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<document id="1C287DD6629864EBDCBC06F012AE6E59" ID-CLB-Dataset="20219" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab022" ID-GBIF-Dataset="91c8d5c2-9800-4c2f-9ceb-bfd0003e2cd1" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6360309" ID-ZooBank="FFBE273B-E85D-44B9-951A-B7EE05E00E6C" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1647257285439" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Valenciano, Alberto, Morales, Jorge &amp; Govender, Romala" docDate="2022" docId="039187B369385A09FEE5FCF60060FAD3" docLanguage="en" docName="zlab022.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194" docStyle="DocumentStyle:36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8.7:ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article" docStyleId="36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Eucyon khoikhoi Valenciano &amp; Morales &amp; Govender 2022, SP. NOV." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="383" masterDocId="FFA8FFCB693C5A18FFD4FFDA0103FF99" masterDocTitle="Eucyon khoikhoi sp. nov. (Carnivora: Canidae) from Langebaanweg ‘ E’ Quarry (early Pliocene, South Africa): the most complete African canini from the Mio-Pliocene" masterLastPageNumber="394" masterPageNumber="366" pageNumber="370" updateTime="1699317969773" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="4249019AA1BB0A1CDB4F7BB618BF5523">Eucyon khoikhoi sp. nov. (Carnivora: Canidae) from Langebaanweg ‘ E’ Quarry (early Pliocene, South Africa): the most complete African canini from the Mio-Pliocene</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E4AADADCB61F328B6742AD9064712987">Valenciano, Alberto</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BA66EB2C6ABFBE30D4DF1FFF5B0C7A9A">Morales, Jorge</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="FC68A25DE74EBE063D4C5C7DED5C1CCF" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="D464CFA669DA7AF6DEB501890A66519F">Govender, Romala</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="BCD3B6D48F57F37339816084D63EC9D1">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="0EE1A09D999E42B8A01E43107EA1668E">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="371A821B84586E83D3794950EFFDD726">2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="6D02702EE8E993C5E63F4DBD817EDD8D" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="FBF196EE5F78512865DCF8C7A898AAA4">2021-05-29</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="7EE811A7A8EE53F934774028E27447FA" type="volume">
<mods:number id="0764A33B72025FA4754D175B8623ED1D">194</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="2B364EAF6119AA08EBE7A80FE103A7F7">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="EDE93B7F51505B7228BD5E40781250F3" type="CLB-Dataset">20219</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="A159CCFA4A5348A45B36AB0B268DBDAA" type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab022</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="8945E4F28E409D34AD6410044912D27D" type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="039187B369385A09FEE5FCF60060FAD3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360697" ID-GBIF-Taxon="194043208" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6360697" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039187B369385A09FEE5FCF60060FAD3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039187B369385A09FEE5FCF60060FAD3" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="383" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">
<subSubSection id="C322652E69385A1CFEE5FCF6037FFCDA" box="[305,636,811,835]" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8736A569385A1CFEE5FCF6037FFCDA" blockId="4.[305,636,811,835]" box="[305,636,811,835]" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">
<heading id="D0CF81C969385A1CFEE5FCF6037FFCDA" box="[305,636,811,835]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFEE5FCF60310FCDB" authority="Valenciano &amp; Morales &amp; Govender, 2022" authorityName="Valenciano &amp; Morales &amp; Govender" authorityYear="2022" box="[305,531,812,835]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="394" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="khoikhoi" status="sp. nov.">EUCYON KHOIKHOI</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFDCDFCF5037FFCDA" bold="true" box="[537,636,811,835]" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27F57CC69385A1CFDCDFCF5037FFCDA" box="[537,636,811,835]" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" rank="species">SP. NOV.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C322652E69385A1CFE4FFC880311FCF2" box="[411,530,850,875]" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8736A569385A1CFE4FFC880311FCF2" blockId="4.[411,530,850,875]" box="[411,530,850,875]" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">
(
<figureCitation id="13032A2069385A1CFE77FC880309FCF2" box="[419,522,850,875]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStart-2="Figure 3" captionStart-3="Figure 4" captionStart-4="Figure 5" captionStart-5="Figure 6" captionStart-6="Figure 7" captionStart-7="Figure 8" captionStartId-0="6.[163,241,1148,1170]" captionStartId-1="9.[145,223,1393,1415]" captionStartId-2="10.[162,241,1590,1612]" captionStartId-3="12.[161,238,1195,1217]" captionStartId-4="13.[145,226,1578,1600]" captionStartId-5="14.[163,242,1345,1367]" captionStartId-6="15.[145,219,1816,1838]" captionStartId-7="16.[163,242,1627,1649]" captionTargetBox-0="[163,1443,195,1109]" captionTargetBox-1="[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetBox-2="[163,1443,195,1550]" captionTargetBox-3="[163,1443,195,1155]" captionTargetBox-4="[149,757,195,1538]" captionTargetBox-5="[163,1443,195,1305]" captionTargetBox-6="[145,1425,195,1776]" captionTargetBox-7="[163,1443,195,1588]" captionTargetId-0="figure-406@6.[163,1443,195,1109]" captionTargetId-1="figure-134@9.[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetId-2="figure-102@10.[163,1443,195,1550]" captionTargetId-3="figure-247@12.[163,1443,195,1155]" captionTargetId-4="figure-454@13.[149,757,195,1538]" captionTargetId-5="figure-202@14.[163,1443,195,1305]" captionTargetId-6="figure-28@15.[145,1425,195,1776]" captionTargetId-7="figure-26@16.[163,1443,195,1588]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionTargetPageId-3="12" captionTargetPageId-4="13" captionTargetPageId-5="14" captionTargetPageId-6="15" captionTargetPageId-7="16" captionText-0="Figure 1. Skull of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. Individual SAM-PQL-31272 (holotype). A, left side; B, right side; C, dorsal view; D, ventral view; E, rostral view; F, caudal view. Scale bar equals 5 cm." captionText-1="Figure 2. Upper dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, SAM-PQL-31272, holotype, details of the dentition, occlusal view. B, SAM-PQL-24976B, right I3: B1, buccal; B2, distal; B3. lingual views. C, SAM-PQL-24976A, left C: C1, buccal; C2, distal; C3, lingual views, D. SAM-PQL-15526B, left P2: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL- 15184B, left P4: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3, mesial; E4, occlusal views. F, SAM-PQL-72203, fragmentary right P4: occlusal view. G, SAM-PQL-72204, fragmentary left P4, occlusal view. H, SAM-PQL-72205, fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. I, SAM-PQL-72207, left fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. J, SAM-PQL-72215 (paratype), right maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. K, SAM-PQL-L69621B, left maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. L, SAM-PQL-72208, right M1, occlusal view. M, SAM-PQL-50497, left M1, occlusal view. N, SAM-PQL-15588B/C, right M1, occlusal view. O, SAM-PQL-15219 B, left M1, occlusal view. P, SAM-PQL- 15705A, left M2, occlusal view. Q, SAM-PQL- 72217, right M2, occlusal view. R, SAM-PQL- 72206, left M2, occlusal view. Scale bar 2 cm." captionText-2="Figure 3. Mandibles of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, B, SAM-PQL-31272 (holotype), right hemi-mandible (A), left one (B). A1, B1, buccal; A2, B2, lingual; A3, B3, occlusal views. C, D, SAM-PQL-40041, right hemi-mandible (C), left one (D). C1, D1, buccal; C2, D2, lingual; C3, D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL-40308, left hemi-mandible: E1, buccal; E2, occlusal view." captionText-3="Figure 4. Lower dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, SAM-PQL-72228, right cx: A1, buccal; A2, lingual; A3, occlusal views. B, SAM-PQL-50112, left cx: B1, buccal; B2, lingual views. C, SAM-PQL-15381 A/1, left p2: C1, buccal; C2, lingual; C3, occlusal views.D, SAM-PQL-72220, right fragmentary hemi-mandible including p1, p3–4: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL-72216 left m1: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3 occlusal views. F, SAM-PQL-72166, left m1 trigonid: F1, buccal; F2, lingual; F3, occlusal views. G, SAM-PQL-50113A, right fragmented m1: G1, buccal; G2, lingual; G3, occlusal; G4, distal views. H, SAM-PQL-50497A, left fragmentary hemi-mandible with m2: H1, buccal; H2, lingual; H3, occlusal views. I, SAM-PQL-50113B, left m2: I1, buccal; I2, lingual; I3, occlusal; I4, distal views. J, SAM-PQL-72212, left m2: J1, lingual; J2, occlusal; J3, distal views. K, SAM-PQL-16120A, right m3: K1, buccal; K2, lingual; K3, occlusal views. L, SAM-PQL-72213, right m3: L1, buccal; L2. occlusal views.Abbreviations: h, hypoconid; m, metaconid; par, paraconid; and pr, protoconid. Scale bar 2 cm." captionText-4="Figure 5. Deciduous dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg compared with the one of the living jackal Lupulella mesomelas. A, SAM-PQL-72209, right DP2: A1, buccal; A2, lingual; A3, occlusal views. B, SAM-PQL- 72226A, left fragmentary dp3: B1, buccal; B2, lingual; B3, occlusal views. C, SAM-PQL-72226B, left dp4: C1, buccal; C2, lingual; C3, occlusal; C4, distal views. D, SAM- PQL-72210, left dp4: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal; D4. distal views. E, SAM-PQL-72214, fragmentary left dp4: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3, occlusal; E4, distal views. F, SAM-ZM-35825, right hemi-mandible of a juvenile" captionText-5="Figure 6. Cervical and caudal vertebrae of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A–E, SAM-PQL-31272. A1–3, atlas: A1, dorsal; A2, ventral; A3, distal views. B1, B2, atlas: B1, lateral; B2, dorsal views. C1–3, third cervical vertebra: C1, cranial; C2, dorsal; C3, lateral views. D1–3, fourth cervical vertebra: D1, cranial; D2, dorsal; D3, lateral views. E1, E2, fifth cervical vertebra: E1, dorsal; E2, lateral views. F, SAM-PQL-15323, atlas, ventral view. G, SAM-PQL-15174, axis: G1, lateral; G2, dorsal views. H, SAM-PQL-15160, third cervical vertebra: H1, rostral; H2, lateral views. I, SAM-PQL-40041, fourth caudal vertebra: I1, dorsal; I2, ventral views. Scale Bar equals 5 cm." captionText-6="Figure 7. Humeri and radii of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg.A–C, SAM-PQL-31272.A–B, left fragmentary humerus, A1–5 (left) and B (right). A1, cranial; A2, lateral; A3, caudal; A4, medial; and A5, distal views; B, distal view; C, right radius; C1, proximal; C2, distal; C3, cranial; C4, caudal views. D, SAM-PQL-20424, right fragmentary humerus: D1, cranial; D2, lateral; D3, caudal views. E, SAM-PQL-23331, right radius: E1, proximal; E2, distal; E3, cranial; E4, lateral; E5, caudal; E6, medial views.Scale bar equals 5 cm." captionText-7="Figure 8. Postcranial remains of Eucyon khoikhoi SAM-PQL-40041 from Langebaanweg. A, right distal fragment of the scapula: A1, lateral; A2, medial; A3, ventral views. B, right fragmentary humeral head: B1, caudal; B2. proximal views. C, left fragmentary radius, cranial view. D, right fragmentary ulna: D1, cranial; D2, medial; D3, caudal; D4, proximal views. E1, mounted hand comprising metacarpal II–V, and first, second and ungueal phalanges from the hand or foot, dorsal view; E2, metacarpal II–V, proximal view. F, left magnum: F1, medial; F2, dorsal; F3, lateral views. G, left pyramidal: G1, lateral; G2, medial views. H, right ectocuneiform: H1, lateral; H2, medial; H3, proximal views. I, first phalange: I1, dorsal; I2, lateral; I3, palmar/plantar; I4. proximal views. J, second phalange: J1, dorsal; J2, lateral; J3, palmar/plantar; J4. proximal views. K, ungueal phalange: K1, lateral; K2, dorsal; K3, proximal views. Scale bar equals 5 cm (A1–E1), and 2 cm (E2–K3)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360311" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360313" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360315" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360317" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360319" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360323" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360325" figureDoi-7="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360329" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/6360311/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/6360313/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/6360315/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/6360317/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/6360319/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/6360323/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/6360325/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/6360329/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">FIGS 1–8</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C322652E69385A1CFF77FCA103C2FB3D" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B8736A569385A1CFF77FCA10361FC09" blockId="4.[163,779,890,1188]" box="[163,610,890,912]" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">
1974
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFF34FCA0003CFC09" ID-CoL="622J6" authorityName="FISCHER" authorityYear="1817" box="[224,319,890,912]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Canidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFE92FCA100D7FC16" box="[326,468,890,912]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">incerta sedis</emphasis>
Hendey: 67.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736A569385A1CFF77FC430041FC57" blockId="4.[163,779,890,1188]" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">
1981a
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFF26FC4000D9FC37" box="[242,474,921,943]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">gen. and sp. not det</emphasis>
.? aff. ‘
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFDE4FC400015FC57" ID-CoL="3GTH" authority="Hendey" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFDE4FC400377FC36" box="[560,628,922,943]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">Canis</emphasis>
’
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFD57FC430208FC37" box="[643,779,921,942]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">brevirostris</emphasis>
Hendey
</taxonomicName>
: 50.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736A569385A1CFF77FC0D00EEFC75" blockId="4.[163,779,890,1188]" box="[163,493,982,1004]" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">
1981a
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFF3AFC0C005CFC75" box="[238,351,982,1004]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFF3AFC0C003AFC72" box="[238,313,982,1003]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">Vulpes</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
Hendey: 50.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736A569385A1CFF77FC2F00CEFB92" blockId="4.[163,779,890,1188]" box="[163,461,1013,1035]" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">
1993?
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFF30FC2C005DFB92" box="[228,350,1014,1035]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFF30FC2C003BFB92" box="[228,312,1014,1035]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">Eucyon</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
Rook: 45.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736A569385A1CFF77FBCE00E0FBB3" blockId="4.[163,779,890,1188]" box="[163,483,1044,1066]" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">
2008 cf.
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFF2BFBCE00A9FBB3" authority="Garcia" authorityName="Garcia" box="[255,426,1044,1066]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFF2BFBCE0050FBB0" box="[255,339,1044,1065]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">Eucyon</emphasis>
García
</taxonomicName>
: 589.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736A569385A1CFF77FBE900D4FBD1" blockId="4.[163,779,890,1188]" box="[163,471,1074,1096]" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">
2009
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFF34FBE90059FBD1" box="[224,346,1075,1096]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFF34FBE90037FBD1" box="[224,308,1075,1096]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">Eucyon</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
Rook: 741.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736A569385A1CFF77FB8B03D7FBFF" blockId="4.[163,779,890,1188]" box="[163,724,1105,1127]" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">
2009
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFF34FB880059FBFE" box="[224,346,1106,1127]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFF34FB880037FBFE" box="[224,308,1106,1127]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">Eucyon</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
Montoya, Morales &amp; Abella: 719.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736A569385A1CFF77FBAA03E9FB1C" blockId="4.[163,779,890,1188]" box="[163,746,1136,1158]" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">
2010
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFF34FBAA0059FB1C" box="[224,346,1136,1157]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFF34FBAA0037FB1C" box="[224,308,1136,1157]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">Eucyon</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
Werdelin &amp; Peigné: 609, fig. 33.2A.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736A569385A1CFF77FB5403C2FB3D" blockId="4.[163,779,890,1188]" box="[163,705,1166,1188]" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">
2016
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFF34FB550059FB3D" box="[224,346,1167,1188]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFF34FB550037FB3D" box="[224,308,1167,1188]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">Eucyon</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
Hartstone-Rose
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFDCDFB550349FB3A" box="[537,586,1166,1188]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">et al</emphasis>
: 2, fig. 1A.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C322652E69385A1CFF77FB0A03B9FA9D" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8736A569385A1CFF77FB0A03B9FA9D" blockId="4.[163,780,1232,1284]" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFF77FB0A00B8FB7C" box="[163,443,1232,1253]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">Zoobank registration:</emphasis>
<uri id="FFA93AA769385A1CFE1FFB0A03B9FA9D" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
<uuid id="FF9E0C7069385A1CFF77FB3403B9FA9D" box="[163,698,1262,1284]" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">EFC6184C-759D-4AEC-B0DB-CEA578D79898</uuid>
</uri>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C322652E69385A1CFF77FAE90474F920" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B8736A569385A1CFF77FAE903B4F921" blockId="4.[163,779,1330,1720]" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFF77FAE9007CFAD1" box="[163,383,1331,1352]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">
Diagnosis:
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFEFEFAE9007CFAD1" box="[298,383,1331,1352]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Eucyon</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
of similar size to that of the
<typeStatus id="5483880769385A1CFD0CFAE90209FAD1" box="[728,778,1331,1352]" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">type</typeStatus>
species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFE79FA88031EFAFF" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[429,541,1361,1383]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="davisi">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFE79FA88031EFAFF" box="[429,541,1361,1383]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">E. davisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of
<location id="8EE7607E69385A1CFD9DFA8B01E8FA1C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039187B369385A09FEE5FCF60060FAD3:8EE7607E69385A1CFD9DFA8B01E8FA1C" county="Robust" municipality="Robust" name="North America. Upper" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">North America. Upper</location>
premolars (P2–P3) relatively short and robust, separated by a small diastema. P4 robust, with strong protocone.
<location id="8EE7607E69385A1CFEF6FA770077FA5A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039187B369385A09FEE5FCF60060FAD3:8EE7607E69385A1CFEF6FA770077FA5A" box="[290,372,1453,1475]" county="Robust" municipality="Robust" name="Robust" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">Robust</location>
and large M2, with respect to M1.
<location id="8EE7607E69385A1CFF77FA1601E7FA7B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039187B369385A09FEE5FCF60060FAD3:8EE7607E69385A1CFF77FA1601E7FA7B" box="[163,228,1484,1506]" county="Robust" municipality="Robust" name="Short" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">Short</location>
and tall lower premolars. p3 with small distal accessory cuspid.
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE3ACDF69385A1CFEA0FA3000C5F999" box="[372,454,1514,1536]" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">Robust</collectingMunicipality>
p4 with stronger and more extended distal accessory cuspid, and presence of a second distal accessory cuspid, comprising a small talonid.
<collectingCounty id="62E64E2969385A1CFEDFF99C0063F9C5" box="[267,352,1606,1628]" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">Robust</collectingCounty>
m1, with high protoconid, talonid without transverse cristid between the entoconid and the hypoconid. m2 relatively long compared with m1, with a complete trigonid and a narrow talonid.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736A569385A1CFF77F93B0474F920" blockId="4.[163,779,1761,1875]" lastBlockId="4.[827,1444,197,1721]" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFF77F93B00ADF96F" box="[163,430,1761,1782]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">Differential diagnosis:</emphasis>
Differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFDB4F93803C9F96F" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[608,714,1761,1783]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="davisi">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFDB4F93803C9F96F" box="[608,714,1761,1783]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">E. davisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from North America (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B5469385A1CFE8AF8DA0338F88C" author="Tedford RH &amp; Wang X-M &amp; Taylor BE" box="[350,571,1792,1814]" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" pagination="1 - 218" refId="ref19934" refString="Tedford RH, Wang X-M, Taylor BE. 2009. Phylogenetic systematic of the North American fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 325: 1 - 218." type="journal article" year="2009">
Tedford
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFE6AF8DA00F4F88C" box="[446,503,1792,1813]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">et al.</emphasis>
, 2009
</bibRefCitation>
) in a more robust lower dentition (p4–m1 and m2), with a longer m
<quantity id="4CC09B4069385A1CFD0BF8C50208F8AD" box="[735,779,1822,1844]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
relation to the m1. In relation to the former character, the M2 long and more robust. The P4 is also more robust. The m1 has a better developed hypoconulid shelfhypoconulid shelf, comprising a markedly higher m1 protoconid. Most of these differences between
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFC7CFE9A0531FECC" authorityName="Valenciano &amp; Morales &amp; Govender" authorityYear="2022" box="[936,1074,320,341]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="khoikhoi">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFC7CFE9A0531FECC" box="[936,1074,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">E. khoikhoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFBA6FE9A05DEFECC" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[1138,1245,320,341]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="davisi">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFBA6FE9A05DEFECC" box="[1138,1245,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">E. davisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are observed in the individuals of
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFBC2FE85057CFEEA" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[1046,1151,350,372]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="davisi">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFBC2FE85057CFEEA" box="[1046,1151,350,372]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">E. davisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from different localities in
<collectingCountry id="F32F763569385A1CFC8EFEA702A2FE0A" box="[858,929,381,403]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">China</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B5469385A1CFC65FEA705A3FE0A" author="Tedford RH &amp; Qiu Z-X" box="[945,1184,381,403]" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" pagination="27 - 40" refId="ref19743" refString="Tedford RH, Qiu Z-X. 1996. A new canid genus from the Pliocene of Yushe, Shanxi Province. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 34: 27 - 40." type="journal article" year="1996">Tedford &amp; Qiu, 1996</bibRefCitation>
). The Chinese sample has more robust premolars, especially P4 and p4, and more robust second molars (M2 and m2) than those of the North America populations. Therefore, they are more like
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFBC1FE2205A3FD94" box="[1045,1184,504,525]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFBC1FE22059FFD94" authorityName="Valenciano &amp; Morales &amp; Govender" authorityYear="2022" box="[1045,1180,504,525]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="khoikhoi">E. khoikhoi</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The Chinese
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFAE9FE2204A0FD94" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[1341,1443,504,525]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="davisi">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFAE9FE2204A0FD94" box="[1341,1443,504,525]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">E. davisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
maintain small M2 and m2 lengths in relation to the first molars, which clearly distinguish them from
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFCEFFD8E02BEFDF0" authorityName="Valenciano &amp; Morales &amp; Govender" authorityYear="2022" box="[827,957,596,617]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="khoikhoi">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFCEFFD8E02BEFDF0" box="[827,957,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">E. khoikhoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The difference in the length of the second molars with respect to the length of the m1 also allows the new Langebaanweg species to be distinguish from other
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFC54FD6A050EFD5C" box="[896,1037,688,709]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFC54FD6A02D6FD5C" box="[896,981,688,709]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">Eucyon</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
, which preserve comparable molar dentition:
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFC62FD15057BFD7A" box="[950,1144,718,740]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="debonisi">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFC62FD15057BFD7A" box="[950,1144,718,740]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">Eucyon debonisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFB53FD150422FD7A" baseAuthorityName="Odintzov" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[1159,1313,718,740]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="odessanus">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFB53FD150422FD7A" box="[1159,1313,718,740]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">E. odessanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFAE4FD1502CDFC9B" authority="Garcia, 2008" authorityName="Garcia" authorityYear="2008" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wokari">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFAE4FD1504A1FD7A" box="[1328,1442,718,740]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">E. wokari</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B5469385A1CFCEFFD3702CDFC9B" author="Garcia N" box="[827,974,749,771]" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" pagination="583 - 590" refId="ref16474" refString="Garcia N. 2008. New Eucyon remains from the Pliocene Aramis Member (Sagantole Formation), Middle Awash Valley (Ethiopia). Comptes Rendus Palevol 7: 583 - 590." type="journal article" year="2008">García, 2008</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFBDDFD34056BFC9B" authorityName="Tedford &amp; Qiu" authorityYear="1996" box="[1033,1128,749,771]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zhoui">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFBDDFD34056BFC9B" box="[1033,1128,749,771]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">E. zhoui</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFAF7FD3404A1FC9B" box="[1315,1442,749,771]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="debonisi">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFAF7FD3404A1FC9B" box="[1315,1442,749,771]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">E. debonisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the greater gracileness of the lower dentition in the Spanish species, particularly in the premolars and the carnassial teeth (P4 and m1). It differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFCEFFCB202A4FCE4" authorityName="Garcia" authorityYear="2008" box="[827,935,872,893]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wokari">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFCEFFCB202A4FCE4" box="[827,935,872,893]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">E. wokari</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the anomaly of the alveolus in the maxilla for an M3, in the morphology of the m1 talonid, which in the Ethiopian species has transverse cristids that connect the hypoconid to the entoconid (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B5469385A1CFA9BFC1E0270FC6E" author="Garcia N" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" pagination="583 - 590" refId="ref16474" refString="Garcia N. 2008. New Eucyon remains from the Pliocene Aramis Member (Sagantole Formation), Middle Awash Valley (Ethiopia). Comptes Rendus Palevol 7: 583 - 590." type="journal article" year="2008">Garcia, 2008</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFC5DFC390453FC61" authority="Spassov &amp; Rook, 2006" authorityName="Spassov &amp; Rook" authorityYear="2006" box="[905,1360,994,1016]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marinae">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFC5DFC390544FC61" box="[905,1095,995,1016]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">Eucyon marinae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B5469385A1CFB9BFC380453FC61" author="Spassov N &amp; Rook L" box="[1103,1360,994,1016]" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" pagination="123 - 133" refId="ref19263" refString="Spassov N, Rook L. 2006. Eucyon marinae sp. nov. (Mammalia, Carnivora), a new canid species from the Pliocene of Mongolia, with a review of forms referable to the genus. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 112: 123 - 133." type="journal article" year="2006">Spassov &amp; Rook, 2006</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFCAEFBD80503FB8F" authorityName="Valenciano &amp; Morales &amp; Govender" authorityYear="2022" box="[890,1024,1025,1047]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="khoikhoi">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFCAEFBD80503FB8F" box="[890,1024,1025,1047]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">E. khoikhoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the advanced morphology of the lower premolars and m1, which, although it lacks the transverse cristid between the hypoconid and the entoconid, the hypoconid is extremely large with respect to the entoconid, a trait that could indicate that this species moved away from the most common morphotypes of the
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFBEDFB6005FFFB56" box="[1081,1276,1209,1231]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFBEDFB600591FB56" box="[1081,1170,1210,1231]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">Eucyon</emphasis>
species.
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFAD3FB6004A1FB57" box="[1287,1442,1209,1231]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kuta">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFAD3FB6004A1FB57" box="[1287,1442,1209,1231]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">Eucyon kuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFC1CFB020549FB75" authorityName="Valenciano &amp; Morales &amp; Govender" authorityYear="2022" box="[968,1098,1239,1261]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="khoikhoi">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFC1CFB020549FB75" box="[968,1098,1239,1261]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">E. khoikhoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the robustness of the p2–3, unknown in other species of the genus, as the authors of the species point out.
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFB82FACC0279FAD0" authority="(Rook, 1992)" baseAuthorityName="Rook" baseAuthorityYear="1992" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticinensis">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFB82FACC0450FAB3" box="[1110,1363,1301,1323]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">Eucyon monticinensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B5469385A1CFAB7FACF0271FAD0" author="Rook L" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" pagination="151 - 156" refId="ref18741" refString="Rook L. 1992. ' Canis' monticinensis sp. nov., a new Canidae (Carnivora, Mammalia) from the late Messinian of Italy. Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana 31: 151 - 156." type="journal article" year="1992">Rook, 1992</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
possesses, despite the limited sample, a notable intraspecific variability, which, like
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFB0DFA89045BFAFE" box="[1241,1368,1362,1384]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="debonisi">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFB0DFA89045BFAFE" box="[1241,1368,1362,1384]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">E. debonisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, could be interpreted as sexual dimorphism (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B5469385A1CFB23FAAB0270FA3C" author="Montoya P &amp; Morales J &amp; Abella J" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" pagination="709 - 722" refId="ref17815" refString="Montoya P, Morales J, Abella J. 2009. Eucyon debonisi n. sp., a new Canidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the latest Miocene of Venta del Moro (Valencia, Spain). Geodiversitas 31: 709 - 722." type="journal article" year="2009">
Montoya
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFAB7FAAB049EFA1F" box="[1379,1437,1393,1414]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">et al.</emphasis>
, 2009
</bibRefCitation>
). The M1 are at the maximum of robustness of the group, different from
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFBB4FA7505E7FA5A" authorityName="Valenciano &amp; Morales &amp; Govender" authorityYear="2022" box="[1120,1252,1454,1476]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="khoikhoi">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFBB4FA7505E7FA5A" box="[1120,1252,1454,1476]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">E. khoikhoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and correspond with the size and proportions of the m1 of the
<typeStatus id="5483880769385A1CFABBFA1704A1FA7B" box="[1391,1442,1485,1506]" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">type</typeStatus>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B5469385A1CFC97FA3102C4F998" author="Rook L" box="[835,967,1515,1537]" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" pagination="151 - 156" refId="ref18741" refString="Rook L. 1992. ' Canis' monticinensis sp. nov., a new Canidae (Carnivora, Mammalia) from the late Messinian of Italy. Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana 31: 151 - 156." type="journal article" year="1992">Rook, 1992</bibRefCitation>
). It also differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFB1EFA360450F999" authorityName="Valenciano &amp; Morales &amp; Govender" authorityYear="2022" box="[1226,1363,1515,1537]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="khoikhoi">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFB1EFA360450F999" box="[1226,1363,1515,1537]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">E. khoikhoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the greater gracileness and size of the m2, traits that are common in both Italian and Spanish species. It differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFCAFF9920554F9C5" box="[891,1111,1607,1629]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intrepidus">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFCAFF9920554F9C5" box="[891,1111,1607,1629]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">Eucyon intrepidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in its larger size and more robust M1 and m1. This species has the smallest M1 recorded in the Upper Miocene of Africa, close to the smallest specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFBEDF97E05B4F921" box="[1081,1207,1699,1721]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="debonisi">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFBEDF97E05B4F921" box="[1081,1207,1699,1721]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">E. debonisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669385A1CFB3BF97E0472F921" authorityName="Valenciano &amp; Morales &amp; Govender" authorityYear="2022" box="[1263,1393,1699,1721]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="khoikhoi">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFB3BF97E0472F921" box="[1263,1393,1699,1721]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">E. khoikhoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C322652E69385A1DFCEFF938034EFF60" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="371" pageId="4" pageNumber="370" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B8736A569385A1DFCEFF938034EFF60" blockId="4.[827,1443,1762,1876]" lastBlockId="5.[145,761,197,250]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="371" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769385A1CFCEFF93802B9F96E" box="[827,954,1762,1783]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">Etymology:</emphasis>
Named after the Khoikhoi (KhoeKhoen) people, formally a nomadic pastoralist indigenous population of southern Africa who thrived for over 1000 years in various regions of
<collectingCountry id="F32F763569385A1CFB70F8E40431F8CD" box="[1188,1330,1854,1876]" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="370">South Africa</collectingCountry>
including the
<collectingRegion id="49FCF84769395A1DFF69FF1C005CFF43" box="[189,351,197,219]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">Western Cape</collectingRegion>
, where this species was discovered. We honour Khoi heritage and ancestry.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C322652E69395A1DFF45FEF80505FD5E" pageId="5" pageNumber="371" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B8736A569395A1DFF45FEF80052FE2A" blockId="5.[145,761,290,435]" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">
<materialsCitation id="3B503CF869395A1DFF45FEF80052FE2A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3705999301" pageId="5" pageNumber="371" specimenCode="SAM-PQL-31272" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769395A1DFF45FEF801F9FEAE" box="[145,250,290,311]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">
<typeStatus id="5483880769395A1DFF45FEF801F6FEAE" box="[145,245,290,311]" pageId="5" pageNumber="371" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
<specimenCode id="DB9E9EDE69395A1DFED9FEF900D3FEA1" box="[269,464,291,312]" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">SAM-PQL-31272</specimenCode>
, comprising the skull, two hemi-mandibles, two fragmentary humerii, two radii, including a right complete and a left fragmentary one, and five cervical vertebrae, including the atlas, axis and cervical 3–5.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736A569395A1DFF45FE0001F3FD94" blockId="5.[145,761,473,525]" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769395A1DFF45FE0001F8FE76" box="[145,251,474,495]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">
<typeStatus id="5483880769395A1DFF45FE0001F5FE76" box="[145,246,474,495]" pageId="5" pageNumber="371" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
SAM-PQL-72215, right maxillary including M1–M2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736A569395A1DFF45FDEC05BDFDF0" blockId="5.[145,761,566,1907]" lastBlockId="5.[809,1425,197,617]" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769395A1DFF45FDEC0091FDD5" box="[145,402,566,588]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">Referred specimens:</emphasis>
SAM-PQL-40041, old and pathological individual comprising the fragmentary left hemi-mandible with p1, broken p4 and m1–3, the fragmentary right hemi-mandible with p1–m2, the right proximal epiphysis of the scapula, the right proximal epiphysis of the humerus, the right proximal epiphysis of the ulna, the left distal epiphysis of the radius, the complete right metacarpals II–V (Mc IV, broken), the left both pyramidal and magnum, the right ectocuneiform, eight sesamoids, four first phalanges, three second phalanges, one ungual phalanx and one caudal vertebra (fourth caudal); SAM-PQL-24976B, right I3; SAM-PQL-24976B, left Cx; SAM-PQL-15526B, left P2; SAM-PQL-15184B, left P4; SAM-PQL-72203, right fragment of P4, including the protocone; SAM-PQL-72204, left fragment of P4, including the protocone; SAM-PQL-72205, left fragment of P4, including the protocone; SAM-PQL-72207, left fragmentary P4; SAM-PQL-72208, right M1; SAM-PQL-69621B, left maxillary, including M1–2; SAM-PQL-15588 B/C, right M1; SAM-PQL-50497, left M1; SAM-PQL-15219B, left M1; SAM-PQL-15705A, left M2; SAM-PQL-72217, right M2; SAM-PQL-72206, left M2; SAM-PQL-72218, indeterminate root; SAM-PQL-40308, fragmentary left hemi-mandible with m1–3 alveoli, two fragmented tibiae and eight fragments of vertebrae; SAM-PQL-72228, right cx; SAM-PQL-50112, left cx; SAM-PQL-72221, fragmentary right cx; SAM-PQL-72222, fragmentary right cx; SAM-PQL-69621d, fragmentary right cx; SAM-PQL-72223, left fragmentary hemimandible with m2-3 alveoli; SAM-PQL-50111, right fragmentary hemi-mandible with m2–3 alveoli; SAM-PQL-722219, right fragmentary hemi-mandible with complete p1, p3–4 and a broken p3 at the base crown; SAM-PQL-72220, left fragmentary hemi-mandible with broken p3-p4 and mesial part of m1 at the base of the crown, plus distal root of m1; SAM-PQL-69621A, fragmentary right hemi-mandible with broken p3– m2 at the crown base and with m3 alveolus; SAM-PQL-50110, left fragment of hemi-mandible with c and p1 alveoli and a fragmentary p2; SAM-PQL-50497A, left fragmentary hemi-mandible with both m1 and m3 alveolus and a complete m2; SAM-PQL-15381 A/1, left p2; SAM-PQL-72216, left m1; SAM-PQL-72166, left fragment of the m1 trigonid; SAM-PQL-50113A, distal fragment of a right m1, including protoconid, metaconid and talonid; SAM-PQL-50113B, right m2; SAM-PQL-72225, right m1 talonid; SAM-PQL-72212, left m2; SAM-PQL-72211, fragmentary left m2; SAM-PQL-16120A, right m3; SAM-PQL-72213, right m3; SAM-PQL-72209, right Dp2; SAM-PQL-72210, left dp4; SAM-PQL-72214, fragmentary talonid of a left dp4; SAM-PQL-72226A, left fragment of dp3; SAM-PQL-72226B, left dp4; SAM-PQL-20424, right fragmentary humerus with most of the shaft and the distal epiphysis; SAM-PQL-23331, right radius; SAM-PQL-15323, atlas; SAM-PQL-15174, axis; SAM-PQL-15160, third cervical vertebra.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736A569395A1DFCFDFD490505FD5E" blockId="5.[809,1424,658,711]" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769395A1DFCFDFD4902CDFD3E" box="[809,974,658,680]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">Type locality:</emphasis>
Langebaanweg ‘E’ Quarry,
<collectingRegion id="49FCF84769395A1DFAF8FD490267FD5F" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">Western Cape</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F32F763569395A1DFCBBFD6B0501FD5E" box="[879,1026,689,711]" name="South Africa" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">South Africa</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C322652E69395A1DFCFDFD2A0510FC63" pageId="5" pageNumber="371" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B8736A569395A1DFCFDFD2A0510FC63" blockId="5.[809,1425,751,1019]" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769395A1DFCFDFD2A0258FC9C" box="[809,859,752,773]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">Age:</emphasis>
Langebaanweg ‘E’ Quarry spans the Middle Miocene (Langhian, 16–12 Mya) to the Early Pliocene (Zanclean, 5.2 Mya) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B5469395A1DFBC3FCF70429FCDB" author="Tankard AJ &amp; Rogers J" box="[1047,1322,813,835]" pageId="5" pageNumber="371" pagination="319 - 337" refId="ref19629" refString="Tankard AJ, Rogers J. 1978. Late Cenozoic palaeoenvironments on the west coast of southern Africa. Journal of Biogeogeography 5: 319 - 337." type="journal article" year="1978">Tankard &amp; Rogers, 1978</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B5469395A1DFAE2FCF70263FCF8" author="Hendey QB" pageId="5" pageNumber="371" refId="ref17262" refString="Hendey QB. 1989. Langebaanweg: a record of past life. Cape Town: South African Museum." type="book" year="1989">Hendey, 1989</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B5469395A1DFCB9FC910515FCF8" author="Roberts DL" box="[877,1046,843,865]" pageId="5" pageNumber="371" pagination="25 - 26" refId="ref18593" refString="Roberts DL. 2006 a. Lithostratigraphy of the Sandveld Group. South African Committee for Stratigraphy Lithostratigraphic Series 9: 25 - 26." type="book chapter" year="2006">Roberts, 2006a</bibRefCitation>
,b;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B5469395A1DFBECFC910417FCF8" author="Roberts D &amp; Matthews T &amp; Herries A &amp; Boulter C &amp; Scott L &amp; Dondo C &amp; Mtembi P &amp; Browning C &amp; Smith RMH &amp; Haarhoff P &amp; Bateman MD" box="[1080,1300,843,865]" pageId="5" pageNumber="371" pagination="191 - 214" refId="ref18673" refString="Roberts D, Matthews T, Herries A, Boulter C, Scott L, Dondo C, Mtembi P, Browning C, Smith RMH, Haarhoff P, Bateman MD. 2011. Regional and global palaeoenvironmental and sea level context of the Late Cenozoic Langebaanweg (LBW) palaeontological site: west coast of South Africa. Earth-Science Reviews 106: 191 - 214." type="journal article" year="2011">
Roberts
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769395A1DFB43FC9605D3FCF9" box="[1175,1232,843,865]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">et al.</emphasis>
, 2011
</bibRefCitation>
). The bone bed occurs at the base of the MPPM within the channel fill of the LQSM (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B5469395A1DFC20FC5305D1FC07" author="Roberts D &amp; Matthews T &amp; Herries A &amp; Boulter C &amp; Scott L &amp; Dondo C &amp; Mtembi P &amp; Browning C &amp; Smith RMH &amp; Haarhoff P &amp; Bateman MD" box="[1012,1234,905,927]" pageId="5" pageNumber="371" pagination="191 - 214" refId="ref18673" refString="Roberts D, Matthews T, Herries A, Boulter C, Scott L, Dondo C, Mtembi P, Browning C, Smith RMH, Haarhoff P, Bateman MD. 2011. Regional and global palaeoenvironmental and sea level context of the Late Cenozoic Langebaanweg (LBW) palaeontological site: west coast of South Africa. Earth-Science Reviews 106: 191 - 214." type="journal article" year="2011">
Roberts
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769395A1DFB80FC53058EFC07" box="[1108,1165,905,926]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">et al.</emphasis>
, 2011
</bibRefCitation>
). The specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669395A1DFC90FC720502FC25" authorityName="Valenciano &amp; Morales &amp; Govender" authorityYear="2022" box="[836,1025,935,957]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="khoikhoi">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769395A1DFC90FC720502FC25" box="[836,1025,935,957]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">Eucyon khoikhoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are recovered from the MPPM and LQSM which dates to Early Pliocene, 5.2 Mya (see
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B5469395A1DFCFDFC3F0500FC63" author="Roberts D &amp; Matthews T &amp; Herries A &amp; Boulter C &amp; Scott L &amp; Dondo C &amp; Mtembi P &amp; Browning C &amp; Smith RMH &amp; Haarhoff P &amp; Bateman MD" box="[809,1027,997,1019]" pageId="5" pageNumber="371" pagination="191 - 214" refId="ref18673" refString="Roberts D, Matthews T, Herries A, Boulter C, Scott L, Dondo C, Mtembi P, Browning C, Smith RMH, Haarhoff P, Bateman MD. 2011. Regional and global palaeoenvironmental and sea level context of the Late Cenozoic Langebaanweg (LBW) palaeontological site: west coast of South Africa. Earth-Science Reviews 106: 191 - 214." type="journal article" year="2011">
Roberts
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769395A1DFC5CFC3F02C3FC63" box="[904,960,997,1018]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">et al.</emphasis>
, 2011
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C322652E69395A09FCFDFBEE0060FAD3" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="383" pageId="5" pageNumber="371" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8736A569395A1DFCFDFBEE02B6FBD2" blockId="5.[809,949,1076,1099]" box="[809,949,1076,1099]" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769395A1DFCFDFBEE02B6FBD2" box="[809,949,1076,1099]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736A569395A1DFCFDFB870480F9B9" blockId="5.[809,1425,1117,1906]" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769395A1DFCFDFB870576FBEB" box="[809,1141,1117,1139]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">Skull and upper dentition:</emphasis>
The
<typeStatus id="5483880769395A1DFB11FB8405F9FBEA" box="[1221,1274,1118,1139]" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">type</typeStatus>
skull SAM-PQL-31272 is well preserved, without deformation (
<figureCitation id="13032A2069395A1DFCE6FB40027BFB29" box="[818,888,1178,1200]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="6.[163,241,1148,1170]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1109]" captionTargetId="figure-406@6.[163,1443,195,1109]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 1. Skull of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. Individual SAM-PQL-31272 (holotype). A, left side; B, right side; C, dorsal view; D, ventral view; E, rostral view; F, caudal view. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360311/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="C6BA031E69395A1DFC5DFB4002F2FB29" box="[905,1009,1178,1200]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="7.[145,209,196,217]" captionTargetBox="[145,1422,752,993]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Table 1. Cranial and mandible measurements of the holotype of Eucyon khoikhoi SAM-PQL-31272 from Langebaanweg. Skull measurements based on Tedford et al. (2009). Mandibles measurements based on our measurements. Abbreviations: BW, braincase width. Maximum breadth of the braincase across the level of parietal-squamosal suture; FSW, frontal shield width. Maximum breadth across the postorbital processes of the frontals; GSL, greatest skull length. Length" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF47662D693B5A1FFF45FF1E02BBFD55" pageId="5" pageNumber="371" tableUuid="DF47662D693B5A1FFF45FF1E02BBFD55">Tables 1</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="C6BA031E69395A1DFBD6FB410513FB29" box="[1026,1040,1179,1200]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[143,207,665,687]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Upper-teeth measurements (in mm) of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. Parenthesis means measurements on alveoli or at the base of the broken crown" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF47662D69345A10FF5BFD4301CDFD54" pageId="5" pageNumber="371" tableUuid="DF47662D69345A10FF5BFD4301CDFD54">2</tableCitation>
). Portions of the palatine, and both pterygoid and the basisphenoids, are missing. The cranial sutures and the absence of wear of the dentition, suggests it is a young adult. Dorsally, the overall morphology is reminiscent to
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669395A1DFB2CFACF0468FAB2" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1272,1387,1301,1323]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769395A1DFB2CFACF0468FAB2" box="[1272,1387,1301,1323]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">C. aureus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It has long nasal bones, with the muzzle similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669395A1DFC92FA8902B1FAFE" authorityName="SAM-ZM" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[838,946,1362,1384]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chama">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769395A1DFC92FA8902B1FAFE" box="[838,946,1362,1384]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">V. chama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669395A1DFC15FA890532FAF1" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[961,1073,1363,1384]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769395A1DFC15FA890532FAF1" box="[961,1073,1363,1384]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">C. aureus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669395A1DFBBAFA8905E1FAFE" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1823" box="[1134,1250,1362,1384]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrans">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769395A1DFBBAFA8905E1FAFE" box="[1134,1250,1362,1384]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">C. latrans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and relatively shorter compared to
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669395A1DFBC5FAA805A4FA1F" authorityName="SAM-ZM and MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[1041,1191,1393,1415]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Lupulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mesomelas">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769395A1DFBC5FAA805A4FA1F" box="[1041,1191,1393,1415]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">L. mesomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A small infraorbital foramen is located above P3. It has a big and round orbital bone. It has a frontal sinus invading the base of the postorbital process, but a minor dorsal depression is present on the process, being less marked to those the one of the African vulpini
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669395A1DFB85F9D105BBF986" authorityName="SAM-ZM" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[1105,1208,1546,1568]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chama">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769395A1DFB85F9D105BBF986" box="[1105,1208,1546,1568]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">V. chama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669395A1DFB25F9D1047EF986" authorityName="SAM-ZM" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[1265,1405,1546,1568]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Otocyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megalotis">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769395A1DFB25F9D1047EF986" box="[1265,1405,1546,1568]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">O. megalotis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736A569395A1DFC95F9F3059FF923" blockId="5.[809,1425,1117,1906]" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">
The forehead is not as high as in
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669395A1DFB78F9F30404F9A7" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1196,1287,1577,1598]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769395A1DFB78F9F30404F9A7" box="[1196,1287,1577,1598]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">C. lupus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, resembling those of the jackals
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669395A1DFBC1F9920580F9C4" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1045,1155,1608,1629]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769395A1DFBC1F9920580F9C4" box="[1045,1155,1608,1629]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">C. aureus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669395A1DFB14F992045EF9C4" authorityName="SAM-ZM and MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[1216,1373,1608,1629]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Lupulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mesomelas">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769395A1DFB14F992045EF9C4" box="[1216,1373,1608,1629]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">L. mesomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the coyote (
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669395A1DFC5DF9BD0506F9E2" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1823" box="[905,1029,1638,1660]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrans">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769395A1DFC5DF9BD0506F9E2" box="[905,1029,1638,1660]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">C. latrans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and vulpini. On the right, the sharper and robust frontal process of zygomatic is preserved in the zygomatic arch.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736A569395A1EFC95F91900D6FA84" blockId="5.[809,1425,1117,1906]" lastBlockId="6.[163,779,1257,1892]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="372" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">
A thick and broad sagittal crest is present in the parietal area. The occipital protuberance extends beyond the occipital area, and connects with the prominent nuchal crests, which are more laterally expanded than those of living jackals and
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669395A1DFAF1F8E40492F8CB" authorityName="SAM-ZM" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[1317,1425,1853,1875]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chama">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769395A1DFAF1F8E40492F8CB" box="[1317,1425,1853,1875]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">V. chama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669395A1DFC8FF88602EAF8E8" authorityName="SAM-ZM" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[859,1001,1884,1905]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Otocyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megalotis">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769395A1DFC8FF88602EAF8E8" box="[859,1001,1884,1905]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="371">O. megalotis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The cranium is lateromedially wide at the temporal level. In ventral view, the palatine fissure is large but broken.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF47662D693A5A1EFF77FBA6051BFB29" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360311" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6360311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360311/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="372" startId="6.[163,241,1148,1170]" targetBox="[163,1443,195,1109]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8B8736A5693A5A1EFF77FBA6051BFB29" blockId="6.[163,1443,1148,1200]" pageId="6" pageNumber="372">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB7693A5A1EFF77FBA6000FFB08" bold="true" box="[163,268,1148,1170]" pageId="6" pageNumber="372">Figure 1.</emphasis>
Skull of
<taxonomicName id="4C384D26693A5A1EFEBAFBA7031FFB0A" authorityName="Valenciano &amp; Morales &amp; Govender" authorityYear="2022" box="[366,540,1149,1171]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="372" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="khoikhoi">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB7693A5A1EFEBAFBA7031FFB0A" box="[366,540,1149,1171]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="372">Eucyon khoikhoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Langebaanweg. Individual SAM-PQL-31272 (holotype). A, left side; B, right side; C, dorsal view; D, ventral view; E, rostral view; F, caudal view. Scale bar equals 5 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8736A5693A5A1EFF6FFAFC057DFAE0" blockId="6.[163,779,1257,1892]" lastBlockId="6.[827,1444,1257,1892]" pageId="6" pageNumber="372">
The palatine sulcus is not preserved. The major palatine foramen is situated between P4 and M1, as in
<taxonomicName id="4C384D26693A5A1EFF77FABE000EFAE0" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[163,269,1380,1401]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="372" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB7693A5A1EFF77FABE000EFAE0" box="[163,269,1380,1401]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="372">C. aureus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C384D26693A5A1EFE92FABE00AEFAE1" authorityName="SAM-ZM" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[326,429,1379,1401]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="372" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chama">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB7693A5A1EFE92FABE00AEFAE1" box="[326,429,1379,1401]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="372">V. chama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and in a more caudal position than
<taxonomicName id="4C384D26693A5A1EFF36FA59007CFA0E" authorityName="SAM-ZM and MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[226,383,1410,1432]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Lupulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="372" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mesomelas">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB7693A5A1EFF36FA59007CFA0E" box="[226,383,1410,1432]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="372">L. mesomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Neither the pterygoid bones nor hamulus processes are preserved, but both left oval and caudal foramina are preserved. The bulla is large and swollen. The right one has the ectotympanic bone missing, the petrosal bone and the bullar septum are partially preserved. The rostroventral area of the right one is broken. A large foramen lacerum and a small musculotubal canal are located in the most rostral area of the bulla. It has a round external acoustic meatus and a round and smaller stylomastoid foramen, similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="4C384D26693A5A1EFEB3F96F00FEF953" authorityName="SAM-ZM and MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[359,509,1717,1738]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Lupulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="372" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mesomelas">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB7693A5A1EFEB3F96F00FEF953" box="[359,509,1717,1738]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="372">L. mesomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and much smaller than the analysed vulpini. In the distal part of the bulla, the tympano-occipital fissure is large and oval. A small hypoglossal canal is located distally to the fissure. The paroccipital process is ventrally projected. It is well developed and extends over the bulla, displaying a strong bone bar. Both mastoid and paroccipital processes are similar to those of
<taxonomicName id="4C384D26693A5A1EFB66FAD20427FA85" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1823" box="[1202,1316,1287,1309]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="372" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrans">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB7693A5A1EFB66FAD20427FA85" box="[1202,1316,1287,1309]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="372">C. latrans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C384D26693A5A1EFAE5FAD2049EFA84" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1329,1437,1288,1309]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="372" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB7693A5A1EFAE5FAD2049EFA84" box="[1329,1437,1288,1309]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="372">C. aureus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C384D26693A5A1EFCEFFAFD02D1FAA2" authorityName="SAM-ZM and MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[827,978,1318,1340]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Lupulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="372" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mesomelas">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB7693A5A1EFCEFFAFD02D1FAA2" box="[827,978,1318,1340]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="372">L. mesomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and unlike
<taxonomicName id="4C384D26693A5A1EFB8FFAFD05C0FAA2" authorityName="SAM-ZM" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[1115,1219,1318,1340]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="372" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chama">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB7693A5A1EFB8FFAFD05C0FAA2" box="[1115,1219,1318,1340]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="372">V. chama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B94CEAB7693A5A1EFB28FAFC047EFAA2" box="[1276,1405,1318,1339]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="372">O. megaloti</emphasis>
. In caudal view, the nuchal area is triangular, comprising a complete occipital condyle.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736A5693A5A1FFC87FA5803E1F9CF" blockId="6.[827,1444,1257,1892]" lastBlockId="7.[145,762,1079,1898]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="373" pageId="6" pageNumber="372">
The incisors are set in a parabolic row.I3 is larger than I2. There is a diastema between the I3–C and between the P1 and P2. The I3 is tall with a single cusp, lingually curved. There is a small distolingual cingulum (
<figureCitation id="13032A20693A5A1EFAA3FA04027AF98B" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="9.[145,223,1393,1415]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetId="figure-134@9.[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 2. Upper dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, SAM-PQL-31272, holotype, details of the dentition, occlusal view. B, SAM-PQL-24976B, right I3: B1, buccal; B2, distal; B3. lingual views. C, SAM-PQL-24976A, left C: C1, buccal; C2, distal; C3, lingual views, D. SAM-PQL-15526B, left P2: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL- 15184B, left P4: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3, mesial; E4, occlusal views. F, SAM-PQL-72203, fragmentary right P4: occlusal view. G, SAM-PQL-72204, fragmentary left P4, occlusal view. H, SAM-PQL-72205, fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. I, SAM-PQL-72207, left fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. J, SAM-PQL-72215 (paratype), right maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. K, SAM-PQL-L69621B, left maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. L, SAM-PQL-72208, right M1, occlusal view. M, SAM-PQL-50497, left M1, occlusal view. N, SAM-PQL-15588B/C, right M1, occlusal view. O, SAM-PQL-15219 B, left M1, occlusal view. P, SAM-PQL- 15705A, left M2, occlusal view. Q, SAM-PQL- 72217, right M2, occlusal view. R, SAM-PQL- 72206, left M2, occlusal view. Scale bar 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360313/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="372">Fig. 2A, B</figureCitation>
). The C is oval, showing a marginal lateromedial compression. Its crown is high and thin. In distal view it is slightly sigmoidal (
<figureCitation id="13032A20693A5A1EFB84F9E005A0F9D6" box="[1104,1187,1594,1616]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="9.[145,223,1393,1415]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetId="figure-134@9.[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 2. Upper dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, SAM-PQL-31272, holotype, details of the dentition, occlusal view. B, SAM-PQL-24976B, right I3: B1, buccal; B2, distal; B3. lingual views. C, SAM-PQL-24976A, left C: C1, buccal; C2, distal; C3, lingual views, D. SAM-PQL-15526B, left P2: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL- 15184B, left P4: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3, mesial; E4, occlusal views. F, SAM-PQL-72203, fragmentary right P4: occlusal view. G, SAM-PQL-72204, fragmentary left P4, occlusal view. H, SAM-PQL-72205, fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. I, SAM-PQL-72207, left fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. J, SAM-PQL-72215 (paratype), right maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. K, SAM-PQL-L69621B, left maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. L, SAM-PQL-72208, right M1, occlusal view. M, SAM-PQL-50497, left M1, occlusal view. N, SAM-PQL-15588B/C, right M1, occlusal view. O, SAM-PQL-15219 B, left M1, occlusal view. P, SAM-PQL- 15705A, left M2, occlusal view. Q, SAM-PQL- 72217, right M2, occlusal view. R, SAM-PQL- 72206, left M2, occlusal view. Scale bar 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360313/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="372">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
). P1 single rooted. P2 and P3 relatively short, without mesial accessory cusps. P2 with residual accessory cusp associated with the distal crista. P3 with well-developed distal accessory cusp (
<figureCitation id="13032A20693A5A1EFC24F96F0533F953" box="[1008,1072,1717,1739]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="9.[145,223,1393,1415]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetId="figure-134@9.[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 2. Upper dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, SAM-PQL-31272, holotype, details of the dentition, occlusal view. B, SAM-PQL-24976B, right I3: B1, buccal; B2, distal; B3. lingual views. C, SAM-PQL-24976A, left C: C1, buccal; C2, distal; C3, lingual views, D. SAM-PQL-15526B, left P2: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL- 15184B, left P4: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3, mesial; E4, occlusal views. F, SAM-PQL-72203, fragmentary right P4: occlusal view. G, SAM-PQL-72204, fragmentary left P4, occlusal view. H, SAM-PQL-72205, fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. I, SAM-PQL-72207, left fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. J, SAM-PQL-72215 (paratype), right maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. K, SAM-PQL-L69621B, left maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. L, SAM-PQL-72208, right M1, occlusal view. M, SAM-PQL-50497, left M1, occlusal view. N, SAM-PQL-15588B/C, right M1, occlusal view. O, SAM-PQL-15219 B, left M1, occlusal view. P, SAM-PQL- 15705A, left M2, occlusal view. Q, SAM-PQL- 72217, right M2, occlusal view. R, SAM-PQL- 72206, left M2, occlusal view. Scale bar 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360313/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="372">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
) and P4 has no parastyle. It has a carnassial notch. The protocone is low, conical and located in line with the mesial border of the paracone. The fragmentary specimen SAM-PQL-72205 has the protocone more mesially projected. An inflection is present between the protocone and the mesial border of the paracone in all the P4s (
<figureCitation id="13032A20693B5A1FFE2CFBED036DFBD5" box="[504,622,1079,1101]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="9.[145,223,1393,1415]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetId="figure-134@9.[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 2. Upper dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, SAM-PQL-31272, holotype, details of the dentition, occlusal view. B, SAM-PQL-24976B, right I3: B1, buccal; B2, distal; B3. lingual views. C, SAM-PQL-24976A, left C: C1, buccal; C2, distal; C3, lingual views, D. SAM-PQL-15526B, left P2: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL- 15184B, left P4: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3, mesial; E4, occlusal views. F, SAM-PQL-72203, fragmentary right P4: occlusal view. G, SAM-PQL-72204, fragmentary left P4, occlusal view. H, SAM-PQL-72205, fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. I, SAM-PQL-72207, left fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. J, SAM-PQL-72215 (paratype), right maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. K, SAM-PQL-L69621B, left maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. L, SAM-PQL-72208, right M1, occlusal view. M, SAM-PQL-50497, left M1, occlusal view. N, SAM-PQL-15588B/C, right M1, occlusal view. O, SAM-PQL-15219 B, left M1, occlusal view. P, SAM-PQL- 15705A, left M2, occlusal view. Q, SAM-PQL- 72217, right M2, occlusal view. R, SAM-PQL- 72206, left M2, occlusal view. Scale bar 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360313/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">Fig. 2E–H</figureCitation>
). There is a weak lingual and mesial cingulum (
<figureCitation id="13032A20693B5A1FFDE6FB8C0387FBF2" box="[562,644,1110,1132]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="9.[145,223,1393,1415]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetId="figure-134@9.[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 2. Upper dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, SAM-PQL-31272, holotype, details of the dentition, occlusal view. B, SAM-PQL-24976B, right I3: B1, buccal; B2, distal; B3. lingual views. C, SAM-PQL-24976A, left C: C1, buccal; C2, distal; C3, lingual views, D. SAM-PQL-15526B, left P2: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL- 15184B, left P4: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3, mesial; E4, occlusal views. F, SAM-PQL-72203, fragmentary right P4: occlusal view. G, SAM-PQL-72204, fragmentary left P4, occlusal view. H, SAM-PQL-72205, fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. I, SAM-PQL-72207, left fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. J, SAM-PQL-72215 (paratype), right maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. K, SAM-PQL-L69621B, left maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. L, SAM-PQL-72208, right M1, occlusal view. M, SAM-PQL-50497, left M1, occlusal view. N, SAM-PQL-15588B/C, right M1, occlusal view. O, SAM-PQL-15219 B, left M1, occlusal view. P, SAM-PQL- 15705A, left M2, occlusal view. Q, SAM-PQL- 72217, right M2, occlusal view. R, SAM-PQL- 72206, left M2, occlusal view. Scale bar 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360313/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
). There is a wide variability in the measures and morphology in the recovered sample of the first upper molar (
<figureCitation id="13032A20693B5A1FFD7EFB4903E9FB31" box="[682,746,1171,1193]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="9.[145,223,1393,1415]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetId="figure-134@9.[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 2. Upper dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, SAM-PQL-31272, holotype, details of the dentition, occlusal view. B, SAM-PQL-24976B, right I3: B1, buccal; B2, distal; B3. lingual views. C, SAM-PQL-24976A, left C: C1, buccal; C2, distal; C3, lingual views, D. SAM-PQL-15526B, left P2: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL- 15184B, left P4: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3, mesial; E4, occlusal views. F, SAM-PQL-72203, fragmentary right P4: occlusal view. G, SAM-PQL-72204, fragmentary left P4, occlusal view. H, SAM-PQL-72205, fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. I, SAM-PQL-72207, left fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. J, SAM-PQL-72215 (paratype), right maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. K, SAM-PQL-L69621B, left maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. L, SAM-PQL-72208, right M1, occlusal view. M, SAM-PQL-50497, left M1, occlusal view. N, SAM-PQL-15588B/C, right M1, occlusal view. O, SAM-PQL-15219 B, left M1, occlusal view. P, SAM-PQL- 15705A, left M2, occlusal view. Q, SAM-PQL- 72217, right M2, occlusal view. R, SAM-PQL- 72206, left M2, occlusal view. Scale bar 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360313/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). Most of the M1s are worn or broken, except SAM-PQL-31272 and SAM-PQL-50497 (
<figureCitation id="13032A20693B5A1FFDE6FB0B03ADFB7F" box="[562,686,1233,1255]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="9.[145,223,1393,1415]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetId="figure-134@9.[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 2. Upper dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, SAM-PQL-31272, holotype, details of the dentition, occlusal view. B, SAM-PQL-24976B, right I3: B1, buccal; B2, distal; B3. lingual views. C, SAM-PQL-24976A, left C: C1, buccal; C2, distal; C3, lingual views, D. SAM-PQL-15526B, left P2: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL- 15184B, left P4: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3, mesial; E4, occlusal views. F, SAM-PQL-72203, fragmentary right P4: occlusal view. G, SAM-PQL-72204, fragmentary left P4, occlusal view. H, SAM-PQL-72205, fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. I, SAM-PQL-72207, left fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. J, SAM-PQL-72215 (paratype), right maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. K, SAM-PQL-L69621B, left maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. L, SAM-PQL-72208, right M1, occlusal view. M, SAM-PQL-50497, left M1, occlusal view. N, SAM-PQL-15588B/C, right M1, occlusal view. O, SAM-PQL-15219 B, left M1, occlusal view. P, SAM-PQL- 15705A, left M2, occlusal view. Q, SAM-PQL- 72217, right M2, occlusal view. R, SAM-PQL- 72206, left M2, occlusal view. Scale bar 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360313/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">Fig. 2A, M</figureCitation>
). It is subquadrangular in occlusal view, with a rectilinear mesial wall and the distal one with an inflexion below the metacone. It has a strong parastyle with a welldeveloped buccal cingulum. Paracone and metacone are subequal in height. The paraconule is small, but well preserved in the specimen SAM-PQL-50497 (
<figureCitation id="13032A20693B5A1FFD1AFA5301B6FA25" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="9.[145,223,1393,1415]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetId="figure-134@9.[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 2. Upper dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, SAM-PQL-31272, holotype, details of the dentition, occlusal view. B, SAM-PQL-24976B, right I3: B1, buccal; B2, distal; B3. lingual views. C, SAM-PQL-24976A, left C: C1, buccal; C2, distal; C3, lingual views, D. SAM-PQL-15526B, left P2: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL- 15184B, left P4: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3, mesial; E4, occlusal views. F, SAM-PQL-72203, fragmentary right P4: occlusal view. G, SAM-PQL-72204, fragmentary left P4, occlusal view. H, SAM-PQL-72205, fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. I, SAM-PQL-72207, left fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. J, SAM-PQL-72215 (paratype), right maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. K, SAM-PQL-L69621B, left maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. L, SAM-PQL-72208, right M1, occlusal view. M, SAM-PQL-50497, left M1, occlusal view. N, SAM-PQL-15588B/C, right M1, occlusal view. O, SAM-PQL-15219 B, left M1, occlusal view. P, SAM-PQL- 15705A, left M2, occlusal view. Q, SAM-PQL- 72217, right M2, occlusal view. R, SAM-PQL- 72206, left M2, occlusal view. Scale bar 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360313/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">Fig. 2M</figureCitation>
). The protocone is tall and mesially located. It has a large metaconule which connects to the metastyle and the buccal cingula by a tall crista. It has a deep trigone valley. There is a well-developed mesial cingulum, connecting the parastyle with the lingual wall of the protocone. It possesses a tall and bevelled hypocone.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF47662D693B5A1FFF45FF1E02BBFD55" ID-Table-UUID="DF47662D693B5A1FFF45FF1E02BBFD55" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF47662D693B5A1FFF45FF1E02BBFD55" pageId="7" pageNumber="373" startId="7.[145,209,196,217]" targetBox="[145,1422,752,993]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8B8736A5693B5A1FFF45FF1E02BBFD55" blockId="7.[145,1420,196,716]" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB7693B5A1FFF45FF1E01E8FF40" bold="true" box="[145,235,196,217]" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">Table 1.</emphasis>
Cranial and mandible measurements of the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="4C384D26693B5A1FFCE8FF1E02E9FF43" authorityName="Valenciano &amp; Morales &amp; Govender" authorityYear="2022" box="[828,1002,196,218]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="373" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="khoikhoi">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB7693B5A1FFCE8FF1E02E9FF43" box="[828,1002,196,218]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">Eucyon khoikhoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
SAM-PQL-31272 from Langebaanweg. Skull measurements based on
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B54693B5A1FFE05FF3B03A1FF6E" author="Tedford RH &amp; Wang X-M &amp; Taylor BE" box="[465,674,225,247]" pageId="7" pageNumber="373" pagination="1 - 218" refId="ref19934" refString="Tedford RH, Wang X-M, Taylor BE. 2009. Phylogenetic systematic of the North American fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 325: 1 - 218." type="journal article" year="2009">
Tedford
<emphasis id="B94CEAB7693B5A1FFDF3FF380358FF6E" box="[551,603,225,247]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">et al.</emphasis>
(2009)
</bibRefCitation>
. Mandibles measurements based on our measurements. Abbreviations: BW, braincase width. Maximum breadth of the braincase across the level of parietal-squamosal suture; FSW, frontal shield width. Maximum breadth across the postorbital processes of the frontals; GSL, greatest skull length. Length from anterior tip of premaxillae to the posterior point of the inion; H ascent, hight ascent ramus; H ar-an, hight between articular and angular processes; Hb m1, height of the mandibular ramus below m1; Hb p1, height of the mandibular ramus below p1; JD, jugal depth. Minimum depth of the jugal cranial to the postorbital process, at a right angle to its craniocaudal axis; LB, bulla length. Length from the median lacerate foramen to the suture of the bulla with the paroccipital process; LCM, distance from the distal border of the canine alveolus to the foramen magnum notch; Ld, length diastema between c-p1; Lms, length from m1–3; LPM, maxillary toothrow length. Distance from the mesial edge of the alveolus of P1 to the distal edge of the alveolus of M2; Lps, length from p1 to p4; Lp1–ms, length from p1-m3; MOH, height, maxillary toothrow to orbit. Minimum distance from the outer alveolar margin of M1 to the most ventral point of orbit; M2B, length, M2 to bulla. Minimum distance from the distal edge of the alveolus of M2 to depression in front of the bulla; PCW, postorbital constriction width. Least width across the frontals at the constriction behind the postorbital processes; PWP1, palatal width at P1. Minimum width between the inner margins of the alveoli of the first upper premolars; PWP4, palatal width at P4. Minimum width between the inner margins of the alveoli of the first upper premolars; TL, total length; W cor, maximum craniocaudal width of the coronoid process; ZW, zygomatic width. Greatest distance across the zygoma. Parenthesis means approximated measurements
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8736A5693B5A1FFF45FD2A05DEFC78" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">
<table id="F938C405693BA5E7FF45FD2A048DFC78" box="[145,1422,752,993]" gridcols="13" gridrows="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">
<tr id="350834E7693BA5E7FF45FD2A048DFC9F" box="[145,1422,752,774]" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">
<th id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FF45FD2A048DFC9F" box="[145,1422,752,774]" colspan="13" colspanRight="12" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">Skull</th>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E7693BA5E7FF45FCF2048DFCA7" box="[145,1422,808,830]" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">
<th id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FF45FCF201C9FCA7" box="[145,202,808,830]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">LCM</th>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FF3BFCF2002BFCA7" box="[239,296,808,830]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">GSL</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FE99FCF200AAFCA7" box="[333,425,808,830]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">ZW</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FE1AFCF20323FCA7" box="[462,544,808,830]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">BW</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FD91FCF20383FCA7" box="[581,640,808,830]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">LPM</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FD72FCF203E4FCA7" box="[678,743,808,830]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">PWP4</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FCD8FCF2024DFCA7" box="[780,846,808,830]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">PWP1</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FCA7FCF202AEFCA7" box="[883,941,808,830]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">FSW</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FC06FCF20524FCA7" box="[978,1063,808,830]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">PCW</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FB99FCF2058FFCA7" box="[1101,1164,808,830]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">M2B</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FB65FCF205FBFCA7" box="[1201,1272,808,830]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">MOH</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FAC9FCF2043EFCA7" box="[1309,1341,808,830]" gridcol="11" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">JD</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FAB6FCF2048DFCA7" box="[1378,1422,808,830]" gridcol="12" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">LB</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E7693BA5E7FF45FC8A048DFCFF" box="[145,1422,848,870]" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">
<th id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FF45FC8A01C9FCFF" box="[145,202,848,870]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">121.1</th>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FF3BFC8A002BFCFF" box="[239,296,848,870]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">152.2</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FE99FC8A00AAFCFF" box="[333,425,848,870]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">(80.2)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FE1AFC8A0323FCFF" box="[462,544,848,870]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">51.2</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FD91FC8A0383FCFF" box="[581,640,848,870]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">(57.2)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FD72FC8A03E4FCFF" box="[678,743,848,870]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">24.3</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FCD8FC8A024DFCFF" box="[780,846,848,870]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">(17.1)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FCA7FC8A02AEFCFF" box="[883,941,848,870]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">40.7</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FC06FC8A0524FCFF" box="[978,1063,848,870]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">(29.2)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FB99FC8A058FFCFF" box="[1101,1164,848,870]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">33.3</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FB65FC8A05FBFCFF" box="[1201,1272,848,870]" gridcol="10" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">(19.0)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FAC9FC8A043EFCFF" box="[1309,1341,848,870]" gridcol="11" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">8.9</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FAB6FC8A048DFCFF" box="[1378,1422,848,870]" gridcol="12" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">25.8</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E7693BA5E7FF45FCA3048DFC16" box="[145,1422,889,911]" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">
<th id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FF45FCA3048DFC16" box="[145,1422,889,911]" colspan="13" colspanRight="12" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">Mandible</th>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E7693BA5E7FF45FC78048DFC21" box="[145,1422,930,952]" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="373" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1">
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FF3BFC78002BFC21" box="[239,296,930,952]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">TL</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FE99FC7800AAFC21" box="[333,425,930,952]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">H ascent</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FE1AFC780323FC21" box="[462,544,930,952]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">H ar-an</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FD91FC780383FC21" box="[581,640,930,952]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">W cor</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FD72FC7803E4FC21" box="[678,743,930,952]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">L d</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FCD8FC78024DFC21" box="[780,846,930,952]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">Lps</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FCA7FC7802AEFC21" box="[883,941,930,952]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">Lms</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FC06FC780524FC21" box="[978,1063,930,952]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">L p1-ms</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FB99FC78058FFC21" box="[1101,1164,930,952]" gridcol="9" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">Hb p1</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FB65FC7805FBFC21" box="[1201,1272,930,952]" gridcol="10" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">Hb m1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E7693BA5E7FF45FC11048DFC78" box="[145,1422,971,993]" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="373" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1">
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FF3BFC11002BFC78" box="[239,296,971,993]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">110.3</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FE99FC1100AAFC78" box="[333,425,971,993]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">42.4</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FE1AFC110323FC78" box="[462,544,971,993]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">20.0</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FD91FC110383FC78" box="[581,640,971,993]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">21.2</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FD72FC1103E4FC78" box="[678,743,971,993]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">4.4</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FCD8FC11024DFC78" box="[780,846,971,993]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">35.5</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FCA7FC1102AEFC78" box="[883,941,971,993]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">26.4</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FC06FC110524FC78" box="[978,1063,971,993]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">61.2</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FB99FC11058FFC78" box="[1101,1164,971,993]" gridcol="9" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">13.9</td>
<td id="76D95D9B693BA5E7FB65FC1105FBFC78" box="[1201,1272,971,993]" gridcol="10" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">14.2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736A5693B5A1FFF7DF98505B0F969" blockId="7.[145,762,1079,1898]" lastBlockId="7.[809,1425,1079,1898]" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">
The M2s show a wide intraspecific variability with some specimens having broader talons (
<figureCitation id="13032A20693B5A1FFD81F9A403BCF90A" box="[597,703,1662,1684]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="9.[145,223,1393,1415]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetId="figure-134@9.[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 2. Upper dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, SAM-PQL-31272, holotype, details of the dentition, occlusal view. B, SAM-PQL-24976B, right I3: B1, buccal; B2, distal; B3. lingual views. C, SAM-PQL-24976A, left C: C1, buccal; C2, distal; C3, lingual views, D. SAM-PQL-15526B, left P2: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL- 15184B, left P4: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3, mesial; E4, occlusal views. F, SAM-PQL-72203, fragmentary right P4: occlusal view. G, SAM-PQL-72204, fragmentary left P4, occlusal view. H, SAM-PQL-72205, fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. I, SAM-PQL-72207, left fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. J, SAM-PQL-72215 (paratype), right maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. K, SAM-PQL-L69621B, left maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. L, SAM-PQL-72208, right M1, occlusal view. M, SAM-PQL-50497, left M1, occlusal view. N, SAM-PQL-15588B/C, right M1, occlusal view. O, SAM-PQL-15219 B, left M1, occlusal view. P, SAM-PQL- 15705A, left M2, occlusal view. Q, SAM-PQL- 72217, right M2, occlusal view. R, SAM-PQL- 72206, left M2, occlusal view. Scale bar 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360313/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">Fig. 2J, K</figureCitation>
) and others reduced ones (
<figureCitation id="13032A20693B5A1FFE43F946030EF92B" box="[407,525,1692,1714]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="9.[145,223,1393,1415]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetId="figure-134@9.[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 2. Upper dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, SAM-PQL-31272, holotype, details of the dentition, occlusal view. B, SAM-PQL-24976B, right I3: B1, buccal; B2, distal; B3. lingual views. C, SAM-PQL-24976A, left C: C1, buccal; C2, distal; C3, lingual views, D. SAM-PQL-15526B, left P2: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL- 15184B, left P4: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3, mesial; E4, occlusal views. F, SAM-PQL-72203, fragmentary right P4: occlusal view. G, SAM-PQL-72204, fragmentary left P4, occlusal view. H, SAM-PQL-72205, fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. I, SAM-PQL-72207, left fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. J, SAM-PQL-72215 (paratype), right maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. K, SAM-PQL-L69621B, left maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. L, SAM-PQL-72208, right M1, occlusal view. M, SAM-PQL-50497, left M1, occlusal view. N, SAM-PQL-15588B/C, right M1, occlusal view. O, SAM-PQL-15219 B, left M1, occlusal view. P, SAM-PQL- 15705A, left M2, occlusal view. Q, SAM-PQL- 72217, right M2, occlusal view. R, SAM-PQL- 72206, left M2, occlusal view. Scale bar 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360313/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">Fig. 2P, Q</figureCitation>
). SAM-PQL-72206, has the biggest M2 of
<taxonomicName id="4C384D26693B5A1FFE48F9660320F949" authorityName="Valenciano &amp; Morales &amp; Govender" authorityYear="2022" box="[412,547,1723,1745]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="373" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="khoikhoi">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB7693B5A1FFE48F9660320F949" box="[412,547,1723,1745]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">E. khoikhoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
recovered, with a slightly different morphology and no worn cusps. The M2s have a kidney-shaped occlusal, with a highly developed paracone compared to the metacone, a protocone located in a more central position to those of the M1 and with a strong labial cingulum (
<figureCitation id="13032A20693B5A1FFD40F88E03E9F8F3" box="[660,746,1876,1898]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="9.[145,223,1393,1415]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetId="figure-134@9.[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 2. Upper dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, SAM-PQL-31272, holotype, details of the dentition, occlusal view. B, SAM-PQL-24976B, right I3: B1, buccal; B2, distal; B3. lingual views. C, SAM-PQL-24976A, left C: C1, buccal; C2, distal; C3, lingual views, D. SAM-PQL-15526B, left P2: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL- 15184B, left P4: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3, mesial; E4, occlusal views. F, SAM-PQL-72203, fragmentary right P4: occlusal view. G, SAM-PQL-72204, fragmentary left P4, occlusal view. H, SAM-PQL-72205, fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. I, SAM-PQL-72207, left fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. J, SAM-PQL-72215 (paratype), right maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. K, SAM-PQL-L69621B, left maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. L, SAM-PQL-72208, right M1, occlusal view. M, SAM-PQL-50497, left M1, occlusal view. N, SAM-PQL-15588B/C, right M1, occlusal view. O, SAM-PQL-15219 B, left M1, occlusal view. P, SAM-PQL- 15705A, left M2, occlusal view. Q, SAM-PQL- 72217, right M2, occlusal view. R, SAM-PQL- 72206, left M2, occlusal view. Scale bar 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360313/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">Fig. 2M</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="B94CEAB7693B5A1FFCFDFBED057BFBD5" box="[809,1144,1079,1100]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">Mandible and lower dentition:</emphasis>
The overall morphology of the mandibles of
<taxonomicName id="4C384D26693B5A1FFBCDFB8C05A1FBF2" authorityName="Valenciano &amp; Morales &amp; Govender" authorityYear="2022" box="[1049,1186,1110,1131]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="373" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="khoikhoi">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB7693B5A1FFBCDFB8C05A1FBF2" box="[1049,1186,1110,1131]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">E. khoikhoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13032A20693B5A1FFB60FB8C05FBFBF2" box="[1204,1272,1110,1132]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="10.[162,241,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1550]" captionTargetId="figure-102@10.[163,1443,195,1550]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 3. Mandibles of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, B, SAM-PQL-31272 (holotype), right hemi-mandible (A), left one (B). A1, B1, buccal; A2, B2, lingual; A3, B3, occlusal views. C, D, SAM-PQL-40041, right hemi-mandible (C), left one (D). C1, D1, buccal; C2, D2, lingual; C3, D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL-40308, left hemi-mandible: E1, buccal; E2, occlusal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360315" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360315/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="C6BA031E693B5A1FFAD2FB8C0468FBF2" box="[1286,1387,1110,1132]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="7.[145,209,196,217]" captionTargetBox="[145,1422,752,993]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Table 1. Cranial and mandible measurements of the holotype of Eucyon khoikhoi SAM-PQL-31272 from Langebaanweg. Skull measurements based on Tedford et al. (2009). Mandibles measurements based on our measurements. Abbreviations: BW, braincase width. Maximum breadth of the braincase across the level of parietal-squamosal suture; FSW, frontal shield width. Maximum breadth across the postorbital processes of the frontals; GSL, greatest skull length. Length" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF47662D693B5A1FFF45FF1E02BBFD55" pageId="7" pageNumber="373" tableUuid="DF47662D693B5A1FFF45FF1E02BBFD55">Tables 1</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="C6BA031E693B5A1FFAAEFB8C048BFBF2" box="[1402,1416,1110,1131]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="11.[147,211,518,540]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Table 3. Lower-teeth measurements (in mm) of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. Parenthesis means measurements on alveoli or at the base of the broken crown" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF47662D69375A13FF47FDDC01D1FDA0" pageId="7" pageNumber="373" tableUuid="DF47662D69375A13FF47FDDC01D1FDA0">3</tableCitation>
) are similar to those of the living jackals of the genera
<taxonomicName id="4C384D26693B5A1FFCFDFB49026DFB31" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[809,878,1171,1192]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="373" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB7693B5A1FFCFDFB49026DFB31" box="[809,878,1171,1192]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">Canis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C384D26693B5A1FFC79FB490522FB31" authorityName="Hilzheimer" authorityYear="1906" box="[941,1057,1171,1192]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Lupulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="373" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB7693B5A1FFC79FB490522FB31" box="[941,1057,1171,1192]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">Lupulella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, being easily distinguish from the African vulpini. SAM-PQL-40041 shows a worn dentition and several dental and bone pathologies. The most complete mandible belongs to the
<typeStatus id="54838807693B5A1FFACCFB2A044AFA9C" box="[1304,1353,1264,1285]" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">type</typeStatus>
SAM-PQL-31272. It has a relatively tall coronoid process and a deep masseteric fossa. The articular process is in line with the tooth row and the angular is well developed similar to the canini. The mandibular corpus is low. There are two main foramina on the mandibular corpus, below p1 and p3. There are diastemata between c and p1, and p1–p4. The c is short and robust at the base of the crown. It is distally curved and possesses a lingual keel. Premolars are without mesial accessory cuspid, relatively short and with high main cuspid. There are small diastemata between c–p1, p2–p3, and longer between p2–p1. The p1 is uniradiculate and unicuspidated. The p2 is longer than the p1, double rooted and has no accessory cuspids. The distal area has a small keel. The p3 has a small distal accessory cuspid and a high distal cingulum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736A5693B5A12FC95F9220555F888" blockId="7.[809,1425,1079,1898]" lastBlockId="10.[827,1443,1757,1871]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="376" pageId="7" pageNumber="373">
The p4 is robust, comprising stronger and more extended distal accessory cuspid. There is a second accessory cuspid behind the previous one, which is double in the left hemi-mandible of the specimen SAM-PQL-31272, but single in SAM-PQL-72220 (
<figureCitation id="13032A2069355A11FF4EF90E01E5F970" box="[154,230,1748,1770]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="10.[162,241,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1550]" captionTargetId="figure-102@10.[163,1443,195,1550]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 3. Mandibles of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, B, SAM-PQL-31272 (holotype), right hemi-mandible (A), left one (B). A1, B1, buccal; A2, B2, lingual; A3, B3, occlusal views. C, D, SAM-PQL-40041, right hemi-mandible (C), left one (D). C1, D1, buccal; C2, D2, lingual; C3, D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL-40308, left hemi-mandible: E1, buccal; E2, occlusal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360315" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360315/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="375">Figs 3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13032A2069355A11FF23F90E001BF970" box="[247,280,1748,1769]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="12.[161,238,1195,1217]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1155]" captionTargetId="figure-247@12.[163,1443,195,1155]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 4. Lower dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, SAM-PQL-72228, right cx: A1, buccal; A2, lingual; A3, occlusal views. B, SAM-PQL-50112, left cx: B1, buccal; B2, lingual views. C, SAM-PQL-15381 A/1, left p2: C1, buccal; C2, lingual; C3, occlusal views.D, SAM-PQL-72220, right fragmentary hemi-mandible including p1, p3–4: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL-72216 left m1: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3 occlusal views. F, SAM-PQL-72166, left m1 trigonid: F1, buccal; F2, lingual; F3, occlusal views. G, SAM-PQL-50113A, right fragmented m1: G1, buccal; G2, lingual; G3, occlusal; G4, distal views. H, SAM-PQL-50497A, left fragmentary hemi-mandible with m2: H1, buccal; H2, lingual; H3, occlusal views. I, SAM-PQL-50113B, left m2: I1, buccal; I2, lingual; I3, occlusal; I4, distal views. J, SAM-PQL-72212, left m2: J1, lingual; J2, occlusal; J3, distal views. K, SAM-PQL-16120A, right m3: K1, buccal; K2, lingual; K3, occlusal views. L, SAM-PQL-72213, right m3: L1, buccal; L2. occlusal views.Abbreviations: h, hypoconid; m, metaconid; par, paraconid; and pr, protoconid. Scale bar 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360317" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360317/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="375">4D</figureCitation>
). There is a high distal cingulum. The m1 is robust with a low paraconid compared to the protoconid, which is relatively high in relation to the length of the molar. There is a strong metaconid extending slightly beyond the distal wall of the protoconid. Its talonid has a strong hypoconid with the highly developed mesial cristid. The entoconid, although smaller in size than the hypoconid, is strong and extends mesially with a small pre-entoconid, and internally develops a small cristid (
<figureCitation id="13032A2069355A11FB63F8EA05F8F8DC" box="[1207,1275,1840,1862]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="10.[162,241,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1550]" captionTargetId="figure-102@10.[163,1443,195,1550]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 3. Mandibles of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, B, SAM-PQL-31272 (holotype), right hemi-mandible (A), left one (B). A1, B1, buccal; A2, B2, lingual; A3, B3, occlusal views. C, D, SAM-PQL-40041, right hemi-mandible (C), left one (D). C1, D1, buccal; C2, D2, lingual; C3, D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL-40308, left hemi-mandible: E1, buccal; E2, occlusal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360315" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360315/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="375">Figs 3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13032A2069355A11FAD2F8EA0417F8DC" box="[1286,1300,1840,1861]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="12.[161,238,1195,1217]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1155]" captionTargetId="figure-247@12.[163,1443,195,1155]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 4. Lower dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, SAM-PQL-72228, right cx: A1, buccal; A2, lingual; A3, occlusal views. B, SAM-PQL-50112, left cx: B1, buccal; B2, lingual views. C, SAM-PQL-15381 A/1, left p2: C1, buccal; C2, lingual; C3, occlusal views.D, SAM-PQL-72220, right fragmentary hemi-mandible including p1, p3–4: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL-72216 left m1: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3 occlusal views. F, SAM-PQL-72166, left m1 trigonid: F1, buccal; F2, lingual; F3, occlusal views. G, SAM-PQL-50113A, right fragmented m1: G1, buccal; G2, lingual; G3, occlusal; G4, distal views. H, SAM-PQL-50497A, left fragmentary hemi-mandible with m2: H1, buccal; H2, lingual; H3, occlusal views. I, SAM-PQL-50113B, left m2: I1, buccal; I2, lingual; I3, occlusal; I4, distal views. J, SAM-PQL-72212, left m2: J1, lingual; J2, occlusal; J3, distal views. K, SAM-PQL-16120A, right m3: K1, buccal; K2, lingual; K3, occlusal views. L, SAM-PQL-72213, right m3: L1, buccal; L2. occlusal views.Abbreviations: h, hypoconid; m, metaconid; par, paraconid; and pr, protoconid. Scale bar 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360317" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360317/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="375">4</figureCitation>
). However, both hypoconid and entoconid are well separated. The talonid valley is divided into two parts, the mesial one is deep and the distal one is shorter, which is closed by a bifurcated hypoconulid in a distocentral position (
<figureCitation id="13032A2069365A12FF78F8E301F5F8D7" box="[172,246,1849,1871]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="10.[162,241,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1550]" captionTargetId="figure-102@10.[163,1443,195,1550]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 3. Mandibles of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, B, SAM-PQL-31272 (holotype), right hemi-mandible (A), left one (B). A1, B1, buccal; A2, B2, lingual; A3, B3, occlusal views. C, D, SAM-PQL-40041, right hemi-mandible (C), left one (D). C1, D1, buccal; C2, D2, lingual; C3, D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL-40308, left hemi-mandible: E1, buccal; E2, occlusal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360315" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360315/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="376">Figs 3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13032A2069365A12FED1F8E30010F8D7" box="[261,275,1849,1870]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="12.[161,238,1195,1217]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1155]" captionTargetId="figure-247@12.[163,1443,195,1155]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 4. Lower dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, SAM-PQL-72228, right cx: A1, buccal; A2, lingual; A3, occlusal views. B, SAM-PQL-50112, left cx: B1, buccal; B2, lingual views. C, SAM-PQL-15381 A/1, left p2: C1, buccal; C2, lingual; C3, occlusal views.D, SAM-PQL-72220, right fragmentary hemi-mandible including p1, p3–4: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL-72216 left m1: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3 occlusal views. F, SAM-PQL-72166, left m1 trigonid: F1, buccal; F2, lingual; F3, occlusal views. G, SAM-PQL-50113A, right fragmented m1: G1, buccal; G2, lingual; G3, occlusal; G4, distal views. H, SAM-PQL-50497A, left fragmentary hemi-mandible with m2: H1, buccal; H2, lingual; H3, occlusal views. I, SAM-PQL-50113B, left m2: I1, buccal; I2, lingual; I3, occlusal; I4, distal views. J, SAM-PQL-72212, left m2: J1, lingual; J2, occlusal; J3, distal views. K, SAM-PQL-16120A, right m3: K1, buccal; K2, lingual; K3, occlusal views. L, SAM-PQL-72213, right m3: L1, buccal; L2. occlusal views.Abbreviations: h, hypoconid; m, metaconid; par, paraconid; and pr, protoconid. Scale bar 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360317" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360317/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="376">4</figureCitation>
). The m2 is also robust. It is oval, with a complete trigonid and a highly developed buccal cingulum (
<figureCitation id="13032A2069365A12FC61F92102F8F889" box="[949,1019,1787,1809]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="10.[162,241,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1550]" captionTargetId="figure-102@10.[163,1443,195,1550]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 3. Mandibles of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, B, SAM-PQL-31272 (holotype), right hemi-mandible (A), left one (B). A1, B1, buccal; A2, B2, lingual; A3, B3, occlusal views. C, D, SAM-PQL-40041, right hemi-mandible (C), left one (D). C1, D1, buccal; C2, D2, lingual; C3, D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL-40308, left hemi-mandible: E1, buccal; E2, occlusal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360315" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360315/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="376">Figs 3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13032A2069365A12FBDCF9210545F889" box="[1032,1094,1787,1808]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="12.[161,238,1195,1217]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1155]" captionTargetId="figure-247@12.[163,1443,195,1155]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 4. Lower dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, SAM-PQL-72228, right cx: A1, buccal; A2, lingual; A3, occlusal views. B, SAM-PQL-50112, left cx: B1, buccal; B2, lingual views. C, SAM-PQL-15381 A/1, left p2: C1, buccal; C2, lingual; C3, occlusal views.D, SAM-PQL-72220, right fragmentary hemi-mandible including p1, p3–4: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL-72216 left m1: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3 occlusal views. F, SAM-PQL-72166, left m1 trigonid: F1, buccal; F2, lingual; F3, occlusal views. G, SAM-PQL-50113A, right fragmented m1: G1, buccal; G2, lingual; G3, occlusal; G4, distal views. H, SAM-PQL-50497A, left fragmentary hemi-mandible with m2: H1, buccal; H2, lingual; H3, occlusal views. I, SAM-PQL-50113B, left m2: I1, buccal; I2, lingual; I3, occlusal; I4, distal views. J, SAM-PQL-72212, left m2: J1, lingual; J2, occlusal; J3, distal views. K, SAM-PQL-16120A, right m3: K1, buccal; K2, lingual; K3, occlusal views. L, SAM-PQL-72213, right m3: L1, buccal; L2. occlusal views.Abbreviations: h, hypoconid; m, metaconid; par, paraconid; and pr, protoconid. Scale bar 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360317" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360317/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="376">4H–J</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF47662D69345A10FF5BFD4301CDFD54" ID-Table-UUID="DF47662D69345A10FF5BFD4301CDFD54" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF47662D69345A10FF5BFD4301CDFD54" pageId="8" pageNumber="374" startId="8.[143,207,665,687]" targetBox="[143,1841,753,1426]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8B8736A569345A10FF5BFD4301CDFD54" blockId="8.[143,1817,665,717]" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769345A10FF5BFD4301EAFD36" bold="true" box="[143,233,665,687]" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">Table 2.</emphasis>
Upper-teeth measurements (in mm) of
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669345A10FD58FD430238FD36" authorityName="Valenciano &amp; Morales &amp; Govender" authorityYear="2022" box="[652,827,665,687]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="374" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="khoikhoi">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769345A10FD58FD430238FD36" box="[652,827,665,687]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">Eucyon khoikhoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Langebaanweg. Parenthesis means measurements on alveoli or at the base of the broken crown
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8736A569345A10FF5BFD2B0632FA0B" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">
<table id="F938C4056934A5E7FF5BFD2B0632FA0B" box="[143,1841,753,1426]" gridcols="19" gridrows="21" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">
<tr id="350834E76934A5E7FF5BFD2B0632FC9E" box="[143,1841,753,775]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="374" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-8="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FF5BFD2B0078FC9E" box="[143,379,753,775]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">Specimens</th>
<th id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FE70FD2B00C6FC9E" box="[420,453,753,775]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">I3</th>
<th id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FDE2FD2B0354FC9E" box="[566,599,753,775]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">C</th>
<th id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FD1CFD2B03F4FC9E" box="[712,759,753,775]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">P1</th>
<th id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FCADFD2B029AFC9E" box="[889,921,753,775]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">P2</th>
<th id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FBDFFD2B0539FC9E" box="[1035,1082,753,775]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">P3</th>
<th id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FB6FFD2B05E4FC9E" box="[1211,1255,753,775]" gridcol="11" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">P4</th>
<th id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FABDFD2B049EFC9E" box="[1385,1437,753,775]" gridcol="13" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">M1</th>
<th id="76D95D9B6934A5E7F9C3FD2B0745FC9E" box="[1559,1606,753,775]" gridcol="15" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">M2</th>
<th id="76D95D9B6934A5E7F913FD2B07F7FC9E" box="[1735,1780,753,775]" gridcol="17" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">DP2</th>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76934A5E7FF5BFCF20632FCA7" box="[143,1841,808,830]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="374" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FE70FCF200C6FCA7" box="[420,453,808,830]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">L</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FE39FCF2030DFCA7" box="[493,526,808,830]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">W</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FDE2FCF20354FCA7" box="[566,599,808,830]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">L</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FDABFCF203A3FCA7" box="[639,672,808,830]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">W</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FD1CFCF203F4FCA7" box="[712,759,808,830]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">L</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FCF5FCF2024CFCA7" box="[801,847,808,830]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">W</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FCADFCF2029AFCA7" box="[889,921,808,830]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">L</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FC16FCF202E1FCA7" box="[962,994,808,830]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">W</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FBDFFCF20539FCA7" box="[1035,1082,808,830]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">L</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FBB7FCF20591FCA7" box="[1123,1170,808,830]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">W</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FB6FFCF205E4FCA7" box="[1211,1255,808,830]" gridcol="11" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">L</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FAC5FCF20443FCA7" box="[1297,1344,808,830]" gridcol="12" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">W</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FABDFCF2049EFCA7" box="[1385,1437,808,830]" gridcol="13" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">L</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FA15FCF204EDFCA7" box="[1473,1518,808,830]" gridcol="14" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">W</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7F9C3FCF20745FCA7" box="[1559,1606,808,830]" gridcol="15" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">L</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7F9BBFCF207A0FCA7" box="[1647,1699,808,830]" gridcol="16" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">W</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7F913FCF207F7FCA7" box="[1735,1780,808,830]" gridcol="17" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">L</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7F8C4FCF20632FCA7" box="[1808,1841,808,830]" gridcol="18" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">W</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76934A5E7FF5BFC850632FCEC" box="[143,1841,863,885]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="374" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FF5BFC850078FCEC" box="[143,379,863,885]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">SAM-PQL 15184B</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FB6FFC8505E4FCEC" box="[1211,1255,863,885]" gridcol="11" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">13.8</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FAC5FC850443FCEC" box="[1297,1344,863,885]" gridcol="12" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">7.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76934A5E7FF5BFCA70632FC0A" box="[143,1841,893,915]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="374" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FF5BFCA70078FC0A" box="[143,379,893,915]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">SAM-PQL 72217</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7F9C3FCA70745FC0A" box="[1559,1606,893,915]" gridcol="15" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">6.3</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7F9BBFCA707A0FC0A" box="[1647,1699,893,915]" gridcol="16" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">9.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76934A5E7FF5BFC410632FC28" box="[143,1841,923,945]" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="374" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FF5BFC410078FC28" box="[143,379,923,945]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">SAM-PQL 15588B/C</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FABDFC41049EFC28" box="[1385,1437,923,945]" gridcol="13" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">9.9</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FA15FC4104EDFC28" box="[1473,1518,923,945]" gridcol="14" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">13.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76934A5E7FF5BFC630632FC56" box="[143,1841,953,975]" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="374" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FF5BFC630078FC56" box="[143,379,953,975]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">SAM-PQL 15526B</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FCADFC63029AFC56" box="[889,921,953,975]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">7.8</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FC16FC6302E1FC56" box="[962,994,953,975]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">3.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76934A5E7FF5BFC0D0632FC74" box="[143,1841,983,1005]" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="374" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FF5BFC0D0078FC74" box="[143,379,983,1005]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">SAM-PQL 31272 left</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FE70FC0D00C6FC74" box="[420,453,983,1005]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">4.3</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FE39FC0D030DFC74" box="[493,526,983,1005]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">3.7</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FDE2FC0D0354FC74" box="[566,599,983,1005]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">6.8</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FDABFC0D03A3FC74" box="[639,672,983,1005]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">4.8</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FD1CFC0D03F4FC74" box="[712,759,983,1005]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">(4.8)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FCF5FC0D024CFC74" box="[801,847,983,1005]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">(3.3)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FCADFC0D029AFC74" box="[889,921,983,1005]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">8.0</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FC16FC0D02E1FC74" box="[962,994,983,1005]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">3.3</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FBDFFC0D0539FC74" box="[1035,1082,983,1005]" gridcol="9" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">9.0</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FBB7FC0D0591FC74" box="[1123,1170,983,1005]" gridcol="10" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">4.0</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FB6FFC0D05E4FC74" box="[1211,1255,983,1005]" gridcol="11" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">14.2</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FAC5FC0D0443FC74" box="[1297,1344,983,1005]" gridcol="12" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">7.0</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FABDFC0D049EFC74" box="[1385,1437,983,1005]" gridcol="13" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">10.2</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FA15FC0D04EDFC74" box="[1473,1518,983,1005]" gridcol="14" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">12.3</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7F9C3FC0D0745FC74" box="[1559,1606,983,1005]" gridcol="15" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">(7.4)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7F9BBFC0D07A0FC74" box="[1647,1699,983,1005]" gridcol="16" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">(9.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76934A5E7FF5BFC2C0632FB95" box="[143,1841,1014,1036]" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="374" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FF5BFC2C0078FB95" box="[143,379,1014,1036]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">SAM-PQL 31272 right</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FE70FC2C00C6FB95" box="[420,453,1014,1036]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">4.3</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FE39FC2C030DFB95" box="[493,526,1014,1036]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">3.7</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FDE2FC2C0354FB95" box="[566,599,1014,1036]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">6.9</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FDABFC2C03A3FB95" box="[639,672,1014,1036]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">5.2</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FD1CFC2C03F4FB95" box="[712,759,1014,1036]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">(4.8)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FCF5FC2C024CFB95" box="[801,847,1014,1036]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">(3.2)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FCADFC2C029AFB95" box="[889,921,1014,1036]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">7.6</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FC16FC2C02E1FB95" box="[962,994,1014,1036]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">3.3</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FBDFFC2C0539FB95" box="[1035,1082,1014,1036]" gridcol="9" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">(8.9)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FBB7FC2C0591FB95" box="[1123,1170,1014,1036]" gridcol="10" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">(3.6)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FB6FFC2C05E4FB95" box="[1211,1255,1014,1036]" gridcol="11" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">13.7</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FAC5FC2C0443FB95" box="[1297,1344,1014,1036]" gridcol="12" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">7.1</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FABDFC2C049EFB95" box="[1385,1437,1014,1036]" gridcol="13" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">9.3</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FA15FC2C04EDFB95" box="[1473,1518,1014,1036]" gridcol="14" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">12.4</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7F9C3FC2C0745FB95" box="[1559,1606,1014,1036]" gridcol="15" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">(6.2)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7F9BBFC2C07A0FB95" box="[1647,1699,1014,1036]" gridcol="16" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">8.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76934A5E7FF5BFBCE0632FBB3" box="[143,1841,1044,1066]" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="374" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FF5BFBCE0078FBB3" box="[143,379,1044,1066]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">SAM-PQL 24976a</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FDE2FBCE0354FBB3" box="[566,599,1044,1066]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">7.7</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FDABFBCE03A3FBB3" box="[639,672,1044,1066]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">5.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76934A5E7FF5BFBE80632FBD1" box="[143,1841,1074,1096]" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="374" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FF5BFBE80078FBD1" box="[143,379,1074,1096]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">SAM-PQL 24976b</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FE70FBE800C6FBD1" box="[420,453,1074,1096]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">4.4</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FE39FBE8030DFBD1" box="[493,526,1074,1096]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">3.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76934A5E7FF5BFB8A0632FBFF" box="[143,1841,1104,1126]" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="374" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FF5BFB8A0078FBFF" box="[143,379,1104,1126]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">SAM-PQL 72203</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FAC5FB8A0443FBFF" box="[1297,1344,1104,1126]" gridcol="12" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">6.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76934A5E7FF5BFBB40632FB1D" box="[143,1841,1134,1156]" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="374" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FF5BFBB40078FB1D" box="[143,379,1134,1156]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">SAM-PQL 72204</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FAC5FBB40443FB1D" box="[1297,1344,1134,1156]" gridcol="12" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">7.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76934A5E7FF5BFB560632FB3B" box="[143,1841,1164,1186]" gridrow="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="374" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FF5BFB560078FB3B" box="[143,379,1164,1186]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">SAM-PQL 72205</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FAC5FB560443FB3B" box="[1297,1344,1164,1186]" gridcol="12" gridrow="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">(6.1)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76934A5E7FF5BFB700632FB59" box="[143,1841,1194,1216]" gridrow="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="374" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FF5BFB700078FB59" box="[143,379,1194,1216]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">SAM-PQL 72208</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FABDFB70049EFB59" box="[1385,1437,1194,1216]" gridcol="13" gridrow="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">10.6</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FA15FB7004EDFB59" box="[1473,1518,1194,1216]" gridcol="14" gridrow="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">13.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76934A5E7FF5BFB120632FB47" box="[143,1841,1224,1246]" gridrow="14" pageId="8" pageNumber="374" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FF5BFB120078FB47" box="[143,379,1224,1246]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">SAM-PQL 72206</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7F9C3FB120745FB47" box="[1559,1606,1224,1246]" gridcol="15" gridrow="14" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">7.9</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7F9BBFB1207A0FB47" box="[1647,1699,1224,1246]" gridcol="16" gridrow="14" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">10.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76934A5E7FF5BFB3C0632FB65" box="[143,1841,1254,1276]" gridrow="15" pageId="8" pageNumber="374" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FF5BFB3C0078FB65" box="[143,379,1254,1276]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">SAM-PQL 50497</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FABDFB3C049EFB65" box="[1385,1437,1254,1276]" gridcol="13" gridrow="15" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">9.9</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FA15FB3C04EDFB65" box="[1473,1518,1254,1276]" gridcol="14" gridrow="15" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">12.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76934A5E7FF5BFADE0632FA83" box="[143,1841,1284,1306]" gridrow="16" pageId="8" pageNumber="374" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FF5BFADE0078FA83" box="[143,379,1284,1306]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">SAM-PQL 15219B</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FABDFADE049EFA83" box="[1385,1437,1284,1306]" gridcol="13" gridrow="16" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">(9.8)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FA15FADE04EDFA83" box="[1473,1518,1284,1306]" gridcol="14" gridrow="16" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">12.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76934A5E7FF5BFAF80632FAA1" box="[143,1841,1314,1336]" gridrow="17" pageId="8" pageNumber="374" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FF5BFAF80078FAA1" box="[143,379,1314,1336]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">SAM-PQL 69621B</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FABDFAF8049EFAA1" box="[1385,1437,1314,1336]" gridcol="13" gridrow="17" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">9.5</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FA15FAF804EDFAA1" box="[1473,1518,1314,1336]" gridcol="14" gridrow="17" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">11.3</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7F9C3FAF80745FAA1" box="[1559,1606,1314,1336]" gridcol="15" gridrow="17" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">6.5</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7F9BBFAF807A0FAA1" box="[1647,1699,1314,1336]" gridcol="16" gridrow="17" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">8.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76934A5E7FF5BFA9A0632FACF" box="[143,1841,1344,1366]" gridrow="18" pageId="8" pageNumber="374" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FF5BFA9A0078FACF" box="[143,379,1344,1366]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">SAM-PQL 72215</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FABDFA9A049EFACF" box="[1385,1437,1344,1366]" gridcol="13" gridrow="18" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">10.1</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FA15FA9A04EDFACF" box="[1473,1518,1344,1366]" gridcol="14" gridrow="18" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">12.3</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7F9C3FA9A0745FACF" box="[1559,1606,1344,1366]" gridcol="15" gridrow="18" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">6.7</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7F9BBFA9A07A0FACF" box="[1647,1699,1344,1366]" gridcol="16" gridrow="18" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">8.6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76934A5E7FF5BFA840632FAED" box="[143,1841,1374,1396]" gridrow="19" pageId="8" pageNumber="374" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FF5BFA840078FAED" box="[143,379,1374,1396]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">SAM-PQL 15705A</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7F9C3FA840745FAED" box="[1559,1606,1374,1396]" gridcol="15" gridrow="19" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">6.6</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7F9BBFA8407A0FAED" box="[1647,1699,1374,1396]" gridcol="16" gridrow="19" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">9.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76934A5E7FF5BFAA60632FA0B" box="[143,1841,1404,1426]" gridrow="20" pageId="8" pageNumber="374" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6934A5E7FF5BFAA60078FA0B" box="[143,379,1404,1426]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">SAM-PQL 72209</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7F913FAA607F7FA0B" box="[1735,1780,1404,1426]" gridcol="17" gridrow="20" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">9.1</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6934A5E7F8C4FAA60632FA0B" box="[1808,1841,1404,1426]" gridcol="18" gridrow="20" pageId="8" pageNumber="374">3.5</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF47662D69355A11FF45FAAB0367F916" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360313" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6360313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360313/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="375" startId="9.[145,223,1393,1415]" targetBox="[145,1425,195,1353]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8B8736A569355A11FF45FAAB0367F916" blockId="9.[145,1426,1393,1679]" pageId="9" pageNumber="375">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769355A11FF45FAAB01FAFA1F" bold="true" box="[145,249,1393,1415]" pageId="9" pageNumber="375">Figure 2.</emphasis>
Upper dentition of
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669355A11FE1FFAAB037AFA1E" authorityName="Valenciano &amp; Morales &amp; Govender" authorityYear="2022" box="[459,633,1393,1415]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="khoikhoi">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769355A11FE1FFAAB037AFA1E" box="[459,633,1393,1415]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="375">Eucyon khoikhoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Langebaanweg. A, SAM-PQL-31272, holotype, details of the dentition, occlusal view. B, SAM-PQL-24976B, right I3: B1, buccal; B2, distal; B3. lingual views. C, SAM-PQL-24976A, left C: C1, buccal; C2, distal; C3, lingual views, D. SAM-PQL-15526B, left P2: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL-15184B, left P4: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3, mesial; E4, occlusal views. F, SAM-PQL-72203, fragmentary right P4: occlusal view. G, SAM-PQL-72204, fragmentary left P4, occlusal view. H, SAM-PQL-72205, fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. I, SAM-PQL-72207, left fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. J, SAM-PQL-72215 (paratype), right maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. K, SAM-PQL-L69621B, left maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. L, SAM-PQL-72208, right M1, occlusal view. M, SAM-PQL-50497, left M1, occlusal view. N, SAM-PQL-15588B/C, right M1, occlusal view. O, SAM-PQL-15219 B, left M1, occlusal view. P, SAM-PQL- 15705A, left M2, occlusal view. Q, SAM-PQL- 72217, right M2, occlusal view. R, SAM-PQL-72206, left M2, occlusal view. Scale bar 2 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF47662D69365A12FF76F9EC01DBF93D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360315" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6360315" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360315/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="376" startId="10.[162,241,1590,1612]" targetBox="[163,1443,195,1550]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8B8736A569365A12FF76F9EC01DBF93D" blockId="10.[162,1443,1590,1700]" pageId="10" pageNumber="376">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769365A12FF76F9EC0009F9D2" bold="true" box="[162,266,1590,1612]" pageId="10" pageNumber="376">Figure 3.</emphasis>
Mandibles of
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669365A12FE70F9EC0351F9D5" authorityName="Valenciano &amp; Morales &amp; Govender" authorityYear="2022" box="[420,594,1590,1612]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="376" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="khoikhoi">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769365A12FE70F9EC0351F9D5" box="[420,594,1590,1612]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="376">Eucyon khoikhoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Langebaanweg. A, B, SAM-PQL-31272 (holotype), right hemi-mandible (A), left one (B). A1, B1, buccal; A2, B2, lingual; A3, B3, occlusal views. C, D, SAM-PQL-40041, right hemi-mandible (C), left one (D). C1, D1, buccal; C2, D2, lingual; C3, D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL-40308, left hemi-mandible: E1, buccal; E2, occlusal view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8736A569365A14FC87F8C003CAF962" blockId="10.[827,1443,1757,1871]" lastBlockId="12.[163,780,1490,1788]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="378" pageId="10" pageNumber="376">
The paraconid is small and is attached to the protoconid and continues in a high mesial cingulum that connects with the base of the metaconid, which has an additional cuspid in mesial position, enclosing a small trigonid valley. The metaconid is taller and larger than the protoconid. Buccally, the base of the protoconid is clearly expanded. The talonid is narrower than the trigonid. The hypoconid is the most developed cuspid and is mesially continued by the oblique cristid. The entoconid is bifurcated. The m3 is reduced and has one root. It is round with low cuspids. The largest cuspids are the protoconid and metaconid (
<figureCitation id="13032A2069305A14FE23F93C0370F962" box="[503,627,1766,1788]" captionStart-0="Figure 3" captionStart-1="Figure 1" captionStart-2="Figure 2" captionStartId-0="10.[162,241,1590,1612]" captionStartId-1="6.[163,241,1148,1170]" captionStartId-2="9.[145,223,1393,1415]" captionTargetBox-0="[163,1443,195,1550]" captionTargetBox-1="[163,1443,195,1109]" captionTargetBox-2="[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetId-0="figure-102@10.[163,1443,195,1550]" captionTargetId-1="figure-406@6.[163,1443,195,1109]" captionTargetId-2="figure-134@9.[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="9" captionText-0="Figure 3. Mandibles of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, B, SAM-PQL-31272 (holotype), right hemi-mandible (A), left one (B). A1, B1, buccal; A2, B2, lingual; A3, B3, occlusal views. C, D, SAM-PQL-40041, right hemi-mandible (C), left one (D). C1, D1, buccal; C2, D2, lingual; C3, D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL-40308, left hemi-mandible: E1, buccal; E2, occlusal view." captionText-1="Figure 1. Skull of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. Individual SAM-PQL-31272 (holotype). A, left side; B, right side; C, dorsal view; D, ventral view; E, rostral view; F, caudal view. Scale bar equals 5 cm." captionText-2="Figure 2. Upper dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, SAM-PQL-31272, holotype, details of the dentition, occlusal view. B, SAM-PQL-24976B, right I3: B1, buccal; B2, distal; B3. lingual views. C, SAM-PQL-24976A, left C: C1, buccal; C2, distal; C3, lingual views, D. SAM-PQL-15526B, left P2: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL- 15184B, left P4: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3, mesial; E4, occlusal views. F, SAM-PQL-72203, fragmentary right P4: occlusal view. G, SAM-PQL-72204, fragmentary left P4, occlusal view. H, SAM-PQL-72205, fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. I, SAM-PQL-72207, left fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. J, SAM-PQL-72215 (paratype), right maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. K, SAM-PQL-L69621B, left maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. L, SAM-PQL-72208, right M1, occlusal view. M, SAM-PQL-50497, left M1, occlusal view. N, SAM-PQL-15588B/C, right M1, occlusal view. O, SAM-PQL-15219 B, left M1, occlusal view. P, SAM-PQL- 15705A, left M2, occlusal view. Q, SAM-PQL- 72217, right M2, occlusal view. R, SAM-PQL- 72206, left M2, occlusal view. Scale bar 2 cm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360315" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360311" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360313" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/6360315/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/6360311/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/6360313/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="378">Figs 3A1–3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13032A2069305A14FDABF93C03B8F962" box="[639,699,1766,1787]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="12.[161,238,1195,1217]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1155]" captionTargetId="figure-247@12.[163,1443,195,1155]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 4. Lower dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, SAM-PQL-72228, right cx: A1, buccal; A2, lingual; A3, occlusal views. B, SAM-PQL-50112, left cx: B1, buccal; B2, lingual views. C, SAM-PQL-15381 A/1, left p2: C1, buccal; C2, lingual; C3, occlusal views.D, SAM-PQL-72220, right fragmentary hemi-mandible including p1, p3–4: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL-72216 left m1: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3 occlusal views. F, SAM-PQL-72166, left m1 trigonid: F1, buccal; F2, lingual; F3, occlusal views. G, SAM-PQL-50113A, right fragmented m1: G1, buccal; G2, lingual; G3, occlusal; G4, distal views. H, SAM-PQL-50497A, left fragmentary hemi-mandible with m2: H1, buccal; H2, lingual; H3, occlusal views. I, SAM-PQL-50113B, left m2: I1, buccal; I2, lingual; I3, occlusal; I4, distal views. J, SAM-PQL-72212, left m2: J1, lingual; J2, occlusal; J3, distal views. K, SAM-PQL-16120A, right m3: K1, buccal; K2, lingual; K3, occlusal views. L, SAM-PQL-72213, right m3: L1, buccal; L2. occlusal views.Abbreviations: h, hypoconid; m, metaconid; par, paraconid; and pr, protoconid. Scale bar 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360317" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360317/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="378">4K, L</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF47662D69375A13FF47FDDC01D1FDA0" ID-Table-UUID="DF47662D69375A13FF47FDDC01D1FDA0" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF47662D69375A13FF47FDDC01D1FDA0" pageId="11" pageNumber="377" startId="11.[147,211,518,540]" targetBox="[143,1843,605,1579]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8B8736A569375A13FF47FDDC01D1FDA0" blockId="11.[147,1821,518,569]" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769375A13FF47FDDC01EEFD85" bold="true" box="[147,237,518,540]" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">Table 3.</emphasis>
Lower-teeth measurements (in mm) of
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669375A13FD44FDDC023DFD85" authorityName="Valenciano &amp; Morales &amp; Govender" authorityYear="2022" box="[656,830,518,540]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="377" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="khoikhoi">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769375A13FD44FDDC023DFD85" box="[656,830,518,540]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">Eucyon khoikhoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Langebaanweg. Parenthesis means measurements on alveoli or at the base of the broken crown
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8736A569375A13FF47FD8704BEF9B2" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">
<table id="F938C4056937A5E7FF5BFD870630F9B2" box="[143,1843,605,1579]" gridcols="20" gridrows="31" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">
<tr id="350834E76937A5E7FF5BFD870630FDEA" box="[143,1843,605,627]" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="377" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-8="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FF5BFD87007DFDEA" box="[143,382,605,627]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">Specimens</th>
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FE75FD8700C7FDEA" box="[417,452,605,627]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">c</th>
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FDF6FD870353FDEA" box="[546,592,605,627]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">p1</th>
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FD6FFD8703E8FDEA" box="[699,747,605,627]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">p2</th>
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FC8DFD870284FDEA" box="[857,903,605,627]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">p3</th>
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FC23FD870531FDEA" box="[1015,1074,605,627]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">p4</th>
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FB74FD8705D8FDEA" box="[1184,1243,605,627]" gridcol="11" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">m1</th>
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA9CFD870474FDEA" box="[1352,1399,605,627]" gridcol="13" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">m2</th>
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA30FD870717FDEA" box="[1508,1556,605,627]" gridcol="15" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">m3</th>
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7F954FD8707ABFDEA" box="[1664,1704,605,627]" gridcol="17" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">dp3</th>
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7F912FD8707F0FDEA" box="[1734,1779,605,627]" gridcol="18" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">dp4</th>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76937A5E7FF5BFD4F0630FD32" box="[143,1843,661,683]" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="377" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FE75FD4F00C7FD32" box="[417,452,661,683]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">L</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FE34FD4F0300FD32" box="[480,515,661,683]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">W</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FDF6FD4F0353FD32" box="[546,592,661,683]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">L</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FDA4FD4F039CFD32" box="[624,671,661,683]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">W</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FD6FFD4F03E8FD32" box="[699,747,661,683]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">L</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FCDDFD4F023AFD32" box="[777,825,661,683]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">W</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FC8DFD4F0284FD32" box="[857,903,661,683]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">L</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FC73FD4F02D6FD32" box="[935,981,661,683]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">W</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FC23FD4F0531FD32" box="[1015,1074,661,683]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">L</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FB86FD4F0583FD32" box="[1106,1152,661,683]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">W</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FB74FD4F05D8FD32" box="[1184,1243,661,683]" gridcol="11" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">L</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FB2FFD4F042AFD32" box="[1275,1321,661,683]" gridcol="12" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">W</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA9CFD4F0474FD32" box="[1352,1399,661,683]" gridcol="13" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">L</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA42FD4F04C6FD32" box="[1430,1477,661,683]" gridcol="14" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">W</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA30FD4F0717FD32" box="[1508,1556,661,683]" gridcol="15" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">L</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7F9E6FD4F0761FD32" box="[1586,1634,661,683]" gridcol="16" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">W</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7F954FD4F07ABFD32" box="[1664,1704,661,683]" gridcol="17" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">W</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7F912FD4F07F0FD32" box="[1734,1779,661,683]" gridcol="18" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">L</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7F8C6FD4F0630FD32" box="[1810,1843,661,683]" gridcol="19" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">W</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76937A5E7FF5BFD160630FD7B" box="[143,1843,716,738]" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="377" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FF5BFD16007DFD7B" box="[143,382,716,738]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">SAM-PQL 72216</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FB74FD1605D8FD7B" box="[1184,1243,716,738]" gridcol="11" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">15.1</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FB2FFD16042AFD7B" box="[1275,1321,716,738]" gridcol="12" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">6.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76937A5E7FF5BFD300630FC99" box="[143,1843,746,768]" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="377" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FF5BFD30007DFC99" box="[143,382,746,768]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">SAM-PQL 31272 left</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FE75FD3000C7FC99" box="[417,452,746,768]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">6.7</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FE34FD300300FC99" box="[480,515,746,768]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">4.7</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FDF6FD300353FC99" box="[546,592,746,768]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">(4.1)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FDA4FD30039CFC99" box="[624,671,746,768]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">(2.9)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FD6FFD3003E8FC99" box="[699,747,746,768]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">8.2</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FCDDFD30023AFC99" box="[777,825,746,768]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">3.6</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FC8DFD300284FC99" box="[857,903,746,768]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">8.7</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FC73FD3002D6FC99" box="[935,981,746,768]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">3.9</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FC23FD300531FC99" box="[1015,1074,746,768]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">10.2</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FB86FD300583FC99" box="[1106,1152,746,768]" gridcol="10" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">4.9</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FB74FD3005D8FC99" box="[1184,1243,746,768]" gridcol="11" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">14.6</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FB2FFD30042AFC99" box="[1275,1321,746,768]" gridcol="12" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">6.5</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA9CFD300474FC99" box="[1352,1399,746,768]" gridcol="13" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">8.1</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA42FD3004C6FC99" box="[1430,1477,746,768]" gridcol="14" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">6.5</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA30FD300717FC99" box="[1508,1556,746,768]" gridcol="15" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">(3.4)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7F9E6FD300761FC99" box="[1586,1634,746,768]" gridcol="16" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">(2.8)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76937A5E7FF5BFCD20630FC87" box="[143,1843,776,798]" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="377" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FF5BFCD2007DFC87" box="[143,382,776,798]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">SAM-PQL 31272 right</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FE75FCD200C7FC87" box="[417,452,776,798]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">7.2</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FE34FCD20300FC87" box="[480,515,776,798]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">4.7</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FDF6FCD20353FC87" box="[546,592,776,798]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">4.0</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FDA4FCD2039CFC87" box="[624,671,776,798]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">2.7</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FD6FFCD203E8FC87" box="[699,747,776,798]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">8.0</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FCDDFCD2023AFC87" box="[777,825,776,798]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">3.5</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FC8DFCD20284FC87" box="[857,903,776,798]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">8.7</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FC73FCD202D6FC87" box="[935,981,776,798]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">3.8</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FC23FCD20531FC87" box="[1015,1074,776,798]" gridcol="9" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">10.2</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FB86FCD20583FC87" box="[1106,1152,776,798]" gridcol="10" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">4.8</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FB74FCD205D8FC87" box="[1184,1243,776,798]" gridcol="11" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">14.4</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FB2FFCD2042AFC87" box="[1275,1321,776,798]" gridcol="12" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">6.8</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA9CFCD20474FC87" box="[1352,1399,776,798]" gridcol="13" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">7.6</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA42FCD204C6FC87" box="[1430,1477,776,798]" gridcol="14" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">6.7</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA30FCD20717FC87" box="[1508,1556,776,798]" gridcol="15" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">4.3</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7F9E6FCD20761FC87" box="[1586,1634,776,798]" gridcol="16" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">3.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76937A5E7FF5BFCFC0630FCA5" box="[143,1843,806,828]" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="377" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FF5BFCFC007DFCA5" box="[143,382,806,828]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">SAM-PQL 72210</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7F912FCFC07F0FCA5" box="[1734,1779,806,828]" gridcol="18" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">14.2</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7F8C6FCFC0630FCA5" box="[1810,1843,806,828]" gridcol="19" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">5.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76937A5E7FF5BFC9E0630FCC3" box="[143,1843,836,858]" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="377" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FF5BFC9E007DFCC3" box="[143,382,836,858]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">SAM-PQL 72211</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA42FC9E04C6FCC3" box="[1430,1477,836,858]" gridcol="14" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">(5.7)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76937A5E7FF5BFCB80630FCE1" box="[143,1843,866,888]" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="377" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FF5BFCB8007DFCE1" box="[143,382,866,888]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">SAM-PQL 72212</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA9CFCB80474FCE1" box="[1352,1399,866,888]" gridcol="13" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">8.4</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA42FCB804C6FCE1" box="[1430,1477,866,888]" gridcol="14" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">6.6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76937A5E7FF5BFC5A0630FC0F" box="[143,1843,896,918]" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="377" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FF5BFC5A007DFC0F" box="[143,382,896,918]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">SAM-PQL 72213</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA30FC5A0717FC0F" box="[1508,1556,896,918]" gridcol="15" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">(4.1)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7F9E6FC5A0761FC0F" box="[1586,1634,896,918]" gridcol="16" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">4.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76937A5E7FF5BFC440630FC2D" box="[143,1843,926,948]" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="377" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FF5BFC44007DFC2D" box="[143,382,926,948]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">SAM-PQL 72214</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FB2FFC44042AFC2D" box="[1275,1321,926,948]" gridcol="12" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">4.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76937A5E7FF5BFC660630FC4B" box="[143,1843,956,978]" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="377" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FF5BFC66007DFC4B" box="[143,382,956,978]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">SAM-PQL 72226</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7F954FC6607ABFC4B" box="[1664,1704,956,978]" gridcol="17" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">3.7</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7F912FC6607F0FC4B" box="[1734,1779,956,978]" gridcol="18" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">12.3</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7F8C6FC660630FC4B" box="[1810,1843,956,978]" gridcol="19" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">5.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76937A5E7FF5BFC000630FC69" box="[143,1843,986,1008]" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="377" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FF5BFC00007DFC69" box="[143,382,986,1008]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">SAM-PQL 72225</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FB2FFC00042AFC69" box="[1275,1321,986,1008]" gridcol="12" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">6.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76937A5E7FF5BFC220630FB97" box="[143,1843,1016,1038]" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="377" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FF5BFC22007DFB97" box="[143,382,1016,1038]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">SAM-PQL 40041 left</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FDF6FC220353FB97" box="[546,592,1016,1038]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">4.3</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FDA4FC22039CFB97" box="[624,671,1016,1038]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">2.9</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FD6FFC2203E8FB97" box="[699,747,1016,1038]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">(6.4)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FCDDFC22023AFB97" box="[777,825,1016,1038]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">(2.8)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FC8DFC220284FB97" box="[857,903,1016,1038]" gridcol="7" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">(7.2)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FC73FC2202D6FB97" box="[935,981,1016,1038]" gridcol="8" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">(3.1)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FC23FC220531FB97" box="[1015,1074,1016,1038]" gridcol="9" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">(8.7)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FB86FC220583FB97" box="[1106,1152,1016,1038]" gridcol="10" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">3.9</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FB74FC2205D8FB97" box="[1184,1243,1016,1038]" gridcol="11" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">14.9</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FB2FFC22042AFB97" box="[1275,1321,1016,1038]" gridcol="12" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">6.6</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA9CFC220474FB97" box="[1352,1399,1016,1038]" gridcol="13" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">8.4</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA42FC2204C6FB97" box="[1430,1477,1016,1038]" gridcol="14" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">7.0</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA30FC220717FB97" box="[1508,1556,1016,1038]" gridcol="15" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">4.5</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7F9E6FC220761FB97" box="[1586,1634,1016,1038]" gridcol="16" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">4.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76937A5E7FF5BFBCC0630FBB5" box="[143,1843,1046,1068]" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="377" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FF5BFBCC007DFBB5" box="[143,382,1046,1068]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">SAM-PQL 40041 right</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FDF6FBCC0353FBB5" box="[546,592,1046,1068]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">3.4</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FDA4FBCC039CFBB5" box="[624,671,1046,1068]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">2.5</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FD6FFBCC03E8FBB5" box="[699,747,1046,1068]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">7.1</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FCDDFBCC023AFBB5" box="[777,825,1046,1068]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">3.3</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FC8DFBCC0284FBB5" box="[857,903,1046,1068]" gridcol="7" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">7.6</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FC73FBCC02D6FBB5" box="[935,981,1046,1068]" gridcol="8" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">3.2</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FC23FBCC0531FBB5" box="[1015,1074,1046,1068]" gridcol="9" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">9.0</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FB86FBCC0583FBB5" box="[1106,1152,1046,1068]" gridcol="10" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">3.9</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FB74FBCC05D8FBB5" box="[1184,1243,1046,1068]" gridcol="11" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">14.5</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FB2FFBCC042AFBB5" box="[1275,1321,1046,1068]" gridcol="12" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">7.2</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA9CFBCC0474FBB5" box="[1352,1399,1046,1068]" gridcol="13" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">9.1</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA42FBCC04C6FBB5" box="[1430,1477,1046,1068]" gridcol="14" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">6.6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76937A5E7FF5BFBEE0630FBD3" box="[143,1843,1076,1098]" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="377" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FF5BFBEE007DFBD3" box="[143,382,1076,1098]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">SAM-PQL 50112</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FE75FBEE00C7FBD3" box="[417,452,1076,1098]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">5.8</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FE34FBEE0300FBD3" box="[480,515,1076,1098]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">4.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76937A5E7FF5BFB880630FBF1" box="[143,1843,1106,1128]" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="377" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FF5BFB88007DFBF1" box="[143,382,1106,1128]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">SAM-PQL 72221</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FE75FB8800C7FBF1" box="[417,452,1106,1128]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">6.4</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FE34FB880300FBF1" box="[480,515,1106,1128]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">4.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76937A5E7FF5BFBAA0630FB1F" box="[143,1843,1136,1158]" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="377" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FF5BFBAA007DFB1F" box="[143,382,1136,1158]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">SAM-PQL 72228</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FE75FBAA00C7FB1F" box="[417,452,1136,1158]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">7.2</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FE34FBAA0300FB1F" box="[480,515,1136,1158]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">5.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76937A5E7FF5BFB540630FB3D" box="[143,1843,1166,1188]" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="377" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FF5BFB54007DFB3D" box="[143,382,1166,1188]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">SAM-PQL 50110</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FD6FFB5403E8FB3D" box="[699,747,1166,1188]" gridcol="5" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">7.2</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FCDDFB54023AFB3D" box="[777,825,1166,1188]" gridcol="6" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">3.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76937A5E7FF5BFB770630FB5A" box="[143,1843,1197,1219]" gridrow="18" pageId="11" pageNumber="377" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FF5BFB77007DFB5A" box="[143,382,1197,1219]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">SAM-PQL 15381 A/1</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FD6FFB7703E8FB5A" box="[699,747,1197,1219]" gridcol="5" gridrow="18" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">7.0</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FCDDFB77023AFB5A" box="[777,825,1197,1219]" gridcol="6" gridrow="18" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">2.9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76937A5E7FF5BFB110630FB78" box="[143,1843,1227,1249]" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="377" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FF5BFB11007DFB78" box="[143,382,1227,1249]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">SAM-PQL 72219</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FDF6FB110353FB78" box="[546,592,1227,1249]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">3.7</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FDA4FB11039CFB78" box="[624,671,1227,1249]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">2.4</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FD6FFB1103E8FB78" box="[699,747,1227,1249]" gridcol="5" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">(7.2)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FCDDFB11023AFB78" box="[777,825,1227,1249]" gridcol="6" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">(3.0)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FC8DFB110284FB78" box="[857,903,1227,1249]" gridcol="7" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">7.3</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FC73FB1102D6FB78" box="[935,981,1227,1249]" gridcol="8" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">2.9</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FC23FB110531FB78" box="[1015,1074,1227,1249]" gridcol="9" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">8.4</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FB86FB110583FB78" box="[1106,1152,1227,1249]" gridcol="10" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">3.6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76937A5E7FF5BFB330630FB66" box="[143,1843,1257,1279]" gridrow="20" pageId="11" pageNumber="377" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FF5BFB33007DFB66" box="[143,382,1257,1279]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">SAM-PQL 72220</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FC8DFB330284FB66" box="[857,903,1257,1279]" gridcol="7" gridrow="20" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">9.3</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FC73FB3302D6FB66" box="[935,981,1257,1279]" gridcol="8" gridrow="20" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">3.5</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FC23FB330531FB66" box="[1015,1074,1257,1279]" gridcol="9" gridrow="20" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">10.5</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FB86FB330583FB66" box="[1106,1152,1257,1279]" gridcol="10" gridrow="20" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">4.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76937A5E7FF5BFADD0630FA84" box="[143,1843,1287,1309]" gridrow="21" pageId="11" pageNumber="377" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FF5BFADD007DFA84" box="[143,382,1287,1309]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">SAM-PQL 72166 right</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FB2FFADD042AFA84" box="[1275,1321,1287,1309]" gridcol="12" gridrow="21" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">6.6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76937A5E7FF5BFAFF0630FAA2" box="[143,1843,1317,1339]" gridrow="22" pageId="11" pageNumber="377" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FF5BFAFF007DFAA2" box="[143,382,1317,1339]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">SAM-PQL 69621A</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FC8DFAFF0284FAA2" box="[857,903,1317,1339]" gridcol="7" gridrow="22" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">9.4</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FC73FAFF02D6FAA2" box="[935,981,1317,1339]" gridcol="8" gridrow="22" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">3.5</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FC23FAFF0531FAA2" box="[1015,1074,1317,1339]" gridcol="9" gridrow="22" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">(10.5)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FB86FAFF0583FAA2" box="[1106,1152,1317,1339]" gridcol="10" gridrow="22" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">(3.9)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FB74FAFF05D8FAA2" box="[1184,1243,1317,1339]" gridcol="11" gridrow="22" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">(16.2)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FB2FFAFF042AFAA2" box="[1275,1321,1317,1339]" gridcol="12" gridrow="22" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">(5.7)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA9CFAFF0474FAA2" box="[1352,1399,1317,1339]" gridcol="13" gridrow="22" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">(8.7)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA30FAFF0717FAA2" box="[1508,1556,1317,1339]" gridcol="15" gridrow="22" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">4.0</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7F9E6FAFF0761FAA2" box="[1586,1634,1317,1339]" gridcol="16" gridrow="22" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">2.8</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76937A5E7FF5BFA990630FAC0" box="[143,1843,1347,1369]" gridrow="23" pageId="11" pageNumber="377" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FF5BFA99007DFAC0" box="[143,382,1347,1369]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">SAM-PQL 50113a</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FB2FFA99042AFAC0" box="[1275,1321,1347,1369]" gridcol="12" gridrow="23" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">6.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76937A5E7FF5BFABB0630FAEE" box="[143,1843,1377,1399]" gridrow="24" pageId="11" pageNumber="377" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FF5BFABB007DFAEE" box="[143,382,1377,1399]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">SAM-PQL 50113b</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA9CFABB0474FAEE" box="[1352,1399,1377,1399]" gridcol="13" gridrow="24" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">7.8</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA42FABB04C6FAEE" box="[1430,1477,1377,1399]" gridcol="14" gridrow="24" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">5.8</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76937A5E7FF5BFAA50630FA0C" box="[143,1843,1407,1429]" gridrow="25" pageId="11" pageNumber="377" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FF5BFAA5007DFA0C" box="[143,382,1407,1429]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">SAM-PQL 50497A</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA9CFAA50474FA0C" box="[1352,1399,1407,1429]" gridcol="13" gridrow="25" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">8.0</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA42FAA504C6FA0C" box="[1430,1477,1407,1429]" gridcol="14" gridrow="25" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">6.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76937A5E7FF5BFA470630FA2A" box="[143,1843,1437,1459]" gridrow="26" pageId="11" pageNumber="377" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FF5BFA47007DFA2A" box="[143,382,1437,1459]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">SAM-PQL 16120A</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA30FA470717FA2A" box="[1508,1556,1437,1459]" gridcol="15" gridrow="26" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">4.4</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7F9E6FA470761FA2A" box="[1586,1634,1437,1459]" gridcol="16" gridrow="26" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">4.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76937A5E7FF5BFA610630FA48" box="[143,1843,1467,1489]" gridrow="27" pageId="11" pageNumber="377" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FF5BFA61007DFA48" box="[143,382,1467,1489]" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">SAM-PQL 50111</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA9CFA610474FA48" box="[1352,1399,1467,1489]" gridcol="13" gridrow="27" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">(7.8)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA30FA610717FA48" box="[1508,1556,1467,1489]" gridcol="15" gridrow="27" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">(3.6)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7F9E6FA610761FA48" box="[1586,1634,1467,1489]" gridcol="16" gridrow="27" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">(2.3)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76937A5E7FF5BFA030630FA76" box="[143,1843,1497,1519]" gridrow="28" pageId="11" pageNumber="377" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FF5BFA03007DFA76" box="[143,382,1497,1519]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">SAM-PQL 40308</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA9CFA030474FA76" box="[1352,1399,1497,1519]" gridcol="13" gridrow="28" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">(8.1)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA30FA030717FA76" box="[1508,1556,1497,1519]" gridcol="15" gridrow="28" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">(3.4)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7F9E6FA030761FA76" box="[1586,1634,1497,1519]" gridcol="16" gridrow="28" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">(2.7)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76937A5E7FF5BFA2D0630F994" box="[143,1843,1527,1549]" gridrow="29" pageId="11" pageNumber="377" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FF5BFA2D007DF994" box="[143,382,1527,1549]" gridcol="0" gridrow="29" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">SAM-PQL 72223</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA9CFA2D0474F994" box="[1352,1399,1527,1549]" gridcol="13" gridrow="29" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">(7.1)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA42FA2D04C6F994" box="[1430,1477,1527,1549]" gridcol="14" gridrow="29" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">4.6</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA30FA2D0717F994" box="[1508,1556,1527,1549]" gridcol="15" gridrow="29" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">(3.2)</td>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7F9E6FA2D0761F994" box="[1586,1634,1527,1549]" gridcol="16" gridrow="29" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">(2.8)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350834E76937A5E7FF5BF9CF0630F9B2" box="[143,1843,1557,1579]" gridrow="30" pageId="11" pageNumber="377" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FF5BF9CF007DF9B2" box="[143,382,1557,1579]" gridcol="0" gridrow="30" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">SAM-PQL 72166</th>
<td id="76D95D9B6937A5E7FA42F9CF04C6F9B2" box="[1430,1477,1557,1579]" gridcol="14" gridrow="30" pageId="11" pageNumber="377">6.5</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF47662D69305A14FF75FB71057EFA32" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360317" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6360317" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360317/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="378" startId="12.[161,238,1195,1217]" targetBox="[163,1443,195,1155]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="8B8736A569305A14FF75FB71057EFA32" blockId="12.[161,1444,1195,1451]" pageId="12" pageNumber="378">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769305A14FF75FB710004FB59" bold="true" box="[161,263,1195,1217]" pageId="12" pageNumber="378">Figure 4.</emphasis>
Lower dentition of
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669305A14FE03FB710382FB58" authorityName="Valenciano &amp; Morales &amp; Govender" authorityYear="2022" box="[471,641,1195,1217]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="378" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="khoikhoi">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769305A14FE03FB710382FB58" box="[471,641,1195,1217]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="378">Eucyon khoikhoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Langebaanweg. A, SAM-PQL-72228, right cx: A1, buccal; A2, lingual; A3, occlusal views. B, SAM-PQL-50112, left cx: B1, buccal; B2, lingual views. C, SAM-PQL-15381 A/1, left p2: C1, buccal; C2, lingual; C3, occlusal views.D, SAM-PQL-72220, right fragmentary hemi-mandible including p1, p3–4: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL-72216 left m1: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3 occlusal views. F, SAM-PQL-72166, left m1 trigonid: F1, buccal; F2, lingual; F3, occlusal views. G, SAM-PQL-50113A, right fragmented m1: G1, buccal; G2, lingual; G3, occlusal; G4, distal views. H, SAM-PQL-50497A, left fragmentary hemi-mandible with m2: H1, buccal; H2, lingual; H3, occlusal views. I, SAM-PQL-50113B, left m2: I1, buccal; I2, lingual; I3, occlusal; I4, distal views. J, SAM-PQL-72212, left m2: J1, lingual; J2, occlusal; J3, distal views. K, SAM-PQL-16120A, right m3: K1, buccal; K2, lingual; K3, occlusal views. L, SAM-PQL-72213, right m3: L1, buccal; L2. occlusal views. Abbreviations: h, hypoconid; m, metaconid; par, paraconid; and pr, protoconid. Scale bar 2 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8736A569305A14FF77F8FC029BF927" blockId="12.[163,778,1830,1882]" lastBlockId="12.[827,1443,1490,1879]" pageId="12" pageNumber="378">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769305A14FF77F8FC00A0F8A2" box="[163,419,1830,1851]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="378">Deciduous dentition:</emphasis>
The deciduous dentition of this new taxon represents the first non-definitive teeth of
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669305A14FC48FA0802F2FA7E" box="[924,1009,1490,1511]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="378" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769305A14FC48FA0802F2FA7E" box="[924,1009,1490,1511]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="378">Eucyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
recovered. It is similar to that of the living
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669305A14FC5FFA2B0532F99C" authorityName="SAM-ZM and MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[907,1073,1520,1542]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Lupulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="378" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mesomelas">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769305A14FC5FFA2B0532F99C" box="[907,1073,1520,1542]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="378">L. mesomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although several differences distinguish both canids (
<figureCitation id="13032A2069305A14FB80F9D50597F9BC" box="[1108,1172,1551,1573]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="13.[145,226,1578,1600]" captionTargetBox="[149,757,195,1538]" captionTargetId="figure-454@13.[149,757,195,1538]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 5. Deciduous dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg compared with the one of the living jackal Lupulella mesomelas. A, SAM-PQL-72209, right DP2: A1, buccal; A2, lingual; A3, occlusal views. B, SAM-PQL- 72226A, left fragmentary dp3: B1, buccal; B2, lingual; B3, occlusal views. C, SAM-PQL-72226B, left dp4: C1, buccal; C2, lingual; C3, occlusal; C4, distal views. D, SAM- PQL-72210, left dp4: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal; D4. distal views. E, SAM-PQL-72214, fragmentary left dp4: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3, occlusal; E4, distal views. F, SAM-ZM-35825, right hemi-mandible of a juvenile" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360319" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360319/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="378">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). It shows a wide range of variability in terms of size and shape, especially in the lower deciduous carnassial (dp4). The DP2 (SAM-PQL-72209,
<figureCitation id="13032A2069305A14FC13F9B10514F918" box="[967,1047,1643,1665]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="13.[145,226,1578,1600]" captionTargetBox="[149,757,195,1538]" captionTargetId="figure-454@13.[149,757,195,1538]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 5. Deciduous dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg compared with the one of the living jackal Lupulella mesomelas. A, SAM-PQL-72209, right DP2: A1, buccal; A2, lingual; A3, occlusal views. B, SAM-PQL- 72226A, left fragmentary dp3: B1, buccal; B2, lingual; B3, occlusal views. C, SAM-PQL-72226B, left dp4: C1, buccal; C2, lingual; C3, occlusal; C4, distal views. D, SAM- PQL-72210, left dp4: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal; D4. distal views. E, SAM-PQL-72214, fragmentary left dp4: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3, occlusal; E4, distal views. F, SAM-ZM-35825, right hemi-mandible of a juvenile" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360319" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360319/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="378">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
) is a slender and long simple tooth, without accessory cusps. Distally a high cingulum is present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736A569305A15FC87F91D0487FE0A" blockId="12.[827,1443,1490,1879]" lastBlockId="13.[809,1425,197,403]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="379" pageId="12" pageNumber="378">
The dp3 recovered is a fragmentary distal portion of the tooth, comprising a noticeable distal cingulum (
<figureCitation id="13032A2069305A14FC97F8DE0291F883" box="[835,914,1796,1818]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="13.[145,226,1578,1600]" captionTargetBox="[149,757,195,1538]" captionTargetId="figure-454@13.[149,757,195,1538]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 5. Deciduous dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg compared with the one of the living jackal Lupulella mesomelas. A, SAM-PQL-72209, right DP2: A1, buccal; A2, lingual; A3, occlusal views. B, SAM-PQL- 72226A, left fragmentary dp3: B1, buccal; B2, lingual; B3, occlusal views. C, SAM-PQL-72226B, left dp4: C1, buccal; C2, lingual; C3, occlusal; C4, distal views. D, SAM- PQL-72210, left dp4: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal; D4. distal views. E, SAM-PQL-72214, fragmentary left dp4: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3, occlusal; E4, distal views. F, SAM-ZM-35825, right hemi-mandible of a juvenile" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360319" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360319/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="378">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
). There is a great variability in size in the dp4s founds (
<figureCitation id="13032A2069305A14FC4DF8F9050EF8A0" box="[921,1037,1827,1849]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="13.[145,226,1578,1600]" captionTargetBox="[149,757,195,1538]" captionTargetId="figure-454@13.[149,757,195,1538]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 5. Deciduous dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg compared with the one of the living jackal Lupulella mesomelas. A, SAM-PQL-72209, right DP2: A1, buccal; A2, lingual; A3, occlusal views. B, SAM-PQL- 72226A, left fragmentary dp3: B1, buccal; B2, lingual; B3, occlusal views. C, SAM-PQL-72226B, left dp4: C1, buccal; C2, lingual; C3, occlusal; C4, distal views. D, SAM- PQL-72210, left dp4: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal; D4. distal views. E, SAM-PQL-72214, fragmentary left dp4: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3, occlusal; E4, distal views. F, SAM-ZM-35825, right hemi-mandible of a juvenile" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360319" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360319/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="378">Fig. 5C–E</figureCitation>
). Among them SAM-PQL-72214 is much smaller and narrower to that of SAM-PQL-72210 and SAM-PQL-72226B. The dp4 has a well-developed metaconid, with a more distal position than in the m1. The talonid is wide and simple. It comprises a developed hypoconid and smaller entoconid. An additional hypoconulid is located between both cuspids in the most distal part of the tooth in the specimens SAM-PQL-72226B and SAM-PQL-72214 (
<figureCitation id="13032A2069315A15FAD2FEA70476FE0A" box="[1286,1397,381,403]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="13.[145,226,1578,1600]" captionTargetBox="[149,757,195,1538]" captionTargetId="figure-454@13.[149,757,195,1538]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 5. Deciduous dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg compared with the one of the living jackal Lupulella mesomelas. A, SAM-PQL-72209, right DP2: A1, buccal; A2, lingual; A3, occlusal views. B, SAM-PQL- 72226A, left fragmentary dp3: B1, buccal; B2, lingual; B3, occlusal views. C, SAM-PQL-72226B, left dp4: C1, buccal; C2, lingual; C3, occlusal; C4, distal views. D, SAM- PQL-72210, left dp4: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal; D4. distal views. E, SAM-PQL-72214, fragmentary left dp4: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3, occlusal; E4, distal views. F, SAM-ZM-35825, right hemi-mandible of a juvenile" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360319" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360319/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="379">Fig. 5C, E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736A569315A15FCFDFE660445FC42" blockId="13.[809,1426,444,1723]" pageId="13" pageNumber="379">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769315A15FCFDFE660526FE48" box="[809,1061,444,465]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="379">Postcranial remains:</emphasis>
The cervical vertebrae (C1– C5) belong to two individuals (
<figureCitation id="13032A2069315A15FB7BFE0005F6FE69" box="[1199,1269,474,496]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="14.[163,242,1345,1367]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1305]" captionTargetId="figure-202@14.[163,1443,195,1305]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 6. Cervical and caudal vertebrae of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A–E, SAM-PQL-31272. A1–3, atlas: A1, dorsal; A2, ventral; A3, distal views. B1, B2, atlas: B1, lateral; B2, dorsal views. C1–3, third cervical vertebra: C1, cranial; C2, dorsal; C3, lateral views. D1–3, fourth cervical vertebra: D1, cranial; D2, dorsal; D3, lateral views. E1, E2, fifth cervical vertebra: E1, dorsal; E2, lateral views. F, SAM-PQL-15323, atlas, ventral view. G, SAM-PQL-15174, axis: G1, lateral; G2, dorsal views. H, SAM-PQL-15160, third cervical vertebra: H1, rostral; H2, lateral views. I, SAM-PQL-40041, fourth caudal vertebra: I1, dorsal; I2, ventral views. Scale Bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360323" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360323/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="379">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
; Supporting Information,
<tableCitation id="C6BA031E69315A15FC10FE230528FD97" box="[964,1067,505,527]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[143,207,665,687]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Upper-teeth measurements (in mm) of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. Parenthesis means measurements on alveoli or at the base of the broken crown" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF47662D69345A10FF5BFD4301CDFD54" pageId="13" pageNumber="379" tableUuid="DF47662D69345A10FF5BFD4301CDFD54">Table S2</tableCitation>
). Morphologically it is similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669315A15FC9CFDC202B8FDB4" authorityName="Hilzheimer" authorityYear="1906" box="[840,955,536,557]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Lupulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="379" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769315A15FC9CFDC202B8FDB4" box="[840,955,536,557]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="379">Lupulella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The transverse foramen of the atlas is smaller to that of the jackal. The caudal articular process of the axis is robust. Although there is no noticeable evidence for the presence or absence of a nuchal ligament
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769315A15FB93FD49058EFD31" box="[1095,1165,659,680]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="379">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B5469315A15FB4CFD49048AFD30" author="Wang X-M &amp; Tedford RH &amp; Anton M" box="[1176,1417,658,681]" pageId="13" pageNumber="379" refId="ref20365" refString="Wang X-M, Tedford RH, Anton M. 2008. Dogs: their fossil relatives and evolutionary history. New York: Columbia University Press." type="book" year="2008">
Wang
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769315A15FB3EFD49042EFD3E" box="[1258,1325,658,680]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="379">et al.</emphasis>
(2008)
</bibRefCitation>
, the morphology of the back of the axis, where the ligament would attach, is similar to that of living canids with this ligament (e.g. extant jackals
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669315A15FCFDFCD7051EFCBB" authorityName="SAM-ZM and MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[809,1053,781,802]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Lupulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="379" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mesomelas">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769315A15FCFDFCD7051EFCBB" box="[809,1053,781,802]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="379">Lupulella mesomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The axis SAM-PQL-15174 has several parallel bite marks over the spinous process, which, based on their morphology, can be interpreted as shark bites (
<figureCitation id="13032A2069315A15FC09FCB3053BFCE6" box="[989,1080,873,895]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="14.[163,242,1345,1367]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1305]" captionTargetId="figure-202@14.[163,1443,195,1305]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 6. Cervical and caudal vertebrae of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A–E, SAM-PQL-31272. A1–3, atlas: A1, dorsal; A2, ventral; A3, distal views. B1, B2, atlas: B1, lateral; B2, dorsal views. C1–3, third cervical vertebra: C1, cranial; C2, dorsal; C3, lateral views. D1–3, fourth cervical vertebra: D1, cranial; D2, dorsal; D3, lateral views. E1, E2, fifth cervical vertebra: E1, dorsal; E2, lateral views. F, SAM-PQL-15323, atlas, ventral view. G, SAM-PQL-15174, axis: G1, lateral; G2, dorsal views. H, SAM-PQL-15160, third cervical vertebra: H1, rostral; H2, lateral views. I, SAM-PQL-40041, fourth caudal vertebra: I1, dorsal; I2, ventral views. Scale Bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360323" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360323/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="379">Fig. 6G</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13032A2069315A15FBE3FCB30542FCE6" box="[1079,1089,873,895]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="6.[163,241,1148,1170]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1109]" captionTargetId="figure-406@6.[163,1443,195,1109]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 1. Skull of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. Individual SAM-PQL-31272 (holotype). A, left side; B, right side; C, dorsal view; D, ventral view; E, rostral view; F, caudal view. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360311/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="379">1</figureCitation>
, G
<figureCitation id="13032A2069315A15FBB6FCB3056CFCE7" box="[1122,1135,873,894]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="9.[145,223,1393,1415]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetId="figure-134@9.[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 2. Upper dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, SAM-PQL-31272, holotype, details of the dentition, occlusal view. B, SAM-PQL-24976B, right I3: B1, buccal; B2, distal; B3. lingual views. C, SAM-PQL-24976A, left C: C1, buccal; C2, distal; C3, lingual views, D. SAM-PQL-15526B, left P2: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL- 15184B, left P4: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3, mesial; E4, occlusal views. F, SAM-PQL-72203, fragmentary right P4: occlusal view. G, SAM-PQL-72204, fragmentary left P4, occlusal view. H, SAM-PQL-72205, fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. I, SAM-PQL-72207, left fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. J, SAM-PQL-72215 (paratype), right maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. K, SAM-PQL-L69621B, left maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. L, SAM-PQL-72208, right M1, occlusal view. M, SAM-PQL-50497, left M1, occlusal view. N, SAM-PQL-15588B/C, right M1, occlusal view. O, SAM-PQL-15219 B, left M1, occlusal view. P, SAM-PQL- 15705A, left M2, occlusal view. Q, SAM-PQL- 72217, right M2, occlusal view. R, SAM-PQL- 72206, left M2, occlusal view. Scale bar 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360313/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="379">2</figureCitation>
). Neither the transverse process nor spinous processes are preserved in the C3–C5 (
<figureCitation id="13032A2069315A15FC5BFC7C0530FC25" box="[911,1075,934,956]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="14.[163,242,1345,1367]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1305]" captionTargetId="figure-202@14.[163,1443,195,1305]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 6. Cervical and caudal vertebrae of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A–E, SAM-PQL-31272. A1–3, atlas: A1, dorsal; A2, ventral; A3, distal views. B1, B2, atlas: B1, lateral; B2, dorsal views. C1–3, third cervical vertebra: C1, cranial; C2, dorsal; C3, lateral views. D1–3, fourth cervical vertebra: D1, cranial; D2, dorsal; D3, lateral views. E1, E2, fifth cervical vertebra: E1, dorsal; E2, lateral views. F, SAM-PQL-15323, atlas, ventral view. G, SAM-PQL-15174, axis: G1, lateral; G2, dorsal views. H, SAM-PQL-15160, third cervical vertebra: H1, rostral; H2, lateral views. I, SAM-PQL-40041, fourth caudal vertebra: I1, dorsal; I2, ventral views. Scale Bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360323" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360323/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="379">Fig. 6C–E, H</figureCitation>
). A proximal fragment of a fourth caudal vertebra is present (
<figureCitation id="13032A2069315A15FB6CFC1F0404FC42" box="[1208,1287,965,987]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="14.[163,242,1345,1367]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1305]" captionTargetId="figure-202@14.[163,1443,195,1305]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 6. Cervical and caudal vertebrae of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A–E, SAM-PQL-31272. A1–3, atlas: A1, dorsal; A2, ventral; A3, distal views. B1, B2, atlas: B1, lateral; B2, dorsal views. C1–3, third cervical vertebra: C1, cranial; C2, dorsal; C3, lateral views. D1–3, fourth cervical vertebra: D1, cranial; D2, dorsal; D3, lateral views. E1, E2, fifth cervical vertebra: E1, dorsal; E2, lateral views. F, SAM-PQL-15323, atlas, ventral view. G, SAM-PQL-15174, axis: G1, lateral; G2, dorsal views. H, SAM-PQL-15160, third cervical vertebra: H1, rostral; H2, lateral views. I, SAM-PQL-40041, fourth caudal vertebra: I1, dorsal; I2, ventral views. Scale Bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360323" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360323/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="379">Fig. 6I</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13032A2069315A15FAD3FC1F0411FC42" box="[1287,1298,965,987]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="6.[163,241,1148,1170]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1109]" captionTargetId="figure-406@6.[163,1443,195,1109]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 1. Skull of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. Individual SAM-PQL-31272 (holotype). A, left side; B, right side; C, dorsal view; D, ventral view; E, rostral view; F, caudal view. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360311/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="379">1</figureCitation>
, I
<figureCitation id="13032A2069315A15FAFCFC1F0435FC43" box="[1320,1334,965,986]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="9.[145,223,1393,1415]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetId="figure-134@9.[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 2. Upper dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, SAM-PQL-31272, holotype, details of the dentition, occlusal view. B, SAM-PQL-24976B, right I3: B1, buccal; B2, distal; B3. lingual views. C, SAM-PQL-24976A, left C: C1, buccal; C2, distal; C3, lingual views, D. SAM-PQL-15526B, left P2: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL- 15184B, left P4: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3, mesial; E4, occlusal views. F, SAM-PQL-72203, fragmentary right P4: occlusal view. G, SAM-PQL-72204, fragmentary left P4, occlusal view. H, SAM-PQL-72205, fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. I, SAM-PQL-72207, left fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. J, SAM-PQL-72215 (paratype), right maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. K, SAM-PQL-L69621B, left maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. L, SAM-PQL-72208, right M1, occlusal view. M, SAM-PQL-50497, left M1, occlusal view. N, SAM-PQL-15588B/C, right M1, occlusal view. O, SAM-PQL-15219 B, left M1, occlusal view. P, SAM-PQL- 15705A, left M2, occlusal view. Q, SAM-PQL- 72217, right M2, occlusal view. R, SAM-PQL- 72206, left M2, occlusal view. Scale bar 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360313/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="379">2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736A569315A15FC95FC3E05C1F9D9" blockId="13.[809,1426,444,1723]" pageId="13" pageNumber="379">
The general morphology of the humerii and radii (
<figureCitation id="13032A2069315A15FCE7FBD8027DFB81" box="[819,894,1026,1048]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[145,219,1816,1838]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1776]" captionTargetId="figure-28@15.[145,1425,195,1776]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Humeri and radii of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg.A–C, SAM-PQL-31272.A–B, left fragmentary humerus, A1–5 (left) and B (right). A1, cranial; A2, lateral; A3, caudal; A4, medial; and A5, distal views; B, distal view; C, right radius; C1, proximal; C2, distal; C3, cranial; C4, caudal views. D, SAM-PQL-20424, right fragmentary humerus: D1, cranial; D2, lateral; D3, caudal views. E, SAM-PQL-23331, right radius: E1, proximal; E2, distal; E3, cranial; E4, lateral; E5, caudal; E6, medial views.Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360325" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360325/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="379">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
; Supporting Information,
<tableCitation id="C6BA031E69315A15FB0BFBD80452FB8E" box="[1247,1361,1026,1048]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[143,207,665,687]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Upper-teeth measurements (in mm) of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. Parenthesis means measurements on alveoli or at the base of the broken crown" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF47662D69345A10FF5BFD4301CDFD54" pageId="13" pageNumber="379" tableUuid="DF47662D69345A10FF5BFD4301CDFD54">Table S2</tableCitation>
) are similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669315A15FC7BFBF80554FBAF" authorityName="SAM-ZM and MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[943,1111,1057,1079]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Lupulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="379" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mesomelas">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769315A15FC7BFBF80554FBAF" box="[943,1111,1057,1079]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="379">L. mesomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than to those of African vulpini. The
<typeStatus id="5483880769315A15FC69FB9A02ECFBCC" box="[957,1007,1088,1109]" pageId="13" pageNumber="379">type</typeStatus>
SAM-PQL-31272 has bite marks of a terrestrial carnivoran on both epiphyses of these long bones. SAM-PQL-20424 is more robust and with an elongated humerus. The proximal epiphysis is known from SAM-PQL-40041 (
<figureCitation id="13032A2069315A15FB07FB600418FB56" box="[1235,1307,1210,1232]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="16.[163,242,1627,1649]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1588]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[163,1443,195,1588]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 8. Postcranial remains of Eucyon khoikhoi SAM-PQL-40041 from Langebaanweg. A, right distal fragment of the scapula: A1, lateral; A2, medial; A3, ventral views. B, right fragmentary humeral head: B1, caudal; B2. proximal views. C, left fragmentary radius, cranial view. D, right fragmentary ulna: D1, cranial; D2, medial; D3, caudal; D4, proximal views. E1, mounted hand comprising metacarpal II–V, and first, second and ungueal phalanges from the hand or foot, dorsal view; E2, metacarpal II–V, proximal view. F, left magnum: F1, medial; F2, dorsal; F3, lateral views. G, left pyramidal: G1, lateral; G2, medial views. H, right ectocuneiform: H1, lateral; H2, medial; H3, proximal views. I, first phalange: I1, dorsal; I2, lateral; I3, palmar/plantar; I4. proximal views. J, second phalange: J1, dorsal; J2, lateral; J3, palmar/plantar; J4. proximal views. K, ungueal phalange: K1, lateral; K2, dorsal; K3, proximal views. Scale bar equals 5 cm (A1–E1), and 2 cm (E2–K3)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360329" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360329/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="379">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
) and the humeral head is round. The humeral diaphysis is straight, with the proximal part curved caudally and laterally compressed. It is rounded to triangular in cross-section distally. The deltoid crest is well developed (
<figureCitation id="13032A2069315A15FC78FA8E0506FAF0" box="[940,1029,1364,1386]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[145,219,1816,1838]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1776]" captionTargetId="figure-28@15.[145,1425,195,1776]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Humeri and radii of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg.A–C, SAM-PQL-31272.A–B, left fragmentary humerus, A1–5 (left) and B (right). A1, cranial; A2, lateral; A3, caudal; A4, medial; and A5, distal views; B, distal view; C, right radius; C1, proximal; C2, distal; C3, cranial; C4, caudal views. D, SAM-PQL-20424, right fragmentary humerus: D1, cranial; D2, lateral; D3, caudal views. E, SAM-PQL-23331, right radius: E1, proximal; E2, distal; E3, cranial; E4, lateral; E5, caudal; E6, medial views.Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360325" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360325/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="379">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13032A2069315A15FBD1FA8E050CFAF0" box="[1029,1039,1364,1385]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="6.[163,241,1148,1170]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1109]" captionTargetId="figure-406@6.[163,1443,195,1109]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 1. Skull of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. Individual SAM-PQL-31272 (holotype). A, left side; B, right side; C, dorsal view; D, ventral view; E, rostral view; F, caudal view. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360311/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="379">1</figureCitation>
, A
<figureCitation id="13032A2069315A15FBFBFA8E053FFAF0" box="[1071,1084,1364,1385]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="9.[145,223,1393,1415]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetId="figure-134@9.[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 2. Upper dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, SAM-PQL-31272, holotype, details of the dentition, occlusal view. B, SAM-PQL-24976B, right I3: B1, buccal; B2, distal; B3. lingual views. C, SAM-PQL-24976A, left C: C1, buccal; C2, distal; C3, lingual views, D. SAM-PQL-15526B, left P2: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL- 15184B, left P4: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3, mesial; E4, occlusal views. F, SAM-PQL-72203, fragmentary right P4: occlusal view. G, SAM-PQL-72204, fragmentary left P4, occlusal view. H, SAM-PQL-72205, fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. I, SAM-PQL-72207, left fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. J, SAM-PQL-72215 (paratype), right maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. K, SAM-PQL-L69621B, left maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. L, SAM-PQL-72208, right M1, occlusal view. M, SAM-PQL-50497, left M1, occlusal view. N, SAM-PQL-15588B/C, right M1, occlusal view. O, SAM-PQL-15219 B, left M1, occlusal view. P, SAM-PQL- 15705A, left M2, occlusal view. Q, SAM-PQL- 72217, right M2, occlusal view. R, SAM-PQL- 72206, left M2, occlusal view. Scale bar 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360313/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="379">2</figureCitation>
, D
<figureCitation id="13032A2069315A15FB8BFA8E056AFAF0" box="[1119,1129,1364,1385]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="6.[163,241,1148,1170]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1109]" captionTargetId="figure-406@6.[163,1443,195,1109]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 1. Skull of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. Individual SAM-PQL-31272 (holotype). A, left side; B, right side; C, dorsal view; D, ventral view; E, rostral view; F, caudal view. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360311/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="379">1</figureCitation>
) and the distal epiphysis is subrectangular in distal view (
<figureCitation id="13032A2069315A15FB66FAA80409FA11" box="[1202,1290,1394,1416]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[145,219,1816,1838]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1776]" captionTargetId="figure-28@15.[145,1425,195,1776]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Humeri and radii of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg.A–C, SAM-PQL-31272.A–B, left fragmentary humerus, A1–5 (left) and B (right). A1, cranial; A2, lateral; A3, caudal; A4, medial; and A5, distal views; B, distal view; C, right radius; C1, proximal; C2, distal; C3, cranial; C4, caudal views. D, SAM-PQL-20424, right fragmentary humerus: D1, cranial; D2, lateral; D3, caudal views. E, SAM-PQL-23331, right radius: E1, proximal; E2, distal; E3, cranial; E4, lateral; E5, caudal; E6, medial views.Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360325" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360325/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="379">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13032A2069315A15FADEFAA80414FA11" box="[1290,1303,1394,1416]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="13.[145,226,1578,1600]" captionTargetBox="[149,757,195,1538]" captionTargetId="figure-454@13.[149,757,195,1538]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 5. Deciduous dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg compared with the one of the living jackal Lupulella mesomelas. A, SAM-PQL-72209, right DP2: A1, buccal; A2, lingual; A3, occlusal views. B, SAM-PQL- 72226A, left fragmentary dp3: B1, buccal; B2, lingual; B3, occlusal views. C, SAM-PQL-72226B, left dp4: C1, buccal; C2, lingual; C3, occlusal; C4, distal views. D, SAM- PQL-72210, left dp4: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal; D4. distal views. E, SAM-PQL-72214, fragmentary left dp4: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3, occlusal; E4, distal views. F, SAM-ZM-35825, right hemi-mandible of a juvenile" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360319" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360319/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="379">5</figureCitation>
, B). There are two uniform facets on the lateral epicondyle: one proximally for the origin of the extensors of the carpus and digits and one distal to the origin of the m. supinator (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B5469315A15FC07FA37057AF99B" author="Munthe K" box="[979,1145,1517,1539]" pageId="13" pageNumber="379" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref17986" refString="Munthe K. 1989. The skeleton of Borophaginae (Carnivora, Canidae), morphology and function. University of California Publications Department of Geological Sciences 133: 1 - 115." type="journal article" year="1989">Munthe, 1989</bibRefCitation>
). There is a distinctive lateral epicondylar crest, where m. extensor carpi radialis originates (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B5469315A15FBC4F9F005B1F9A6" author="Munthe K" box="[1040,1202,1578,1600]" pageId="13" pageNumber="379" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref17986" refString="Munthe K. 1989. The skeleton of Borophaginae (Carnivora, Canidae), morphology and function. University of California Publications Department of Geological Sciences 133: 1 - 115." type="journal article" year="1989">Munthe, 1989</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF47662D69315A15FF45F9F003F4F8FF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360319" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6360319" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360319/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="379" startId="13.[145,226,1578,1600]" targetBox="[149,757,195,1538]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="8B8736A569315A15FF45F9F003F4F8FF" blockId="13.[145,761,1578,1894]" pageId="13" pageNumber="379">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769315A15FF45F9F001FEF9D9" bold="true" box="[145,253,1578,1600]" pageId="13" pageNumber="379">Figure 5.</emphasis>
Deciduous dentition of
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669315A15FDDDF9F103BDF9D9" authorityName="Valenciano &amp; Morales &amp; Govender" authorityYear="2022" box="[521,702,1578,1600]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="379" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="khoikhoi">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769315A15FDDDF9F103BDF9D9" box="[521,702,1578,1600]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="379">Eucyon khoikhoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Langebaanweg compared with the one of the living jackal
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669315A15FF45F9BF0082F9E2" authorityName="SAM-ZM and MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[145,385,1637,1659]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Lupulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="379" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mesomelas">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769315A15FF45F9BF0082F9E2" box="[145,385,1637,1659]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="379">Lupulella mesomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A, SAM-PQL-72209, right DP2: A1, buccal; A2, lingual; A3, occlusal views. B, SAM-PQL-72226A, left fragmentary dp3: B1, buccal; B2, lingual; B3, occlusal views. C, SAM-PQL-72226B, left dp4: C1, buccal; C2, lingual; C3, occlusal; C4, distal views. D, SAM-PQL-72210, left dp4: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal; D4. distal views. E, SAM-PQL-72214, fragmentary left dp4: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3, occlusal; E4, distal views. F, SAM-ZM-35825, right hemi-mandible of a juvenile
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8736A569315A15FC95F993043AF8F8" blockId="13.[809,1426,444,1723]" lastBlockId="13.[809,1424,1779,1889]" pageId="13" pageNumber="379">
The supratrochear foramen is also well developed. As in living canids, the medial epicondyle is small, where the m. pronator teres originates. The entepicondylar foramen is absent. The radii (
<figureCitation id="13032A2069315A15FB5EF97F05FDF923" box="[1162,1278,1701,1723]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[145,219,1816,1838]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1776]" captionTargetId="figure-28@15.[145,1425,195,1776]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Humeri and radii of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg.A–C, SAM-PQL-31272.A–B, left fragmentary humerus, A1–5 (left) and B (right). A1, cranial; A2, lateral; A3, caudal; A4, medial; and A5, distal views; B, distal view; C, right radius; C1, proximal; C2, distal; C3, cranial; C4, caudal views. D, SAM-PQL-20424, right fragmentary humerus: D1, cranial; D2, lateral; D3, caudal views. E, SAM-PQL-23331, right radius: E1, proximal; E2, distal; E3, cranial; E4, lateral; E5, caudal; E6, medial views.Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360325" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360325/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="379">Fig. 7C, E</figureCitation>
; Supporting individual of
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669315A15FC14F92E0557F890" authorityName="SAM-ZM and MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[960,1108,1779,1801]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Lupulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="379" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mesomelas">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769315A15FC14F92E0557F890" box="[960,1108,1779,1801]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="379">L. mesomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: F1, buccal; F2, lingual; F3, occlusal views. Scale bar
<quantity id="4CC09B4069315A15FBFAF8CB0561F8BE" box="[1070,1122,1809,1831]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="379" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
. Abbreviations: p1, definitive first lower premolar; dp2, decidual p2; dp3, decidual p3; dp4, decidual carnassial; m1, definitive carnassial.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF47662D69325A16FF77FA9B021EFA73" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360323" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6360323" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360323/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="380" startId="14.[163,242,1345,1367]" targetBox="[163,1443,195,1305]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="8B8736A569325A16FF77FA9B021EFA73" blockId="14.[163,1443,1345,1514]" pageId="14" pageNumber="380">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769325A16FF77FA9B0008FACF" bold="true" box="[163,267,1345,1367]" pageId="14" pageNumber="380">Figure 6.</emphasis>
Cervical and caudal vertebrae of
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669325A16FDA7FA980222FACE" authorityName="Valenciano &amp; Morales &amp; Govender" authorityYear="2022" box="[627,801,1345,1367]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="380" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="khoikhoi">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769325A16FDA7FA980222FACE" box="[627,801,1345,1367]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="380">Eucyon khoikhoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Langebaanweg. A–E, SAM-PQL-31272. A1–3, atlas: A1, dorsal; A2, ventral; A3, distal views. B1, B2, atlas: B1, lateral; B2, dorsal views. C1–3, third cervical vertebra: C1, cranial; C2, dorsal; C3, lateral views. D1–3, fourth cervical vertebra: D1, cranial; D2, dorsal; D3, lateral views. E1, E2, fifth cervical vertebra: E1, dorsal; E2, lateral views. F, SAM-PQL-15323, atlas, ventral view. G, SAM-PQL-15174, axis: G1, lateral; G2, dorsal views. H, SAM-PQL-15160, third cervical vertebra: H1, rostral; H2, lateral views. I, SAM-PQL-40041, fourth caudal vertebra: I1, dorsal; I2, ventral views. Scale Bar equals 5 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8736A569325A16FF77F9CA0057F9FA" blockId="14.[163,779,1552,1881]" pageId="14" pageNumber="380">
Information,
<tableCitation id="C6BA031E69325A16FE92F9CA00B2F9BC" box="[326,433,1552,1574]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[143,207,665,687]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Upper-teeth measurements (in mm) of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. Parenthesis means measurements on alveoli or at the base of the broken crown" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF47662D69345A10FF5BFD4301CDFD54" pageId="14" pageNumber="380" tableUuid="DF47662D69345A10FF5BFD4301CDFD54">Table S2</tableCitation>
) are elongated and slightly curved caudally. The
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769325A16FE44F9F50318F9DD" box="[400,539,1583,1604]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="380">fovea capitis</emphasis>
is oval, deep and has a cranial notch.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736A569325A16FF6FF9B605D4F947" blockId="14.[163,779,1552,1881]" lastBlockId="14.[827,1444,1552,1881]" pageId="14" pageNumber="380">
A small, radial tuberosity is situated on the lateral edge, where m. biceps brachii and m. brachialis attach. The shaft is craniocaudally compressed. On the first third of the laterocaudal border, the interosseous border is located. The distal epiphysis is mediolaterally large. The ulnar notch is round and small. Medially, there is a small, sharp, knob-shaped styloid process, where the m. brachioradialis inserts. In cranial view, and following the description of
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B5469325A16FB12F9CA047BF9BF" author="Munthe K" box="[1222,1400,1552,1574]" pageId="14" pageNumber="380" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref17986" refString="Munthe K. 1989. The skeleton of Borophaginae (Carnivora, Canidae), morphology and function. University of California Publications Department of Geological Sciences 133: 1 - 115." type="journal article" year="1989">Munthe (1989)</bibRefCitation>
for borophagines canids, there are three grooves (
<figureCitation id="13032A2069325A16FAA2F9F5025EF9FB" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[145,219,1816,1838]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1776]" captionTargetId="figure-28@15.[145,1425,195,1776]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Humeri and radii of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg.A–C, SAM-PQL-31272.A–B, left fragmentary humerus, A1–5 (left) and B (right). A1, cranial; A2, lateral; A3, caudal; A4, medial; and A5, distal views; B, distal view; C, right radius; C1, proximal; C2, distal; C3, cranial; C4, caudal views. D, SAM-PQL-20424, right fragmentary humerus: D1, cranial; D2, lateral; D3, caudal views. E, SAM-PQL-23331, right radius: E1, proximal; E2, distal; E3, cranial; E4, lateral; E5, caudal; E6, medial views.Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360325" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360325/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="380">Fig. 7E</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13032A2069325A16FC89F997026FF9FB" box="[861,876,1613,1634]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="9.[145,223,1393,1415]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetId="figure-134@9.[145,1425,195,1353]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 2. Upper dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, SAM-PQL-31272, holotype, details of the dentition, occlusal view. B, SAM-PQL-24976B, right I3: B1, buccal; B2, distal; B3. lingual views. C, SAM-PQL-24976A, left C: C1, buccal; C2, distal; C3, lingual views, D. SAM-PQL-15526B, left P2: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL- 15184B, left P4: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3, mesial; E4, occlusal views. F, SAM-PQL-72203, fragmentary right P4: occlusal view. G, SAM-PQL-72204, fragmentary left P4, occlusal view. H, SAM-PQL-72205, fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. I, SAM-PQL-72207, left fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. J, SAM-PQL-72215 (paratype), right maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. K, SAM-PQL-L69621B, left maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. L, SAM-PQL-72208, right M1, occlusal view. M, SAM-PQL-50497, left M1, occlusal view. N, SAM-PQL-15588B/C, right M1, occlusal view. O, SAM-PQL-15219 B, left M1, occlusal view. P, SAM-PQL- 15705A, left M2, occlusal view. Q, SAM-PQL- 72217, right M2, occlusal view. R, SAM-PQL- 72206, left M2, occlusal view. Scale bar 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360313/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="380">2</figureCitation>
, E
<figureCitation id="13032A2069325A16FC5BF997029FF9FB" box="[911,924,1613,1634]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="10.[162,241,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1550]" captionTargetId="figure-102@10.[163,1443,195,1550]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 3. Mandibles of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, B, SAM-PQL-31272 (holotype), right hemi-mandible (A), left one (B). A1, B1, buccal; A2, B2, lingual; A3, B3, occlusal views. C, D, SAM-PQL-40041, right hemi-mandible (C), left one (D). C1, D1, buccal; C2, D2, lingual; C3, D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL-40308, left hemi-mandible: E1, buccal; E2, occlusal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360315" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360315/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="380">3</figureCitation>
): a medial deep one for the tendon of the m. adductor pollicis longus, a wider lateral one for the tendon of the m. extensor digitorum communis and between them a wide and shallow groove for the tendon of m. extensor carpi radialis.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8736A569325A09FC87F93D0346FE49" blockId="14.[827,1444,1552,1881]" lastBlockId="17.[145,762,197,1354]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="383" pageId="14" pageNumber="380">
The associated postcranial skeleton of the old and pathological individual SAM-PQL-40041 (
<figureCitation id="13032A2069325A16FAA2F8DF0258F8A0" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="10.[162,241,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1550]" captionTargetId="figure-102@10.[163,1443,195,1550]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 3. Mandibles of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, B, SAM-PQL-31272 (holotype), right hemi-mandible (A), left one (B). A1, B1, buccal; A2, B2, lingual; A3, B3, occlusal views. C, D, SAM-PQL-40041, right hemi-mandible (C), left one (D). C1, D1, buccal; C2, D2, lingual; C3, D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL-40308, left hemi-mandible: E1, buccal; E2, occlusal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360315" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360315/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="380">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
; Supporting Information,
<tableCitation id="C6BA031E69325A16FB4BF8FE040AF8A0" box="[1183,1289,1828,1850]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[143,207,665,687]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Upper-teeth measurements (in mm) of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. Parenthesis means measurements on alveoli or at the base of the broken crown" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF47662D69345A10FF5BFD4301CDFD54" pageId="14" pageNumber="380" tableUuid="DF47662D69345A10FF5BFD4301CDFD54">Table S2</tableCitation>
), consists of numerous fragmentary remains of the forelimb, hindlimb and axial skeleton (
<figureCitation id="13032A20692D5A09FE04FF1F030FFF43" box="[464,524,197,219]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="16.[163,242,1627,1649]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1588]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[163,1443,195,1588]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 8. Postcranial remains of Eucyon khoikhoi SAM-PQL-40041 from Langebaanweg. A, right distal fragment of the scapula: A1, lateral; A2, medial; A3, ventral views. B, right fragmentary humeral head: B1, caudal; B2. proximal views. C, left fragmentary radius, cranial view. D, right fragmentary ulna: D1, cranial; D2, medial; D3, caudal; D4, proximal views. E1, mounted hand comprising metacarpal II–V, and first, second and ungueal phalanges from the hand or foot, dorsal view; E2, metacarpal II–V, proximal view. F, left magnum: F1, medial; F2, dorsal; F3, lateral views. G, left pyramidal: G1, lateral; G2, medial views. H, right ectocuneiform: H1, lateral; H2, medial; H3, proximal views. I, first phalange: I1, dorsal; I2, lateral; I3, palmar/plantar; I4. proximal views. J, second phalange: J1, dorsal; J2, lateral; J3, palmar/plantar; J4. proximal views. K, ungueal phalange: K1, lateral; K2, dorsal; K3, proximal views. Scale bar equals 5 cm (A1–E1), and 2 cm (E2–K3)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360329" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360329/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="383">Fig.8</figureCitation>
). Several pathologies are observed, these include, notably, overgrowths of bone on the periosteal surfaces of the long bones, metacarpals, phalanges and caudal vertebrae, as well as endosteal bony growths on the IV metacarpal and radius (
<figureCitation id="13032A20692D5A09FF39FE84002CFEED" box="[237,303,350,372]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="16.[163,242,1627,1649]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1588]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[163,1443,195,1588]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 8. Postcranial remains of Eucyon khoikhoi SAM-PQL-40041 from Langebaanweg. A, right distal fragment of the scapula: A1, lateral; A2, medial; A3, ventral views. B, right fragmentary humeral head: B1, caudal; B2. proximal views. C, left fragmentary radius, cranial view. D, right fragmentary ulna: D1, cranial; D2, medial; D3, caudal; D4, proximal views. E1, mounted hand comprising metacarpal II–V, and first, second and ungueal phalanges from the hand or foot, dorsal view; E2, metacarpal II–V, proximal view. F, left magnum: F1, medial; F2, dorsal; F3, lateral views. G, left pyramidal: G1, lateral; G2, medial views. H, right ectocuneiform: H1, lateral; H2, medial; H3, proximal views. I, first phalange: I1, dorsal; I2, lateral; I3, palmar/plantar; I4. proximal views. J, second phalange: J1, dorsal; J2, lateral; J3, palmar/plantar; J4. proximal views. K, ungueal phalange: K1, lateral; K2, dorsal; K3, proximal views. Scale bar equals 5 cm (A1–E1), and 2 cm (E2–K3)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360329" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360329/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="383">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). These bones show bite marks, e.g. on the fragmentary scapula (
<figureCitation id="13032A20692D5A09FE63FEA70304FE0B" box="[439,519,381,403]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="16.[163,242,1627,1649]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1588]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[163,1443,195,1588]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 8. Postcranial remains of Eucyon khoikhoi SAM-PQL-40041 from Langebaanweg. A, right distal fragment of the scapula: A1, lateral; A2, medial; A3, ventral views. B, right fragmentary humeral head: B1, caudal; B2. proximal views. C, left fragmentary radius, cranial view. D, right fragmentary ulna: D1, cranial; D2, medial; D3, caudal; D4, proximal views. E1, mounted hand comprising metacarpal II–V, and first, second and ungueal phalanges from the hand or foot, dorsal view; E2, metacarpal II–V, proximal view. F, left magnum: F1, medial; F2, dorsal; F3, lateral views. G, left pyramidal: G1, lateral; G2, medial views. H, right ectocuneiform: H1, lateral; H2, medial; H3, proximal views. I, first phalange: I1, dorsal; I2, lateral; I3, palmar/plantar; I4. proximal views. J, second phalange: J1, dorsal; J2, lateral; J3, palmar/plantar; J4. proximal views. K, ungueal phalange: K1, lateral; K2, dorsal; K3, proximal views. Scale bar equals 5 cm (A1–E1), and 2 cm (E2–K3)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360329" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360329/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="383">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
). Its glenoid cavity is rounded and lateromedially wide, as in
<taxonomicName id="4C384D26692D5A09FD8DFE4603F1FE28" authorityName="SAM-ZM and MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[601,754,412,433]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Lupulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="383" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mesomelas">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB7692D5A09FD8DFE4603F1FE28" box="[601,754,412,433]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="383">L. mesomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and unlike
<taxonomicName id="4C384D26692D5A09FEC6FE610079FE56" authorityName="SAM-ZM" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[274,378,442,464]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="383" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chama">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB7692D5A09FEC6FE610079FE56" box="[274,378,442,464]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="383">V. chama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C384D26692D5A09FE66FE61033DFE56" authorityName="SAM-ZM" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[434,574,442,464]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Otocyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="383" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megalotis">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB7692D5A09FE66FE61033DFE56" box="[434,574,442,464]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="383">O. megalotis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF47662D69335A17FF45F8C20491F81F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360325" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6360325" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360325/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="381" startId="15.[145,219,1816,1838]" targetBox="[145,1425,195,1776]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="8B8736A569335A17FF45F8C20491F81F" blockId="15.[145,1427,1816,1926]" pageId="15" pageNumber="381">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769335A17FF45F8C201F0F8B4" bold="true" box="[145,243,1816,1838]" pageId="15" pageNumber="381">Figure 7.</emphasis>
Humeri and radii of
<taxonomicName id="4C384D2669335A17FE10F8C30364F8B7" authorityName="Valenciano &amp; Morales &amp; Govender" authorityYear="2022" box="[452,615,1816,1838]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="381" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="khoikhoi">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB769335A17FE10F8C30364F8B7" box="[452,615,1816,1838]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="381">Eucyon khoikhoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Langebaanweg. A–C, SAM-PQL-31272. A–B, left fragmentary humerus, A1–5 (left) and B (right). A1, cranial; A2, lateral; A3, caudal; A4, medial; and A5, distal views; B, distal view; C, right radius; C1, proximal; C2, distal; C3, cranial; C4, caudal views. D, SAM-PQL-20424, right fragmentary humerus: D1, cranial; D2, lateral; D3, caudal views. E, SAM-PQL-23331, right radius: E1, proximal; E2, distal; E3, cranial; E4, lateral; E5, caudal; E6, medial views. Scale bar equals 5 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF47662D692C5A08FF77F981043DF8A6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360329" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6360329" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360329/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="382" startId="16.[163,242,1627,1649]" targetBox="[163,1443,195,1588]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="8B8736A5692C5A08FF77F981043DF8A6" blockId="16.[163,1444,1627,1855]" pageId="16" pageNumber="382">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB7692C5A08FF77F981000FF9E8" bold="true" box="[163,268,1627,1649]" pageId="16" pageNumber="382">Figure 8.</emphasis>
Postcranial remains of
<taxonomicName id="4C384D26692C5A08FDDAF98603BDF9EB" authorityName="Valenciano &amp; Morales &amp; Govender" authorityYear="2022" box="[526,702,1628,1650]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="382" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="khoikhoi">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB7692C5A08FDDAF98603BDF9EB" box="[526,702,1628,1650]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="382">Eucyon khoikhoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
SAM-PQL-40041 from Langebaanweg. A, right distal fragment of the scapula: A1, lateral; A2, medial; A3, ventral views. B, right fragmentary humeral head: B1, caudal; B2. proximal views. C, left fragmentary radius, cranial view. D, right fragmentary ulna: D1, cranial; D2, medial; D3, caudal; D4, proximal views. E1, mounted hand comprising metacarpal II–V, and first, second and ungueal phalanges from the hand or foot, dorsal view; E2, metacarpal II–V, proximal view. F, left magnum: F1, medial; F2, dorsal; F3, lateral views. G, left pyramidal: G1, lateral; G2, medial views. H, right ectocuneiform: H1, lateral; H2, medial; H3, proximal views. I, first phalange: I1, dorsal; I2, lateral; I3, palmar/plantar; I4. proximal views. J, second phalange: J1, dorsal; J2, lateral; J3, palmar/plantar; J4. proximal views. K, ungueal phalange: K1, lateral; K2, dorsal; K3, proximal views. Scale bar equals 5 cm (A1–E1), and 2 cm (E2–K3).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8736A5692D5A09FF7DFE030060FAD3" blockId="17.[145,762,197,1354]" pageId="17" pageNumber="383">
The overall morphology of the ulna is similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C384D26692D5A09FF45FE22003BFD94" authorityName="SAM-ZM and MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[145,312,504,525]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Lupulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="383" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mesomelas">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB7692D5A09FF45FE22003BFD94" box="[145,312,504,525]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="383">L. mesomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, apart from the lateral and medial tubercles of the tuber olecrani. The ulna of
<taxonomicName id="4C384D26692D5A09FD76FDCD01FBFDD3" authorityName="Valenciano &amp; Morales &amp; Govender" authorityYear="2022" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="383" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="khoikhoi">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB7692D5A09FD76FDCD01FBFDD3" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="383">Eucyon khoikhoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has similar morphology to
<taxonomicName id="4C384D26692D5A09FD92FDEC03B0FDD3" authorityName="SAM-ZM" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[582,691,565,587]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="383" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chama">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB7692D5A09FD92FDEC03B0FDD3" box="[582,691,565,587]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="383">V. chama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with the medial tubercle prominently larger and projected proximally, beyond the level of the lateral one. In
<taxonomicName id="4C384D26692D5A09FF45FD480032FD3F" authorityName="SAM-ZM and MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[145,305,657,679]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Lupulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="383" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mesomelas">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB7692D5A09FF45FD480032FD3F" box="[145,305,657,679]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="383">L. mesomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, both tubercles are similar in height. The first metacarpal is unknown. The metacarpals (II–V), carpals (magnum and pyramidal) and tarsals (ectocuneiform) are more robust compared to African vulpini, and similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C384D26692D5A09FE47FCD60329FCB8" authorityName="SAM-ZM and MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[403,554,780,801]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Lupulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="383" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mesomelas">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB7692D5A09FE47FCD60329FCB8" box="[403,554,780,801]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="383">L. mesomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other African jackals. However, some minor traits distinguishes
<taxonomicName id="4C384D26692D5A09FF45FC90001DFCC7" authorityName="Valenciano &amp; Morales &amp; Govender" authorityYear="2022" box="[145,286,841,863]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="383" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="khoikhoi">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB7692D5A09FF45FC90001DFCC7" box="[145,286,841,863]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="383">E. khoikhoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="4C384D26692D5A09FEB8FC900312FCC7" authorityName="SAM-ZM and MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[364,529,841,863]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Lupulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="383" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mesomelas">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB7692D5A09FEB8FC900312FCC7" box="[364,529,841,863]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="383">L. mesomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other African jackals, such as the slenderer pyramidal and the wider dorsodistal part of the ectocuneiform. The phalanges (
<figureCitation id="13032A20692D5A09FF4EFC7F01F4FC23" box="[154,247,933,955]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="16.[163,242,1627,1649]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1588]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[163,1443,195,1588]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 8. Postcranial remains of Eucyon khoikhoi SAM-PQL-40041 from Langebaanweg. A, right distal fragment of the scapula: A1, lateral; A2, medial; A3, ventral views. B, right fragmentary humeral head: B1, caudal; B2. proximal views. C, left fragmentary radius, cranial view. D, right fragmentary ulna: D1, cranial; D2, medial; D3, caudal; D4, proximal views. E1, mounted hand comprising metacarpal II–V, and first, second and ungueal phalanges from the hand or foot, dorsal view; E2, metacarpal II–V, proximal view. F, left magnum: F1, medial; F2, dorsal; F3, lateral views. G, left pyramidal: G1, lateral; G2, medial views. H, right ectocuneiform: H1, lateral; H2, medial; H3, proximal views. I, first phalange: I1, dorsal; I2, lateral; I3, palmar/plantar; I4. proximal views. J, second phalange: J1, dorsal; J2, lateral; J3, palmar/plantar; J4. proximal views. K, ungueal phalange: K1, lateral; K2, dorsal; K3, proximal views. Scale bar equals 5 cm (A1–E1), and 2 cm (E2–K3)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360329" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360329/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="383">Fig. 8E</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13032A20692D5A09FF23FC7F0001FC23" box="[247,258,933,954]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="6.[163,241,1148,1170]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1109]" captionTargetId="figure-406@6.[163,1443,195,1109]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 1. Skull of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. Individual SAM-PQL-31272 (holotype). A, left side; B, right side; C, dorsal view; D, ventral view; E, rostral view; F, caudal view. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6360311/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="383">1</figureCitation>
, I–K) belong to different digits, but it is difficult to determine whether they belong to the pes or manus. The size difference suggest that they belong to both. The first phalanges have a similar length to
<taxonomicName id="4C384D26692D5A09FF64FBFA0053FBAC" authorityName="SAM-ZM and MNCN" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[176,336,1056,1077]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Lupulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="383" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mesomelas">
<emphasis id="B94CEAB7692D5A09FF64FBFA0053FBAC" box="[176,336,1056,1077]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="383">L. mesomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and shorter to the African vulpini. They are robust, slightly straight but with ventral curvature. We cannot infer any muscular attachment because of the bone grown on the periosteal surfaces. Two of the three second phalanges are much shorter to the other, which could suggest that they are from the feet. The ungual phalanx is also relatively robust and longer, resembling to those of the living canini. The tibia (SAM-PQL-40308) only preserves a long, slender and sigmoid shaft.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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