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<mods:title id="395F7DFB276B7997BE14B01F7870977C">The male genital tract and aedeagal components of the Diptera with a discussion of their phylogenetic significance</mods:title>
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<heading id="DD1B8978FF9DB241FEB2FC8AFD89FCB0" box="[349,552,799,823]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="731" reason="5">
<taxonomicName id="41EC4597FF9DB241FEB2FC8AFD89FCB0" ID-CoL="624GB" baseAuthorityName="Wood" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[349,552,799,823]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="731" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">CORETHRELLIDAE</taxonomicName>
</heading>
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<subSubSection id="CEF66D9FFF9DB241FF61FCDDFAA4FD30" pageId="20" pageNumber="731" type="description">
<paragraph id="86533E14FF9DB241FF61FCDDFED2FCD9" blockId="20.[142,371,839,861]" box="[142,371,839,861]" pageId="20" pageNumber="731">
<emphasis id="B498E206FF9DB241FF61FCDDFED2FCD9" box="[142,371,839,861]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="731">
Description (
<figureCitation id="1ED72291FF9DB241FEF3FCD2FECAFCD9" box="[284,363,839,860]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="15.[162,240,1295,1314]" captionTargetBox="[323,1281,195,1262]" captionTargetId="figure-311@15.[322,1282,194,1263]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 6. Male internal reproductive organs (dorsal view). A, Dixa yamatoma (Dixidae) (based on the specimen photographed in Fig. 5B). B, Corethrella sp. (Corethrellidae) [modified from McKeever (1985)]. C, Anopheles quadrimaculatus (Culicidae) [modified from Hodapp &amp; Jones (1961)]. D, Ptychoptera nr japonica (Ptychopteridae) (scale bar = 0.1 mm). E, Ptychoptera lacustris (Ptychopteridae) [modified from Just (1973)]. acc gl, accessory gland; acc gl cplx, accessory gland complex; ej dt, ejaculatory duct; sem ves, seminal vesicle; tes, testis; vas df, vas deferens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5432340" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5432340/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="731">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="86533E14FF9DB241FF61FCE3FD11FC62" blockId="20.[142,757,885,999]" pageId="20" pageNumber="731">
<emphasis id="B498E206FF9DB241FF61FCE3FF74FC0E" box="[142,213,886,907]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="731">Testis:</emphasis>
Each testis is an elongate spindle-shaped organ, similar to that of other groups, with internal zones organized into the various stages of spermatozoan growth and maturation (
<bibRefCitation id="E27D43E5FF9DB241FE07FC44FD02FC62" author="McKeever S" box="[488,675,977,999]" pageId="20" pageNumber="731" pagination="354 - 363" refId="ref22521" refString="McKeever S. 1985. Morphology of the male reproductive system of Corethrella (Diptera: Chaoboridae). International Journal of Entomology 27: 354 - 363." type="journal article" year="1985">McKeever, 1985</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="86533E14FF9DB241FF61FC6AFE59FB90" blockId="20.[142,504,1023,1045]" box="[142,504,1023,1045]" pageId="20" pageNumber="731">
<emphasis id="B498E206FF9DB241FF61FC6AFEB9FB91" box="[142,280,1023,1044]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="731">Epididymis:</emphasis>
Not differentiated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="86533E14FF9DB241FF61FBBBFEFDFB1A" blockId="20.[142,757,1069,1183]" pageId="20" pageNumber="731">
<emphasis id="B498E206FF9DB241FF61FBBBFE82FBC7" box="[142,291,1069,1091]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="731">Vas deferens:</emphasis>
The vasa deferentia are a continuation of the outer walls of the testes, uniform and separate throughout their length, containing spermatozoa (
<bibRefCitation id="E27D43E5FF9DB241FF7AFB1CFEEEFB1A" author="McKeever S" box="[149,335,1161,1183]" pageId="20" pageNumber="731" pagination="354 - 363" refId="ref22521" refString="McKeever S. 1985. Morphology of the male reproductive system of Corethrella (Diptera: Chaoboridae). International Journal of Entomology 27: 354 - 363." type="journal article" year="1985">McKeever, 1985</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="86533E14FF9DB241FF61FB2DFF66F99A" blockId="20.[142,758,1207,1567]" pageId="20" pageNumber="731">
<emphasis id="B498E206FF9DB241FF61FB2DFD93FB49" box="[142,562,1207,1229]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="731">Accessory gland and seminal vesicle:</emphasis>
The vasa deferentia unite with the accessory glands, at which point the ducts may be termed seminal vesicles due to the presence of a densely packed mass of spermatozoa. However, these ducts are not enlarged at this point (
<bibRefCitation id="E27D43E5FF9DB241FF7AFAC4FEEEFAE2" author="McKeever S" box="[149,335,1361,1383]" pageId="20" pageNumber="731" pagination="354 - 363" refId="ref22521" refString="McKeever S. 1985. Morphology of the male reproductive system of Corethrella (Diptera: Chaoboridae). International Journal of Entomology 27: 354 - 363." type="journal article" year="1985">McKeever, 1985</bibRefCitation>
). Each seminal vesicle terminates at a valve, at which point the duct continues and opens into the forked ejaculatory duct. The paired accessory glands are spherical and also open at the vasa deferentia
<emphasis id="B498E206FF9DB241FEECFA59FEAEFA64" box="[259,271,1484,1505]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="731"></emphasis>
ejaculatory duct junction (
<bibRefCitation id="E27D43E5FF9DB241FD93FA59FF69F985" author="McKeever S" pageId="20" pageNumber="731" pagination="354 - 363" refId="ref22521" refString="McKeever S. 1985. Morphology of the male reproductive system of Corethrella (Diptera: Chaoboridae). International Journal of Entomology 27: 354 - 363." type="journal article" year="1985">McKeever, 1985</bibRefCitation>
). These glands are lined with tall inner glandular cells.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="86533E14FF9DB241FF61F9A2FDA1F942" blockId="20.[142,758,1591,1735]" pageId="20" pageNumber="731">
<emphasis id="B498E206FF9DB241FF61F9A2FEF2F9C9" box="[142,339,1591,1612]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="731">Ejaculatory duct:</emphasis>
The ejaculatory duct begins as a pair of ducts each continuous with the vas deferens, uniting distally (
<bibRefCitation id="E27D43E5FF9DB241FE83F9E1FD94F90F" author="McKeever S" box="[364,565,1652,1674]" pageId="20" pageNumber="731" pagination="354 - 363" refId="ref22521" refString="McKeever S. 1985. Morphology of the male reproductive system of Corethrella (Diptera: Chaoboridae). International Journal of Entomology 27: 354 - 363." type="journal article" year="1985">McKeever, 1985</bibRefCitation>
). The duct is sheathed in circular muscle and is continuous posteriorly with the aedeagal sheath.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="86533E14FF9DB241FF61F94AFCCDFED1" blockId="20.[142,758,1759,1904]" lastBlockId="20.[806,1422,195,340]" pageId="20" pageNumber="731">
<emphasis id="B498E206FF9DB241FF61F94AFD54F971" box="[142,757,1759,1781]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="731">Ejaculatory apodeme, sperm pump, and aedeagus:</emphasis>
There is no equivalent of the simuliid ventral plate in
<taxonomicName id="41EC4597FF9DB241FF61F888FE92F8B6" baseAuthorityName="Wood" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[142,307,1821,1843]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="731" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Corethrellidae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E27D43E5FF9DB241FEA5F888FDCBF8B7" author="Wood DM &amp; Borkent A" box="[330,618,1821,1843]" pageId="20" pageNumber="731" pagination="193 - 210" refId="ref24142" refString="Wood DM, Borkent A. 1982. Description of the female of Parasimulium crosskeyi Peterson (Diptera: Simuliidae), and a discussion of the phylogenetic position of the genus. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington 10: 193 - 210." type="journal article" year="1982">Wood &amp; Borkent, 1982</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E27D43E5FF9DB241FD91F888FF69F8D4" author="McKeever S" pageId="20" pageNumber="731" pagination="354 - 363" refId="ref22521" refString="McKeever S. 1985. Morphology of the male reproductive system of Corethrella (Diptera: Chaoboridae). International Journal of Entomology 27: 354 - 363." type="journal article" year="1985">McKeever, 1985</bibRefCitation>
). As in other families of Culicoidea, the ejaculatory apodeme is absent. The aedeagus is membranous, tapered to a narrow opening (
<bibRefCitation id="E27D43E5FF9DB241FB61FF51FAEDFF5C" author="McKeever S" box="[1166,1356,195,217]" pageId="20" pageNumber="731" pagination="354 - 363" refId="ref22521" refString="McKeever S. 1985. Morphology of the male reproductive system of Corethrella (Diptera: Chaoboridae). International Journal of Entomology 27: 354 - 363." type="journal article" year="1985">McKeever, 1985</bibRefCitation>
). The only sclerotized structures that are readily observed are the fused parameres (penis valves) that form a Vshaped or tubular structure (
<bibRefCitation id="E27D43E5FF9DB241FB99FE8AFAABFEB0" author="Belkin JN" box="[1142,1290,287,309]" pageId="20" pageNumber="731" pagination="1 - 182" refId="ref20415" refString="Belkin JN. 1968. Mosquito studies (Diptera, Culicidae). VII. The Culicidae of New Zealand. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 3: 1 - 182." type="journal article" year="1968">Belkin, 1968</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E27D43E5FF9DB241FAF9FEB5FCC1FED1" author="McKeever S" pageId="20" pageNumber="731" pagination="354 - 363" refId="ref22521" refString="McKeever S. 1985. Morphology of the male reproductive system of Corethrella (Diptera: Chaoboridae). International Journal of Entomology 27: 354 - 363." type="journal article" year="1985">McKeever, 1985</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="86533E14FF9DB241FCC9FEF9FAA4FD30" blockId="20.[806,1422,364,693]" pageId="20" pageNumber="731">
<emphasis id="B498E206FF9DB241FCC9FEF9FC30FE04" box="[806,913,364,385]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="731">Remarks:</emphasis>
The internal male genital tract was detailed by
<bibRefCitation id="E27D43E5FF9DB241FC41FE1EFBD5FE24" author="McKeever S" box="[942,1140,395,417]" pageId="20" pageNumber="731" pagination="354 - 363" refId="ref22521" refString="McKeever S. 1985. Morphology of the male reproductive system of Corethrella (Diptera: Chaoboridae). International Journal of Entomology 27: 354 - 363." type="journal article" year="1985">McKeever (1985)</bibRefCitation>
. In contrast to the
<taxonomicName id="41EC4597FF9DB241FABBFE1EFCC2FE3A" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="731" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Culicidae</taxonomicName>
, the seminal vesicles of
<taxonomicName id="41EC4597FF9DB241FB60FE3CFA2FFE3A" authority="Coquillett" authorityName="Coquillett" box="[1167,1422,425,447]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="731" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B498E206FF9DB241FB60FE3CFAAEFE3B" box="[1167,1295,425,446]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="731">Corethrella</emphasis>
Coquillett
</taxonomicName>
(the only genus in the family) are not enlarged and although spermatozoa are found throughout the vasa deferentia, they form a densely packed mass in the seminal vesicle. The structure and arrangement of the accessory glands, seminal vesicles (weakly differentiated from vasa deferentia), ejaculatory duct, and parameres are similar in
<taxonomicName id="41EC4597FF9DB241FB8AFD15FCD2FD30" authority="Meigen (Lum, 1961 a)" authorityName="Meigen (Lum" authorityYear="1961" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="731" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B498E206FF9DB241FB8AFD15FB79FD10" box="[1125,1240,640,661]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="731">Anopheles</emphasis>
Meigen (
<bibRefCitation id="E27D43E5FF9DB241FABEFD15FCCAFD30" author="Lum PTM" pageId="20" pageNumber="731" pagination="397 - 401" refId="ref22383" refString="Lum PTM. 1961 a. The reproductive system of some Florida mosquitoes. I. The male reproductive tract. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 54: 397 - 401." type="journal article" year="1961">Lum, 1961a</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="41EC4597FF9DB241FC40FD0AFAA0FD30" authority="(McKeever, 1985)" baseAuthorityName="McKeever" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[943,1281,671,693]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="731" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B498E206FF9DB241FC40FD0AFB8EFD31" box="[943,1071,671,692]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="731">Corethrella</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E27D43E5FF9DB241FBD0FD0AFB58FD30" author="McKeever S" box="[1087,1273,671,693]" pageId="20" pageNumber="731" pagination="354 - 363" refId="ref22521" refString="McKeever S. 1985. Morphology of the male reproductive system of Corethrella (Diptera: Chaoboridae). International Journal of Entomology 27: 354 - 363." type="journal article" year="1985">McKeever, 1985</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
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