170 lines
19 KiB
XML
170 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document id="80D34F414F4C666F3846F7AA3EB31DF1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629634115413" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Adalsteinsson, Solny A., Branch, William R., Trape, Sébastien, Vitt, Laurie J. & Hedges, S. Blair" docDate="2009" docId="0E2487E3FF86FFAAFF0E341DFE62F89D" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02244p050.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2244" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Epacrophis Hedges, Adalsteinsson, & Branch, New Genus" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="27" masterDocId="F21DFF9BFF9CFFB0FF993047FF95FFD5" masterDocTitle="Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of snakes of the Family Leptotyphlopidae (Reptilia, Squamata)" masterLastPageNumber="50" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="27" updateTime="1699087815032" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="A394545A7245931ED973F8E455439DB1">Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of snakes of the Family Leptotyphlopidae (Reptilia, Squamata)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="80AED7019AC7A862F1C66D21F7B11E4D" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="CF9D61826888A8ADBA570B0F1FD4EBEF">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="A0013E323B2E9FE30837009C6DE60714">Adalsteinsson, Solny A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="483E293EA58320B9E775CE0986E0B7E8">Department of Biology, 208 Mueller Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 - 5301 USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm id="0B45AC33703D306A84F7CDD8702597A1">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="36C37CE0DC0758136F890F71217733C3">Branch, William R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B8E6AD603FC94DDC1246148E561012D5">Bayworld, P. O. Box 13147, Humewood 6013, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm id="43B59AA2C42573147FF0D69F4B4BC3B0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="C5E5DC1A34EADE1838970A9329A46F79">Trape, Sébastien</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="244C074E307C9A32266D25CF01C32361">Laboratoire ECOLAG, UMR 5119, Université Montpellier II, cc 093, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="C4035E6EAC9BF6A1418243F92EF63662">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="97754E45A14EE780419AC23772B1A89E">Vitt, Laurie J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="712A696CB4FAD9A2896C07DA054DD13B">Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History and Zoology Department, 2401 Chautauqua Avenue, Norman, OK 73072, USA Corresponding author. E-mail: sbh 1 @ psu. edu</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="40F4CFCE9BEFC93F96EAFFBF64A22519">Hedges, S. Blair</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E68D80AA92331703310FEC9668A71636">Department of Biology, 208 Mueller Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 - 5301 USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="9CC18C06AF25C645C8376387AE7FAA44" type="email">sbh1@psu.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="4943A3442925B02609D56301A9A17089">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="C04E09C00185D625D1D21A6FEDEE9697">
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<mods:date id="EAC512A61FADA926E36F6852695ED91B">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="6DBF8D93EF346501360CF443C2C7DF12">2009-10-01</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="2D135E77C65F8F99F119893A8B4FDBB5">2244</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="9C2DF0AF4D3FAAB6E0F0603BBD1B93D1">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="3D48BA44A91DADCB6CB3A6151E87A285" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0E2487E3FF86FFAAFF0E341DFE62F89D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5333948" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5333948" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0E2487E3FF86FFAAFF0E341DFE62F89D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0E2487E3FF86FFAAFF0E341DFE62F89D" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<subSubSection id="CE97657EFF86FFAAFF0E341DFC2BFBA1" box="[151,958,1114,1140]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="863236F5FF86FFAAFF0E341DFC2BFBA1" blockId="26.[151,958,1114,1140]" box="[151,958,1114,1140]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<heading id="DD7A8199FF86FFAAFF0E341DFC2BFBA1" bold="true" box="[151,958,1114,1140]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF86FFAAFF0E341DFC2BFBA1" bold="true" box="[151,958,1114,1140]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF86FFAAFF77341DFCB7FBA1" authority="Hedges, Adalsteinsson, & Branch" authorityName="Hedges, Adalsteinsson, & Branch" box="[238,802,1114,1140]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Epacrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF86FFAAFF77341DFEEDFBA1" bold="true" box="[238,376,1114,1140]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Epacrophis</emphasis>
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Hedges, Adalsteinsson, & Branch
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="AFCA579CFF86FFAAFCB6341DFC2BFBA1" box="[815,958,1114,1140]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="genus">New Genus</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="CE97657EFF86FFAAFF0E34E4FC96FB6E" box="[151,771,1187,1211]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="863236F5FF86FFAAFF0E34E4FC96FB6E" blockId="26.[151,771,1187,1211]" box="[151,771,1187,1211]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF86FFAAFF0E34E4FEBEFB6E" bold="true" box="[151,299,1187,1211]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<typeStatus id="59368857FF86FFAAFF0E34E4FF5AFB6E" box="[151,207,1187,1211]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Type</typeStatus>
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species.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF86FFAAFEA834E3FD6AFB6E" authority="Boulenger, 1906: 441" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityPageNumber="441" authorityYear="1906" box="[305,767,1188,1211]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Glauconia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reticulata">
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF86FFAAFEA834E3FD9AFB6E" box="[305,527,1188,1211]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Glauconia reticulata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="E21C4B04FF86FFAAFD8C34E3FD6AFB6E" author="Boulenger" box="[533,767,1188,1211]" firstAuthor="Boulenger" page="441" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="441" refId="ref22763" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1906) Description of a new snake of the genus Glauconia from Somaliland. Annals of the Magazine of Natural History, 18, 441." type="journal article" year="1906">Boulenger, 1906: 441</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="CE97657EFF86FFAAFF0E34ADFCC5F9EF" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="863236F5FF86FFAAFF0E34ADFC86F9C6" blockId="26.[151,1436,1258,1864]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF86FFAAFF0E34ADFE82FAD1" bold="true" box="[151,279,1258,1284]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Species of
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<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF86FFAAFE3934ACFDB3FAD1" box="[416,550,1259,1284]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Epacrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF86FFAAFE3934ACFDB3FAD1" box="[416,550,1259,1284]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Epacrophis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF86FFAAFDF934ADFD7AFAD1" box="[608,751,1258,1284]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Epacrophini">Epacrophini</taxonomicName>
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have 14 midbody scale rows, 10 midtail scale rows, 180– 248 middorsal scale rows, 18–32 subcaudals, two supralabials, a moderate-sized anterior supralabial,
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<quantity id="41759B10FF86FFAAFAAC3556FF50FA87" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.72" metricValueMax="2.01" metricValueMin="1.43" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="172.0" valueMax="201.0" valueMin="143.0">143–201 mm</quantity>
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maximum adult total length, a body shape of 30–57 (total length/width), a relative tail length of 7.9–10.9 %, a tail shape of 3.2–5.7, no striped pattern, and usually a brown dorsum and white venter (Table 2).
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<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF86FFAAFF0E35C2FEB3FA4A" box="[151,294,1413,1439]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Epacrophini">Epacrophini</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from the two other tribes in the subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF86FFAAFB8835C2FB75FA4A" baseAuthorityName="Hedges" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[1041,1248,1413,1439]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Leptotyphlopinae">Leptotyphlopinae</taxonomicName>
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by the presence of a moderate-sized anterior supralabial (versus absent or small in other species of
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<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF86FFAAFBE935EBFAD6FA13" baseAuthorityName="Hedges" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[1136,1347,1452,1478]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Leptotyphlopinae">Leptotyphlopinae</taxonomicName>
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, except
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<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF86FFAAFF0E3594FE9EFA39" authorityName="Broadley & Wallach" authorityYear="2007" box="[151,267,1491,1516]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="howelli">
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF86FFAAFF0E3594FE9EFA39" box="[151,267,1491,1516]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">L. howelli</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) and a stout apical spine on the tip of the tail (
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<bibRefCitation id="E21C4B04FF86FFAAFCBA3595FBCCFA39" author="Broadley & Wallach" box="[803,1113,1490,1516]" firstAuthor="Broadley" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="3 - 78" refId="ref23147" refString="Broadley, D. G. & Wallach, V. (2007) A revision of the genus Leptotyphlops in northeastern Africa and southwestern Arabia (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae). Zootaxa, 3 - 78." type="book chapter" year="2007">Broadley & Wallach 2007</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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<bibRefCitation id="E21C4B04FF86FFAAFBFD3595FA9CFA39" author="Wallach" box="[1124,1289,1490,1516]" firstAuthor="Wallach" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="425 - 431" refId="ref28949" refString="Wallach, V. (1996) Leptotyphlops drewesi n. sp., a worm snake from central Kenya (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae). Journal of African Zoology, 110, 425 - 431." type="journal article" year="1996">Wallach 1996</bibRefCitation>
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). No species were included in the molecular phylogenetic analyses.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="863236F5FF86FFAAFF5C3658FCC5F9EF" blockId="26.[151,1436,1258,1864]" box="[197,848,1567,1594]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF86FFAAFF5C3658FEA4F9EC" bold="true" box="[197,305,1567,1593]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Content.</emphasis>
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One genus and three species (
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<tableCitation id="CB0F034EFF86FFAAFD0A3667FD79F9EF" box="[659,748,1568,1594]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="9.[151,240,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 1. Classification of snakes of the Family Leptotyphlopidae. The arrangement used in this study is compared with that in previous classifications (e.g., McDiarmid et al. 1999; Uetz et al. 2009). Abbreviations for geographic regions are: AR (Arabia), CAF (Central Africa), EAF (East Africa), MAM (Middle America), NAM (North America), SAF (South Africa), SAM (South America), SOC (Socotra Island), SWA (Southwest Asia), WAF (West Africa), and WI (West Indies). Species in bold were sampled in the molecular analyses. Undescribed species used in this study are not listed." pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Table 1</tableCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="1EB62A70FF86FFAAFD623667FCD7F9EF" box="[763,834,1568,1594]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="25.[151,257,1600,1624]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1576]" captionTargetId="figure-169@25.[151,1436,194,1576]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 9. Representatives of the snake Family Leptotyphlopidae from the Old World. (A) Guinea bicolor (Mali; Sikasso; Doussoudiana); photograph by Sébastien Trape. (B) Rhinoleptus koniagui (Senegal: Tambacounda; Ibel), preserved specimen from Sébastien Trape; photograph by S. Blair Hedges. (C) Myriopholis boueti (Sénégal; Dakar; Dakar); photograph by Sébastien Trape. (D) Myriopholis longicauda (South Africa: Northern Province; Limpopo); photograph by William R. Branch. (E) Leptotyphlops distanti (South Africa: Mpumalanga: near Middleburg); photograph by William R. Branch. (F) Leptotyphlops incognitus (South Africa: Mpumalanga: Komati River); photograph by William R. Branch." pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="CE97657EFF86FFAAFF5C3601FE1FF952" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="863236F5FF86FFAAFF5C3601FE1FF952" blockId="26.[151,1436,1258,1864]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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||
<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF86FFAAFF5C3601FEF3F9B5" bold="true" box="[197,358,1606,1632]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF86FFAAFEF73601FE6BF9B5" box="[366,510,1606,1632]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Epacrophini">Epacrophini</taxonomicName>
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is distributed in East Africa (
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<collectingCountry id="FE9A7665FF86FFAAFCC63601FC3BF9B5" box="[863,942,1606,1632]" name="Kenya" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="FE9A7665FF86FFAAFC713601FBDFF9B5" box="[1000,1098,1606,1632]" name="Somalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Somalia</collectingCountry>
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) and nearby islands (Manda and Lamu) (
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<figureCitation id="1EB62A70FF86FFAAFEBE362AFEE9F952" box="[295,380,1645,1671]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="29.[151,257,1371,1395]" captionTargetBox="[151,1428,180,1359]" captionTargetId="figure-270@29.[151,1436,174,1359]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 11. Distributions of genera of leptotyphlopid snakes in the Old World. (A) Guinea and Leptotyphlops. (B) Rhinoleptus. (C) Epacrophis and Namibiana. (D) Myriopholis." pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="CE97657EFF86FFAAFF5C36D4FE81F92E" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="863236F5FF86FFAAFF5C36D4FE81F92E" blockId="26.[151,1436,1258,1864]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF86FFAAFF5C36D4FEDFF978" bold="true" box="[197,330,1683,1709]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Etymology</emphasis>
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. The generic name is masculine and derived from the Greek adjective
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF86FFAAFB1736D3FB7FF978" box="[1166,1258,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">epakros</emphasis>
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(pointed at the end) and Greek noun
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF86FFAAFE0D36FCFE41F901" box="[404,468,1723,1748]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">ophis</emphasis>
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(snake), in allusion to the distinctive thorny spine at the tip of the tail in species of this genus.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="CE97657EFF86FFAAFF5C3740FE62F89D" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="863236F5FF86FFAAFF5C3740FE62F89D" blockId="26.[151,1436,1258,1864]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF86FFAAFF5C3740FEABF8F4" bold="true" box="[197,318,1799,1825]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Remarks.</emphasis>
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This tribe comprises the former
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF86FFAAFD22374FFCA2F8F4" authorityName="Mcdiarmid, Campbell & Toure" authorityYear="1999" box="[699,823,1800,1825]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF86FFAAFD22374FFCA2F8F4" box="[699,823,1800,1825]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">reticulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Group of "
|
||
<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF86FFAAFC22374FFBFDF8F4" box="[955,1128,1800,1825]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF86FFAAFC22374FFBF1F8F4" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[955,1124,1800,1825]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Leptotyphlops</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
" most recently defined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E21C4B04FF86FFAAFF0E3769FE66F89D" author="Broadley and Wallach" box="[151,499,1838,1864]" firstAuthor="Broadley" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="3 - 78" refId="ref23147" refString="Broadley, D. G. & Wallach, V. (2007) A revision of the genus Leptotyphlops in northeastern Africa and southwestern Arabia (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae). Zootaxa, 3 - 78." type="book chapter" year="2007">Broadley and Wallach (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |