DD254E789BEE972EA5" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1.5-3.1 mm (2.3
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<normalizedToken id="19CA067E72305C064F26F2060EC3ADB1" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.3, n=34) mm wide, ratio 1.2-1.8 (1.5
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C2DF1D726D526E18921B6D56BC4915F3" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FACA7E3C190B10AD2F0B80F32F057D21" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" type="voltinism and habits">
|
||
<paragraph id="3F51A1D4F76791D63869B53B05505E6D" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">Voltinism and habits.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="26043E61C39E810B11C798CE3D55F8D2" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">
|
||
The moth is multivoltine; the first adults appear during early spring (September to October) and a single generation lasts from three to four weeks; peak numbers are reached during February and March at the height of the grape picking season. Moths are still present in April; the last were seen early May; many cocoons overwinter in leaf litter, dropping to the ground and pupating amongst leaf litter or attached to stems and trellises from April onwards, and yielding moths from September onwards. Larvae are present almost continuously from November to early May when the leaves start to wither and drop. Larvae have only once been collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69C1A3E6691C3CF6E49AF8EAE8D58C75" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Rhoicissus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhoicissus" order="Vitales" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Rhoicissus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, these in March. When fully grown, larvae descend from the mines to attach their cocoons upon landing on a variety of objects such as other leaves, berries of grape bunches, trellises or on the bark of the vine itself (Fig. 76).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="518FCC77D703B02F55931362097652CA" pageId="12" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="7A5288908CFEF49B6C16C038F7AAFF79" pageId="12" pageNumber="53" start="start">Moths</pageBreakToken>
|
||
aggregate and mate in the heat of the day (1100-1400 hrs) on exposed vine foliage, but prefer to oviposit in the shaded canopy conditions under which table grapes are grown; wine grapes, grown in an open cultivation system and fully exposed to the sun are rarely, or at least less seriously attacked.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="AF43AB9F70D340990A86B583C81E1250" pageId="12" pageNumber="53" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="9585DC5E7AF6BE7C82F3076D220E0A04" pageId="12" pageNumber="53">Distribution</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0BFCD484C372AF40DA5A061BB125CA27" pageId="12" pageNumber="53">
|
||
(Fig. 115). On native
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDAA8A1CEF75DE993FB2CB5699642E26" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Rhoicissus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhoicissus" order="Vitales" pageId="12" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Rhoicissus</taxonomicName>
|
||
as yet only found once: South Africa, Western Cape (Wilderness). On cultivated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9D40BF5E70881A9261D713D956A8A2D3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Vitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vitis" order="Vitales" pageId="12" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Vitis</taxonomicName>
|
||
from South Africa: Western Cape, Northern Cape and Gauteng.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="22F6308D759002CF0E5639A70E90452C" pageId="12" pageNumber="53" type="dna barcode">
|
||
<paragraph id="BE767063A3C97C0271F2FF4BC2E1DBFF" pageId="12" pageNumber="53">DNA barcode.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BB78D0B953AC0DF6D895FF5D8132E939" pageId="12" pageNumber="53">We barcoded eight specimens, including the Holotype. All barcodes belong to Barcode Identification Number (BIN):ACG9027, the largest intraspecific distance is 1.4%, between one specimen collected in Gauteng and the rest, collected in the Western Cape.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="247ECB398BEF426FB8290E702141E5DF" pageId="12" pageNumber="53">DNA-Barcode of Holotype, HELA103-14 (658 basepairs):</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="68377E78A725F968187C3F9AE6AE8FA2" pageId="12" pageNumber="53">AACTTTATATTTTATTTTTGGTATTTGAGCGGGATTAGTAGGAACATCAATAAGTTTATTAATTCGTGCTGAATTAGGAATCCCTGGGTCCTTAATTTCTAATGATCAAATTTATAATACTATTGTTACAGCTCATGCATTTATTATAATTTTTTTTATAGTTATACCTATTATAATTGGAGGATTTGGAAATTGATTAGTTCCGTTAATATTAGGAGCCCCAGATATAGCATTTCCTCGTCTTAATAATATAAGTTTTTGACTCCTTCCCCCATCTTTAACATTATTAATTTCAAGAAGATTAGTTGAAATGGGATCAGGAACTGGATGAACTGTCTATCCACCTTTATCTTCCAATATTGCCCATATGGGAACTTCTGTGGATTTAACTATTTTTTCTTTACATTTGGCTGGAATTTCATCTATTTTAGGAGCTGTAAATTTTATTACAACAATTATTAATATAAAACCAGTTAGAATAATATATAATCAACTTTCTTTATTTGTTTGATCTGTGGGTATTACAGCTTTATTACTATTATTATCTTTACCTGTATTAGCTGGAGCTATTACTATATTATTAACTGATCGAAATTTAAATACTTCTTTTTTTGACCCTATGGGAGGAGGAGACCCTATTCTATATCAACATTTATTT</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="CC3171C2A2E52AE1F11E6712F4F54C13" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="12" pageNumber="53" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="233425BEB9D7EEB90D7EB019F8DC006A" pageId="12" pageNumber="53">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1C554EE2EDC677A36C3AC3364C5BAAE1" pageId="12" pageNumber="53">
|
||
The only wild
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BFC7D6B96698EE2B4E9F39CE19F04AA6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Rhoicissus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhoicissus" order="Vitales" pageId="12" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Rhoicissus</taxonomicName>
|
||
on which mines of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F86E51A7F9A8FE28078465FC182AA93C" genus="Holocacista" lsidName="Holocacista capensis" pageId="12" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="capensis">Holocacista capensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
were collected, was identified by
|
||
<normalizedToken id="31AC4B22B362B62DC4103460EFEAB8FB" originalValue="Vári">Vari</normalizedToken>
|
||
in his notebook as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="210C5AB10F12CE85D9F8E6913D360E36" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Rhoicissus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhoicissus revoilii" order="Vitales" pageId="12" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="revoilii">Rhoicissus revoilii</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The single leaf we studied could belong to this species or to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C65969DCCD89EDBD83EB9F2DDA9EC64" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Rhoicissus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhoicissus digitata" order="Vitales" pageId="12" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="digitata">Rhoicissus digitata</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is very similar. On the basis of the distribution (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="739CDA3F0079A64D50E35C350D4308FF" author="Palgrave, KC" journalOrPublisher="Struik, Cape Town" pageId="29" pageNumber="70" title="Trees of Southern Africa" year="2002">Palgrave and Palgrave 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), we conclude that the latter is the most likely, since
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9F19CAA8C462CDA877EA4F58D94528B3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Rhoicissus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhoicissus revoilii" order="Vitales" pageId="12" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="revoilii">Rhoicissus revoilii</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not known to occur in the Western Cape.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8CCB2745ED5B2B48A98F970DD2FD5DD3" pageId="12" pageNumber="53">
|
||
Several reared adults were used in 2013 for a rearing experiment on potted plants of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B1E5F85765C41EDF7E729E6E50D00F37" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Rhoicissus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhoicissus rhomboidea" order="Vitales" pageId="12" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rhomboidea">Rhoicissus rhomboidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(E.Mey. ex Harv.) Planch., bought in the Netherlands. Although the adults lived for several days, no traces of mines were found. Either the species is unsuitable as a hostplant, or these potted plants contained remnants of insecticides. Later, we were more successful with rearing larval offspring from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="82A47245AEE497255DF12E365A242092" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Vitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vitis" order="Vitales" pageId="12" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Vitis</taxonomicName>
|
||
-grown adults from Wellington on potted
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C0C606A1A9861BC836C35E79EF120BA8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Rhoicissus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhoicissus digitata" order="Vitales" pageId="12" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="digitata">Rhoicissus digitata</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the laboratory in Stellenbosch (for resulting leafmines see Fig. 79). The main aim of this preliminary study was to detect whether moths reared on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ED05899E7868209646F1EB345AD8843" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Vitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vitis vinifera" order="Vitales" pageId="12" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vinifera">Vitis vinifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
would readily breed on (caged)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DE5D9DBEAE7C0E159B22A0CD5D44D87C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Rhoicissus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhoicissus digitata" order="Vitales" pageId="12" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="digitata">Rhoicissus digitata</taxonomicName>
|
||
; moths emerging from grapevine leaf litter or sampled foliage were released into the caged
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B1EB2B8A7226D026183C55CC7063E280" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Rhoicissus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhoicissus" order="Vitales" pageId="12" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Rhoicissus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The latter was readily infested, often resulting in the entire leaf being consumed by the larvae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3F2250A9A8FCCE01255E2D4211BD0501" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="5F35865374E29A762F89390FFF232A79" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" start="start">Other</pageBreakToken>
|
||
live cocoons were sent in 2013 to Lund, Sweden, emerged there, and have been used for pheromone studies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="22F50873AE79910EBC471D679AEC74A8" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">Wang et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E21D0577FFB36145A2EB4F7664A2EF25" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" type="material examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="83F6B6AC9B081547D711866EBC67D537" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">Material examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="821F8126FCB4E2DA3AA81F40ED0AC831" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">
|
||
Adults and leafmines: South Africa, Gauteng: 3♂, Pretoria, Roodeplaat, 1245 m, leafmines
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77106B82BEEF4A5F3E2A1BAA33A08253" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Vitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vitis vinifera" order="Vitales" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vinifera">Vitis vinifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, emerged 10-12.x.1990, S. Marais, Genitalia slide EvN4264, DNA extracted (RMNH.INS.24264) (HG, RMNH); 3♂, 5♀, same locality, emerged 4-14.iv.2012, D. Visser (HG, RMNH); 2♀ [5 more specimens in TMSA], Pretoria, emerged 2-6.xi.1950, L.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="BE62E7CB1AEFA8382E041B55D84AC792" originalValue="Vári">Vari</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Genitalia slide TM6830, Wing slide TM 2414 (TMSA); 1♀ [1 more specimen in TMSA], 1 herbarium sheet with 6 leafmines on 4 leaves, Pretoria, 8.iii.1953, Ac. no. 660, leafmines on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="401AE731FFCC28652D9CDCB36AF37974" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Vitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vitis vinifera" order="Vitales" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vinifera">Vitis vinifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, emerged 10-31.iii.1953, L.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0993004C8223323D2A6DE48F554CD65D" originalValue="Vári">Vari</normalizedToken>
|
||
(TMSA); 1♂, 1♀, 1 herbarium sheet with ca. 13 leafmines in 4 leaves, Pretoria, in own garden, 21.x.1953, Ac. no. 866, leafmines on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="84BBF44705E386FEC82B864E4FFE20EA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Vitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vitis vinifera" order="Vitales" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vinifera">Vitis vinifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, emerged 26.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5D07A0B135C06166D1CE5198B52AF72F" originalValue="x–">x-</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.xi.1953, L.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="79A32B4CF988B25621BCD75A0945F0DB" originalValue="Vári">Vari</normalizedToken>
|
||
(TMSA); 1♂, larvae and leafmines, Roodeplaat exp. Farm, 1168 m, 23.i.2013, leafmines
|
||
<taxonomicName id="140BE7DC6353143B38F45654A1BB618C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Vitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vitis vinifera" order="Vitales" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vinifera">Vitis vinifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, EvN2013025-026, E.J. van Nieukerken & S. Richter, 1 larva DNA extracted (RMNH.INS.29586). Northern Cape: 9♂, 14♀ [unmounted], Vaalhartz Research Stn., Jan Kempdorp near Kimberly, 27.ii.1980 [emergence date?], W. v.d. Westhuyzen (TMSA). Western Cape: 2♂, 3♀, Cape Town, Woodstock, cocoons collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="288D8001839D4B6EB329C622A68B6B16" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Vitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vitis vinifera" order="Vitales" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vinifera">Vitis vinifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 26.ii.2012, emerged 5-13.iii.2012, M. Wohlfarter; 1♂, Oudtshoorn, March 1998, on urban vine, H. Geertsema (HG); 81♂, 58♀, Paarl, nr Windmeul, 168 m, leafmines/cocoons on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14928021745AC3E86CFCEB35DE580D0A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Vitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vitis vinifera" order="Vitales" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vinifera">Vitis vinifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, emerged 1.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="867DB1E3E07E08B1C8B9E01D8FD3EF61" originalValue="ii–">ii-</normalizedToken>
|
||
30.iii.2012, H. Geertsema, Genitalia slides EvN4260♂, 4261♀, 4262♂, 4263♀; complete adults on slide EvN4445♂, 4446♂, 4447♂, DNA extracted (RMNH.INS.24260, 24261, 24262, 24263, 24445, 24446, 24447) (HG, RMNH); 3♂, 2♀, Paarl NW, Nelson estate, 125 m, 15.i.2013, leafmines on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5E2FD91002C292B4E8ADA5F950070D08" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Vitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vitis vinifera" order="Vitales" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vinifera">Vitis vinifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
cv 'Chenin
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1ECF718E51E861E9B093413CAB93D222" originalValue="Blanc’">Blanc'</normalizedToken>
|
||
, EvN2013002, emerged 18.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="69AEB7553ED4A983A22FFDE5EF2DACD4" originalValue="i–">i-</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.ii.2013, E.J. van Nieukerken & H. Geertsema; 6♂, 10♀, 4 larvae, ibidem, 130 m, leafmines on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31CC1BD385056E43529D3DCAA9460994" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Vitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vitis vinifera" order="Vitales" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vinifera">Vitis vinifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
cv
|
||
<normalizedToken id="BE53017745E75960EFDBC57154CA32AE" originalValue="‘’Chardonnay’">''Chardonnay'</normalizedToken>
|
||
, EvN2013003, emerged 24.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B2D9D21415DD681503D8B7EA189071AC" originalValue="i–">i-</normalizedToken>
|
||
5.ii.2013, Genitalia slide EvN4624♀, DNA extracted (RMNH.INS.24624), larvae RMNH.INS.2956265; 6♂, 11♀, 6 larvae, Paarl NW, De Heuvel estate, 180 m, 16.i.2013, leafmines on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="52433617E67C830FFB804931A7A2B85B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Vitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vitis vinifera" order="Vitales" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vinifera">Vitis vinifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
cv
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7C5685C22FFDF94959E5D794E128818D" originalValue="‘Regal’">'Regal'</normalizedToken>
|
||
, EvN2013004, emerged 20-27.i.2013, E.J. van Nieukerken & H. Geertsema, larvae RMNH.INS.29578-83; 2♂, 3♀, ibidem, leafmines on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED92B762CDAB282A359D014881FE8EE1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Vitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vitis vinifera" order="Vitales" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vinifera">Vitis vinifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
cv 'Red
|
||
<normalizedToken id="41D4DA80CF44D646581A700D886D0913" originalValue="globe’">globe'</normalizedToken>
|
||
, EvN2013005, emerged 26.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A01FDD7E57656AEBC0DA17E79DEB8889" originalValue="i–">i-</normalizedToken>
|
||
4.ii.2013; 1♂, 3♀, ibidem, 25.i.2013, leafmines on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FD261DEFF317E2CB1C255F61495624A8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Vitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vitis vinifera" order="Vitales" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vinifera">Vitis vinifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
cv 'Red
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2D5B534F444F70A12B9B0524EA595E77" originalValue="globe’">globe'</normalizedToken>
|
||
, EvN2013030, emerged 1-6.ii.2013, E.J. van Nieukerken & H. Geertsema (RMNH, HG); 5 adults, Somerset, 23.ii.2012, cocoons collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="18B6EA49FFF367CB0B9DA3D477D5DDCC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Vitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vitis vinifera" order="Vitales" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vinifera">Vitis vinifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, emerged 27.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A2ECF8F7586FDA3A4FC7B118ACDAF13F" originalValue="ii–">ii-</normalizedToken>
|
||
5.iii.2012, O. Lotter; 1♀, Wellington, emerged 25.xii.2014, leafmines on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2AF78908B9D8A11D25A25082546AD0F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Vitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vitis vinifera" order="Vitales" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vinifera">Vitis vinifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, L. Torrance (HG). 3♂, 1♀ [8 more specimens in TMSA], 1 leaf with 6 mines, Wilderness, Kaaimans River, 15.iii.1954, Ac. no. 1093, leafmines on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="753EDE790EF144F9E01685B197D5FC5D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Rhoicissus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhoicissus digitata" order="Vitales" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="digitata">Rhoicissus digitata</taxonomicName>
|
||
[in notebook
|
||
<normalizedToken id="707FE8CFC8314009DC570670EEFF3C53" originalValue="Vári">Vari</normalizedToken>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76E64CFFE47451AEFB94B13B281F0AC4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Rhoicissus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhoicissus revoilii" order="Vitales" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="revoilii">Rhoicissus revoilii</taxonomicName>
|
||
], emerged 4-5.iv.1954, L.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="FD08752432D3CB757C5C36C9120285F2" originalValue="Vári">Vari</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Genitalia slide EvN4381♂, DNA extracted (RMNH.INS.24381) (TMSA).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BDA9B4CAAC47F673455B3D70AFA14EDB" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" type="additional data">
|
||
<paragraph id="76C1C49809CBAF9698B39CA005619F54" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">Additional data</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6EE92141884436F5C67B741308113ECF" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">
|
||
[leafmines and larvae collected, no adults kept in collection]. South Africa, Western Cape: 11♂, 21♀ [reared from 50 cocoons in Lund, Sweden and used for pheromone studies], Paarl NW, De Heuvel estate, 180 m, 25.i.2013, leafmines on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7CBAC42AAFFFEE78E811050F871ACA3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Vitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vitis vinifera" order="Vitales" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vinifera">Vitis vinifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
cv
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A549F84D7E8B8D4D03DFBA3616BA7F06" originalValue="‘Regal’">'Regal'</normalizedToken>
|
||
, EvN2013029, emerged 2-15.ii.2013, E.J. van Nieukerken & H. Geertsema; several adults, Wellington, emerged xii.2014, ex
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9125D667FA3F0C364A92691BE5518DD9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Vitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vitis vinifera" order="Vitales" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vinifera">Vitis vinifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
laboratory bred on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0C0D4947A238AC45A380AB9049112BBB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Rhoicissus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhoicissus digitata" order="Vitales" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="digitata">Rhoicissus digitata</taxonomicName>
|
||
, L. Torrance (HG).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |