130 lines
18 KiB
XML
130 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5779569" ID-GBIF-Dataset="723c8018-f87a-440a-bed1-3d2fe2a46e42" ID-ISBN="978-3-906484-76-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5779569" approvalRequired="4" approvalRequired_for_treatments="4" checkinTime="1639140111949" checkinUser="donat" docAuthor="Alexander, Timothy & Seehausen, Ole" docDate="2021" docId="039187D59BAABBD3FE5E765771888E80" docLanguage="en" docName="ProjectLacSynthesisReport.2021.1-281.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology" docSource="https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/eawag/islandora/object/eawag:24051" docTitle="Salmo trutta" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="135" masterDocId="FFA8FFAD9B2EBB57FF94744D755A8830" masterDocTitle="Diversity, distribution and community composition of fish in perialpine lakes – “ Projet Lac ” synthesis report" pageNumber="135" updateTime="1655230699012" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Diversity, distribution and community composition of fish in perialpine lakes – “ Projet Lac ” synthesis report</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Alexander, Timothy</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Seehausen, Ole</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Eawag: Das Wasserforschungsinstitut des ETH-Bereichs Überlandstrasse 133, CH- 8600 Dübendorf</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2021</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2021-11-12</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology</mods:publisher>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/eawag/islandora/object/eawag:24051</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>book</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5779569</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">723c8018-f87a-440a-bed1-3d2fe2a46e42</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-3-906484-76-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5779569</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5776976" ID-GBIF-Taxon="191772206" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5776976" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039187D59BAABBD3FE5E765771888E80" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039187D59BAABBD3FE5E765771888E80" lastPageNumber="135" pageId="132" pageNumber="135">
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<subSubSection box="[458,727,538,560]" pageId="132" pageNumber="135" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="132.[458,1565,538,720]" box="[458,727,538,560]" pageId="132" pageNumber="135">
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Atlantic trout (
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<taxonomicName box="[599,721,538,560]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Salmo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="132" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trutta">Salmo trutta</taxonomicName>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="132" pageNumber="135" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="132.[458,1565,538,720]" pageId="132" pageNumber="135">
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are native in the northern perialpine lakes and probably also in Lake Sils in the alpine section of the Inn-Danube catchment. Atlantic trout were recorded in all lakes in the Rhine catchment except Upper Zurich, Biel and Rousses. In the Rhone catchment, Atlantic
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<taxonomicName box="[1136,1216,602,624]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Salmo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="132" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trutta">S. trutta</taxonomicName>
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have been widely introduced, any may be native only in Lake Geneva. In the Rhone lakes this species was missing from Projet Lac catches of only the smallest lakes: Remoray, Bonlieu and Bret. It is not known which of these lakes may have hosted the native Rhone or zebra tout
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1974" box="[662,854,698,720]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Salmo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="132" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhodanensis">Salmo rhodanensis</taxonomicName>
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in the past, and what happened to these populations.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="132.[457,1569,762,944]" pageId="132" pageNumber="135">
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Atlantic trout
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<taxonomicName box="[592,669,762,784]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Salmo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="132" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trutta">S. trutta</taxonomicName>
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has also been introduced into all surveyed southern perialpine lakes, as well as Lake Poschiavo. Indeed,
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<taxonomicName box="[594,673,794,816]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Salmo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="132" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trutta">S. trutta</taxonomicName>
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were recorded in every lake of the Po catchment, except Varese (which did not have any trout).
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<taxonomicName box="[526,649,826,848]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Salmo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="132" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trutta">Salmo trutta</taxonomicName>
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is known to hybridize with southern
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<taxonomicName box="[1019,1166,826,848]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Salmo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="132" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">Salmo species</taxonomicName>
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in some water bodies where they have been introduced, and remain distinct in others. The massive stocking of
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<taxonomicName box="[1207,1288,858,880]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Salmo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="132" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trutta">S. trutta</taxonomicName>
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into southern drainages is thought to have led to nearly complete displacement of the native species in some drainages
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<superScript attach="right" box="[1406,1439,888,903]" fontSize="6" pageId="132" pageNumber="135">[164]</superScript>
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. This makes the proper assessment of trout diversity in southern drainage systems very important, but also complicated.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="132.[456,1570,986,1392]" pageId="132" pageNumber="135">
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Projet Lac recorded Atlantic trout
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<taxonomicName box="[794,916,986,1008]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Salmo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="132" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trutta">Salmo trutta</taxonomicName>
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and three Adriatic-endemic
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<taxonomicName box="[1198,1344,986,1008]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Salmo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="132" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">Salmo species</taxonomicName>
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in the southern lakes:
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1829" box="[456,647,1018,1040]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Salmo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="132" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marmoratus">Salmo marmoratus</taxonomicName>
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(marbled trout) in lakes Maggiore, Lugano and Poschiavo,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Nardo" authorityYear="1847" box="[1231,1399,1018,1040]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Salmo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="132" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cenerinus">Salmo cenerinus</taxonomicName>
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(northern Italian brook trout) only in Lake Poschiavo, and three individuals resembling
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1140,1269,1050,1072]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Salmo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="132" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carpio">Salmo carpio</taxonomicName>
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(carpione) in Lake Garda. “Engadiner trout” were also identified in Lake Sils, characterized by very few large black spots and genetically belonging to the Danubian
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<taxonomicName box="[704,832,1114,1136]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Salmo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="132" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labrax">Salmo labrax</taxonomicName>
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. This taxon coexists with
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<taxonomicName box="[1088,1210,1114,1136]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Salmo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="132" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trutta">Salmo trutta</taxonomicName>
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in Lake Sils as two genomically distinct species (
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<figureCitation box="[602,698,1146,1168]" captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="133.[115,173,2014,2031]" captionTargetBox="[146,1184,1123,1965]" captionTargetId="figure-20@133.[113,1193,1117,1975]" captionTargetPageId="133" captionText="Figure 46: RAxML phylogeny tree depicting the genetic relationship among individual trouts from Lakes Sils and Poschiavo and reference populations of the five species S. trutta, S. marmorata, S. labrax, S. cenerinus and S. carpio based on several thousand Single Nucleodide Polymorphisms. Note that phenotypic S. trutta from Poschiavo are genetically close to S. trutta from reference populations in the Rhine, whereas phenotypic marmorata, cenerinus and “blackspot” from Poschiavo are genetically intermediate between nonintrogressed S. trutta, S. marmorata and S. cenerinus references." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5779669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5779669/files/figure.png" pageId="132" pageNumber="135">Figure 46</figureCitation>
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). Finally, a local lake trout
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<typeStatus box="[971,1016,1146,1168]" pageId="132" pageNumber="135">type</typeStatus>
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was documented in Lake Poschiavo, with an unusual pattern of very dense large black spots. This taxa genetically resembled
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<taxonomicName box="[1185,1322,1178,1200]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Salmo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="132" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marmorata">S. marmorata</taxonomicName>
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in the mitochondrial barcode, but
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Nardo" authorityYear="1847" box="[558,726,1210,1232]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Salmo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="132" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cenerinus">Salmo cenerinus</taxonomicName>
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at microsatellite markers, with considerable introgression from
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<taxonomicName box="[1366,1487,1210,1232]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Salmo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="132" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trutta">Salmo trutta</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 47" captionStartId="134.[460,518,766,783]" captionTargetBox="[471,1009,210,710]" captionTargetId="figure-8@134.[456,1013,193,720]" captionTargetPageId="134" captionText="Figure 47: Weak genetic differences among phenotypically assigned trout populations in Lake Poschiavo. Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components based on several thousand Single Nucleodide Polymorphisms." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5779671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5779671/files/figure.png" pageId="132" pageNumber="135">Figure 47</figureCitation>
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). This likely native form of lake trout in Poschiavo and is referred to in this report as
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<taxonomicName box="[1342,1442,1242,1264]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Salmo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="132" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">Salmo sp.</taxonomicName>
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“Blackspot”. Based on information from local fisheries authorities, this trout form spawns in the lake, where an annual spawn fishery takes place.This makes it ecologically unique in Switzerland.The only other known lake-spawning trout in the perialpine region is
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[713,799,1338,1360]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Salmo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="132" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carpio">S. carpio</taxonomicName>
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of Lake Garda, which is interestingly of similar hybrid origins (mitochondrially
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1829" box="[456,604,1370,1392]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Salmo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="132" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marmoratus">S. marmoratus</taxonomicName>
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, otherwise mostly
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Nardo" authorityYear="1847" box="[799,923,1370,1392]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Salmo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="132" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cenerinus">S. cenerinus</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="132.[456,1570,986,1392]" box="[936,969,1368,1383]" pageId="132" pageNumber="135">
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<superScript attach="right" box="[936,969,1368,1383]" fontSize="6" pageId="132" pageNumber="135">[165]</superScript>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="132.[457,1570,1434,1712]" pageId="132" pageNumber="135">
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It is noteworthy that Projet Lac recorded lake trout forms of
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<taxonomicName box="[1063,1200,1434,1456]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Salmo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="132" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marmorata">S. marmorata</taxonomicName>
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in Lake Maggiore.The highest abundance and diversity of trout was recorded in the alpine lakes Sils (Danube catchment) with two native species, and Poschiavo (Po catchment) with three native and two non-native species. The
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<taxonomicName box="[1282,1412,1498,1520]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Salmo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="132" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labrax">Salmo labrax</taxonomicName>
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(Danube trout) phenotype was recorded in both lakes.This lineage is native to the Danube catchment, and has been introduced into Lake Poschiavo.
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<taxonomicName box="[674,774,1562,1584]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Salmo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="132" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">Salmo sp.</taxonomicName>
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“Blackspot” was recorded also in Lake Sils where it was possibly introduced from Lake Poschiavo. In Poschiavo, the two species native to the Po river catchment,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Nardo" authorityYear="1847" box="[1314,1482,1594,1616]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Salmo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="132" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cenerinus">Salmo cenerinus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1829" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Salmo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="132" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marmoratus">Salmo marmoratus</taxonomicName>
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were confirmed as genetically distinct from one another and from
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<taxonomicName box="[1267,1344,1626,1648]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Salmo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="132" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trutta">S. trutta</taxonomicName>
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, but with strong signs of hybridization (
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<figureCitation box="[622,716,1658,1680]" captionStart="Figure 47" captionStartId="134.[460,518,766,783]" captionTargetBox="[471,1009,210,710]" captionTargetId="figure-8@134.[456,1013,193,720]" captionTargetPageId="134" captionText="Figure 47: Weak genetic differences among phenotypically assigned trout populations in Lake Poschiavo. Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components based on several thousand Single Nucleodide Polymorphisms." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5779671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5779671/files/figure.png" pageId="132" pageNumber="135">Figure 47</figureCitation>
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), possibly associated with the arrival of
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<taxonomicName box="[1111,1189,1658,1680]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Salmo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="132" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trutta">S. trutta</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName box="[1236,1321,1658,1680]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Salmo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="132" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labrax">S. labrax</taxonomicName>
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in the lake. Some genetic differences remain that correspond to the different phenotypes (
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<figureCitation box="[1126,1221,1690,1712]" captionStart="Figure 47" captionStartId="134.[460,518,766,783]" captionTargetBox="[471,1009,210,710]" captionTargetId="figure-8@134.[456,1013,193,720]" captionTargetPageId="134" captionText="Figure 47: Weak genetic differences among phenotypically assigned trout populations in Lake Poschiavo. Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components based on several thousand Single Nucleodide Polymorphisms." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5779671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5779671/files/figure.png" pageId="132" pageNumber="135">Figure 47</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |