206 lines
26 KiB
XML
206 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document id="55B1BC0A1E4667550BFDB85239A2C43D" ID-CLB-Dataset="88683" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFF89F6648C6B31BAFF48FCAD" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Acerodon macklotii" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="136" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="135" updateTime="1719592658732" updateUser="admin">
|
||
<mods:mods id="CF0AA5E6CEA8145914E563D5C6237048" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="1D514DCE8374E7F23702ED18535996AC">
|
||
<mods:title id="B1B163026232B196E59C3A64CF6D4782">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="06227AB90CF8756E9274802CCCD35565" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="27F5E7F01F3B48644A233609A246654F">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="E7CF63E6C66145A870CCF94950B093D6">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="80575FB924F70863370BF1E3E983547D">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="62FE9BB469E6EB13E18B9D2FFF69544E" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="328A5E5AD254F08F9D7E455B52E40E45">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="C1555773D6D289D201D8E73CF60A55C5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="7C14E98EB3D4B36C525558351A3F441C">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="C38F69607575E2B1C7C18CA23EDB4692">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="3488D53F536844E37B1C2B57FA8C3500" type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo id="24176ABF46666A6BCEA2BFE6FF5F628B">
|
||
<mods:dateIssued id="AA009544A1A4E39F967041AAB6C03AA2">2019</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:dateOther id="20CE6FD8CDE15D7FB5FA632FF421F4B5" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
|
||
<mods:publisher id="4D7E6D19CE38E1E1E81BAD90B3D3F8B7">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place id="BB18849409B1D49A8BF9CA1889AA37A6">
|
||
<mods:placeTerm id="58CDA745988BCA452BD2C228C3705685">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="43BEF3B2C64F84BF7B718D55E16675F0">
|
||
<mods:title id="799DF2A41E011D296700579DB74513AE">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="98764FD4958DC6ADB97299C0CC630AE7">
|
||
<mods:extent id="1BA89CA06449D46284E2A58A13F637A2" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="41999501AC8FD6A79F43368615C2719D">16</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="8E8B7F9D8F8C0521B740E5CB4BB5DE77">162</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="FCCCEBB4859652D95DB8130E07CA8E44">book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="2F76EB052E48B70527436D99344DB23A" type="CLB-Dataset">88683</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="4563BC0BD9F938CA01E46B7E686ACF8F" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6448815</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="7B8D1CFA2FC35F79390647FFAA4996C9" type="GBIF-Dataset">bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="FFAFB0F9D5E6E764BA34716811AB29A8" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="57F2BC381151036E97C6894E9F24402C" type="Zenodo-Dep">6448815</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="03AD87FAFF89F6648C6B31BAFF48FCAD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6449042" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379456" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6449042" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFF89F6648C6B31BAFF48FCAD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFF89F6648C6B31BAFF48FCAD" lastPageId="78" lastPageNumber="136" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF89F6678C6B31BAFA60FA4F" box="[1397,1477,1446,1492]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6678C6B31BAFA60FA4F" blockId="77.[1392,2344,1446,1571]" box="[1397,1477,1446,1492]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<heading id="D0F38180FF89F6678C6B31BAFA60FA4F" box="[1397,1477,1446,1492]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F2A69FF89F6678C6B31BAFA60FA4F" box="[1397,1477,1446,1492]" captionStart="Plate 8: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="75.[98,128,3361,3386]" captionTargetBox="[12,2745,16,3662]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="127. Wallace's Stripe-faced Fruit Bat (Styloctenium wallacei), 128. Mindoro Stripe-faced Fruit Bat (Styloctenium mindorensis), 129. Small-toothed Fruit Bat (Neopteryx frosti), 130. Sulawesi Flying Fox (Acerodon celebensis), 131. Talaud Flying Fox (Acerodon humilis), 132. Golden-capped Flying Fox (Acerodon jubatus), 133. Palawan Flying Fox (Acerodon leucotis), 134. Sunda Flying Fox (Acerodon macklotii), 135. Moluccan Masked Flying Fox (Pleropus personatus), 136. Lombok Flying Fox (Pteropus lombocensus), 137. Little Red Flying Fox (Pteropus scapulatus), 138. Big-eared Flying Fox (Pteropus macrotis), 139. Gilliard’s Flying Fox (Pteropus gilliardorum), 140. Sanborn’s Flying Fox (Pleropus mahaganus), 141. Dwarf Flying Fox (Pteropus woodfordi), 142. Pohnpei Flying Fox (Pteropus molossinus), 143. Chuuk Flying Fox (Pteropus pelagicus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448883/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">134.</figureCitation>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF89F6678CC831BAF8E5FA4F" box="[1494,1856,1446,1492]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6678CC831BAF8E5FA4F" blockId="77.[1392,2344,1446,1571]" box="[1494,1856,1446,1492]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<heading id="D0F38180FF89F6678CC831BAF8E5FA4F" box="[1494,1856,1446,1492]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<vernacularName id="050746C2FF89F6678CC831BAF8E5FA4F" ID-CoL="94ZM" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[1494,1856,1446,1492]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macklotii">Sunda Flying Fox</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF89F6678E9B31BAF770FA4F" box="[1925,2261,1446,1492]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6678E9B31BAF770FA4F" blockId="77.[1392,2344,1446,1571]" box="[1925,2261,1446,1492]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<heading id="D0F38180FF89F6678E9B31BAF770FA4F" box="[1925,2261,1446,1492]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF89F6678E9B31BAF770FA4F" ID-CoL="94ZM" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[1925,2261,1446,1492]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macklotii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF89F6678E9B31BAF770FA4F" box="[1925,2261,1446,1492]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Acerodon macklotii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF89F6678C6C31FAF8ACF9B9" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6678C6C31FAF68DFA60" blockId="77.[1392,2344,1446,1571]" box="[1394,2344,1510,1531]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<heading id="D0F38180FF89F6678C6C31FAF68DFA60" box="[1394,2344,1510,1531]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF89F6678C6C31FAFA18FA60" bold="true" box="[1394,1469,1510,1531]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">French:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="050746C2FF89F6678CDB31FAF93EFA60" ID-CoL="94ZM" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[1477,1691,1510,1531]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macklotii">Acérodon de Macklot</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF89F6678FB131FAF8AFFA60" bold="true" box="[1711,1802,1510,1531]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">German:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="050746C2FF89F6678E0A31FAF810FA60" ID-CoL="94ZM" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[1812,1973,1510,1531]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macklotii">Sunda-Flughund</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF89F6678ED431FAF783FA60" bold="true" box="[1994,2086,1510,1531]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Spanish:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="050746C2FF89F667813031FAF68DFA60" ID-CoL="94ZM" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[2094,2344,1510,1531]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macklotii">Zorro volador de Macklot</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6678C6F3211F8ACF9B9" blockId="77.[1392,2344,1446,1571]" box="[1393,1801,1549,1570]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<heading id="D0F38180FF89F6678C6F3211F8ACF9B9" box="[1393,1801,1549,1570]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF89F6678C6F3211F9CDF9B9" bold="true" box="[1393,1640,1549,1570]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Other common names:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="050746C2FF89F6678F6C3211F8ACF9B9" ID-CoL="94ZM" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[1650,1801,1549,1570]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macklotii">Sunda Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF89F6678ECB324DF7BAF902" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6678ECB324DF7BAF902" blockId="77.[2005,2598,1617,2045]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF89F6678ECB324DF7D4F9E9" bold="true" box="[2005,2161,1617,1650]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF89F6678198324DF7BFF902" ID-CoL="7WP9N" authority="Temminck, 1837" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1837" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macklotii">Pteropus macklotii Temminck, 1837</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF89F66781353260F707F902" box="[2091,2210,1660,1689]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F66781353260F707F902" blockId="77.[2005,2598,1617,2045]" box="[2091,2210,1660,1689]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FF89F66781353260F707F902" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391387" box="[2091,2210,1660,1689]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">“Timor.”</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF89F6678EC832BCF62CF95A" box="[2006,2441,1696,1729]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6678EC832BCF62CF95A" blockId="77.[2005,2598,1617,2045]" box="[2006,2441,1696,1729]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Five subspecies are recognized.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF89F6678EC832DBF7D5F7D0" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="multiple">
|
||
<caption id="DF7B6664FF89F6678EC832DBF7D5F7D0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803848" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803848" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803848/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" startId="77.[2006,2160,1735,1768]" targetBox="[1391,1981,1629,2044]" targetPageId="77">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6678EC832DBF6C2F973" blockId="77.[2005,2598,1617,2045]" box="[2006,2407,1735,1768]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF89F6678EC832DBF6C2F973" bold="true" box="[2006,2407,1735,1768]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6678ECB32EFF609F8AC" blockId="77.[2005,2598,1617,2045]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF89F6678ECB32EFF609F8AC" authority="Temminck, 1837" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1837" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1837" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="macklotii" subSpecies="macklotii">A.m.macklotiiTemminck,1837—ELesserSundaIs(Timor,includingRoti).</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6678ECB335EF712F81D" blockId="77.[2005,2598,1617,2045]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF89F6678ECB335EF712F81D" authority="K. Andersen, 1909" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1909" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="macklotii" subSpecies="alorensis">A.m.alorensisK.Andersen,1909—ELesserSundaIs(Alor).</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6678ECB3391F607F84E" blockId="77.[2005,2598,1617,2045]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF89F6678ECB3391F607F84E" authority="]. E. Gray, 1870" authorityName="]. E. Gray" authorityYear="1870" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="macklotii" subSpecies="flovesii">A.m.flovesii].E.Gray,1870—LesserSundaIs(Sumbawa,Moyo,andFlores).</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6678ECB33C0F9D0F7B8" blockId="77.[2005,2598,1617,2045]" lastBlockId="77.[1389,2599,2054,3465]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF89F6678ECB33C0F9D0F7B8" authority="K. Andersen, 1909" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1909" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="macklotii" subSpecies="gilvus">A.m.gilvusK.Andersen,1909—LesserSundaIs(Sumba).</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6678C6E3C36F7D5F7D0" blockId="77.[1389,2599,2054,3465]" box="[1392,2160,2090,2123]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF89F6678C6E3C36F90FF7D0" authority="Sody, 1936" authorityName="Sody" authorityYear="1936" box="[1392,1706,2090,2123]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="macklotii" subSpecies="prajae">A. m. prajae Sody, 1936</taxonomicName>
|
||
— W Lesser Sunda Is (Lombok).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF89F6678C6E3C46F8BCF48A" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6678C6E3C46F8BCF48A" blockId="77.[1389,2599,2054,3465]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF89F6678C6E3C46F9C2F7E8" bold="true" box="[1392,1639,2138,2163]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head—body
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF89F6678E023C46F82EF7E8" box="[1820,1931,2138,2163]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" unit="mm" value="230.0">230 mm</quantity>
|
||
(tailless), ear
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF89F667814E3C46F746F7E8" box="[2128,2275,2138,2163]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" metricValueMax="3.4" metricValueMin="3.2" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" unit="mm" value="33.0" valueMax="34.0" valueMin="32.0">32-34 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hindfoot
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF89F667806B3C46F672F7E8" box="[2421,2519,2138,2163]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" unit="mm" value="46.0">46 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF89F6678CAD3C65F9C2F701" box="[1459,1639,2169,2202]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.435" metricValueMax="1.48" metricValueMin="1.39" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" unit="mm" value="143.5" valueMax="148.0" valueMin="139.0">139-148 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF89F6678FC23C65F883F701" box="[1756,1830,2169,2202]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.18" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" unit="g" value="518.0">518 g</quantity>
|
||
(mean). Greatest lengths of skulls are
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF89F667805B3C65F67CF701" box="[2373,2521,2169,2202]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.05" metricValueMax="7.2" metricValueMin="6.9" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" unit="mm" value="70.5" valueMax="72.0" valueMin="69.0">69-72 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Subspecies alorensis is larger and has forearm length of ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF89F66781523CBDF767F759" box="[2124,2242,2209,2242]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.56" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" unit="mm" value="156.0">156 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Eyes of the Sunda Flying Fox are large, with light yellow-brown irises. Subspecies vary greatly in pelage color but generally are various shades of chocolate-brown, with sides of head darker than crown and golden buffy mantle. Males and females are dichromatic, and females are significantly paler overall. Rump and thighs are darkest brown, with occasional golden buffy flecks. Bases of hairs are dark brown to amber-brown, with some yellow tips and silvery hairs. Males have glandular neck tufts that are tawny ocher, with surrounding paler fur and deep rufous brown bases. Fur is generally woolly. Uropatagium is reduced; calcar is small. Wing membranes are dark brown to black and originate from sides of body, slightly above medial plane. Skull is typical pteropine and moderately robust, with short narrow rostrum, small orbits, low broad sagittal crest, and rather thick mandible. Palate notch is notable. The Sunda Flying Fox has heavier dentition than closely related
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF89F6678CA33E62F994F500" box="[1469,1585,2686,2715]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
Flying Fox (A.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF89F6678E193E62F824F500" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[1799,1921,2686,2715]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="celebensis">celebensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
), with similar structure of premolars and molars, but inner basal ledges of P» M,, and M,are slightly broader and longer, and anterointernal cingulum of P, is more developed, often forming distinctly differentiated small tubercle. P' is early deciduous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF89F6678C713F04F6BFF4A2" box="[1391,2330,2840,2873]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6678C713F04F6BFF4A2" blockId="77.[1389,2599,2054,3465]" box="[1391,2330,2840,2873]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF89F6678C713F04FA7BF4A2" bold="true" box="[1391,1502,2840,2873]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Coastal habitats from sea level up to elevations of ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF89F66781A63F04F6B0F4A2" box="[2232,2325,2840,2873]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" unit="m" value="450.0">450 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF89F6678C713F5CF6ECF3D6" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6678C713F5CF6ECF3D6" blockId="77.[1389,2599,2054,3465]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF89F6678C713F5CF9DDF4FA" bold="true" box="[1391,1656,2880,2913]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
On Timor, the Sunda Flying Fox feeds on young fruit of coconut palms and multiple species of figs. It was seen flying in crowns of coconut palms and approached crowns from below before alighting nearfruit. When multiple individuals landed on the same tree,territorial behavior was observed along with loud screeches, and the dominant individual drove others away. The Sunda Flying Fox was also observed foraging with Wallacean Gray Flying Foxes (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF89F667812B3819F6A3F3BD" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[2101,2310,3077,3110]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="griseus">Pteropus griseus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Large Flying Foxes (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF89F6678C653830F985F3D6" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1403,1568,3116,3149]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="vampyrus">P. vampyrus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and Western Naked-backed Fruit Bats (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF89F66781403830F699F3D6" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[2142,2364,3116,3149]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Dobsonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peronii">Dobsonia peronii</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF89F6678C703848F6EBF306" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6678C703848F6EBF306" blockId="77.[1389,2599,2054,3465]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF89F6678C703848FA50F3EE" bold="true" box="[1390,1525,3156,3189]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
On Timor, male Sunda Flying Foxes with developed testes were collected in March and females with embryos in March (
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF89F6678EFE389CF797F306" box="[2016,2098,3200,3229]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and May (
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF89F66781C9389CF6E5F306" box="[2263,2368,3200,3229]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF89F6678C7338B4F646F2A0" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6678C7338B4F646F2A0" blockId="77.[1389,2599,2054,3465]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF89F6678C7338B4F9FFF35E" bold="true" box="[1389,1626,3240,3269]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Sunda Flying Foxes are nocturnal and remain in roosts during the day. They emerge near sunset when it is still rather light out. They have occasionally been observed roosting in disturbed landscapes (e.g. orchards, gardens, and secondary forests) and at times with another flying fox species (e.g. Large Flying Foxes).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF89F6648C703959FAB1FE31" lastPageId="78" lastPageNumber="136" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6648C703959FAB1FE31" blockId="77.[1389,2599,2054,3465]" lastBlockId="78.[164,1375,275,823]" lastPageId="78" lastPageNumber="136" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF89F6678C703959F78DF2F9" bold="true" box="[1390,2088,3397,3426]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Colonies of Sunda Flying Foxes can contain ¢.300-500 individuals in crowns of large trees in areas with minimal disturbance. On Timor, they were observed roosting as a colony in large, non-fruiting fig trees at the edge of a forest near a village. Defoliated trees suggest that the colony had occupied the site for an extended period of time. When emerging at sunset, they have been seen leaving in groups of 2-6 individuals, rarely flying close to one another.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8AF66489BB35ACFDDBFD7D" pageId="78" pageNumber="136" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8AF66489BB35ACFDDBFD7D" blockId="78.[164,1375,275,823]" pageId="78" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF8AF66489BB35ACFDADFE4A" bold="true" box="[165,520,432,465]" pageId="78" pageNumber="136">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Sunda Flying Fox is projected to undergo population decline of more than 30% in the next three generations. It has no legal protection. Disturbance and roost loss are primary threats, and logging threatens to deplete forests. Mangrove forests have declined due to conversion for shrimp aquaculture. As mangroves disappear, formation of large roosting colonies will likely decrease because they are some of the only habitats left with low levels of human disturbance. Deforestation and logging also threaten stability of foraging sites.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8AF66489BB36E8FF48FCAD" pageId="78" pageNumber="136" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8AF66489BB36E8FF48FCAD" blockId="78.[164,1375,275,823]" pageId="78" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF8AF66489BB36E8FE9AFC96" bold="true" box="[165,319,756,781]" pageId="78" pageNumber="136">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Andersen (1912b), Corbet & Hill (1992), Goodwin (1979), Mildenstein (2016f), Musser et al. (1982).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |