249 lines
33 KiB
XML
249 lines
33 KiB
XML
<document id="C15B79330A310EBF7DA7543722F2FF9C" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629634115413" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Adalsteinsson, Solny A., Branch, William R., Trape, Sébastien, Vitt, Laurie J. & Hedges, S. Blair" docDate="2009" docId="0E2487E3FF84FFAAFF0E37D4FDB1FC62" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02244p050.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2244" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Leptotyphlopinae" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="27" masterDocId="F21DFF9BFF9CFFB0FF993047FF95FFD5" masterDocTitle="Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of snakes of the Family Leptotyphlopidae (Reptilia, Squamata)" masterLastPageNumber="50" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="25" updateTime="1699087815032" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="633175875CCAFAF0B962D42ACD3014EE">Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of snakes of the Family Leptotyphlopidae (Reptilia, Squamata)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="9F220C3C52BD2FB90B52A33CC164ADB2" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="C186995F52C6FDBB363CF02D690EE5B7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="FC17AFD4A253861A154D4629265518AE">Adalsteinsson, Solny A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="99C6DF9ED76E73C8D89AFCB987276660">Department of Biology, 208 Mueller Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 - 5301 USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm id="4B9A0B016A9FC81230C6EBFBACBB4811">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="64A335E581B0E38B42F4214B00F6C3DD">Branch, William R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BD2A91BB67191092D11CBA3F3D69147A">Bayworld, P. O. Box 13147, Humewood 6013, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="B4F376552A84505E151D0E70EA97B8F1">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="A6BEEF5593AD8F1E2CA9BA29C8C052AE">Trape, Sébastien</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C1FF8CEABCBC13BF115D348846669562">Laboratoire ECOLAG, UMR 5119, Université Montpellier II, cc 093, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="6C274EADC54B61647395549AC4B310AA">Vitt, Laurie J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1F20CCC5C67AF419318056F50130A89F">Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History and Zoology Department, 2401 Chautauqua Avenue, Norman, OK 73072, USA Corresponding author. E-mail: sbh 1 @ psu. edu</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1672DA52317A6E9C8B29185466A9A402">Hedges, S. Blair</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="84B0F275FEFA8359A6104CA54D4EFD33">Department of Biology, 208 Mueller Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 - 5301 USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="51F2F1687AB01E82DF2A1257CE6208F8" type="email">sbh1@psu.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="C2CB18647E2CD9B47B0AA19B11AE1D3B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="F3EAB5EAC9827B56800D70EC4F7E3706">
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<mods:date id="1CEF6FF3279102DD83CCFA60871466DD">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="7B1B7891F16E9E916C4074BFCF6DE4B4">2009-10-01</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="E74F0555CF2F09E698B23F91F49D0E81">2244</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="5C1802636D6ACC4BB35A74FFF5CCCE7C">1</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="C19169544D71FBA74F92717F20ADFCEF">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="52F1E8B2C9AC71CBE3CE2179D3E63A99" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0E2487E3FF84FFAAFF0E37D4FDB1FC62" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5333946" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5333946" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0E2487E3FF84FFAAFF0E37D4FDB1FC62" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0E2487E3FF84FFAAFF0E37D4FDB1FC62" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<subSubSection id="CE97657EFF84FFA8FF0E37D4FE69F878" box="[151,508,1939,1965]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="863236F5FF84FFA8FF0E37D4FE69F878" blockId="24.[151,508,1939,1965]" box="[151,508,1939,1965]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<heading id="DD7A8199FF84FFA8FF0E37D4FE69F878" bold="true" box="[151,508,1939,1965]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF84FFA8FF0E37D4FE69F878" bold="true" box="[151,508,1939,1965]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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Subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF84FFA8FE8637D4FE69F878" baseAuthorityName="Hedges" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[287,508,1939,1965]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Leptotyphlopinae">Leptotyphlopinae</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="CE97657EFF84FFA8FF0E3791FD06F838" box="[151,659,2006,2030]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="863236F5FF84FFA8FF0E3791FD06F838" blockId="24.[151,659,2006,2030]" box="[151,659,2006,2030]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF84FFA8FF0E3791FE88F83B" bold="true" box="[151,285,2006,2030]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<typeStatus id="59368857FF84FFA8FF0E3791FF44F83B" box="[151,209,2006,2030]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Type</typeStatus>
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genus.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF84FFA8FEBD3790FD1AF838" authority="Fitzinger, 1843: 24" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityPageNumber="24" authorityYear="1843" box="[292,655,2006,2030]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF84FFA8FEBD3790FE2EF83B" box="[292,443,2007,2030]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Leptotyphlops</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="E21C4B04FF84FFA8FE583791FD1AF838" author="Fitzinger" box="[449,655,2006,2029]" firstAuthor="Fitzinger" page="24" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref23868" refString="Fitzinger, L. (1843) Systema Reptilium. Braumuller et Seidel Bibliopolas, Wien, 106 pp." type="book" year="1843">Fitzinger, 1843: 24</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="D2F2667DFF85FFA9FF0E3607FD9CF8F2" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" startId="25.[151,257,1600,1624]" targetBox="[151,1436,194,1576]" targetPageId="25">
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<paragraph id="863236F5FF85FFA9FF0E3607FD9CF8F2" blockId="25.[151,1436,1600,1831]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF85FFA9FF0E3607FE8BF98D" bold="true" box="[151,286,1600,1624]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
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Representatives of the snake Family
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<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF85FFA9FD5B3607FC10F982" authorityName="Stejneger" authorityYear="1892" box="[706,901,1600,1623]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Leptotyphlopidae</taxonomicName>
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from the Old World. (A)
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<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF85FFA9FB3E3607FAC5F982" authorityName="WAF" baseAuthorityName="Jan" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[1191,1360,1600,1623]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Guinea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF85FFA9FB3E3607FAC5F982" box="[1191,1360,1600,1623]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Guinea bicolor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Mali; Sikasso; Doussoudiana); photograph by Sébastien Trape. (B)
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<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF85FFA9FCD43624FBAEF9AF" authorityName="Villiers" authorityYear="1956" box="[845,1083,1635,1658]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Rhinoleptus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="koniagui">
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF85FFA9FCD43624FBAEF9AF" box="[845,1083,1635,1658]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Rhinoleptus koniagui</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Senegal: Tambacounda; Ibel), preserved specimen from Sébastien Trape; photograph by S. Blair Hedges. (C)
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<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF85FFA9FB9136C1FB4EF948" authorityName="WAF" baseAuthorityName="Chabanaud" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[1032,1243,1670,1693]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Myriopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boueti">
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF85FFA9FB9136C1FB4EF948" box="[1032,1243,1670,1693]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Myriopholis boueti</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Sénégal; Dakar; Dakar); photograph by Sébastien Trape. (D)
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<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF85FFA9FD1536EFFC02F96A" authorityName="SAF, EAF" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[652,919,1704,1727]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Myriopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longicauda">
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF85FFA9FD1536EFFC02F96A" box="[652,919,1704,1727]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Myriopholis longicauda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(South Africa: Northern Province; Limpopo); photograph by William R. Branch. (E)
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<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF85FFA9FDFB368CFCFDF937" authorityName="SAF" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1892" box="[610,872,1739,1762]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="distanti">
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF85FFA9FDFB368CFCFDF937" box="[610,872,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Leptotyphlops distanti</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(South Africa: Mpumalanga: near Middleburg); photograph by William R. Branch. (F)
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<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF85FFA9FDF836A9FC1DF8D0" authorityName="Broadley & Broadley" authorityYear="1999" box="[609,904,1774,1797]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="incognitus">
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF85FFA9FDF836A9FC1DF8D0" box="[609,904,1774,1797]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Leptotyphlops incognitus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(South Africa: Mpumalanga: Komati River); photograph by William R. Branch.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="CE97657EFF85FFAAFF0E371FFB82FF2A" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="863236F5FF85FFAAFF0E371FFBC4FF0D" blockId="25.[151,1436,1880,2022]" lastBlockId="26.[151,1436,152,951]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF85FFA9FF0E371FFE8DF8A7" bold="true" box="[151,280,1880,1906]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Members of
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<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF85FFA9FE20371FFD1FF8A7" baseAuthorityName="Hedges" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[441,650,1880,1906]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Leptotyphlopinae">Leptotyphlopinae</taxonomicName>
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usually have long, thin tails, with high subcaudal counts: relative tail length is 4.1–18.9 % total length versus 2.1–11.5% in the
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<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF85FFA9FCF43738FC4AF84C" box="[877,991,1919,1945]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Epictinae">Epictinae</taxonomicName>
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, tail shape is 3.2–11.7 versus 1.3–6.1, and subcaudals number 12–58 versus
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<quantity id="41759B10FF85FFA9FDC337E2FD21F86A" box="[602,692,1957,1983]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.572" metricValueMax="7.62" metricValueMin="1.524" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="in" value="18.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="6.0">6–30 in</quantity>
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the
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<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF85FFA9FD7037E2FCCDF86A" box="[745,856,1957,1983]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Epictinae">Epictinae</taxonomicName>
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(Table 2;
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<figureCitation id="1EB62A70FF85FFA9FC4B37E2FB8FF86A" box="[978,1050,1957,1983]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="15.[151,259,1207,1231]" captionTargetBox="[172,1399,199,1182]" captionTargetId="figure-276@15.[172,1416,199,1183]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 5. Histograms showing differences in scalation and proportions among taxa of leptotyphlopid snakes, assembled from descriptions of species (cited in Table 1) and earlier summaries (e.g., Broadley & Broadley 1999; Broadley & Wallach 2007; Wallach 1998). (A) Subcaudal scales in Epictinae (red, left) and Leptotyphlopinae (blue, right). (B) Relative tail length (tail length/ total length x 100) in Epictinae (red, left) and Leptotyphlopinae (blue, right). (C) Tail shape (tail length/ tail width at midtail) in Epictinae (red, left) and Leptotyphlopinae (blue, right). (D) Middorsal scales in two genera of Leptotyphlopinae: Leptotyphlops (blue, left) and Myriopholis (red, right). For each panel, frequency is on the Y-axis. In panels B and C, continuous numbers were rounded to integers before binning, and therefore bins are whole numbers as indicated." pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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). All leptotyphlopids possessing more than two supralabials, more than 14 midbody scale rows, stripes, and bold colors (e.g., reds and yellows) are in the
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<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF86FFAAFE9530DFFEEEFF67" box="[268,379,152,178]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Epictinae">Epictinae</taxonomicName>
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rather than this subfamily. The support for this group was 100% BP and 100% PP for the four-gene tree (
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<figureCitation id="1EB62A70FF86FFAAFED230F9FE04FF0D" box="[331,401,190,216]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1684,1708]" captionTargetBox="[181,1406,188,1658]" captionTargetId="figure-173@6.[179,1407,184,1660]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. A phylogeny of leptotyphlopid snakes based on sequences of four mitochondrial genes (12S rRNA, tRNA- Valine, 16S rRNA, and cytochrome b). Maximum likelihood tree of 91 samples and 2,971 sites. Values are ML bootstrap values followed by Bayesian posterior probabilities. Outgroups are not shown, but included Typhlopidae (Ramphotyphlops), Boidae (Boa), Pythonidae (Python), and Elapidae (Dendroaspis and Naja). The generic taxonomy in this tree reflects usage prior to this study. See Table 1 and Figure 12 for the new classification proposed here." pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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) and 100% BP and 100% PP for the nine-gene tree (
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<figureCitation id="1EB62A70FF86FFAAFC6230F9FBD6FF0D" box="[1019,1091,190,216]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,260,1282,1306]" captionTargetBox="[252,1334,313,1258]" captionTargetId="figure-366@7.[252,1335,310,1258]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. A phylogeny of leptotyphlopid snakes based on sequences of nine genes: five nuclear genes nine (amelogenin, BDNF, C-mos, NT3, and RAG1) and four mitochondrial and nuclear genes (12S rRNA, tRNA-Valine, 16S rRNA, and cytochrome b). Maximum likelihood tree obtained from the nine-gene data set (24 species; 5,563 sites). Values are ML bootstrap values followed by Bayesian posterior probabilities. Outgroups are not shown, but included Typhlopidae (Ramphotyphlops), Boidae (Boa), Pythonidae (Python), and Elapidae (Dendroaspis and Naja). The generic taxonomy in this tree reflects usage prior to this study. See Table 1 and Figure 12 for the new classification proposed here." pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="863236F5FF86FFAAFF5C30A2FB82FF2A" blockId="26.[151,1436,152,951]" box="[197,1047,229,255]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF86FFAAFF5C30A2FEA4FF2A" bold="true" box="[197,305,229,255]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Content.</emphasis>
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Three tribes, four genera, and 54 species (
|
||
<tableCitation id="CB0F034EFF86FFAAFCBB30A2FCEEFF2A" box="[802,891,229,255]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="9.[151,240,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 1. Classification of snakes of the Family Leptotyphlopidae. The arrangement used in this study is compared with that in previous classifications (e.g., McDiarmid et al. 1999; Uetz et al. 2009). Abbreviations for geographic regions are: AR (Arabia), CAF (Central Africa), EAF (East Africa), MAM (Middle America), NAM (North America), SAF (South Africa), SAM (South America), SOC (Socotra Island), SWA (Southwest Asia), WAF (West Africa), and WI (West Indies). Species in bold were sampled in the molecular analyses. Undescribed species used in this study are not listed." pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1EB62A70FF86FFAAFC1330A2FB9FFF2A" box="[906,1034,229,255]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 9" captionStart-1="FIGURE 10" captionStartId-0="25.[151,257,1600,1624]" captionStartId-1="28.[151,256,679,703]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,194,1576]" captionTargetBox-1="[155,1432,197,656]" captionTargetId-0="figure-169@25.[151,1436,194,1576]" captionTargetId-1="figure-375@28.[155,1432,197,656]" captionTargetPageId-0="25" captionTargetPageId-1="28" captionText-0="FIGURE 9. Representatives of the snake Family Leptotyphlopidae from the Old World. (A) Guinea bicolor (Mali; Sikasso; Doussoudiana); photograph by Sébastien Trape. (B) Rhinoleptus koniagui (Senegal: Tambacounda; Ibel), preserved specimen from Sébastien Trape; photograph by S. Blair Hedges. (C) Myriopholis boueti (Sénégal; Dakar; Dakar); photograph by Sébastien Trape. (D) Myriopholis longicauda (South Africa: Northern Province; Limpopo); photograph by William R. Branch. (E) Leptotyphlops distanti (South Africa: Mpumalanga: near Middleburg); photograph by William R. Branch. (F) Leptotyphlops incognitus (South Africa: Mpumalanga: Komati River); photograph by William R. Branch." captionText-1="FIGURE 10. Representatives of the snake Family Leptotyphlopidae from the Old World (continued). (A) Namibiana labialis (Namibia); photograph by Johan Marais. (B) Namibiana occidentalis (Namibia, 5 km W Sesfontein); photograph by William R. Branch." pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figs. 9–10</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="CE97657EFF86FFAAFF5C314CFC21FEA6" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="863236F5FF86FFAAFF5C314CFC21FEA6" blockId="26.[151,1436,152,951]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF86FFAAFF5C314CFEF0FEF0" bold="true" box="[197,357,267,293]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF86FFAAFEF5314BFDAEFEF3" baseAuthorityName="Hedges" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[364,571,268,294]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Leptotyphlopinae">Leptotyphlopinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distributed throughout Africa (north and south of the Sahara Desert) as well as on nearby islands (Bazaruto archipelago, Pemba, Manda, Lamu, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="FE9A7665FF86FFAAFB863175FBE8FE99" box="[1055,1149,306,332]" name="Yemen" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Socotra</collectingCountry>
|
||
), the Arabian Peninsula, and in southwest Asia (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="FE9A7665FF86FFAAFE31311EFE6AFEA6" box="[424,511,345,371]" name="Turkey" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="FE9A7665FF86FFAAFD93311EFDA9FEA6" box="[522,572,345,371]" name="Iran" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="FE9A7665FF86FFAAFDD1311EFD3BFEA6" box="[584,686,345,371]" name="Pakistan" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and northwest
|
||
<collectingCountry id="FE9A7665FF86FFAAFCFF311EFC32FEA6" box="[870,935,345,371]" name="India" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="CE97657EFF86FFAAFF5C3138FDB1FC62" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="863236F5FF86FFAAFF5C3138FDB1FC62" blockId="26.[151,1436,152,951]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF86FFAAFF5C3138FEABFE4C" bold="true" box="[197,318,383,409]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
We divide this subfamily into three tribes. Two are well-defined, include 51 of the 54 species, and correspond to the former
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF86FFAAFD9131E0FD0BFE15" box="[520,670,423,448]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longicaudus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF86FFAAFD9131E0FD0BFE15" box="[520,670,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">longicaudus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Group of "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF86FFAAFCB531E0FC4CFE15" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[812,985,423,448]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF86FFAAFCB531E0FC4CFE15" box="[812,985,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Leptotyphlops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
" on one hand (a primarily northeast Africa-Arabia clade) and the former
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF86FFAAFDCE318AFD5CFE33" authorityName="SAF, EAF" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[599,713,461,486]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF86FFAAFDCE318AFD5CFE33" box="[599,713,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">nigricans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF86FFAAFD40318AFCD0FE33" authorityName="Mcdiarmid, Campbell & Toure" authorityYear="1999" box="[729,837,461,486]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rostratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF86FFAAFD40318AFCD0FE33" box="[729,837,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">rostratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF86FFAAFC13318AFB95FE33" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[906,1024,461,486]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF86FFAAFC13318AFB95FE33" box="[906,1024,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">scutifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups of "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF86FFAAFB08318AFAA9FE33" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[1169,1340,461,486]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF86FFAAFB08318AFAA9FE33" box="[1169,1340,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Leptotyphlops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
" on the other hand (a primarily southern African clade). The remaining three species, corresponding to the former
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF86FFAAFF0E325DFE82FDE6" authorityName="Mcdiarmid, Campbell & Toure" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,279,538,563]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF86FFAAFF0E325DFE82FDE6" box="[151,279,538,563]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">reticulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Group of "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF86FFAAFE3A325DFDD8FDE6" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[419,589,538,563]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF86FFAAFE3A325DFDD8FDE6" box="[419,589,538,563]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Leptotyphlops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
," are placed here in a third tribe (A primarily East African clade); no molecular data were available for this tribe. A few characters previously used to define species groups, such as the fusion of skull bones and of the frontal and rostral scales (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E21C4B04FF86FFAAFC10322FFB54FD57" author="Broadley & Wallach" box="[905,1217,616,642]" firstAuthor="Broadley" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="3 - 78" refId="ref23147" refString="Broadley, D. G. & Wallach, V. (2007) A revision of the genus Leptotyphlops in northeastern Africa and southwestern Arabia (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae). Zootaxa, 3 - 78." type="book chapter" year="2007">Broadley & Wallach 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), show homoplasy among the genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF86FFAAFE0F32C9FDFDFD7D" baseAuthorityName="Hedges" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[406,616,654,680]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Leptotyphlopinae">Leptotyphlopinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
recognized here and therefore are excluded from diagnoses of taxa. Nonetheless combinations of those characters may still prove to be diagnostic for restricted clades of species.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E21C4B04FF86FFAAFF0E329BFED1FD23" author="Hedges" box="[151,324,732,758]" firstAuthor="Hedges" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref24581" refString="Hedges, S. B. (2008) At the lower limit of size in snakes: two new species of threadsnakes (Squamata: Leptotyphlopidae: Leptotyphlops) from the Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa, 1841, 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="2008">Hedges (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that Old World species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF86FFAAFD5E329BFCF8FD20" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[711,877,732,757]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF86FFAAFD5E329BFCF8FD20" box="[711,877,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Leptotyphlops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a more pronounced sexual dimorphism in body size, averaging ~1.3 (total length of average adult female/total length of average adult male), compared with New World species (~1.1). However, data are available for only nine species of New World
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF86FFAAFAB2336EFA09FC96" box="[1323,1436,809,835]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Epictinae">Epictinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and three species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF86FFAAFE113317FDC3FCBF" baseAuthorityName="Hedges" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[392,598,848,874]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Leptotyphlopinae">Leptotyphlopinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E21C4B04FF86FFAAFDFF3317FD6EFCBF" author="Bailey" box="[614,763,848,874]" firstAuthor="Bailey" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 5" refId="ref22258" refString="Bailey, J. R. (1946) Leptotyphlops anthracinus, a new blind snake from eastern Ecuador. Occasional Papers Museum Zoology, University of Michigan, 492, 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1946">Bailey 1946</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E21C4B04FF86FFAAFC9E3317FCE9FCBF" author="Zug" box="[775,892,848,874]" firstAuthor="Zug" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="744 - 745" refId="ref29618" refString="Zug, G. R. (1977) Distribution and variation of Leptotyphlops tricolor. Copeia, 1977, 744 - 745." type="journal article" year="1977">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4449F817FF86FFAAFC9E3317FCA3FCBF" box="[775,822,848,874]" country="Switzerland" name="Zug" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Zug</collectingRegion>
|
||
1977
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E21C4B04FF86FFAAFC103317FBE5FCBF" author="Thomas" box="[905,1136,848,874]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Thomas" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="204 - 220" refId="ref27949" refString="Thomas, R., McDiarmid, R. W. & Thompson, F. G. (1985) Three new species of thread snakes (Serpentes, Leptotyphlopidae) from Hispaniola. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 98, 204 - 220." type="journal article" year="1985">
|
||
Thomas
|
||
<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF86FFAAFC693317FBBEFCBC" box="[1008,1067,848,873]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1985
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E21C4B04FF86FFAAFBE43317FABBFCBF" author="Broadley" box="[1149,1326,848,874]" firstAuthor="Broadley" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="162 - 166" refId="ref23013" refString="Broadley, D. G. & Wallach, V. (1996) Remarkable new worm snake (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae) from the east African coast. Copeia, 1996, 162 - 166." type="journal article" year="1996">Broadley 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E21C4B04FF86FFAAFAA23317FF6FFC45" author="Webb" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Webb" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="321 - 327" refId="ref29132" refString="Webb, J. K., Shine, R., Branch, W. R. & Harlow, P. S. (2000) Life-history strategies in basal snakes: reproduction and dietary habits of the African thread snake Leptotyphlops scutifrons (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae). Journal of Zoology, 250, 321 - 327." type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Webb
|
||
<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF86FFAAFA1E3317FF20FC45" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E21C4B04FF86FFAAFE9F3331FE4CFC45" author="Passos" box="[262,473,886,912]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Passos" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref26386" refString="Passos, P., Caramaschi, U. & Pinto, R. R. (2005) Rediscovery and redescription of Leptotyphlops salgueiroi Amaral, 1954 (Squamata, Serpentes, Leptotyphlopidae). Boletim Do Museu Nacional, Rio De Janeiro, 520, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Passos
|
||
<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF86FFAAFEC23330FE00FC45" box="[347,405,887,912]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E21C4B04FF86FFAAFE7C3331FDB1FC45" author="Passos" box="[485,548,886,912]" firstAuthor="Passos" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="347 - 357" refId="ref26437" refString="Passos, P., Caramaschi, U. & Pinto, R. R. (2006) Redescription of Leptotyphlops koppesi Amaral, 1954, and description of a new species of the Leptotyphlops dulcis group from central Brazil (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae). Amphibia- Reptilia, 27, 347 - 357." type="journal article" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and therefore more sampling is needed before this trend can be considered diagnostic of the two subfamilies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |