463 lines
61 KiB
XML
463 lines
61 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="908EC7631A6121DB09BA29A17AFD660B">Revision of the Hawaiian endemic leaf-mining moth genus Philodoria Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae): its conservation status, host plants and descriptions of thirteen new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="74C437D9BADA8AD867DCA5FE3D23ABEF">Kobayashi, Shigeki</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AEBC116FA660B100721443CC4D351D0D">Johns, Chris A.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="038087CBFFC1073FFF759717FCBAA527" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4683234" ID-GBIF-Taxon="181002399" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4683234" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038087CBFFC1073FFF759717FCBAA527" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038087CBFFC1073FFF759717FCBAA527" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<subSubSection id="C3336556FFC10720FF759717FDCEA20E" box="[151,583,798,825]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFC10720FF759717FDCEA20E" blockId="47.[151,743,798,861]" box="[151,583,798,825]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<heading id="D0DE81B1FFC10720FF759717FDCEA20E" bold="true" box="[151,583,798,825]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFC10720FF759717FDCEA20E" ID-CoL="76Y2Y" authority="Swezey, 1923" authorityName="Swezey" authorityYear="1923" box="[151,583,798,825]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipturiella">
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<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFC10720FF759717FDCEA20E" bold="true" box="[151,583,798,825]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFC10720FF759717FE14A20F" bold="true" box="[151,413,798,825]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Philodoria pipturiella</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFC10720FE469717FDCEA20E" author="Swezey, O. H." box="[420,583,798,824]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="293 - 296" refId="ref102565" refString="Swezey, O. H. (1923) The leaf-miners of Pipturus. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 5 (2), 293 - 296." type="journal article" year="1923">Swezey, 1923</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3336556FFC10720FF75974AFD6EA26B" box="[151,743,834,861]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFC10720FF75974AFD6EA26B" blockId="47.[151,743,798,861]" box="[151,743,834,861]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<figureCitation id="13122A58FFC10720FF75974AFEAEA26B" box="[151,295,835,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1659,1683]" captionTargetBox="[156,1433,187,1631]" captionTargetId="figure-20@25.[151,1436,181,1636]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 10. Adults of Pipturus feeding Philodoria species. A P. costalis Swezey, 1934 lectotype male, B P. pipturiella Swezey, 1923 lectotype male, one of two cotypes (upper specimen) on the same mount, C Paralectotype male on the same mount as of lectotype (lower specimen), D P. floscula Walsingham, 1907 lectotype female, E Paralectotype male, F P. micropetala Walsingham, 1907 holotype female. Scale bar 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681833/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Figs. 10B, C</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13122A58FFC10720FED1974AFEFAA26B" box="[307,371,835,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="49.[151,250,1720,1744]" captionTargetBox="[195,1392,185,1692]" captionTargetId="figure-20@49.[191,1395,181,1696]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="FIGURE 26. Forewing pattern variation in Philodoria. Specimens from recent collection efforts that were preserved in ethanol or RNA stabilization reagent, originally for molecular studies. Wings were placed without mountant under a coverslip. A P. succedanea (sex unknown, CJ419), B P. auromagnifica, male (CJ148/SK689), C P. basalis, female (CJ410), D P. splendida, female (CJ488a), host: Syzygium sp., E P. splendida (sex unknown, CJ488b), host: Syzygium sp., F P. molokaiensis, male (CJ509b/ SK667), G P. sp. A nr. P. lysimachiella, female (CJ346a/SK753), H P. lysimachiella, female (CJ530), lateral view, I P. pipturiella, female (CJ529), J Same species, male (CJ529), K P. haelaauensis, female (CJ209), L Same species, female (CJ216), M P. floscula, female (CJ426/SK845), N P. wilkesiella, male (CJ009/SK649), O P. epibathra, male (CJ506a/SK678), P Same species, female (CJ506b/SK681). Arrows point to diagnostic characters of species: black patch at base (A), basal fascia (D), transverse fasciae (tf) (F, G), white spot (ws) (I, J), white patch (K–M). Scale bar 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681867/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">26I, J</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13122A58FFC10720FE9D974AFE5BA26B" box="[383,466,835,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="79.[151,250,1362,1386]" captionTargetBox="[164,1431,191,1329]" captionTargetId="figure-20@79.[151,1436,181,1338]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="FIGURE 44. Valva of Philodoria, inner view. A, C, E, G, I: Left valva, B, D, F, H, J: Right valva. A, B P. pipturiella, paralectotype, Oahu, SK719, C, D P. pipturicola, paralectotype, Oahu, SK715, E, F P. Haelaauensis, holotype, Maui, SK718, G, H P. haelaauensis, Molokai, SK704 I P. floscula, Hawaii (Big Island), SK818, J P. floscula, Hawaii (Big Island), PHIL0001." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681907/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">44A, B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13122A58FFC10720FE3C974BFD98A26B" box="[478,529,834,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 45" captionStartId="80.[151,250,1277,1301]" captionTargetBox="[156,1429,567,1234]" captionTargetId="figure-193@80.[151,1436,561,1239]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="FIGURE 45. Genital capsule of Philodoria, excluding right portion of male genitalia, ventral view. A P. pipturiella, paralectotype, Oahu, SK719, B P. pipturicola, paralectotype, Oahu, SK715 C P. haelaauensis, holotype, Maui, SK718, D P. haelaauensis, Molokai, SK704, E P. floscula, Hawaii (Big Island), SK818, F Saccus, P. floscula, Hawaii (Big Island), PHIL0002." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681909" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681909/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">45A</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13122A58FFC10720FDFE974AFDC6A26B" box="[540,591,835,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 46" captionStartId="81.[151,250,1867,1891]" captionTargetBox="[161,1431,1179,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-477@81.[155,1433,1173,1844]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 46. Phallus of Philodoria, lateral view. A P. pipturiella, paralectotype, Oahu, SK719, B P. pipturicola, paralectotype, Oahu, SK715, C P. haelaauensis, holotype, Maui, SK718, D P. haelaauensis, Molokai, SK704, E P. floscula, Hawaii (Big Island), SK818." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681911/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">46A</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13122A58FFC10720FDB8974BFD05A26B" box="[602,652,834,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 57" captionStartId="107.[151,250,1554,1578]" captionTargetBox="[181,1405,189,1520]" captionTargetId="figure-20@107.[176,1411,181,1530]" captionTargetPageId="107" captionText="FIGURE 57. Female genitalia of Pipturus-mining Philodoria. A P. costalis, paralectotype, SK653 B Same species, paratype, SK652 C P. pipturiella, SK722 D P. pipturicola, paralectotype, lateral view, SK717 E Same species, paralectotype, SK716 F P. haelaauensis, SK792 G P. floscula, SK819." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681933" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681933/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">57C</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13122A58FFC10720FD75974AFD6AA26B" box="[663,739,835,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 64" captionStartId="115.[151,250,1375,1399]" captionTargetBox="[167,1422,200,1348]" captionTargetId="figure-20@115.[162,1425,198,1351]" captionTargetPageId="115" captionText="FIGURE 64. BPBM genitalia slides prepared by E. C. Zimmerman. A–D: P. haelaauensis, paratype male, Maui, Z-XII-19-62- 23, E, F: P. pipturiella paratype female, Oahu, Z-XII-1962-22, G–I: P. splendida, male, Oahu, Z-XII-19-62-20. A Vinculum and valvae, tegumen broken, B, H Phallus, C Tegumen? D, I Abdominal segments, E Genitalia opened from left lateral side, F Abdominal segments II–VI, G Genitalia excluding phallus, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681949" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681949/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">64E, F</figureCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3336556FFC10720FF75978EFB98A2A9" box="[151,1041,903,927]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFC10720FF75978EFB98A2A9" blockId="47.[151,1041,903,927]" box="[151,1041,903,927]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3911F3FFC10720FF75978EFB98A2A9" box="[151,1041,903,927]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8810CCFFC10720FF75978EFDFAA2A9" author="Swezey, O. H." box="[151,627,903,927]" page="295" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" year="1923">
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<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFC10720FF75978EFDFAA2A9" ID-CoL="76Y2Y" authority="Swezey, 1923: 294 - 295" authorityName="Swezey" authorityPageNumber="294 - 295" authorityYear="1923" box="[151,627,903,927]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipturiella">
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<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFC10720FF75978EFEFFA2A9" box="[151,374,903,927]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Philodoria pipturiella</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFC10720FE9F978EFDFAA2A9" author="Swezey, O. H." box="[381,627,903,927]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="293 - 296" refId="ref102565" refString="Swezey, O. H. (1923) The leaf-miners of Pipturus. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 5 (2), 293 - 296." type="journal article" year="1923">Swezey, 1923: 294–295</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8810CCFFC10720FD9E978EFCFAA2A9" author="Zimmerman, E. C." box="[636,883,903,927]" page="715" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" year="1978">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFC10720FD9E978EFCFAA2A9" author="Zimmerman, E. C." box="[636,883,903,927]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref103182" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1978 a) Gracillarioidea. In: Microlepidoptera. Part 1. Insects of Hawaii, Vol. 9. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, pp. 644 - 718." type="book" year="1978">Zimmerman 1978a: 715</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, figs. 464, 480.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3336556FFC10720FF7597C4FC88A7EA" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFC10720FF7597C4FE6BA2DE" blockId="47.[151,1437,973,2008]" box="[151,482,973,1000]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFC10720FF7597C4FEBFA2D1" bold="true" box="[151,310,973,999]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
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<typeStatus id="5492887FFFC10720FF7597C4FF5BA2D1" box="[151,210,973,999]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Type</typeStatus>
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locality.
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</emphasis>
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Palolo (Oahu).
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFC10720FF2597F8FBE5A77D" blockId="47.[151,1437,973,2008]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFC10720FF2597F8FEFCA53D" bold="true" box="[199,373,1009,1035]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Type material.</emphasis>
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<typeStatus id="5492887FFFC10720FE9F97FBFE64A53A" box="[381,493,1010,1036]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
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♂, Palolo, Oahu,
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<date id="FF97101DFFC10720FD5B97F8FCB2A53D" box="[697,827,1009,1035]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" value="1923-12-11">11.xii.1923</date>
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?, Swezey Coll., [host:]
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<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFC10720FBA597FBFB2EA53D" box="[1095,1191,1010,1035]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Pipturus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFC10720FBA597FBFB2EA53D" box="[1095,1191,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Pipturus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, top one of two types on the same mount, |
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<typeStatus id="5492887FFFC10720FE61901CFE7BA519" box="[387,498,1045,1071]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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|
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<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFC10720FE17901CFCDAA519" authority="Swezey" authorityName="Swezey" authorityYear="1923" box="[501,851,1045,1071]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipturiella">
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<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFC10720FE17901CFD64A519" box="[501,749,1045,1071]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Philodoria pipturiella</emphasis>
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Swezey
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</taxonomicName>
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|, Type no. 4273, in
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE18FFC10720FBD7901FFB0AA506" box="[1077,1155,1046,1072]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="Museum">BPBM</collectionCode>
|
||
(Here disginated).
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFC10720FA83901FFF77A565" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="paralectotype">Paralectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
31 (6♂,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2FFD54FFC10720FE849030FE02A562" box="[358,395,1081,1108]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="female">5♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, 20 sex unknown). 1♂, bottom one of two types on the same mount of
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFC10720FB5C9030FAA1A565" box="[1214,1320,1081,1107]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
; Oahu Is., O.H. Swezey, [host:]
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFC10720FE739057FE78A541" box="[401,497,1118,1143]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Pipturus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFC10720FE739057FE78A541" box="[401,497,1118,1143]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Pipturus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 4♂,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2FFD54FFC10720FDDA9054FDD5A541" box="[568,604,1117,1143]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="female">2♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, 9 (sex unknown), Tantalus, |
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFC10720FC529054FB90A541" box="[944,1049,1117,1143]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
|SK
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2FFD54FFC10720FBA29054FBF0A541" box="[1088,1145,1117,1143]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="female">720♀</specimenCount>
|
||
|BPBM34269 (
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2FFD54FFC10720FACF9054FAC7A541" box="[1325,1358,1117,1143]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, 2 sex unknown on the same mount), |
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFC10720FE179088FDD4A5AD" box="[501,605,1153,1179]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
|SK719♂|BPBM34274 (1♂, 1 sex unknown), 3 mount |
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFC10720FB279088FAA7A5AD" box="[1221,1326,1153,1179]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
| (3♂,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2FFD54FFC10720FA909088FA1CA5AD" box="[1394,1429,1153,1179]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, 6 sex unknown) in
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE18FFC10720FE9B90ACFE47A589" box="[377,462,1189,1215]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2FFD54FFC10720FE3990ACFE77A589" box="[475,510,1189,1215]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, 6 (sex unknown), Kaumuahona,
|
||
<date id="FF97101DFFC10720FC6A90ACFC7DA589" box="[904,1012,1189,1215]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" value="1919-01-12">12.i.1919</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE18FFC10720FBE090ACFBD9A589" box="[1026,1104,1189,1215]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="Museum">BPBM</collectionCode>
|
||
34273 (
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2FFD54FFC10720FB4E90ACFB44A589" box="[1196,1229,1189,1215]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, 3 sex unknown),
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE18FFC10720FF7590C0FF6EA5D2" box="[151,231,1225,1252]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="Museum">BPBM</collectionCode>
|
||
34275,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE18FFC10720FEDB90C3FE0EA5D2" box="[313,391,1226,1252]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="Museum">BPBM</collectionCode>
|
||
34276,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE18FFC10720FE0390C0FDB8A5D5" box="[481,561,1225,1251]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="Museum">BPBM</collectionCode>
|
||
34277; 1♂,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2FFD54FFC10720FD5690C0FD50A5D5" box="[692,729,1225,1251]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="female">2♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, 1 (sex unknown), Kaumuahona,
|
||
<date id="FF97101DFFC10720FBB090C0FB37A5D5" box="[1106,1214,1225,1251]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" value="1919-01-12">12.i.1919</date>
|
||
, ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFC10720FB3190C0FF54A431" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1907" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="micropetala">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFC10720FB3190C0FF54A431" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Philodoria micropetala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, aB/1915’, 54, SK727♂, SK
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2FFD54FFC10720FDC590E4FDEAA431" box="[551,611,1261,1287]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="female">728♀</specimenCount>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE18FFC10720FD6B90E4FD57A431" box="[649,734,1261,1287]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
; 1♂, Manoa,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE18FFC10720FC9A90E4FC41A431" box="[888,968,1261,1287]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="Museum">BPBM</collectionCode>
|
||
34278. 1 (sex unknown), Pacific Heights,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE18FFC10720FF759118FF61A41D" box="[151,232,1297,1323]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="Museum">BPBM</collectionCode>
|
||
34271; 2 (sex unknown), W.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFC10720FDCC9118FD50A41D" authority="Mt. Kaala" authorityName="Mt. Kaala" box="[558,729,1297,1324]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Malvaceae" genus="Sida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sida Mt. Kaala</taxonomicName>
|
||
<date id="FF97101DFFC10720FD039118FCC4A41D" box="[737,845,1297,1323]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" value="1919-06-01">1.vi.1919</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE18FFC10720FCB89118FC23A41D" box="[858,938,1297,1323]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="Museum">BPBM</collectionCode>
|
||
34279; 1 (sex unknown), W.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFC10720FB139118FA15A41D" authority="Mt. Kaala" authorityName="Mt. Kaala" box="[1265,1436,1297,1324]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Malvaceae" genus="Sida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sida Mt. Kaala</taxonomicName>
|
||
<date id="FF97101DFFC10720FF75913CFE88A479" box="[151,257,1333,1359]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" value="1919-06-01">
|
||
1.vi.
|
||
<quantity id="4CD19B38FFC10720FF23913CFE88A479" box="[193,257,1333,1359]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.87426" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="in" value="1919.0">1919</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE18FFC10720FEC5913CFEF5A479" box="[295,380,1333,1359]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
. Described from three specimens, one specimen labeled ‘Holotype’ and one ‘type’ each from Palolo, and Tantalus, Oahu. Given the manner in which the descriptions were written, Swezey likely considered these specimens as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFC10720FE7D9174FD88A4A1" box="[415,513,1405,1431]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and two
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFC10720FD899177FD50A4AE" box="[619,729,1406,1432]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
, as indicated on their specimen labels. But because a
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFC10720FAD89174FA15A4A1" box="[1338,1436,1405,1431]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
was not specified in the description, the so-labeled types and
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFC10720FC8091ABFC44A48A" box="[866,973,1442,1468]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
are all to be considered
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFC10720FB1391ABFADAA48A" box="[1265,1363,1442,1468]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
under Article 73.2 of the Code (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFC10720FE5591CCFDB7A4E9" author="ICZN" box="[439,574,1477,1503]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref101112" refString="ICZN (1999) International code of zoological nomenclature. Fourth Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp." type="book" year="1999">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE18FFC10720FE5591CCFE73A4E9" box="[439,506,1477,1503]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">ICZN</collectionCode>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and therefore a new formal
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFC10720FC6B91CCFC79A4E9" box="[905,1008,1477,1503]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
can be designated under Article 74 of the Code (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFC10720FEE991E0FE1BA735" author="ICZN" box="[267,402,1513,1539]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref101112" refString="ICZN (1999) International code of zoological nomenclature. Fourth Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp." type="book" year="1999">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE18FFC10720FEE991E0FEC7A735" box="[267,334,1513,1539]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">ICZN</collectionCode>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFC10720FE3A91E3FDA6A732" box="[472,559,1514,1540]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
‘Holotype’ (top specimen on mount) which was figured as
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFC10720FB3591E0FAB0A735" box="[1239,1337,1513,1539]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFC10720FA8691E0FEC0A711" author="Zimmerman, E. C." pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref103182" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1978 a) Gracillarioidea. In: Microlepidoptera. Part 1. Insects of Hawaii, Vol. 9. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, pp. 644 - 718." type="book" year="1978">Zimmerman (1978a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 464), is here designated as
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFC10720FD499204FC9BA711" box="[683,786,1549,1575]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFC10720FCC29204FC0CA711" box="[800,901,1549,1575]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1659,1683]" captionTargetBox="[156,1433,187,1631]" captionTargetId="figure-20@25.[151,1436,181,1636]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 10. Adults of Pipturus feeding Philodoria species. A P. costalis Swezey, 1934 lectotype male, B P. pipturiella Swezey, 1923 lectotype male, one of two cotypes (upper specimen) on the same mount, C Paralectotype male on the same mount as of lectotype (lower specimen), D P. floscula Walsingham, 1907 lectotype female, E Paralectotype male, F P. micropetala Walsingham, 1907 holotype female. Scale bar 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681833/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 10B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The remaining
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFC10720FBA39207FB2FA71E" box="[1089,1190,1550,1576]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
, which were collected from Palolo, Kaumuahona, Tantalus, Pacific Heights and Mt. Kaala, are
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFC10720FC219238FBE1A77D" box="[963,1128,1585,1611]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="paralectotype">paralectotypes</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFC10720FF25925CFC88A7EA" blockId="47.[151,1437,973,2008]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFC10720FF25925CFE34A759" bold="true" box="[199,445,1621,1647]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Additional material.</emphasis>
|
||
(4 ♂,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2FFD54FFC10720FDED925CFDB5A746" box="[527,572,1621,1648]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="female">4 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, 2 sex unknown).
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B413C80FFC10720FCF5925CFA8BA7A5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3071273313" collectingDate="1935-02-03" collectionCode="BPBM" county="Oahu" location="Palikea" municipality="Waianae Mt." pageId="47" pageNumber="48" specimenCode="BPBM34268" specimenCount="745" specimenCount-female="745">
|
||
2♂,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2FFD54FFC10720FCA9925CFCE7A759" box="[843,878,1621,1647]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, 2 (sex unknown),
|
||
<location id="8EF66006FFC10720FBB1925CFB21A759" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038087CBFFC1073FFF759717FCBAA527:8EF66006FFC10720FBB1925CFB21A759" box="[1107,1192,1621,1647]" county="Oahu" municipality="Waianae Mt." name="Palikea" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Palikea</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF2ACA7FFC10720FB54925CFAC3A746" box="[1206,1354,1621,1648]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Waianae Mt.</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62F74E51FFC10720FABB925CFA11A759" box="[1369,1432,1621,1647]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Oahu</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF97101DFFC10720FF759270FF74A7A2" box="[151,253,1657,1684]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" value="1935-02-03">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFD3E9F5FFC10720FF759270FF74A7A2" box="[151,253,1657,1684]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" value="1935-02-03">3.ii.1935</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, Z-XII-1962-
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2FFD54FFC10720FE7E9270FE4EA7A5" box="[412,455,1657,1683]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="female">22♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, SK721♂ (top specimen), SK
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2FFD54FFC10720FCF09270FCC6A7A5" box="[786,847,1657,1683]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="female">722♀</specimenCount>
|
||
(right middle specimen),
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB8F9EA6FFC10720FB899270FA8BA7A5" box="[1131,1282,1657,1683]" collectionCode="BPBM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="Museum">BPBM34268</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B413C80FFC10720FAEF9270FD75A7EA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3071273410" collectingDate="2016-03-28" collectionCode="BPBM" collectorName="K. Bustamente & Keahi Accession Spring" location="Nanakuli Forest Reserve" municipality="Oahu" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="3">
|
||
2♂,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2FFD54FFC10720FADE9270FAE9A7A5" box="[1340,1376,1657,1683]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="female">3♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, near
|
||
<location id="8EF66006FFC10720FF759294FE25A78E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038087CBFFC1073FFF759717FCBAA527:8EF66006FFC10720FF759294FE25A78E" box="[151,428,1693,1720]" municipality="Oahu" name="Nanakuli Forest Reserve" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Nanakuli Forest Reserve</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF2ACA7FFC10720FE549294FE7CA781" box="[438,501,1693,1719]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Oahu</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF97101DFFC10720FE1D9294FDF0A781" box="[511,633,1693,1719]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" value="2016-03-28">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFD3E9F5FFC10720FE1D9294FDF0A781" box="[511,633,1693,1719]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" value="2016-03-28">28.iii.2016</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(stored),
|
||
<collectorName id="26DC530BFFC10720FD009297FC0EA78E" box="[738,903,1694,1720]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">K. Bustamente</collectorName>
|
||
leg., host:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFC10720FC1D9297FBD6A781" box="[1023,1119,1694,1719]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Pipturus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFC10720FC1D9297FBD6A781" box="[1023,1119,1694,1719]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Pipturus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.,
|
||
<collectorName id="26DC530BFFC10720FB709294FA14A781" box="[1170,1437,1693,1719]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Keahi Accession Spring</collectorName>
|
||
2016: ‘20151110 KMB02’, CJ529, SK846♂ in
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE18FFC10720FD4992CBFD75A7EA" box="[683,764,1730,1756]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="Museum">BPBM</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFC10720FF2592ECFF4EA65A" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFC10720FF2592ECFF4EA65A" blockId="47.[151,1437,973,2008]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFC10720FF2592ECFECBA7C9" bold="true" box="[199,322,1765,1791]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Differs from other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFC10720FDC092EFFD0BA7C9" box="[546,642,1766,1791]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Pipturus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFC10720FDC092EFFD0BA7C9" box="[546,642,1766,1791]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Pipturus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
miners by having a large oval white spot in middle and a large white band in the dorsal 3/4 of the forewing (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFC10720FDA59300FD44A615" box="[583,717,1801,1827]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1659,1683]" captionTargetBox="[156,1433,187,1631]" captionTargetId="figure-20@25.[151,1436,181,1636]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 10. Adults of Pipturus feeding Philodoria species. A P. costalis Swezey, 1934 lectotype male, B P. pipturiella Swezey, 1923 lectotype male, one of two cotypes (upper specimen) on the same mount, C Paralectotype male on the same mount as of lectotype (lower specimen), D P. floscula Walsingham, 1907 lectotype female, E Paralectotype male, F P. micropetala Walsingham, 1907 holotype female. Scale bar 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681833/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 10B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
); male genitalia with rather short valva,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD19B38FFC10720FB6E9300FB6BA612" box="[1164,1250,1801,1828]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="400.0">400 µm</quantity>
|
||
in length, others
|
||
<quantity id="4CD19B38FFC10720FF759324FF7BA67E" box="[151,242,1837,1864]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="500.0">500 µm</quantity>
|
||
. Female genitalia very similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFC10720FD5E9327FCA6A671" box="[700,815,1837,1863]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="costalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFC10720FD5E9327FCA6A671" box="[700,815,1837,1863]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">P. costalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFC10720FC8A9327FC73A671" authorityName="Swezey" authorityYear="1923" box="[872,1018,1837,1863]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipturiella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFC10720FC8A9327FC73A671" box="[872,1018,1837,1863]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">P. pipturiella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished by forewing characters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFC1073FFF25937CFD40A3B3" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFC1073FFF25937CFB14A077" blockId="47.[151,1437,973,2008]" lastBlockId="48.[151,1437,151,1042]" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFC10720FF25937CFE48A6B9" bold="true" box="[199,449,1909,1935]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Redescription: Adult</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFC10720FE33937CFDD0A6B9" box="[465,601,1909,1935]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1659,1683]" captionTargetBox="[156,1433,187,1631]" captionTargetId="figure-20@25.[151,1436,181,1636]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 10. Adults of Pipturus feeding Philodoria species. A P. costalis Swezey, 1934 lectotype male, B P. pipturiella Swezey, 1923 lectotype male, one of two cotypes (upper specimen) on the same mount, C Paralectotype male on the same mount as of lectotype (lower specimen), D P. floscula Walsingham, 1907 lectotype female, E Paralectotype male, F P. micropetala Walsingham, 1907 holotype female. Scale bar 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681833/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 10B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFC10720FD87937CFD2FA6A6" box="[613,678,1909,1936]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="49.[151,250,1720,1744]" captionTargetBox="[195,1392,185,1692]" captionTargetId="figure-20@49.[191,1395,181,1696]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="FIGURE 26. Forewing pattern variation in Philodoria. Specimens from recent collection efforts that were preserved in ethanol or RNA stabilization reagent, originally for molecular studies. Wings were placed without mountant under a coverslip. A P. succedanea (sex unknown, CJ419), B P. auromagnifica, male (CJ148/SK689), C P. basalis, female (CJ410), D P. splendida, female (CJ488a), host: Syzygium sp., E P. splendida (sex unknown, CJ488b), host: Syzygium sp., F P. molokaiensis, male (CJ509b/ SK667), G P. sp. A nr. P. lysimachiella, female (CJ346a/SK753), H P. lysimachiella, female (CJ530), lateral view, I P. pipturiella, female (CJ529), J Same species, male (CJ529), K P. haelaauensis, female (CJ209), L Same species, female (CJ216), M P. floscula, female (CJ426/SK845), N P. wilkesiella, male (CJ009/SK649), O P. epibathra, male (CJ506a/SK678), P Same species, female (CJ506b/SK681). Arrows point to diagnostic characters of species: black patch at base (A), basal fascia (D), transverse fasciae (tf) (F, G), white spot (ws) (I, J), white patch (K–M). Scale bar 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681867/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">26I, J</figureCitation>
|
||
). Wingspan
|
||
<quantity id="4CD19B38FFC10720FCD1937CFC18A6A6" box="[819,913,1909,1936]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="5.0">5–6 mm</quantity>
|
||
in type series; forewing length
|
||
<quantity id="4CD19B38FFC10720FB15937CFAC7A6A6" box="[1271,1358,1909,1936]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="2.3">2.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFC10720FA90937CFF69A682" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD19B38FFC10720FF0F9390FEFEA682" box="[237,375,1945,1972]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="2.4" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="2.3">2.3–2.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFC10720FE7C9390FDCAA685" box="[414,579,1945,1971]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="paralectotype">paralectotypes</typeStatus>
|
||
. Head grayish brown; frons white; maxillary palpus reduced; labial palpus white inwardly, externally brown at apical portion of median and terminal joints. Antenna brown. Thorax grayish brown. Forewing bronze, narrowly white line (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFDE073FFD53949EFD4CA187" bold="true" box="[689,709,151,177]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">cl</emphasis>
|
||
) from costal fold to about 2/3, apicaly curved inward, pointing obliquely outward; a large nearly circular
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFDE073FFD8994B2FD03A1E3" bold="true" box="[619,650,187,213]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">ws</emphasis>
|
||
in middle of wing at about 1/3; an orange patch (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFDE073FFB5294B2FB47A1E3" bold="true" box="[1200,1230,187,213]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">op</emphasis>
|
||
) at costal 3/4; two white bands on both extremities of bronze color band (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFDE073FFD1E94D6FCAAA1C9" bold="true" box="[764,803,223,255]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
bb
|
||
<subScript id="17AD3498FFDE073FFCF994F8FCAAA1C9" attach="left" box="[795,803,241,255]" fontSize="6" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">3</subScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) at 3/4,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFDE073FFC6294D6FC14A1C9" bold="true" box="[896,925,223,255]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
w
|
||
<subScript id="17AD3498FFDE073FFC7794F8FC14A1C9" attach="left" box="[917,925,241,255]" fontSize="6" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">2</subScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
widening toward the wing margin; a large
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFDE073FFA9D94D6FA14A1CF" bold="true" box="[1407,1437,223,249]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">op</emphasis>
|
||
at apical portion of the wing, with a black
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFDE073FFD9A950AFD18A02B" bold="true" box="[632,657,259,285]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">as</emphasis>
|
||
; cilia otherwise brown, with two white costal spots (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFDE073FFB0A950AFA9CA02B" bold="true" box="[1256,1301,259,285]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">a, b</emphasis>
|
||
). Hindwing brown, cilia paler brown. Abdomen bronze, white beneath. Legs pale brown, white beneath.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFDE073FFF259542FE9CA0C0" blockId="48.[151,1437,151,1042]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFDE073FFF259542FEFAA052" bold="true" box="[199,371,330,357]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Male genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFDE073FFE669542FD90A053" box="[388,537,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="79.[151,250,1362,1386]" captionTargetBox="[164,1431,191,1329]" captionTargetId="figure-20@79.[151,1436,181,1338]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="FIGURE 44. Valva of Philodoria, inner view. A, C, E, G, I: Left valva, B, D, F, H, J: Right valva. A, B P. pipturiella, paralectotype, Oahu, SK719, C, D P. pipturicola, paralectotype, Oahu, SK715, E, F P. Haelaauensis, holotype, Maui, SK718, G, H P. haelaauensis, Molokai, SK704 I P. floscula, Hawaii (Big Island), SK818, J P. floscula, Hawaii (Big Island), PHIL0001." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681907/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Figs. 44A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFDE073FFDC49543FDD0A053" box="[550,601,330,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 45" captionStartId="80.[151,250,1277,1301]" captionTargetBox="[156,1429,567,1234]" captionTargetId="figure-193@80.[151,1436,561,1239]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="FIGURE 45. Genital capsule of Philodoria, excluding right portion of male genitalia, ventral view. A P. pipturiella, paralectotype, Oahu, SK719, B P. pipturicola, paralectotype, Oahu, SK715 C P. haelaauensis, holotype, Maui, SK718, D P. haelaauensis, Molokai, SK704, E P. floscula, Hawaii (Big Island), SK818, F Saccus, P. floscula, Hawaii (Big Island), PHIL0002." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681909" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681909/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">45A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFDE073FFD849542FD11A050" box="[614,664,331,358]" captionStart="FIGURE 46" captionStartId="81.[151,250,1867,1891]" captionTargetBox="[161,1431,1179,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-477@81.[155,1433,1173,1844]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 46. Phallus of Philodoria, lateral view. A P. pipturiella, paralectotype, Oahu, SK719, B P. pipturicola, paralectotype, Oahu, SK715, C P. haelaauensis, holotype, Maui, SK718, D P. haelaauensis, Molokai, SK704, E P. floscula, Hawaii (Big Island), SK818." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681911/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">46A</figureCitation>
|
||
) (n=2). Capsule
|
||
<quantity id="4CD19B38FFDE073FFCBA9543FC3DA053" box="[856,948,330,357]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="570.0">570 µm</quantity>
|
||
. Tegumen 0.9 x length of valva; valva
|
||
<quantity id="4CD19B38FFDE073FFA909542FF34A0BF" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="400.0">400 µm</quantity>
|
||
long, rather short, tapering along costal margin from basal 1/3 to apex with short spines at basal portion; dorsal margin of valva rounded; along the inner side of valva, a series of small spines arranged (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFDE073FFB99959AFA88A09B" box="[1147,1281,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="79.[151,250,1362,1386]" captionTargetBox="[164,1431,191,1329]" captionTargetId="figure-20@79.[151,1436,181,1338]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="FIGURE 44. Valva of Philodoria, inner view. A, C, E, G, I: Left valva, B, D, F, H, J: Right valva. A, B P. pipturiella, paralectotype, Oahu, SK719, C, D P. pipturicola, paralectotype, Oahu, SK715, E, F P. Haelaauensis, holotype, Maui, SK718, G, H P. haelaauensis, Molokai, SK704 I P. floscula, Hawaii (Big Island), SK818, J P. floscula, Hawaii (Big Island), PHIL0001." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681907/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 44A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Saccus very short and tapering toward the point (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFDE073FFDD995BEFD2CA0E7" box="[571,677,438,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 45" captionStartId="80.[151,250,1277,1301]" captionTargetBox="[156,1429,567,1234]" captionTargetId="figure-193@80.[151,1436,561,1239]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="FIGURE 45. Genital capsule of Philodoria, excluding right portion of male genitalia, ventral view. A P. pipturiella, paralectotype, Oahu, SK719, B P. pipturicola, paralectotype, Oahu, SK715 C P. haelaauensis, holotype, Maui, SK718, D P. haelaauensis, Molokai, SK704, E P. floscula, Hawaii (Big Island), SK818, F Saccus, P. floscula, Hawaii (Big Island), PHIL0002." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681909" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681909/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 45A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Phallus
|
||
<quantity id="4CD19B38FFDE073FFCF495BEFCE6A0E7" box="[790,879,439,465]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="380.0">380 µm</quantity>
|
||
long with two series of minute cornuti in vesica (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFDE073FFF4295D2FE81A0C0" box="[160,264,475,502]" captionStart="FIGURE 46" captionStartId="81.[151,250,1867,1891]" captionTargetBox="[161,1431,1179,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-477@81.[155,1433,1173,1844]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 46. Phallus of Philodoria, lateral view. A P. pipturiella, paralectotype, Oahu, SK719, B P. pipturicola, paralectotype, Oahu, SK715, C P. haelaauensis, holotype, Maui, SK718, D P. haelaauensis, Molokai, SK704, E P. floscula, Hawaii (Big Island), SK818." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681911/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 46A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFDE073FFF2595F6FD40A3B3" blockId="48.[151,1437,151,1042]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFDE073FFF2595F6FE05A32E" bold="true" box="[199,396,510,537]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Female genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFDE073FFE7995F6FD82A32F" box="[411,523,510,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 57" captionStartId="107.[151,250,1554,1578]" captionTargetBox="[181,1405,189,1520]" captionTargetId="figure-20@107.[176,1411,181,1530]" captionTargetPageId="107" captionText="FIGURE 57. Female genitalia of Pipturus-mining Philodoria. A P. costalis, paralectotype, SK653 B Same species, paratype, SK652 C P. pipturiella, SK722 D P. pipturicola, paralectotype, lateral view, SK717 E Same species, paralectotype, SK716 F P. haelaauensis, SK792 G P. floscula, SK819." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681933" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681933/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Figs. 57C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFDE073FFDF495F6FDCCA32C" box="[534,581,511,538]" captionStart="FIGURE 64" captionStartId="115.[151,250,1375,1399]" captionTargetBox="[167,1422,200,1348]" captionTargetId="figure-20@115.[162,1425,198,1351]" captionTargetPageId="115" captionText="FIGURE 64. BPBM genitalia slides prepared by E. C. Zimmerman. A–D: P. haelaauensis, paratype male, Maui, Z-XII-19-62- 23, E, F: P. pipturiella paratype female, Oahu, Z-XII-1962-22, G–I: P. splendida, male, Oahu, Z-XII-19-62-20. A Vinculum and valvae, tegumen broken, B, H Phallus, C Tegumen? D, I Abdominal segments, E Genitalia opened from left lateral side, F Abdominal segments II–VI, G Genitalia excluding phallus, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681949" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681949/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">64E</figureCitation>
|
||
) (n=2).
|
||
<quantity id="4CD19B38FFDE073FFD7D95F6FD7FA32F" box="[671,758,511,537]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.7" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="870.0">870 µm</quantity>
|
||
long. Ostium bursae large; antrum cup-shaped with a pair of slender lateral lobes; lamella antevaginalis
|
||
<quantity id="4CD19B38FFDE073FFD61962AFC9FA30B" box="[643,790,547,573]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="185.0" valueMax="190.0" valueMin="180.0">180–190 µm</quantity>
|
||
, weakly sclerotized, widening toward anterior margin of A7. Ductus bursae
|
||
<quantity id="4CD19B38FFDE073FFE8E964FFE77A357" box="[364,510,582,609]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="325.0" valueMax="350.0" valueMin="300.0">300–350 µm</quantity>
|
||
; terminus of ductus bursae biforked; Corpus bursae oblong
|
||
<quantity id="4CD19B38FFDE073FFB75964FFB79A357" box="[1175,1264,582,609]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="520.0">520 µm</quantity>
|
||
; paired rows of wrinkles running longitudinally, some sclerotized.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFDE073FFF259687FDD2A39F" box="[199,603,654,681]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFDE073FFF259687FDD2A39F" blockId="48.[151,1437,151,1042]" box="[199,603,654,681]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFDE073FFF259687FEE8A39E" bold="true" box="[199,353,654,680]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Oahu (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFDE073FFE519686FDC7A39F" author="Swezey, O. H." box="[435,590,655,681]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="293 - 296" refId="ref102565" refString="Swezey, O. H. (1923) The leaf-miners of Pipturus. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 5 (2), 293 - 296." type="journal article" year="1923">Swezey 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFDE073FFF2596BAFCBAA527" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFDE073FFF2596BAFCABA3FB" blockId="48.[151,1437,151,1042]" box="[199,802,691,717]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFDE073FFF2596BAFEDFA3FB" bold="true" box="[199,342,691,717]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Host plants.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFDE073FFEBF96BAFE50A3FB" box="[349,473,691,717]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Urticaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFDE073FFE0696BAFDCDA3FA" box="[484,580,691,716]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Pipturus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFDE073FFE0696BAFDCDA3FA" box="[484,580,691,716]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Pipturus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFDE073FFD9896BAFC9FA3FB" author="Swezey, O. H." box="[634,790,691,717]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="293 - 296" refId="ref102565" refString="Swezey, O. H. (1923) The leaf-miners of Pipturus. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 5 (2), 293 - 296." type="journal article" year="1923">Swezey 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFDE073FFF2596DFFDFBA2FC" blockId="48.[151,1437,151,1042]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFDE073FFF2596DFFEAEA3C6" bold="true" box="[199,295,726,752]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFDE073FFED296DEFD9FA3C7" author="Swezey, O. H." box="[304,534,726,753]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="293 - 296" refId="ref102565" refString="Swezey, O. H. (1923) The leaf-miners of Pipturus. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 5 (2), 293 - 296." type="journal article" year="1923">Swezey (1923: 295)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reared this species numerous times from mines in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFDE073FFB8396DEFB48A3C6" box="[1121,1217,727,752]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Pipturus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFDE073FFB8396DEFB48A3C6" box="[1121,1217,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Pipturus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaves collected at various places in the southeastern Koolau Mountains and Mount Kaala and Makaleha, in the Waianae Range. He stated: “The large leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFDE073FFE349716FDBFA20E" box="[470,566,799,824]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Pipturus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFDE073FFE349716FDBFA20E" box="[470,566,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Pipturus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
often contain great numbers of the mines, even up to a hundred, but usually the larvae in most of them die or are parasitized so that but few of them reach their full growth and spin cocoons. The cocoons are made on the under side of the leaf along side a prominent vein, white and not very conspicuous.”
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFDE073FFF759782FEB6A293" author="Swezey, O. H." box="[151,319,907,933]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="293 - 296" refId="ref102565" refString="Swezey, O. H. (1923) The leaf-miners of Pipturus. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 5 (2), 293 - 296." type="journal article" year="1923">Swezey (1923)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that this species can be found anywhere on Oahu, wherever
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFDE073FFBC89782FB03A292" box="[1066,1162,907,932]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Pipturus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFDE073FFBC89782FB03A292" box="[1066,1162,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Pipturus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
grows. We found
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFDE073FFAB49782FF5DA2FF" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFDE073FFAB49782FF5DA2FF" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Philodoria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaf mines in West Oahu (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFDE073FFE1E97A6FDECA2FC" box="[508,613,943,970]" captionStart="FIGURE 86" captionStartId="148.[151,250,1146,1170]" captionTargetBox="[160,1420,181,1121]" captionTargetId="figure-23@148.[160,1427,181,1121]" captionTargetPageId="148" captionText="FIGURE 86. Philodoria species on leaves of the host plant, Pipturus. A, D: Unidentified Philodoria species, B: Philodoria sp. nr. P. haelaauensis or P. floscula, C: P. neraudicola. A West Oahu, B, C: Waihee Valley, West Maui, D: Kula Forest Reserve, East Maui, same series of CJ219, 222, 224, 230. Host plants: A: Pipturus albidus, B: Pipturus sp. 5, C: Pipturus sp. 4, D: Pipturus rockii. A Young mines, B Mine of late instar larva, C Cocoons on abaxial side of leaf, D Cocoon by final instar larva.Arrows show late instar larva (B) and cocoon (C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681996" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681996/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 86A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFDE073FFF2597DBFCBAA527" blockId="48.[151,1437,151,1042]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFDE073FFF2597DBFEDDA2DA" bold="true" box="[199,340,978,1004]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Parasitoids.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFDE073FFEB997DAFE56A2DB" baseAuthorityName="Haliday" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[347,479,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eulophidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFDE073FFE0A97DAFC03A2DB" authority="(Ashmead, 1901)" authorityName="Zimmerman" authorityYear="1978" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[488,906,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="metallicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFDE073FFE0A97DAFD36A2DB" box="[488,703,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Euderus metallicus</emphasis>
|
||
(Ashmead, 1901)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFDE073FFC7497DAFA1EA2DB" authority="(Westwood, 1833)" authorityName="Zimmerman" authorityYear="1978" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[918,1431,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Neochrysocharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFDE073FFC7497DAFB48A2DB" box="[918,1217,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Neochrysocharis formosus</emphasis>
|
||
(Westwood, 1833)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFDE073FFF7597FEFCA7A527" authority="(Timberlake, 1926) (Zimmerman 1978 a)" authorityName="Zimmerman" authorityYear="1978" baseAuthorityName="Timberlake" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[151,814,1015,1042]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Sympiesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vagans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFDE073FFF7597FEFED5A526" box="[151,348,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Sympiesis vagans</emphasis>
|
||
(Timberlake, 1926) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFDE073FFDA897FEFCAFA527" author="Zimmerman, E. C." box="[586,806,1015,1041]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refId="ref103182" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1978 a) Gracillarioidea. In: Microlepidoptera. Part 1. Insects of Hawaii, Vol. 9. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, pp. 644 - 718." type="book" year="1978">Zimmerman 1978a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |