treatments-xml/data/03/F2/A4/03F2A447F170E029FC8284855CDF1290.xml

<document id="19B7A3C2723BDE58751FE5B3D32BA3D3" ID-CLB-Dataset="304675" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae090" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7b00e980-780d-4e4c-ad80-ce055675d5e0" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13774241" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1726225572511" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Rauhut, Oliver W. M., Bakirov, Aizek A., Wings, Oliver, Fernandes, Alexandra E. &amp; Hübner, Tom R." docDate="2024" docId="03F2A447F170E029FC8284855CDF1290" docLanguage="en" docName="zlae090.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 201 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae090" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C.6:ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleId="4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Alpkarakush kyrgyzicus Rauhut, Bakirov, Wings, Fernandes &amp; Hübner, 2024, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="40" masterDocId="FFCBDC3FF176E00EFFBB87755E621141" masterDocTitle="A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan" masterLastPageNumber="51" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="7" updateTime="1729533217363" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="04258F8E78F770D3CF097A07176E993E">A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="14D69EEF28024C372FC869EEAFA32D8C">Rauhut, Oliver W. M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="D3895A35BC3E4BAFCCF50FEE65166814">SNSB - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Munich, Germany &amp; Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany &amp; GeoBioCenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C30BAA9CFAC688821ECD6DE2DD1D5A88">Bakirov, Aizek A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="E11788B871F198AF4BC21CB8C59423D7">Institute of Geology n. a. M. M. Adyshev, National Academy of Sciences of Kyrgyz Republic, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="3BA2BC0F9E17511CA1EEBD0C63C28413">Wings, Oliver</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="35EB68D28B39C949AA8A6E07B3930F33">SNSB - Naturkundemuseum Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="8BAEF1AB47F04AF1BB86B7529E719F7B">Fernandes, Alexandra E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="1AD156847660999B434047E720FE932A">SNSB - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Munich, Germany &amp; Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6012D871AD924E4EB7E0B64624CDB970">Hübner, Tom R.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="57153D0F5AEFC6F5A074E5B74BA1B895">Friedenstein Stiftung Gotha, Gotha, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="3BE8DEDC478B79A9BA9F8180EABDF7DE">2024</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="C34146DAF170E008FC8284855AE91549" box="[825,1163,1008,1032]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE41551F170E008FC8284855AE91549" blockId="6.[825,1474,977,1095]" box="[825,1163,1008,1032]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F170E008FC8284855AE91549" bold="true" box="[825,1163,1008,1032]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F170E008FC8284855A571549" authorityName="Rauhut &amp; Bakirov &amp; Wings &amp; Fernandes &amp; Hübner" authorityYear="2024" box="[825,1077,1008,1032]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kyrgyzicus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F170E008FC8284855A571549" bold="true" box="[825,1077,1008,1032]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Alpkarakush kyrgyzicus</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21C7438F170E008FB8184855AE91549" box="[1082,1163,1008,1032]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<emphasis id="B92FC943F170E008FC82837A5D8A1566" box="[825,1000,1039,1063]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">ZooBank LSID:</emphasis>
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 
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</uri>
.
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<emphasis id="B92FC943F170E008FC82831D5DCA15C1" box="[825,936,1128,1152]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Etymology:</emphasis>
The species epithet refers to the 
<collectingCountry id="F34C55C1F170E008FB56831D5BFB15C1" box="[1261,1433,1128,1152]" name="Kyrgyzstan" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Kyrgyz Republic</collectingCountry>
, the provenance of the 
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specimen.
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<materialsCitation id="3B331F0CF170E009FC8283B45C871025" collectionCode="IGB" country="Kyrgyzstan" county="Callovian" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" location="FTU- 1" municipality="Balabansai Formation" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCode="IGB 2-1, 2-2, IGB 2-9, IGB 2-10,2-11, IGB 2-12, 2-13, IGB 2-22, IGB 2-14, 2-15, IGB 2-16, 2-17, 2-18, 2-19, 2-20, 2-21, IGB 2-24, IGB 2-47, IGB 2-25, IGB 2-26, 2-27, 2-28, 2-29, IGB 2-30, 2-31, IGB 2-32, IGB 2-33, IGB 2-34, IGB 2-35, IGB 2-36, 2-37, IGB 2-38, 2-39, IGB 2-40, IGB 2-41, IGB 2-42, 2-43, IGB 2-45, 2-46" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F170E008FC8283B45DF61598" box="[825,916,1217,1241]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
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Partial skeleton (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F170E008FBEF83B45AED1598" box="[1108,1167,1217,1241]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[130,195,1952,1976]" captionTargetBox="[165,1437,1530,1921]" captionTargetId="figure-591@6.[160,1443,1525,1924]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Outline reconstruction of Alpkarakush kyrgyzicus, with recovered elements indicated. Scale bar is 1 m." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774247" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774247/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
), including both postorbitals (
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF170E008FCFA83955DFB15B9" box="[833,921,1248,1272]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">IGB 2-1</specimenCode>
, 
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), the left quadratojugal (
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF170E008FB7383955B4115B9" box="[1224,1315,1248,1272]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">IGB 2-9</specimenCode>
), two posterior dorsal vertebral centra (
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF170E008FB9D838A5AA21456" box="[1062,1216,1279,1303]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">IGB 2-10,2-11</specimenCode>
), two partial dorsal neural spines (
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF170E008FC32826A5D901476" box="[905,1010,1311,1335]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">IGB 2-12</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF170E008FBBB826A5A531476" box="[1024,1073,1311,1335]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2-13</specimenCode>
) and a fragment of the dorsal neural arch (
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF170E008FCC8824B5DBE1417" box="[883,988,1342,1366]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">IGB 2-22</specimenCode>
), five sacral vertebrae (
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF170E008FB7D824B5B4E1417" box="[1222,1324,1342,1366]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">IGB 2-14</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF170E008FA8C824B5B0B1417" box="[1335,1385,1342,1366]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2-15</specimenCode>
), several dorsal ribs (
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF170E008FC0C82285A7D1434" box="[951,1055,1373,1397]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">IGB 2-16</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF170E008FB9082285A391434" box="[1067,1115,1373,1397]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2-17</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF170E008FBDC82285AF51434" box="[1127,1175,1373,1397]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2-18</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF170E008FB1F82285AB71434" box="[1188,1237,1373,1397]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2-19</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF170E008FB5B82285B731434" box="[1248,1297,1373,1397]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2-20</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF170E008FAA682285B2D1434" box="[1309,1359,1373,1397]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2-21</specimenCode>
), a manual phalanx (
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF170E008FC2C82085D9D14D4" box="[919,1023,1405,1429]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">IGB 2-24</specimenCode>
), a manual ungual (
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF170E008FB7082085B5614D4" box="[1227,1332,1405,1429]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">IGB 2-47</specimenCode>
), a partial left ilium (
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF170E008FCC582E95D8514F5" box="[894,999,1436,1460]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">IGB 2-25</specimenCode>
), a partial pubes (
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF170E008FB2582E95B6614F5" box="[1182,1284,1436,1460]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">IGB 2-26</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF170E008FAB582E95B5D14F5" box="[1294,1343,1436,1460]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2-27</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF170E008FAF282E95B1814F5" box="[1353,1402,1436,1460]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2-28</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF170E008FA3F82E95BD514F5" box="[1412,1463,1436,1460]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2-29</specimenCode>
), both articulated ischia (
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF171E009FED387E55FAD11E9" box="[360,463,144,168]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">IGB 2-30</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF171E009FE6187E55C6F11E9" box="[474,525,144,168]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2-31</specimenCode>
), a complete left (
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF171E009FD7087E55EC61186" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">IGB 2-32</specimenCode>
) and right (
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF171E009FEA687DA5FE11186" box="[285,387,175,199]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">IGB 2-33</specimenCode>
) femora, a complete left (
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF171E009FD3087DA5C911186" box="[651,755,175,199]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">IGB 2-34</specimenCode>
) and right tibiae (
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF171E009FEA187BA5FE011A7" box="[282,386,206,231]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">IGB 2-35</specimenCode>
), an almost complete left fibula (
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF171E009FD7787BA5EC01047" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">IGB 2-36</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF171E009FF17879B5EBD1047" box="[172,223,238,262]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2-37</specimenCode>
), left and right astragalocalcanea (
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF171E009FD81879B5CFD1047" box="[570,671,238,262]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">IGB 2-38</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF171E009FD11879B5CBF1047" box="[682,733,238,262]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2-39</specimenCode>
), a partial left distal tarsal IV (
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF171E009FE3D86785F8D1064" box="[390,495,269,293]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">IGB 2-40</specimenCode>
), a left metatarsal II (
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF171E009FD7786785EC71004" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">IGB 2-41</specimenCode>
), a left and right metatarsal III (
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF171E009FE4C86585C3C1004" box="[503,606,301,325]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">IGB 2-42</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF171E009FDD186585CFF1004" box="[618,669,301,325]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2-43</specimenCode>
), a pedal phalanx (IGB 2-44), and two pedal unguals (
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, 
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF171E009FD1E86395CBA1025" box="[677,728,332,356]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2-46</specimenCode>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2445D9F170E008FF3980D55AFB16F9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774247" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13774247" box="[130,1177,1952,1977]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774247/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[130,195,1952,1976]" targetBox="[165,1437,1530,1921]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE41551F170E008FF3980D55AFB16F9" blockId="6.[130,1177,1952,1977]" box="[130,1177,1952,1977]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F170E008FF3980D55EBB16F9" bold="true" box="[130,217,1952,1976]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 3.</emphasis>
Outline reconstruction of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F170E008FE6F80D55CC816F9" authorityName="Rauhut &amp; Bakirov &amp; Wings &amp; Fernandes &amp; Hübner" authorityYear="2024" box="[468,682,1952,1976]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kyrgyzicus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F170E008FE6F80D55CC816F9" box="[468,682,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Alpkarakush kyrgyzicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with recovered elements indicated. Scale bar is 1 m.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F171E009FFCA860A5CC210B5" blockId="7.[112,762,382,500]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<materialsCitation id="3B331F0CF171E009FFCA860A5CC210B5" collectionCode="IGB" country="Kyrgyzstan" county="Callovian" location="FTU- 1" municipality="Balabansai Formation" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" specimenCode="IGB 2-49, 2-50, 2-51, 2-52, IGB 2-53, IGB 2-48" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F171E009FFCA860A5EB210D7" box="[113,208,383,406]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F171E009FFCA860A5EA810D7" box="[113,202,383,406]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
Fragmentary postcranium of a smaller individual, from the same locality as the holotype, including the left and right pubes (
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF171E009FF0786C85F401094" box="[188,290,445,469]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">IGB 2-49</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF171E009FE9786C95F3F1095" box="[300,349,444,468]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2-50</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF171E009FEDC86C95FFA1095" box="[359,408,444,468]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2-51</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF171E009FE1986C95FB41095" box="[418,470,444,468]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2-52</specimenCode>
), a proximal fragment of the right ischium (
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF171E009FEBD86A95F0C10B5" box="[262,366,476,500]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">IGB 2-53</specimenCode>
), and a right tibia (
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF171E009FD9786A95CF610B5" box="[556,660,476,500]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">IGB 2-48</specimenCode>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F171E009FFCA85605E9213EA" blockId="7.[113,764,533,683]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<materialsCitation id="3B331F0CF171E009FFCA85605E9213EA" collectionCode="IGB" country="Kyrgyzstan" county="Callovian" location="FTU- 1" municipality="Balabansai Formation" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" specimenCode="IGB 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2-7, 2-8, 2-27, IGB 2-23" specimenCount="1">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F171E009FFCA85605F41136C" box="[113,291,533,557]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Referred material:</emphasis>
Several isolated teeth (
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF171E009FDAF85605C0F136C" box="[532,621,533,557]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">IGB 2-3</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF171E009FDC385605CF9136C" box="[632,667,533,557]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2-4</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF171E009FD1D85605CAB136C" box="[678,713,533,557]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2-5</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF171E009FD6F85605C9A136C" box="[724,760,533,557]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2-6</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF171E009FFC885405EF4130C" box="[115,150,565,589]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2-7</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF171E009FF1A85405EA7130C" box="[161,197,565,589]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2-8</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF171E009FF6B85405F60130C" box="[208,258,565,589]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2-27</specimenCode>
) and a furcula (
<specimenCode id="DBFDBD2AF171E009FE1E85405C6E130C" box="[421,524,565,589]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">IGB 2-23</specimenCode>
) from the type locality are referred to the same taxon. In the case of the teeth IGB 2-6, 2-7, 2-8, and 2-27, this referral should be regarded as tentative (see below).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F171E009FFCA85B85F361203" blockId="7.[113,762,716,834]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F171E009FFCA85B85FE413A5" box="[113,390,716,740]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Type locality and horizon:</emphasis>
Locality 
<location id="8E84438AF171E009FE4985B95C5913A5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F2A447F170E029FC8284855CDF1290:8E84438AF171E009FE4985B95C5913A5" box="[498,571,716,740]" country="Kyrgyzstan" county="Callovian" municipality="Balabansai Formation" name="FTU- 1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FTU-1</location>
, just west of the town of 
<location id="8E84438AF171E009FF71859E5F5C1242" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F2A447F170E029FC8284855CDF1290:8E84438AF171E009FF71859E5F5C1242" box="[202,318,747,771]" country="Kyrgyzstan" county="Callovian" municipality="Balabansai Formation" name="Tashkumyr" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tashkumyr</location>
, 
<location id="8E84438AF171E009FEF2859E5F9D1242" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F2A447F170E029FC8284855CDF1290:8E84438AF171E009FEF2859E5F9D1242" box="[329,511,747,771]" country="Kyrgyzstan" county="Callovian" municipality="Balabansai Formation" name="Jalal-Abad Oblast" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Jalal-Abad Oblast</location>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F34C55C1F171E009FDB085995C1C1245" box="[523,638,748,772]" name="Kyrgyzstan" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Kyrgyzstan</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="136009D4F171E009FD2A859E5CAD1242" box="[657,719,747,771]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[133,198,1925,1949]" captionTargetBox="[134,1471,487,1894]" captionTargetId="figure-200@2.[131,1475,483,1897]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1.Geographic location of the locality FTU-1 within Kyrgyzstan (A, B) and general geological map of the area around the city of Tashkumyr (C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774243/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="136009D4F171E009FD67859E5C8B1242" box="[732,745,747,771]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[179,1392,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-6@3.[179,1392,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Excavation site FTU-1. A, position of the site within the Uurusai Valley west of Tashkumyr (red arrow). B, overview of the site, with one of the authors (A.E.F.) for scale.C, section of the excavation site. Black line indicates approximate dip of the sediments.D, quadratojugal of the new theropod as discovered in the field.E, metatarsal III of the new theropod during the excavation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774245" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774245/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2</figureCitation>
). The specimens were found in the higher part of the 
<location id="8E84438AF171E009FD35847E5E801203" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F2A447F170E029FC8284855CDF1290:8E84438AF171E009FD35847E5E801203" country="Kyrgyzstan" county="Callovian" municipality="Balabansai Formation" name="Balabansai Formation" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Balabansai Formation</location>
, 
<location id="8E84438AF171E009FF50845F5F321203" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F2A447F170E029FC8284855CDF1290:8E84438AF171E009FF50845F5F321203" box="[235,336,810,834]" country="Kyrgyzstan" county="Callovian" municipality="Balabansai Formation" name="Callovian" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Callovian</location>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34146DAF171E009FFCA84115F2D172A" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BE41551F171E009FFCA84115F2D172A" blockId="7.[112,764,867,1643]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F171E009FFCA84115FA8123A" box="[113,458,867,891]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Diagnosis: 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F171E009FF5B84165FA8123A" authorityName="Rauhut &amp; Bakirov &amp; Wings &amp; Fernandes &amp; Hübner" authorityYear="2024" box="[224,458,867,891]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kyrgyzicus">Alpkarakush kyrgyzicus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
can be diagnosed by the following combination of characters (autapomorphies are indicated by *): extremely developed supraorbital brow on the postorbital, overhanging the orbit; posterior dorsal vertebrae with a channel leading from the centroprezygodiapophyseal fossa posteromedially into pneumatic chambers in the neural arch*; sacral vertebrae with fused neural spines that are approximately as high as the combined height of the vertebral centrum plus neural arch; manual phalanx II-1 with a ventral sulcus proximally that is almost completely enclosed by medial and lateral ventral flanges*; dorsal margin of the ilium slopes steeply posteroventrally*; brevis fossa on ilium reduced to a small medial shelf; shaft of pubis strongly bowed anteriorly; well-developed longitudinal depression on the posterolateral side of the pubic shaft adjacent to the pubic boot (based on 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F171E009FD9C826F5CE51473" box="[551,647,1306,1330]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
); unusually high pubis/tibia ratio (1.22 or higher); articulated ischia with pronounced ischial boots that are convex distally and fused anteriorly, but separated posteriorly; ischium with small obturator flange that is offset from the pubic peduncle; pubic peduncle of ischium very long; iliac articulation in proximal ischium cup-shaped; narrow and deep intercondylar groove on the anterior side of distal femur*; robust and well-developed medial epicondylar crest on distal femur, considerably offset proximally from distal end*; tibia with robust, bulbous fibular flange; astragalus and calcaneum fused.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34146DAF171E029FECD81F05CDF1290" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE41551F171E009FECD81F05F9417DE" blockId="7.[374,502,1669,1695]" box="[374,502,1669,1695]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F171E009FECD81F05F9417DE" bold="true" box="[374,502,1669,1695]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F171E009FE3081C55F83178B" blockId="7.[113,763,1712,1868]" box="[395,481,1712,1738]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F171E009FE3081C55F83178B" box="[395,481,1712,1738]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Cranium</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F171E009FFCA81A35EB3160D" blockId="7.[113,763,1712,1868]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Only both postorbitals and the left quadratojugal are preserved of the cranium. In addition, several teeth were collected from the site, at least several of which represent the same taxon with high certainty.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F171E009FFCA801C5DAB10C2" blockId="7.[113,762,1897,1983]" lastBlockId="7.[807,1461,144,1985]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F171E009FFCA801C5E8016C0" box="[113,226,1897,1921]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Postorbital:</emphasis>
Both postorbitals are preserved (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F171E009FDEB801C5CEF16C0" box="[592,653,1897,1921]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@8.[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Postorbital of A. kyrgyzicus. A–D, left postorbital IGB 2-1 in lateral (A, stereophotographs), posterior (B), medial (C), and dorsal (D, stereophotographs) views. E, F, right postorbital IGB 2-2 in lateral (E) and medial (F) views. Abbreviations:g, groove; jf, jugal facet; ls, laterosphenoid contact; ob, orbital brow; pp, posterior process; sf, supratemporal fossa; sq, squamosal facet; st, step. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774249" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774249/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). The left element (IGB 2-1) is complete (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F171E009FE6F80FD5C2316E1" box="[468,577,1928,1952]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@8.[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Postorbital of A. kyrgyzicus. A–D, left postorbital IGB 2-1 in lateral (A, stereophotographs), posterior (B), medial (C), and dorsal (D, stereophotographs) views. E, F, right postorbital IGB 2-2 in lateral (E) and medial (F) views. Abbreviations:g, groove; jf, jugal facet; ls, laterosphenoid contact; ob, orbital brow; pp, posterior process; sf, supratemporal fossa; sq, squamosal facet; st, step. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774249" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774249/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4A–D</figureCitation>
), while the right postorbital (IGB 2-2) has been reconstructed from numerous fragments and misses several of the finer margins (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F171E009FA8687E55BC011E6" box="[1341,1442,144,168]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@8.[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Postorbital of A. kyrgyzicus. A–D, left postorbital IGB 2-1 in lateral (A, stereophotographs), posterior (B), medial (C), and dorsal (D, stereophotographs) views. E, F, right postorbital IGB 2-2 in lateral (E) and medial (F) views. Abbreviations:g, groove; jf, jugal facet; ls, laterosphenoid contact; ob, orbital brow; pp, posterior process; sf, supratemporal fossa; sq, squamosal facet; st, step. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774249" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774249/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4E, F</figureCitation>
). As in most non-maniraptoriform theropods, the postorbital is a triradiate, T-shaped bone, in which the ventral (jugal) process is considerably longer than either the anterior (frontal) or posterior (squamosal) processes. The postorbital is 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F171E009FA9D867B5B4D1064" box="[1318,1327,270,293]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F171E009FA8586785B1F1064" box="[1342,1405,269,293]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
high and 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F171E009FCE386595DC81005" box="[856,938,300,324]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="cm" value="17.5">17.5 cm</quantity>
long over the anterior and posterior processes, of which the anterior process is longer (c. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F171E009FB0086395A8D1025" box="[1211,1263,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="cm" value="8.0">8 cm</quantity>
) than the posterior process (
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F171E009FC3D861E5DDF10C2" box="[902,957,363,387]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F171E009FCFE86FE5DC81680" blockId="7.[807,1461,144,1985]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
The most conspicuous character of the postorbital is an extremely developed, rugose orbital brow that covers the posterior two-thirds of the anterior process and the anterior half of the junction of the three processes (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F171E009FBCF869C5A971341" box="[1140,1269,489,513]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@8.[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Postorbital of A. kyrgyzicus. A–D, left postorbital IGB 2-1 in lateral (A, stereophotographs), posterior (B), medial (C), and dorsal (D, stereophotographs) views. E, F, right postorbital IGB 2-2 in lateral (E) and medial (F) views. Abbreviations:g, groove; jf, jugal facet; ls, laterosphenoid contact; ob, orbital brow; pp, posterior process; sf, supratemporal fossa; sq, squamosal facet; st, step. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774249" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774249/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4A, D, E</figureCitation>
). This brow forms a massive lateral and dorsal swelling with a rugose lateral surface, composed of numerous small tubercles, giving it a granulate texture. It considerably overhangs the posterodorsal part of the orbital cavity, thus forming a mediolaterally deeply concave dorsomedial surface of this opening at the junction of the processes.Strongly developed postorbital brows are generally present in carcharodontosaurids (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F171E009FBEB85B15B62139D" author="Sereno PC &amp; Dutheil DB &amp; Iarochene M" box="[1104,1280,708,732]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="986 - 91" refId="ref40017" refString="Sereno PC, Dutheil DB, Iarochene M et al. Predatory dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous faunal differentiation. Science 1996; 272: 986 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 272.5264.986" type="journal article" year="1996">
Sereno 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F171E009FB2785B05AA1139D" box="[1180,1219,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
. 1996
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F171E009FAB285B15D3E13BA" author="Coria RA &amp; Currie PJ" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="71 - 118" refId="ref36440" refString="Coria RA, Currie PJ. A new carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina. Geodiversitas 2006; 28: 71 - 118." type="journal article" year="2006">Coria and Currie 2006</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F171E009FCD085965A4513BA" author="Canale JI &amp; Apesteguia S &amp; Gallina PA" box="[875,1063,739,763]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="3195 - 202" refId="ref35770" refString="Canale JI, Apesteguia S, Gallina PA et al. New giant carnivorous dinosaur reveals convergent evolutionary trends in theropod arm reduction. Current Biology 2022; 32: 3195 - 202. e 5. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cub. 2022.05.057" type="journal article" year="2022">
Canale 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F171E009FC0185915D8713BA" box="[954,997,739,763]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
. 2022
</bibRefCitation>
), and also in the metriacanthosaurids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F171E009FC8E84765DBE125A" author="Dong Z &amp; Zhou S &amp; Zhang Y" box="[821,988,771,795]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 145" refId="ref36892" refString="Dong Z, Zhou S, Zhang Y. [The dinosaurian remains from Sichuan Basin, China]. Palaeontologia Sinica 1983; 162: 1 - 145. [in Chinese]." type="journal article" year="1983">
Dong 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F171E009FCCF84765DFF125A" box="[884,925,771,795]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
. 1983
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F171E009FC5C84765AA9125A" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[999,1227,771,795]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F171E009FB6D84765B59125A" author="Gao Y" box="[1238,1339,771,795]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref37185" refString="Gao Y. [A Complete Carnosaur Skeleton from Zigong, Sichuan - Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis]. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 1999. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1999">Gao 1999</bibRefCitation>
). However, whereas carcharodontosaurids usually have an ornamentation of ridges and grooves, metriacanthosaurids show a similar granulated structure as it is also present in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F171E009FB4B84145B0F1238" authorityName="Rauhut &amp; Bakirov &amp; Wings &amp; Fernandes &amp; Hübner" authorityYear="2024" box="[1264,1389,865,889]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F171E009FB4B84145B0F1238" box="[1264,1389,865,889]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Alpkarakush</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. From the posterior margin of the brow, a marked oblique step extends posteroventrally over the lateral surface of the ventral process (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F171E009FC8E84CA5DE01296" box="[821,898,959,983]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@8.[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Postorbital of A. kyrgyzicus. A–D, left postorbital IGB 2-1 in lateral (A, stereophotographs), posterior (B), medial (C), and dorsal (D, stereophotographs) views. E, F, right postorbital IGB 2-2 in lateral (E) and medial (F) views. Abbreviations:g, groove; jf, jugal facet; ls, laterosphenoid contact; ob, orbital brow; pp, posterior process; sf, supratemporal fossa; sq, squamosal facet; st, step. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774249" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774249/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
), as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F171E009FC6284CA5B271296" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[985,1349,959,983]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F171E009FC6284CA5A571297" box="[985,1077,959,982]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F171E009FBF284CA5B5B1296" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[1097,1337,959,983]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. This step meets the convex posterior margin of this process at approximately its half height and separates a smooth posterodorsal surface from a more rugose anteroventral surface, which covers most of the lateral surface of the ventral process, similar to the condition in many abelisaurids (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F171E009FB2C832E5BCF1532" author="Sampson SD &amp; Witmer LM" box="[1175,1453,1115,1139]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="32 - 102" refId="ref39835" refString="Sampson SD, Witmer LM. Craniofacial anatomy of Majungsaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Memoir 2007; 8: 32 - 102." type="journal article" year="2007">Sampson and Witmer 2007</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F171E009FC91830E5D8B15D2" author="Cerroni MA &amp; Canale JI &amp; Novas FE" box="[810,1001,1147,1171]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="2444 - 85" refId="ref36096" refString="Cerroni MA, Canale JI, Novas FE. The skull of Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte 1985 revisited: insights from craniofacial bones, palate and lower jaw. Historical Biology 2020; 33: 2444 - 85. https: // doi. org / 10.1 080 / 08912963.2020.1802445" type="journal article" year="2020">
Cerroni 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F171E009FC3B830E5DCB15D2" box="[896,937,1147,1171]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
. 2020
</bibRefCitation>
). Similar low rugosities also cover the lateral and dorsal surfaces of the anterior process anterior to the orbital brow. The anterior end of the anterior process is turned ventrally, as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F171E009FCD883AC5AF215B0" authority="(Schade et al. 2023)" baseAuthorityName="Schade" baseAuthorityYear="2023" box="[867,1168,1241,1265]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Irritator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F171E009FCD883AC5DD115B1" box="[867,947,1241,1264]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Irritator</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F171E009FC7E83AC5AE615B0" author="Schade M &amp; Rauhut OWM &amp; Foth C" box="[965,1156,1241,1265]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref39872" refString="Schade M, Rauhut OWM, Foth C et al. A reappraisal of the cranial osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Palaeontologia Electronica 2023; 26: a 17." type="journal volume" year="2023">
Schade 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F171E009FBAC83AC5A2015B0" box="[1047,1090,1241,1265]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
. 2023
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The anterior margin of the anterior process is massive (
<emphasis id="B92FC943F171E009FBF0838C5A361451" box="[1099,1108,1273,1296]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F171E009FBE4838D5ACA144E" box="[1119,1192,1272,1296]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
thick dorsoventrally), but lacks an articular facet for the lacrimal/prefrontal, indicating that the latter elements did not contact the postorbital, in contrast to abelisaurids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F171E009FBBC82235B41142F" author="Bonaparte JF &amp; Novas FE" box="[1031,1315,1366,1390]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="259 - 65" refId="ref35216" refString="Bonaparte JF, Novas FE. Abelisaurus comahuensis, n. g., n. sp., Carnosauria del Cretacio tardio de Patagonia. Ameghiniana 1985; 21: 259 - 65." type="journal article" year="1985">Bonaparte and Novas 1985</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F171E009FA8B82235D1914CC" author="Bonaparte JF &amp; Novas FE &amp; Coria RA" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 41" refId="ref35251" refString="Bonaparte JF, Novas FE, Coria RA. Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte, the horned, lightly built carnosaur from the Middle Cretaceous of Patagonia. Contributions in Science 1990; 416: 1 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 226819" type="journal article" year="1990">
Bonaparte 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F171E009FA1982225D5E14CC" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
. 1990
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F171E009FC3E82005AF814CC" author="Sampson SD &amp; Witmer LM" box="[901,1178,1397,1421]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="32 - 102" refId="ref39835" refString="Sampson SD, Witmer LM. Craniofacial anatomy of Majungsaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Memoir 2007; 8: 32 - 102." type="journal article" year="2007">Sampson and Witmer 2007</bibRefCitation>
) and carcharodontosaurids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F171E009FC8E82E05D8B14EC" author="Sereno PC &amp; Dutheil DB &amp; Iarochene M" box="[821,1001,1429,1453]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="986 - 91" refId="ref40017" refString="Sereno PC, Dutheil DB, Iarochene M et al. Predatory dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous faunal differentiation. Science 1996; 272: 986 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 272.5264.986" type="journal article" year="1996">
Sereno 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F171E009FC3A82E05DC814EC" box="[897,938,1429,1453]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
. 1996
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F171E009FC4F82E05AB914EC" author="Coria RA &amp; Currie PJ" box="[1012,1243,1429,1453]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="802 - 11" refId="ref36405" refString="Coria RA, Currie PJ. The braincase of Giganotosaurus carolinii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2002; 22: 802 - 11." type="journal article" year="2002">Coria and Currie 2002</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F171E009FB5D82E05D3C148D" author="Brusatte SL &amp; Sereno PC" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="155 - 82" refId="ref35386" refString="Brusatte SL, Sereno PC. Phylogeny of Allosauroidea (Dinosauria: Theropoda): comparative analysis and resolution. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2008; 6: 155 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 1477201907002404" type="journal article" year="2008">Sereno and Brusatte 2008</bibRefCitation>
). The posterior process is short and spike like, being wider mediolaterally than dorsoventrally over its entire length, as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F171E009FC9182865AE3174A" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[810,1153,1523,1547]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F171E009FC9182865DE4174B" box="[810,902,1523,1546]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F171E009FC2E82865A14174A" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[917,1142,1523,1547]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, but in contrast to most theropods, where this process usually forms a dorsoventrally oriented, triangular sheet of bone (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F171E009FBEF81445A821708" author="Madsen JH" box="[1108,1248,1585,1609]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="3 - 163" refId="ref38275" refString="Madsen JH. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Bulletin 1976; 109: 3 - 163." type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen 1976</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F171E009FB5081445B311708" author="Britt BB" box="[1259,1363,1585,1609]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 72" refId="ref35300" refString="Britt BB. Theropods of Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri. BYU Geology Studies 1991; 37: 1 - 72." type="journal article" year="1991">Britt 1991</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F171E009FAE581475DF21728" author="Brusatte SL &amp; Carr TD &amp; Norell MA" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 197" refId="ref35529" refString="Brusatte SL, Carr TD, Norell MA. The osteology of Alioramus, a gracile and long-snouted tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2012; 366: 1 - 197. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 770.1" type="journal article" year="2012">
Brusatte 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F171E009FC9181245D301728" box="[810,850,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
. 2012
</bibRefCitation>
, Rauhut 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F171E009FC5081245A701728" box="[1003,1042,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
. 2016). In dorsal view, this process tapers posteriorly and shows weak longitudinal striations where it was overlapped by the squamosal (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F171E009FBE481FA5AC817E6" box="[1119,1194,1679,1703]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@8.[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Postorbital of A. kyrgyzicus. A–D, left postorbital IGB 2-1 in lateral (A, stereophotographs), posterior (B), medial (C), and dorsal (D, stereophotographs) views. E, F, right postorbital IGB 2-2 in lateral (E) and medial (F) views. Abbreviations:g, groove; jf, jugal facet; ls, laterosphenoid contact; ob, orbital brow; pp, posterior process; sf, supratemporal fossa; sq, squamosal facet; st, step. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774249" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774249/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
). There is a marked asymmetry in the development of the lateral surface of the posterior process of the left and right postorbital; whereas it is dorsoventrally narrow in the former, and was probably underlain by the ventral anterior process of the squamosal, the right element shows a deep longitudinal groove on the lateral surface of this process (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F171E009FC3D803E5DA91622" box="[902,971,1867,1891]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@8.[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Postorbital of A. kyrgyzicus. A–D, left postorbital IGB 2-1 in lateral (A, stereophotographs), posterior (B), medial (C), and dorsal (D, stereophotographs) views. E, F, right postorbital IGB 2-2 in lateral (E) and medial (F) views. Abbreviations:g, groove; jf, jugal facet; ls, laterosphenoid contact; ob, orbital brow; pp, posterior process; sf, supratemporal fossa; sq, squamosal facet; st, step. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774249" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774249/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
), in which the anterior process of the squamosal might have fitted. A similar groove on the lateral side of the posterior process of the postorbital is found in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F171E009FB6280FF5DC71680" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F171E009FB6280FF5B5716E0" box="[1241,1333,1930,1953]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F171E009FAFE80FF5DFB1680" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2445D9F17EE006FF3A80595B07163D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774249" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13774249" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774249/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[129,194,1836,1860]" targetBox="[180,1423,144,1808]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE41551F17EE006FF3A80595B07163D" blockId="8.[129,1432,1836,1916]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17EE006FF3A80595EBA1605" bold="true" box="[129,216,1836,1860]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 4.</emphasis>
Postorbital of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F17EE006FEDA80595FBB1605" authorityName="Rauhut &amp; Bakirov &amp; Wings &amp; Fernandes &amp; Hübner" authorityYear="2024" box="[353,473,1836,1860]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kyrgyzicus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17EE006FEDA80595FBB1605" box="[353,473,1836,1860]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">A. kyrgyzicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A–D, left postorbital IGB 2-1 in lateral (A, stereophotographs), posterior (B), medial (C), and dorsal (D, stereophotographs) views. E, F, right postorbital IGB 2-2 in lateral (E) and medial (F) views. Abbreviations: g, groove; jf, jugal facet; ls, laterosphenoid contact; ob, orbital brow; pp, posterior process; sf, supratemporal fossa; sq, squamosal facet; st, step. Scale bar is 5 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F17FE007FF3687E55FEC13BA" blockId="9.[113,764,144,1359]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
In medial view, a marked ridge forms the posterior and posterodorsal margins of the orbit and extends from the anteromedial end of the anterior process to the ventral end of the ventral process (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F17FE007FEFF879B5FCB1044" box="[324,425,238,262]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@8.[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Postorbital of A. kyrgyzicus. A–D, left postorbital IGB 2-1 in lateral (A, stereophotographs), posterior (B), medial (C), and dorsal (D, stereophotographs) views. E, F, right postorbital IGB 2-2 in lateral (E) and medial (F) views. Abbreviations:g, groove; jf, jugal facet; ls, laterosphenoid contact; ob, orbital brow; pp, posterior process; sf, supratemporal fossa; sq, squamosal facet; st, step. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774249" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774249/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4C, F</figureCitation>
). A stout flange of bone extends from the ventral end of this ridge towards the base of the posterior process, thus forming the markedly convex dorsal part of the anterior margin of the infratemporal fenestra; the ventral part of this margin was formed by the dorsal process of the jugal, which the postorbital overlapped anteriorly in the ventral third of its height. The facet for the jugal is developed as a broad, posteriorly opening groove on the posterior surface of the orbital ridge (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F17FE007FE38869C5FAC1340" box="[387,462,489,513]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@8.[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Postorbital of A. kyrgyzicus. A–D, left postorbital IGB 2-1 in lateral (A, stereophotographs), posterior (B), medial (C), and dorsal (D, stereophotographs) views. E, F, right postorbital IGB 2-2 in lateral (E) and medial (F) views. Abbreviations:g, groove; jf, jugal facet; ls, laterosphenoid contact; ob, orbital brow; pp, posterior process; sf, supratemporal fossa; sq, squamosal facet; st, step. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774249" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774249/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
), as in megalosauroids (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17FE007FFCA857D5EB91361" author="Britt BB" box="[113,219,520,544]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 72" refId="ref35300" refString="Britt BB. Theropods of Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri. BYU Geology Studies 1991; 37: 1 - 72." type="journal article" year="1991">Britt 1991</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17FE007FF53857D5FC01361" author="Sereno PC &amp; Wilson JA &amp; Larsson HCE" box="[232,418,520,544]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="267 - 71" refId="ref40110" refString="Sereno PC, Wilson JA, Larsson HCE et al. Early Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Sahara. Science 1994; 266: 267 - 71. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 266.5183.267" type="journal article" year="1994">
Sereno 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17FE007FE8C857C5F031361" box="[311,353,520,544]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
. 1994
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17FE007FE14857D5C0B1361" author="Sadleir R &amp; Barrett PM &amp; Powell HP" box="[431,617,520,544]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 82" refId="ref39752" refString="Sadleir R, Barrett PM, Powell HP. The anatomy and systematics of Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis, a theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Oxfordshire, England. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society 2008; 160: 1 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 25761900.2022.12 131807" type="journal article" year="2008">
Sadleir 
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. 2008
</bibRefCitation>
, Rauhut 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17FE007FD71857C5C961361" box="[714,756,520,544]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
. 2016, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17FE007FF0985525F0F137E" author="Schade M &amp; Rauhut OWM &amp; Foth C" box="[178,365,551,575]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref39872" refString="Schade M, Rauhut OWM, Foth C et al. A reappraisal of the cranial osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Palaeontologia Electronica 2023; 26: a 17." type="journal volume" year="2023">
Schade 
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. 2023
</bibRefCitation>
). Anterior to the orbital ridge, a small anterior flange intruding into the orbit was obviously present, similar to the situation in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F17FE007FE3685135C98133F" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[397,762,614,638]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17FE007FE3685135F8B133C" box="[397,489,614,637]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17FE007FE4585135C8D133F" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[510,751,614,638]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and other metriacanthosaurids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17FE007FE0485F05C4613DC" author="Gao Y" box="[447,548,645,669]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref37185" refString="Gao Y. [A Complete Carnosaur Skeleton from Zigong, Sichuan - Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis]. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 1999. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1999">Gao 1999</bibRefCitation>
), but is damaged on both sides. At the junction of the three processes, a deep, oval depression dorsal to the orbital ridge marks the contact with the laterosphenoid. (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F17FE007FE9B85965FE113BA" box="[288,387,739,763]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@8.[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Postorbital of A. kyrgyzicus. A–D, left postorbital IGB 2-1 in lateral (A, stereophotographs), posterior (B), medial (C), and dorsal (D, stereophotographs) views. E, F, right postorbital IGB 2-2 in lateral (E) and medial (F) views. Abbreviations:g, groove; jf, jugal facet; ls, laterosphenoid contact; ob, orbital brow; pp, posterior process; sf, supratemporal fossa; sq, squamosal facet; st, step. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774249" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774249/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4C, F</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F17FE007FF3684765B0611A6" blockId="9.[113,764,144,1359]" lastBlockId="9.[809,1459,144,231]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
In dorsal view, the supratemporal fossa extends onto the medial side of the anterior process of the postorbital and forms a smooth, dorsally facing shelf anterior to the laterosphenoid articulation (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F17FE007FF4284145F241238" box="[249,326,865,889]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@8.[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Postorbital of A. kyrgyzicus. A–D, left postorbital IGB 2-1 in lateral (A, stereophotographs), posterior (B), medial (C), and dorsal (D, stereophotographs) views. E, F, right postorbital IGB 2-2 in lateral (E) and medial (F) views. Abbreviations:g, groove; jf, jugal facet; ls, laterosphenoid contact; ob, orbital brow; pp, posterior process; sf, supratemporal fossa; sq, squamosal facet; st, step. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774249" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774249/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
), as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F17FE007FE2D84145C971238" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[406,757,865,889]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17FE007FE2D84145F901239" box="[406,498,865,888]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17FE007FDBA84145C8B1238" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[513,745,865,889]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Anteromedial to this shelf, the relatively thin articular surface for the frontal is marked by a groove in the anteromedial margin of the bone. Behind the laterosphenoid articulation, the margin of the supratemporal fossa extends onto the dorsal surface of the medial side of the junction of the three processes and is offset posteroventrally by a marked step from the medial surface of the posterior flange on the ventral process. Posterodorsally, an abrupt flexure separates the margin of the supratemporal fossa from the dorsal surface of the base of the posterior process. This surface is flat and marked by a sharp dorsal rim laterally. Apparently, all of this surface was overlapped by the dorsal process of the squamosal, as indicated by the sharp lateral rim and a small raised lip at the anterior end of this surface (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F17FE007FD27838D5C881451" box="[668,746,1272,1296]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@8.[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Postorbital of A. kyrgyzicus. A–D, left postorbital IGB 2-1 in lateral (A, stereophotographs), posterior (B), medial (C), and dorsal (D, stereophotographs) views. E, F, right postorbital IGB 2-2 in lateral (E) and medial (F) views. Abbreviations:g, groove; jf, jugal facet; ls, laterosphenoid contact; ob, orbital brow; pp, posterior process; sf, supratemporal fossa; sq, squamosal facet; st, step. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774249" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774249/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
). If this really was the case, the dorsal anterior process of the squamosal would have reached considerably more anteriorly than the ventral process and would have reached the level of the posterior margin of the orbit, an unusual condition in theropods, including metriacanthosaurids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17FE007FBCA87BA5B3611A6" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[1137,1364,207,231]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F17FE004FC91867D5C401083" blockId="9.[810,1461,264,1353]" lastBlockId="10.[128,778,144,450]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17FE007FC91867D5DA31061" box="[810,961,264,288]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Quadratojugal:</emphasis>
The left quadratojugal (IGB 2-9) is almost completely preserved, missing only minor parts at the anterior end (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F17FE007FC8E86325D0C101F" box="[821,878,326,351]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1926,1950]" captionTargetBox="[146,1426,1423,1899]" captionTargetId="figure-848@9.[146,1426,1423,1899]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Left quadratojugal of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-9, in lateral (A), posterior (B), and medial (C) views. Abbreviations:djp, articular facet for the dorsal jugal prong; dqc, dorsal quadrate contact; vjp, facet for the ventral jugal prong; vqc, ventral quadrat contact. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774251" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774251/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). It has a long and slender anterior (jugal) process and a ventrally wide, dorsally tapering triangular dorsal (squamosal) process. The element is considerably longer anteroposteriorly (&gt; 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F17FE007FCF086D05DC010FC" box="[843,930,421,445]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="180.0">180 mm</quantity>
) than high dorsoventrally (
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F17FE007FB7C86D05B4110FC" box="[1223,1315,421,445]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.28" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="128.0">128 mm</quantity>
), indicating a large, at least ventrally anteroposteriorly wide, infratemporal fenestra, as in other metriacanthosaurids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17FE007FB0086915B0610BA" author="Dong Z &amp; Zhou S &amp; Zhang Y" box="[1211,1380,483,508]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 145" refId="ref36892" refString="Dong Z, Zhou S, Zhang Y. [The dinosaurian remains from Sichuan Basin, China]. Palaeontologia Sinica 1983; 162: 1 - 145. [in Chinese]." type="journal article" year="1983">
Dong 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17FE007FB4086915B4610BA" box="[1275,1316,483,507]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
. 1983
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17FE007FACB86965DA9135A" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17FE007FC6285765A23135A" author="Gao Y" box="[985,1089,515,539]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref37185" refString="Gao Y. [A Complete Carnosaur Skeleton from Zigong, Sichuan - Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis]. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 1999. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1999">Gao 1999</bibRefCitation>
). There is a medial, laterally facing shelf in the anterior part of the anterior process for the reception of the dorsal posterior process of the jugal (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F17FE007FA9285345B171318" box="[1321,1397,577,601]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1926,1950]" captionTargetBox="[146,1426,1423,1899]" captionTargetId="figure-848@9.[146,1426,1423,1899]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Left quadratojugal of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-9, in lateral (A), posterior (B), and medial (C) views. Abbreviations:djp, articular facet for the dorsal jugal prong; dqc, dorsal quadrate contact; vjp, facet for the ventral jugal prong; vqc, ventral quadrat contact. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774251" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774251/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
), and a ventromedially facing groove on the ventromedial surface for the ventral posterior process of the jugal (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F17FE007FB7685F55B7413D9" box="[1229,1302,640,664]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1926,1950]" captionTargetBox="[146,1426,1423,1899]" captionTargetId="figure-848@9.[146,1426,1423,1899]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Left quadratojugal of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-9, in lateral (A), posterior (B), and medial (C) views. Abbreviations:djp, articular facet for the dorsal jugal prong; dqc, dorsal quadrate contact; vjp, facet for the ventral jugal prong; vqc, ventral quadrat contact. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774251" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774251/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
). A similar, but more ventrally placed groove is present in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F17FE007FB5C85EA5D0B1396" authority="(Madsen 1976)" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1976" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17FE007FB5C85EA5B2C13F6" box="[1255,1358,671,695]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Allosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17FE007FADA85EA5D3C1396" author="Madsen JH" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="3 - 163" refId="ref38275" refString="Madsen JH. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Bulletin 1976; 109: 3 - 163." type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen 1976</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17FE007FC1885CA5AC21396" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[931,1184,703,727]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao (1993)</bibRefCitation>
described a medial groove on the anterior process of the quadratojugal for 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F17FE007FA9D85AB5BE013B4" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[1318,1410,734,757]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17FE007FA9D85AB5BE013B4" box="[1318,1410,734,757]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sinraptor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but interpreted it as the articulation for a seemingly unique, medial posterior process of the jugal in this taxon. Whereas the shelf for the dorsal jugal process ends approximately 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F17FE007FAA084495BE91212" box="[1307,1419,828,852]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="27.5" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="25.0">25–30 mm</quantity>
anterior to the dorsal quadratojugal process, the medioventral groove continues to the level of the posterior margin of the infratemporal fenestra, indicating that the ventral jugal process was considerably longer than the dorsal process, as in many theropods. The anterior process and the ventral margin of the main quadratojugal process are somewhat thickened, as is the posterior margin of the dorsal process. In contrast, the lamina spanning between the two processes forms a thin sheet of bone that is slightly depressed in medial view. Posteriorly, a flat, oval surface at the posteroventral end of the bone that faces medially and slightly ventrally marks the contact with the lateral surface of the lateral condyle of the quadrate (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F17FE007FB1783C15A97158D" box="[1196,1269,1204,1228]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1926,1950]" captionTargetBox="[146,1426,1423,1899]" captionTargetId="figure-848@9.[146,1426,1423,1899]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Left quadratojugal of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-9, in lateral (A), posterior (B), and medial (C) views. Abbreviations:djp, articular facet for the dorsal jugal prong; dqc, dorsal quadrate contact; vjp, facet for the ventral jugal prong; vqc, ventral quadrat contact. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774251" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774251/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
). Above this facet, the posterior margin flexes slightly medially, probably for continued contact with the quadrate shaft. There is no medial indentation in this margin, indicating that, if a quadrate foramen was present, it was mainly or entirely enclosed by the quadrate. In the dorsal third of the bone, there is a widened, posteriorly facing facet that was posteriorly overlapped by the lateral lamina of the quadrate (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F17CE004FEAF87BA5F3E11A7" box="[276,348,206,231]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1926,1950]" captionTargetBox="[146,1426,1423,1899]" captionTargetId="figure-848@9.[146,1426,1423,1899]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Left quadratojugal of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-9, in lateral (A), posterior (B), and medial (C) views. Abbreviations:djp, articular facet for the dorsal jugal prong; dqc, dorsal quadrate contact; vjp, facet for the ventral jugal prong; vqc, ventral quadrat contact. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774251" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774251/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
), as e.g. in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F17CE004FE6F87BA5EA31047" authority="(Dong et al. 1983)" baseAuthorityName="Dong" baseAuthorityYear="1983" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Yangchuanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FE6F87BA5CEA11A6" box="[468,648,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Yangchuanosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17CE004FD2387BA5ED71047" author="Dong Z &amp; Zhou S &amp; Zhang Y" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 145" refId="ref36892" refString="Dong Z, Zhou S, Zhang Y. [The dinosaurian remains from Sichuan Basin, China]. Palaeontologia Sinica 1983; 162: 1 - 145. [in Chinese]." type="journal article" year="1983">
Dong 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FD6287BA5D6111A6" box="[729,771,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
. 1983
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. In medial view, a very low, anterodorsally extending ridge delimits a medially facing, oval facet at the tip of the dorsal process that might have been overlapped by the ventral process of the squamosal. Overall, the quadratojugal of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F17CE004FDF286395CA41025" authorityName="Rauhut &amp; Bakirov &amp; Wings &amp; Fernandes &amp; Hübner" authorityYear="2024" box="[585,710,332,356]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FDF286395CA41025" box="[585,710,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Alpkarakush</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems to be more robust than that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F17CE004FE0A86195C6F10C2" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[433,525,364,387]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FE0A86195C6F10C2" box="[433,525,364,387]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sinraptor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F17CE004FD96861E5C8310C2" box="[557,737,363,387]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Yangchuanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FD96861E5C8310C2" box="[557,737,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Yangchuanosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, especially in the more evenly tapering dorsal process (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17CE004FD2186FE5ED71083" author="Dong Z &amp; Zhou S &amp; Zhang Y" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 145" refId="ref36892" refString="Dong Z, Zhou S, Zhang Y. [The dinosaurian remains from Sichuan Basin, China]. Palaeontologia Sinica 1983; 162: 1 - 145. [in Chinese]." type="journal article" year="1983">
Dong 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FD6186FE5D6810E2" box="[730,778,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
1983
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17CE004FF0486DF5FC01083" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[191,418,426,450]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17CE004FE1686DF5C701083" author="Gao Y" box="[429,530,426,450]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref37185" refString="Gao Y. [A Complete Carnosaur Skeleton from Zigong, Sichuan - Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis]. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 1999. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1999">Gao 1999</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2445D9F17FE007FFCA80F35B0816FB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774251" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13774251" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774251/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[113,178,1926,1950]" targetBox="[146,1426,1423,1899]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE41551F17FE007FFCA80F35B0816FB" blockId="9.[113,1449,1926,1979]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17FE007FFCA80F35EAB16DE" bold="true" box="[113,201,1926,1951]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 5.</emphasis>
Left quadratojugal of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F17FE007FE2380F25C2116DE" authority=", IGB" authorityName="IGB" box="[408,579,1927,1951]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kyrgyzicus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17FE007FE2380F25C7216DE" box="[408,528,1927,1951]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A. kyrgyzicus</emphasis>
, IGB
</taxonomicName>
2-9, in lateral (A), posterior (B), and medial (C) views. Abbreviations: djp, articular facet for the dorsal jugal prong; dqc, dorsal quadrate contact; vjp, facet for the ventral jugal prong; vqc, ventral quadrat contact. Scale bar is 5 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F17CE004FF3A86965B4A11A6" blockId="10.[126,780,483,1980]" lastBlockId="10.[825,1476,144,1171]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FF3A86965EDC10BA" box="[129,190,483,507]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Teeth:</emphasis>
Several partial to complete teeth have been collected from site FTU-1 (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F17CE004FE8D85765F0C135A" box="[310,366,515,539]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="11.[115,180,1629,1653]" captionTargetBox="[258,1314,144,1601]" captionTargetId="figure-178@11.[258,1314,144,1601]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 6. Teeth referred to of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, possible premaxillary tooth IGB 2-6 in mesial (A), labial or lingual (B), and distal (C) views. D, E, lateral tooth IGB 2-3 in (?)lingual (D) and distal (E) views. Scale bar is 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774253" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774253/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). Some are clearly theropod teeth, being labiolingually compressed, recurved, and showing serrated carinae (IGB 2-3, 2-4, 2-5). Only one of these teeth is complete (IGB 2-3; 
<figureCitation id="136009D4F17CE004FF5F85145F271339" box="[228,325,609,633]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="11.[115,180,1629,1653]" captionTargetBox="[258,1314,144,1601]" captionTargetId="figure-178@11.[258,1314,144,1601]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 6. Teeth referred to of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, possible premaxillary tooth IGB 2-6 in mesial (A), labial or lingual (B), and distal (C) views. D, E, lateral tooth IGB 2-3 in (?)lingual (D) and distal (E) views. Scale bar is 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774253" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774253/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig.6D, E</figureCitation>
), with a fore-aft basal length of approximately 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F17CE004FFC585F55EB913D6" box="[126,219,640,664]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="21.5">21.5 mm</quantity>
and a crown height of 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FE0585F45FA513D9" box="[446,455,641,664]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F17CE004FE6985F55C7F13D6" box="[466,541,640,664]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
, and are thus in the size range of maxillary teeth of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F17CE004FE3685D55CBE13F6" authority="(Hendrickx et al. 2020)" baseAuthorityName="Hendrickx" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[397,732,671,695]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FE3685D55F8B13F6" box="[397,489,672,695]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17CE004FE4285EA5CB313F6" author="Hendrickx C &amp; Stiegler J &amp; Currie PJ" box="[505,721,671,695]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1127 - 47" refId="ref37572" refString="Hendrickx C, Stiegler J, Currie PJ et al. Dental anatomy of the apex predator Sinraptor dongi (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) from the Late Jurassic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2020; 57: 1127 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / cjes- 2019 - 0231" type="journal article" year="2020">
Hendrickx 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FDD085D55CFB13F6" box="[619,665,671,695]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, but slightly smaller than the larger lateral teeth of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F17CE004FDED85CA5F0F13B7" authority="(Gao 1999)" baseAuthorityName="Gao" baseAuthorityYear="1999" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Yangchuanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hepingensis">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FDED85CA5E8C13B7" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17CE004FF4685AB5F0313B7" author="Gao Y" box="[253,353,734,758]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref37185" refString="Gao Y. [A Complete Carnosaur Skeleton from Zigong, Sichuan - Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis]. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 1999. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1999">Gao 1999</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The other two teeth are partial and were considerably smaller. As tooth size varies considerably in theropods, both taxonomically and also in respect to their position within the jaw, these teeth might belong to the same individual as the rest of the bones, although this cannot be shown with certainty. Even more problematic are the remaining four teeth or tooth fragments (IGB 2-6, 2-7, 2-8, 2-27), which have a rather round cross-section, are notably recurved, and lack carinae or serrations. The best preserved of these teeth (IGB 2-6; 
<figureCitation id="136009D4F17CE004FD2D84AC5C9C12B0" box="[662,766,985,1009]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="11.[115,180,1629,1653]" captionTargetBox="[258,1314,144,1601]" captionTargetId="figure-178@11.[258,1314,144,1601]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 6. Teeth referred to of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, possible premaxillary tooth IGB 2-6 in mesial (A), labial or lingual (B), and distal (C) views. D, E, lateral tooth IGB 2-3 in (?)lingual (D) and distal (E) views. Scale bar is 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774253" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774253/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6A–C</figureCitation>
) has a fore-aft basal length of 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F17CE004FE24848D5F85154E" box="[415,487,1016,1040]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="16.0">16 mm</quantity>
and a crown height of also 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FD41848C5D611551" box="[762,771,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F17CE004FF3A83625EA9156E" box="[129,203,1047,1071]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
, and is thus very similar in size to the largest theropod lateral tooth present, and also within the size range of premaxillary teeth of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F17CE004FF6E83235C4A152F" authority="(Hendrickx et al. 2020)" baseAuthorityName="Hendrickx" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[213,552,1110,1134]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FF6E83235F53152C" box="[213,305,1110,1133]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17CE004FEFA83235C7E152F" author="Hendrickx C &amp; Stiegler J &amp; Currie PJ" box="[321,540,1110,1134]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1127 - 47" refId="ref37572" refString="Hendrickx C, Stiegler J, Currie PJ et al. Dental anatomy of the apex predator Sinraptor dongi (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) from the Late Jurassic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2020; 57: 1127 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / cjes- 2019 - 0231" type="journal article" year="2020">
Hendrickx 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FE0883225FBE152F" box="[435,476,1110,1134]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
. 2020
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. These teeth resemble teeth of certain crocodyliforms (e.g. pholidosaurids), and a similar tooth from the Balabansai Formation was indeed briefly described and figured by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17CE004FE3C83C15C29158D" author="Nessov LA &amp; Kaznishkina MN &amp; Cherepanov GO" box="[391,587,1204,1228]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="144 - 54" refId="ref38685" refString="Nessov LA, Kaznishkina MN, Cherepanov GO. [Mesozoic ceratopsian dinosaurs and crocodiles of central Asia.] In: Bogdanova TN, Khozatsky LI (eds), Theoretical and Applied Aspects of Modern Paleontology. Moscow: Nauka, 1989, 144 - 54. [in Russian]" type="book chapter" year="1989">
Nessov 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FE6D83C05C64158D" box="[470,518,1204,1228]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
(1989
</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 2, fig. 14) as a probable thalattosuchian crocodyliform. However, most Jurassic terrestrial crocodiles are considerably smaller than the animal that these teeth were derived from, which is also the case for the vast majority of the crocodyliform remains described from the Balabansai Formation, in which teeth or alveoli generally show fore-aft basal lengths of less than 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F17CE004FE5382055C4C14C6" box="[488,558,1392,1416]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17CE004FDF982055D6614C9" author="Nessov LA &amp; Kaznishkina MN &amp; Cherepanov GO" box="[578,772,1392,1416]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="144 - 54" refId="ref38685" refString="Nessov LA, Kaznishkina MN, Cherepanov GO. [Mesozoic ceratopsian dinosaurs and crocodiles of central Asia.] In: Bogdanova TN, Khozatsky LI (eds), Theoretical and Applied Aspects of Modern Paleontology. Moscow: Nauka, 1989, 144 - 54. [in Russian]" type="book chapter" year="1989">
Nessov 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FD2E82045CAA14C9" box="[661,712,1392,1416]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
1989
</bibRefCitation>
, Averianov 2000). It should be noted that Averianov (2000: 778) also mentioned a large partial crocodyliform tibia, but he neither figured this specimen nor described it in detail. Furthermore, no crocodyliform remains were found at the FTU-1 locality. Thus, we consider the possibility that these teeth represent premaxillary teeth of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F17CE004FEBF81595FE21705" authorityName="Rauhut &amp; Bakirov &amp; Wings &amp; Fernandes &amp; Hübner" authorityYear="2024" box="[260,384,1580,1604]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FEBF81595FE21705" box="[260,384,1580,1604]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Alpkarakush</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as such teeth are often more rounded and differ in morphology from the lateral teeth in other theropods (e.g. in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F17CE004FEBB811E5FE217C3" box="[256,384,1643,1666]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Ceratosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FEBB811E5FE217C3" box="[256,384,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ceratosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17CE004FE14811E5C5817C2" author="Madsen JH" box="[431,570,1643,1667]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="3 - 163" refId="ref38275" refString="Madsen JH. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Bulletin 1976; 109: 3 - 163." type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen 1976</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17CE004FDFE811E5ED617E3" author="Madsen JH &amp; Welles SP" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 80" refId="ref38299" refString="Madsen JH, Welles SP. Ceratosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda). A revised osteology. Miscellaneous Publication, Utah Geological Survey 2000; 00 - 2: 1 - 80." type="book chapter" year="2000">Madsen and Welles 2000</bibRefCitation>
), and longitudinal striations are also known in the premaxillary teeth of some theropods (e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F17CE004FE4581DF5C1C1780" box="[510,638,1706,1729]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Ceratosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FE4581DF5C1C1780" box="[510,638,1706,1729]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ceratosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17CE004FD0C81DC5ED717A0" author="Madsen JH" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="3 - 163" refId="ref38275" refString="Madsen JH. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Bulletin 1976; 109: 3 - 163." type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen 1976</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17CE004FF7981BC5FA917A0" author="Madsen JH &amp; Welles SP" box="[194,459,1737,1761]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 80" refId="ref38299" refString="Madsen JH, Welles SP. Ceratosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda). A revised osteology. Miscellaneous Publication, Utah Geological Survey 2000; 00 - 2: 1 - 80." type="book chapter" year="2000">Madsen and Welles 2000</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17CE004FE6281BC5CD117A0" author="Soto M &amp; Perea D" box="[473,691,1737,1761]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="439 - 44" refId="ref40149" refString="Soto M, Perea D. A ceratosaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous of Uruguay. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2008; 28: 439 - 44. https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2008) 28 [439: acdtft] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2008">Soto and Perea 2008</bibRefCitation>
) and in all teeth in baryonichine spinosaurs (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17CE004FDFA819D5ED7165E" author="Charig AJ &amp; Milner AC" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="11 - 70" refId="ref36145" refString="Charig AJ, Milner AC. Baryonyx walkeri, a fish-eating dinosaur from the Wealden of Surrey. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, London (Geology) 1997; 53: 11 - 70." type="journal article" year="1997">Charig and Milner 1997</bibRefCitation>
). However, although 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F17CE004FE34807D5F89165E" box="[399,491,1800,1823]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FE34807D5F89165E" box="[399,491,1800,1823]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sinraptor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also has more labiolingually thickened premaxillary teeth, these lack striations and bear serrations in this taxon, thus differing from the teeth described here (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17CE004FF3080105F01163C" author="Hendrickx C &amp; Stiegler J &amp; Currie PJ" box="[139,355,1893,1917]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1127 - 47" refId="ref37572" refString="Hendrickx C, Stiegler J, Currie PJ et al. Dental anatomy of the apex predator Sinraptor dongi (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) from the Late Jurassic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2020; 57: 1127 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / cjes- 2019 - 0231" type="journal article" year="2020">
Hendrickx 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FF4680135F47163C" box="[253,293,1893,1917]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
. 2020
</bibRefCitation>
). Thus, the interpretation as possible premaxillary teeth of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F17CE004FE8480F05FDE16DC" authorityName="Rauhut &amp; Bakirov &amp; Wings &amp; Fernandes &amp; Hübner" authorityYear="2024" box="[319,444,1925,1949]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FE8480F05FDE16DC" box="[319,444,1925,1949]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Alpkarakush</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be seen as very tentative until future finds might show that such teeth are indeed present in theropods, or confirm a crocodyliform identification of these teeth. The following descriptions are mainly based on the two most complete specimens, IGB 2-6 and IGB 2-3.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F17CE004FCEE879B5B161083" blockId="10.[825,1476,144,1171]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
The possible premaxillary tooth IGB 2-6 has an almost round cross-section at the base (
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long, 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F17CE004FB0786785B741064" box="[1212,1302,269,293]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="14.5">14.5 mm</quantity>
wide) and is notably recurved, so that the apical tip would lie distal to the tooth base when the tooth was placed in the jaw (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F17CE004FAAE86395BE31025" box="[1301,1409,332,356]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="11.[115,180,1629,1653]" captionTargetBox="[258,1314,144,1601]" captionTargetId="figure-178@11.[258,1314,144,1601]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 6. Teeth referred to of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, possible premaxillary tooth IGB 2-6 in mesial (A), labial or lingual (B), and distal (C) views. D, E, lateral tooth IGB 2-3 in (?)lingual (D) and distal (E) views. Scale bar is 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774253" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774253/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6A–C</figureCitation>
). The cross-section remains round throughout the height of the tooth, as there are no mesial or distal carinae. Very fine longitudinal striations are present throughout the labial and lingual sides.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F17CE004FCEE86BC5B2215D2" blockId="10.[825,1476,144,1171]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
The lateral tooth IGB 2-3 is considerably labiolingually compressed, being 
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long and 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F17CE004FB22869C5A831341" box="[1177,1249,489,513]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="11.0">11 mm</quantity>
wide at the base, but only moderately recurved (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F17CE004FBED857D5ADD135E" box="[1110,1215,520,544]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="11.[115,180,1629,1653]" captionTargetBox="[258,1314,144,1601]" captionTargetId="figure-178@11.[258,1314,144,1601]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 6. Teeth referred to of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, possible premaxillary tooth IGB 2-6 in mesial (A), labial or lingual (B), and distal (C) views. D, E, lateral tooth IGB 2-3 in (?)lingual (D) and distal (E) views. Scale bar is 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774253" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774253/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6D, E</figureCitation>
), as it is the case also in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F17CE004FC82855D5AF2137E" authority="(Hendrickx et al. 2020)" baseAuthorityName="Hendrickx" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[825,1168,551,575]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FC82855D5DF7137E" box="[825,917,552,575]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17CE004FC1C85525AE6137E" author="Hendrickx C &amp; Stiegler J &amp; Currie PJ" box="[935,1156,551,575]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1127 - 47" refId="ref37572" refString="Hendrickx C, Stiegler J, Currie PJ et al. Dental anatomy of the apex predator Sinraptor dongi (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) from the Late Jurassic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2020; 57: 1127 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / cjes- 2019 - 0231" type="journal article" year="2020">
Hendrickx 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FBA1855D5A21137E" box="[1050,1091,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
. 2020
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Its cross-section here is drop shaped, being widest towards the mesial end and gradually tapering distally into a sharp carina. Both labial and lingual sides are mesiodistally convex up to the carinae, the probably lingual side more notably so than the labial side, as the distal carina is somewhat displaced towards the labial side. Both carinae extend all the way to the root of the tooth, as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F17CE004FADE85915A45125A" authority="(Hendrickx et al. 2020)" baseAuthorityName="Hendrickx" baseAuthorityYear="2020" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FADE85915BA313BA" box="[1381,1473,740,763]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17CE004FCFF84765A7E125A" author="Hendrickx C &amp; Stiegler J &amp; Currie PJ" box="[836,1052,771,795]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1127 - 47" refId="ref37572" refString="Hendrickx C, Stiegler J, Currie PJ et al. Dental anatomy of the apex predator Sinraptor dongi (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) from the Late Jurassic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2020; 57: 1127 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / cjes- 2019 - 0231" type="journal article" year="2020">
Hendrickx 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FC0E84765DBF125A" box="[949,989,771,795]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
. 2020
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and several other theropods (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17CE004FAEE84765DC0127B" author="Hendrickx C &amp; Mateus O &amp; Araujo R" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 110" refId="ref37529" refString="Hendrickx C, Mateus O, Araujo R et al. The distribution of dental features in non-avian theropod dinosaurs: taxonomic potential, degree of homoplasy, and major evolutionary trends. Palaeontologia Electronica 2019; 22: 1 - 110." type="journal article" year="2019">
Hendrickx 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FC8284565D00127B" box="[825,866,802,826]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
. 2019
</bibRefCitation>
). Small serrations are present on both the mesial and distal carina, with 11–12 denticles per 
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on both the mesial and distal carinae, as in the mid-section of the carinae of the largest lateral teeth in 
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<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FB9284F55AE712D6" box="[1065,1157,896,919]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17CE004FB2284F55BE212D9" author="Hendrickx C &amp; Stiegler J &amp; Currie PJ" box="[1177,1408,896,920]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1127 - 47" refId="ref37572" refString="Hendrickx C, Stiegler J, Currie PJ et al. Dental anatomy of the apex predator Sinraptor dongi (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) from the Late Jurassic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2020; 57: 1127 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / cjes- 2019 - 0231" type="journal article" year="2020">
Hendrickx 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FAAB84F45B5F12D9" box="[1296,1341,896,920]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
. 2020
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The individual denticles are chisel shaped, approximately as long mesiodistally as apicobasally and lack interdenticular sulci, in contrast to 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F17CE004FC0984AB5B6B12B7" authority="(Hendrickx et al. 2020)" baseAuthorityName="Hendrickx" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[946,1289,990,1014]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FC0984AB5A6C12B4" box="[946,1038,990,1013]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17CE004FBA584AB5A9C12B7" author="Hendrickx C &amp; Stiegler J &amp; Currie PJ" box="[1054,1278,990,1014]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1127 - 47" refId="ref37572" refString="Hendrickx C, Stiegler J, Currie PJ et al. Dental anatomy of the apex predator Sinraptor dongi (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) from the Late Jurassic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2020; 57: 1127 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / cjes- 2019 - 0231" type="journal article" year="2020">
Hendrickx 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FB2984AA5ADF12B7" box="[1170,1213,990,1014]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
. 2020
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and several other basal tetanurans (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17CE004FC5584885AAA1554" author="Hendrickx C &amp; Mateus O &amp; Araujo R" box="[1006,1224,1021,1045]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 110" refId="ref37529" refString="Hendrickx C, Mateus O, Araujo R et al. The distribution of dental features in non-avian theropod dinosaurs: taxonomic potential, degree of homoplasy, and major evolutionary trends. Palaeontologia Electronica 2019; 22: 1 - 110." type="journal article" year="2019">
Hendrickx 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FBDB848B5AEB1554" box="[1120,1161,1021,1045]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
. 2019
</bibRefCitation>
). Likewise, pronounced marginal enamel wrinkles are also absent, although a few weak bandings are visible under oblique light on the probable labial side next to the distal carina. The enamel has a very finely developed braided texture (
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FBA5830E5A3315D3" box="[1054,1105,1147,1170]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17CE004FBED830E5B4D15D3" author="Hendrickx C &amp; Mateus O &amp; Araujo R" box="[1110,1327,1146,1171]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="627 - 42" refId="ref37503" refString="Hendrickx C, Mateus O, Araujo R. The dentition of megalosaurid theropods. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 2015; 60: 627 - 42." type="journal article" year="2015">
Hendrickx 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FB73830E5A9215D2" box="[1224,1264,1147,1171]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
. 2015
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F17CE004FB8783C75ADD158D" blockId="10.[1084,1215,1202,1228]" box="[1084,1215,1202,1228]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FB8783C75ADD158D" box="[1084,1215,1202,1228]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Axial skeleton</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F17CE004FC8283AC5A2B14CC" blockId="10.[824,1474,1241,1421]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
The axial skeleton of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F17CE004FBB183AC5AE515B0" authorityName="Rauhut &amp; Bakirov &amp; Wings &amp; Fernandes &amp; Hübner" authorityYear="2024" box="[1034,1159,1241,1265]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FBB183AC5AE515B0" box="[1034,1159,1241,1265]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Alpkarakush</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is represented by two posterior dorsal vertebral centra with fragmentary neural arches, several fragments of dorsal neural arches and spines, the central and partial neural arches (including spines) of the sacrum, and several partial to almost complete dorsal ribs (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F17CE004FB7F82235B4A142F" box="[1220,1320,1366,1390]" captionStart-0="Figure 7" captionStart-1="Figure 8" captionStart-2="Figure 9" captionStart-3="Figure 10" captionStartId-0="12.[129,194,1437,1461]" captionStartId-1="13.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionStartId-2="14.[129,194,912,936]" captionStartId-3="15.[113,178,1531,1555]" captionTargetBox-0="[129,1473,144,1409]" captionTargetBox-1="[162,1411,144,1808]" captionTargetBox-2="[129,1473,144,885]" captionTargetBox-3="[226,1346,144,1503]" captionTargetId-0="figure-229@12.[129,1473,144,1409]" captionTargetId-1="figure-6@13.[162,1411,144,1808]" captionTargetId-2="figure-659@14.[129,1473,144,885]" captionTargetId-3="figure-114@15.[226,1346,144,1503]" captionTargetPageId-0="12" captionTargetPageId-1="13" captionTargetPageId-2="14" captionTargetPageId-3="15" captionText-0="Figure 7. Dorsal vertebral remains of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, posterior dorsal vertebral centrum IGB 2-10 in right lateral (A), anterior and slightly anterolaterodorsal (B, with neural arch fragment IGB 2-22 in approximate position), and ventral (C) views.D–F, probably last dorsal vertebra IGB 2-11 in right lateral (D) and anterior (E) views, and detail of partial neural arch in left anterolateral view (F). G, isolated dorsal neural spine IGB 2-12 in left lateral view. Abbreviations: hy, hypantrum; il, insertion of interspinal ligaments; nc, neural canal; pd, pleurocentral depression; pnf, pneumatic foramen; prz, prezygapophysis. Scale bar is 5 cm." captionText-1="Figure 8. Dorsal and sacral vertebrae of A. kyrgyzicus. A, articulated posterior dorsal vertebrae and sacrum, with approximate position of neural spines, in left lateral view.B, C, articulated sacral vertebral centra of sacrals 1 to 4, IGB 2-14, in left lateral (B) and ventral (C) views. Abbreviations:D, dorsal vertebra, S, sacral vertebra.Scale bars are 10 cm (A) and 5 cm (B, C)." captionText-2="Figure 9. Last (5th) sacral vertebra of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-15, in left lateral (A), right lateral (B), and posterior (C) views. Abbreviations: hyp, hypantrum; l, lamina; nc, neural canal; pd, pleurocentral depression; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; ri, ridge. Scale bar is 5 cm." captionText-3="Figure 10. Right partial dorsal rib of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-16, in posterior (A) and anterior (B) views.Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774255" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774257" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774259" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774261" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13774255/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13774257/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/13774259/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/13774261/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs 7–10</figureCitation>
). For vertebral measurements see 
<tableCitation id="C6D920EAF17CE004FC4382005A2114CC" box="[1016,1091,1397,1421]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="15.[113,168,1602,1626]" captionTargetBox="[113,1459,1647,1787]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Table 1. Vertebral measurements for A. kyrgyzicus (in mm)" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2445D9F179E001FFCA81375CF9171B" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" tableUuid="DF2445D9F179E001FFCA81375CF9171B">Table 1</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F17CE004FC8282DA5B4B16FD" blockId="10.[825,1476,1455,1980]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17CE004FC8282DA5D801486" box="[825,994,1455,1479]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Dorsal vertebrae:</emphasis>
Two posterior dorsal vertebral centra are preserved (IGB 2-10, 2-11; 
<figureCitation id="136009D4F17CE004FB8782BB5AC014A7" box="[1084,1186,1486,1510]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="12.[129,194,1437,1461]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-229@12.[129,1473,144,1409]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 7. Dorsal vertebral remains of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, posterior dorsal vertebral centrum IGB 2-10 in right lateral (A), anterior and slightly anterolaterodorsal (B, with neural arch fragment IGB 2-22 in approximate position), and ventral (C) views.D–F, probably last dorsal vertebra IGB 2-11 in right lateral (D) and anterior (E) views, and detail of partial neural arch in left anterolateral view (F). G, isolated dorsal neural spine IGB 2-12 in left lateral view. Abbreviations: hy, hypantrum; il, insertion of interspinal ligaments; nc, neural canal; pd, pleurocentral depression; pnf, pneumatic foramen; prz, prezygapophysis. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774255" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774255/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs 7A–F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="136009D4F17CE004FB1482BB5AAF14A7" box="[1199,1229,1486,1510]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="13.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[162,1411,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-6@13.[162,1411,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 8. Dorsal and sacral vertebrae of A. kyrgyzicus. A, articulated posterior dorsal vertebrae and sacrum, with approximate position of neural spines, in left lateral view.B, C, articulated sacral vertebral centra of sacrals 1 to 4, IGB 2-14, in left lateral (B) and ventral (C) views. Abbreviations:D, dorsal vertebra, S, sacral vertebra.Scale bars are 10 cm (A) and 5 cm (B, C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774257" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774257/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">8A</figureCitation>
). The centra are higher than wide, with oval to almost round articular surfaces, and very slightly higher than long. The articular facets are slightly amphicoelous, more notably posteriorly than anteriorly. The centra are notably constricted to almost half the width of the articular facets in ventral view (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F17CE004FBDE811E5ACD17C2" box="[1125,1199,1643,1667]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="12.[129,194,1437,1461]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-229@12.[129,1473,144,1409]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 7. Dorsal vertebral remains of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, posterior dorsal vertebral centrum IGB 2-10 in right lateral (A), anterior and slightly anterolaterodorsal (B, with neural arch fragment IGB 2-22 in approximate position), and ventral (C) views.D–F, probably last dorsal vertebra IGB 2-11 in right lateral (D) and anterior (E) views, and detail of partial neural arch in left anterolateral view (F). G, isolated dorsal neural spine IGB 2-12 in left lateral view. Abbreviations: hy, hypantrum; il, insertion of interspinal ligaments; nc, neural canal; pd, pleurocentral depression; pnf, pneumatic foramen; prz, prezygapophysis. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774255" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774255/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 7C</figureCitation>
), and are ventrally broadly rounded to flattened, especially in the probably more posterior element IGB 2-11. Pleurocoels are absent, but there are large, oval pleurocentral depressions on the dorsal part of the lateral sides (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F17CE004FC17819D5A7917BE" box="[940,1051,1768,1792]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="12.[129,194,1437,1461]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-229@12.[129,1473,144,1409]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 7. Dorsal vertebral remains of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, posterior dorsal vertebral centrum IGB 2-10 in right lateral (A), anterior and slightly anterolaterodorsal (B, with neural arch fragment IGB 2-22 in approximate position), and ventral (C) views.D–F, probably last dorsal vertebra IGB 2-11 in right lateral (D) and anterior (E) views, and detail of partial neural arch in left anterolateral view (F). G, isolated dorsal neural spine IGB 2-12 in left lateral view. Abbreviations: hy, hypantrum; il, insertion of interspinal ligaments; nc, neural canal; pd, pleurocentral depression; pnf, pneumatic foramen; prz, prezygapophysis. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774255" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774255/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 7A, D</figureCitation>
), as in many basal tetanuran theropods, including metriacanthosaurids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17CE004FB3680725BE7165E" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[1165,1413,1799,1823]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17CE004FA2C80725D0F167E" author="Gao Y" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref37185" refString="Gao Y. [A Complete Carnosaur Skeleton from Zigong, Sichuan - Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis]. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 1999. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1999">Gao 1999</bibRefCitation>
). Internally, the dorsal half of the centrum is made up of spongy bone, while there is an asymmetrically developed larger hollow present on the ventral half in IGB 2-11, filled with large calcite crystals. Notable, but short, striations are present on the lateral side along the edges of the articular facets.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2445D9F17DE005FFC881285D1A17D1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774253" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13774253" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774253/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" startId="11.[115,180,1629,1653]" targetBox="[258,1314,144,1601]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE41551F17DE005FFC881285D1A17D1" blockId="11.[113,1447,1629,1681]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17DE005FFC881285EA81734" bold="true" box="[115,202,1629,1653]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 6.</emphasis>
Teeth referred to of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F17DE005FE3281285C631734" box="[393,513,1629,1653]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kyrgyzicus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17DE005FE3281285C631734" box="[393,513,1629,1653]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">A. kyrgyzicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A–C, possible premaxillary tooth IGB 2-6 in mesial (A), labial or lingual (B), and distal (C) views. D, E, lateral tooth IGB 2-3 in (?)lingual (D) and distal (E) views. Scale bar is 1 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F17DE002FF3681B45B731668" blockId="11.[113,764,1729,1972]" lastBlockId="12.[825,1475,1621,1958]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Only the base of the neural arch is present in both specimens. It was apparently slightly more than half the height of the centrum and enclosed a large neural canal that is somewhat constricted ventrally. In IGB 2-10, the neural canal slightly indents the dorsal margin of the centrum, but that did not seem to be the case in IGB 2-11. Anteriorly, the broken bases of the stout, posterodorsally directed centroparapophyseal laminae are preserved. Dorsal to these laminae, a large, round foramen led from the centroprezygodiapophyseal fossa posteromedially into the neural arch (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F17DE005FC6381955A3A17B6" box="[984,1112,1760,1784]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="12.[129,194,1437,1461]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-229@12.[129,1473,144,1409]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 7. Dorsal vertebral remains of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, posterior dorsal vertebral centrum IGB 2-10 in right lateral (A), anterior and slightly anterolaterodorsal (B, with neural arch fragment IGB 2-22 in approximate position), and ventral (C) views.D–F, probably last dorsal vertebra IGB 2-11 in right lateral (D) and anterior (E) views, and detail of partial neural arch in left anterolateral view (F). G, isolated dorsal neural spine IGB 2-12 in left lateral view. Abbreviations: hy, hypantrum; il, insertion of interspinal ligaments; nc, neural canal; pd, pleurocentral depression; pnf, pneumatic foramen; prz, prezygapophysis. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774255" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774255/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7B, E, F</figureCitation>
), which here obviously had large chambers above the neural canal, separated medially by a robust median lamina. Elaborate pneumatization of the neural arch is also present in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F17DE005FC5A804B5A5F1614" box="[993,1085,1854,1877]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17DE005FC5A804B5A5F1614" box="[993,1085,1854,1877]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sinraptor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, where a pneumatic foramen enters the neural canal from the postzygocentrodiapophyseal fossa in the posterior dorsal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17DE005FBD180085B3316D4" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[1130,1361,1917,1941]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
). An isolated fragment of a neural arch (IGB 2-22, which might belong to IGB 2-10, but does not directly fit on the broken base of the centroparapophyseal lamina; 
<figureCitation id="136009D4F17AE002FE0981015F9917CA" box="[434,507,1652,1676]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="12.[129,194,1437,1461]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-229@12.[129,1473,144,1409]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 7. Dorsal vertebral remains of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, posterior dorsal vertebral centrum IGB 2-10 in right lateral (A), anterior and slightly anterolaterodorsal (B, with neural arch fragment IGB 2-22 in approximate position), and ventral (C) views.D–F, probably last dorsal vertebra IGB 2-11 in right lateral (D) and anterior (E) views, and detail of partial neural arch in left anterolateral view (F). G, isolated dorsal neural spine IGB 2-12 in left lateral view. Abbreviations: hy, hypantrum; il, insertion of interspinal ligaments; nc, neural canal; pd, pleurocentral depression; pnf, pneumatic foramen; prz, prezygapophysis. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774255" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774255/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
) shows the dorsal end of the thin centroparapophyseal lamina, the parapophysis, and the anteromedially directed stem of the prezygapophysis, which together form the lateral border of the large foramen leading into the neural arch. This fragment also shows that the parapophysis was placed anterodorsally on the neural arch and did not project strongly laterally, in contrast to abelisauroids (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17AE002FD3280455EB31626" author="Bonaparte JF &amp; Novas FE &amp; Coria RA" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 41" refId="ref35251" refString="Bonaparte JF, Novas FE, Coria RA. Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte, the horned, lightly built carnosaur from the Middle Cretaceous of Patagonia. Contributions in Science 1990; 416: 1 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 226819" type="journal article" year="1990">
Bonaparte 
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. 1990
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, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17AE002FF60803A5F1C1626" author="O'Connor PM" box="[219,382,1871,1895]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="127 - 62" refId="ref38817" refString="O'Connor PM. The postcranial axial skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Memoir 2007; 8: 127 - 62." type="journal article" year="2007">O’Connor 2007</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17AE002FE33803A5C251626" author="Carrano MT &amp; Loewen MA &amp; Sertich JJW" box="[392,583,1871,1895]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 53" refId="ref35914" refString="Carrano MT, Loewen MA, Sertich JJW. New materials of Masiakasaurus knopfleri Sampson, Carrano and Forster, 2001, and implications for the morphology of the Noasauridae. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 2011; 95: 1 - 53. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810266.95.1" type="journal article" year="2011">
Carrano 
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2011
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, 
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Filippi 
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) and piatnitzkysaurids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17AE002FED5801A5C7616C6" author="Bonaparte JF" box="[366,532,1903,1927]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="247 - 289" refId="ref35131" refString="Bonaparte JF. Les Dinosaures (Carnosaures, Allosaurides, Sauropodes, Cetiosaurides) du Jurassique moyen de Cerro Condor (Chubut, Argentine). Annales de Paleontologie 1986; 72: 247 - 289, 326 - 386." type="journal article" year="1986">Bonaparte 1986</bibRefCitation>
). The prezygapophyses are preserved in IGB 2-11, though somewhat distorted (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F17AE002FD5880FB5D10172D" box="[739,882,1621,1958]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="12.[129,194,1437,1461]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-229@12.[129,1473,144,1409]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 7. Dorsal vertebral remains of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, posterior dorsal vertebral centrum IGB 2-10 in right lateral (A), anterior and slightly anterolaterodorsal (B, with neural arch fragment IGB 2-22 in approximate position), and ventral (C) views.D–F, probably last dorsal vertebra IGB 2-11 in right lateral (D) and anterior (E) views, and detail of partial neural arch in left anterolateral view (F). G, isolated dorsal neural spine IGB 2-12 in left lateral view. Abbreviations: hy, hypantrum; il, insertion of interspinal ligaments; nc, neural canal; pd, pleurocentral depression; pnf, pneumatic foramen; prz, prezygapophysis. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774255" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774255/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 7D, E</figureCitation>
). They are relatively large, standing at an angle of approximately 25–30° from the horizontal and have anterolaterally rounded articular surfaces that are approximately as wide as long. Anteriorly, the prezygapophyses form a robust, ventrally widening hypantrum (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F17AE002FB9881A75A0E17A8" box="[1059,1132,1746,1770]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="12.[129,194,1437,1461]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-229@12.[129,1473,144,1409]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 7. Dorsal vertebral remains of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, posterior dorsal vertebral centrum IGB 2-10 in right lateral (A), anterior and slightly anterolaterodorsal (B, with neural arch fragment IGB 2-22 in approximate position), and ventral (C) views.D–F, probably last dorsal vertebra IGB 2-11 in right lateral (D) and anterior (E) views, and detail of partial neural arch in left anterolateral view (F). G, isolated dorsal neural spine IGB 2-12 in left lateral view. Abbreviations: hy, hypantrum; il, insertion of interspinal ligaments; nc, neural canal; pd, pleurocentral depression; pnf, pneumatic foramen; prz, prezygapophysis. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774255" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774255/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 7E</figureCitation>
). In contrast to some theropods, such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F17AE002FC3D81845ACE1648" authority="(Rauhut 2005)" baseAuthorityName="Rauhut" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[902,1196,1777,1801]" class="Reptilia" family="Piatnitzkysauridae" genus="Condorraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17AE002FC3D81845A6F1648" box="[902,1037,1777,1801]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Condorraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F17AE002FBA781845AC31648" author="Rauhut OWM" box="[1052,1185,1777,1801]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="87 - 110" refId="ref39077" refString="Rauhut OWM. Osteology and relationships of a new theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Patagonia. Palaeontology 2005; 48: 87 - 110. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4983.2004.00436. x" type="journal article" year="2005">Rauhut 2005</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, the interprezygapophyseal gap did not widen posterior to the hypantrum.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2445D9F17AE002FF3A82E85D301765" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774255" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13774255" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774255/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" startId="12.[129,194,1437,1461]" targetBox="[129,1473,144,1409]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE41551F17AE002FF3A82E85D301765" blockId="12.[129,1458,1437,1573]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17AE002FF3A82E85EBA14F4" bold="true" box="[129,216,1437,1461]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 7.</emphasis>
Dorsal vertebral remains of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F17AE002FE5A82E85C3B14F4" box="[481,601,1437,1461]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kyrgyzicus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17AE002FE5A82E85C3B14F4" box="[481,601,1437,1461]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. kyrgyzicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A–C, posterior dorsal vertebral centrum IGB 2-10 in right lateral (A), anterior and slightly anterolaterodorsal (B, with neural arch fragment IGB 2-22 in approximate position), and ventral (C) views. D–F, probably last dorsal vertebra IGB 2-11 in right lateral (D) and anterior (E) views, and detail of partial neural arch in left anterolateral view (F). G, isolated dorsal neural spine IGB 2-12 in left lateral view. Abbreviations: hy, hypantrum; il, insertion of interspinal ligaments; nc, neural canal; pd, pleurocentral depression; pnf, pneumatic foramen; prz, prezygapophysis. Scale bar is 5 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F17AE000FCEE80455EA715C6" blockId="12.[825,1475,1621,1958]" lastBlockId="14.[129,778,1040,1159]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Parts of two probably dorsal neural spines are present (IGB 2-12, 2-13). They form thin, rectangular sheets of bone that slightly widen towards their dorsal end posteriorly. The anteroposteriorly larger and more complete spine (IGB 2-12; 
<figureCitation id="136009D4F178E000FF3A83655EA91568" box="[129,203,1040,1065]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="12.[129,194,1437,1461]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-229@12.[129,1473,144,1409]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 7. Dorsal vertebral remains of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, posterior dorsal vertebral centrum IGB 2-10 in right lateral (A), anterior and slightly anterolaterodorsal (B, with neural arch fragment IGB 2-22 in approximate position), and ventral (C) views.D–F, probably last dorsal vertebra IGB 2-11 in right lateral (D) and anterior (E) views, and detail of partial neural arch in left anterolateral view (F). G, isolated dorsal neural spine IGB 2-12 in left lateral view. Abbreviations: hy, hypantrum; il, insertion of interspinal ligaments; nc, neural canal; pd, pleurocentral depression; pnf, pneumatic foramen; prz, prezygapophysis. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774255" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774255/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 7G</figureCitation>
) shows well-developed anterior and posterior ridges for the attachment of the interspinal ligaments, which almost reach the apex of the spine, as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F178E000FE19833A5EA315C6" authority="(Gao 1999)" baseAuthorityName="Gao" baseAuthorityYear="1999" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Yangchuanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hepingensis">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F178E000FE19833A5CAE1526" box="[418,716,1103,1127]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F178E000FD65833A5ED715C6" author="Gao Y" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref37185" refString="Gao Y. [A Complete Carnosaur Skeleton from Zigong, Sichuan - Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis]. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 1999. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1999">Gao 1999</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2445D9F17BE003FFCA80595D87163D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774257" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13774257" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774257/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" startId="13.[113,178,1836,1860]" targetBox="[162,1411,144,1808]" targetPageId="13" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE41551F17BE003FFCA80595D87163D" blockId="13.[113,1409,1836,1916]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17BE003FFCA80595EAB1605" bold="true" box="[113,201,1836,1860]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 8.</emphasis>
Dorsal and sacral vertebrae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F17BE003FE5580595C041605" box="[494,614,1836,1860]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kyrgyzicus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F17BE003FE5580595C041605" box="[494,614,1836,1860]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. kyrgyzicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A, articulated posterior dorsal vertebrae and sacrum, with approximate position of neural spines, in left lateral view. B, C, articulated sacral vertebral centra of sacrals 1 to 4, IGB 2-14, in left lateral (B) and ventral (C) views. Abbreviations: D, dorsal vertebra, S, sacral vertebra. Scale bars are 10 cm (A) and 5 cm (B, C).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF2445D9F178E000FF3A84E55E8E12A1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774259" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13774259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774259/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" startId="14.[129,194,912,936]" targetBox="[129,1473,144,885]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE41551F178E000FF3A84E55E8E12A1" blockId="14.[129,1474,912,993]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F178E000FF3A84E55EBB12E9" bold="true" box="[129,217,912,936]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figure 9.</emphasis>
Last (5th) sacral vertebra of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F178E000FE5C84E45CF012E8" authority=", IGB" authorityName="IGB" box="[487,658,913,937]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kyrgyzicus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F178E000FE5C84E45C3C12E8" box="[487,606,913,937]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A. kyrgyzicus</emphasis>
, IGB
</taxonomicName>
2-15, in left lateral (A), right lateral (B), and posterior (C) views. Abbreviations: hyp, hypantrum; l, lamina; nc, neural canal; pd, pleurocentral depression; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; ri, ridge. Scale bar is 5 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F178E000FF3A83DB5EA61636" blockId="14.[127,779,1198,1974]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F178E000FF3A83DB5EB31584" box="[129,209,1198,1221]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sacrum:</emphasis>
Most of the sacrum is preserved, but in a very poor state of preservation (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F178E000FEB583B85F2415A4" box="[270,326,1229,1253]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="13.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[162,1411,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-6@13.[162,1411,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 8. Dorsal and sacral vertebrae of A. kyrgyzicus. A, articulated posterior dorsal vertebrae and sacrum, with approximate position of neural spines, in left lateral view.B, C, articulated sacral vertebral centra of sacrals 1 to 4, IGB 2-14, in left lateral (B) and ventral (C) views. Abbreviations:D, dorsal vertebra, S, sacral vertebra.Scale bars are 10 cm (A) and 5 cm (B, C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774257" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774257/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
), as the articulated vertebrae were obviously collected from already largely eroded sediment at the surface. The anterior four sacral vertebrae were fused and collected in a jacket, together with their spines (IGB 2-14; 
<figureCitation id="136009D4F178E000FE46825E5C511402" box="[509,563,1323,1347]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="13.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[162,1411,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-6@13.[162,1411,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 8. Dorsal and sacral vertebrae of A. kyrgyzicus. A, articulated posterior dorsal vertebrae and sacrum, with approximate position of neural spines, in left lateral view.B, C, articulated sacral vertebral centra of sacrals 1 to 4, IGB 2-14, in left lateral (B) and ventral (C) views. Abbreviations:D, dorsal vertebra, S, sacral vertebra.Scale bars are 10 cm (A) and 5 cm (B, C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774257" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774257/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
), whereas the last sacral vertebra (IGB 2-15; 
<figureCitation id="136009D4F178E000FEC4823F5FD71422" box="[383,437,1354,1379]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="14.[129,194,912,936]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,885]" captionTargetId="figure-659@14.[129,1473,144,885]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 9. Last (5th) sacral vertebra of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-15, in left lateral (A), right lateral (B), and posterior (C) views. Abbreviations: hyp, hypantrum; l, lamina; nc, neural canal; pd, pleurocentral depression; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; ri, ridge. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774259/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
) was isolated. The total length of the articulated sacrum is 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F178E000FEC5821F5FD914C0" box="[382,443,1386,1410]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="cm" value="54.0">54cm</quantity>
, with the length of the individual vertebrae being all of subequal length ranging between 10.5 and 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F178E000FF3982DC5EA21481" box="[130,192,1449,1473]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="cm" value="11.0">11 cm</quantity>
, unlike the situation in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F178E000FE1882DD5CA31481" baseAuthorityName="Gao" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[419,705,1448,1472]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Yangchuanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hepingensis">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F178E000FE1882DD5CA31481" box="[419,705,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, where the first and last sacral vertebrae are notably longer than sacrals 3 and 4 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F178E000FF7282925F4E14BE" author="Gao Y" box="[201,300,1511,1535]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref37185" refString="Gao Y. [A Complete Carnosaur Skeleton from Zigong, Sichuan - Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis]. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 1999. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1999">Gao 1999</bibRefCitation>
). The anterior articular surface of the sacrum is subequal in size to the articular surfaces of the posterior dorsal vertebrae, but the articulations between the sacral vertebrae are reduced in width, as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F178E000FEDB81305D66171C" authority="(Gao 1999)" baseAuthorityName="Gao" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[352,772,1605,1629]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Yangchuanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hepingensis">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F178E000FEDB81305CE0171C" box="[352,642,1605,1629]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F178E000FD2F81305C9B171C" author="Gao Y" box="[660,761,1605,1629]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref37185" refString="Gao Y. [A Complete Carnosaur Skeleton from Zigong, Sichuan - Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis]. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 1999. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1999">Gao 1999</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, although not to the degree seen in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F178E000FE6D81105D6B173C" authority="(Samathi 2013)" baseAuthorityName="Samathi" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[470,777,1636,1661]" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Siamotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F178E000FE6D81105C04173D" box="[470,614,1637,1660]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Siamotyrannus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F178E000FDCE81115C9C173C" author="Samathi A" box="[629,766,1636,1661]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref39805" refString="Samathi A. Osteology and phylogenetic position of Siamotyrannus isanensis (Dinosauria; Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Thailand. Unpublished MSc Thesis, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, 2013." type="book" year="2013">Samathi 2013</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and many ceratosaurs (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F178E000FE2F81F15C4217DD" author="Gilmore CW" box="[404,544,1668,1692]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref37242" refString="Gilmore CW. Osteology of the carnivorous Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 1920; 110: i - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.110. i" type="journal volume" year="1920">Gilmore 1920</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F178E000FD9681F15D6617DD" author="Bonaparte JF &amp; Novas FE &amp; Coria RA" box="[557,772,1668,1692]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 41" refId="ref35251" refString="Bonaparte JF, Novas FE, Coria RA. Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte, the horned, lightly built carnosaur from the Middle Cretaceous of Patagonia. Contributions in Science 1990; 416: 1 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 226819" type="journal article" year="1990">
Bonaparte 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F178E000FD2081F05CA717DD" box="[667,709,1668,1692]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
. 1990
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F178E000FF3A81D65FF717FA" author="Rauhut OWM &amp; Carrano MT" box="[129,405,1699,1723]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="546 - 610" refId="ref39147" refString="Rauhut OWM, Carrano MT. The theropod dinosaur Elaphrosaurus bambergi Janensch, 1920, from the Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2016; 178: 546 - 610. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12425" type="journal article" year="2016">Rauhut and Carrano 2016</bibRefCitation>
), and, in contrast to the latter, the boundaries between the vertebrae are still visible (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F178E000FDD581B75CAF179A" box="[622,717,1730,1755]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="13.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[162,1411,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-6@13.[162,1411,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 8. Dorsal and sacral vertebrae of A. kyrgyzicus. A, articulated posterior dorsal vertebrae and sacrum, with approximate position of neural spines, in left lateral view.B, C, articulated sacral vertebral centra of sacrals 1 to 4, IGB 2-14, in left lateral (B) and ventral (C) views. Abbreviations:D, dorsal vertebra, S, sacral vertebra.Scale bars are 10 cm (A) and 5 cm (B, C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774257" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774257/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8B, C</figureCitation>
). The centra are strongly constricted in the middle, especially in sacrals 2 and 3, with narrow, transversely rounded to flattened ventral surfaces. Pleurocoels or marked lateral depressions are absent in the vertebral centra, as it is also the case in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F178E000FE4080355EDC1636" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F178E000FE4080355C371616" box="[507,597,1856,1879]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F178E000FDDF80355ED11636" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F178E000FF27800B5AA1177C" blockId="14.[127,779,1198,1974]" lastBlockId="14.[824,1475,1040,1973]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
The neural arches of these vertebrae are very poorly preserved, and little can be said about their morphology. Only the transverse process of the first sacral is present; it is massive, round in outline distally and placed on the neural arch over the anterior end of the centrum, as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F178E000FB1F83255D1A15C6" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F178E000FB1F83255B621526" box="[1188,1280,1104,1127]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F178E000FAA8833A5D0F15C6" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F178E000FC19831B5A2415C7" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1979" box="[930,1094,1134,1158]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Piatnitzkysaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F178E000FC19831B5A2415C7" box="[930,1094,1134,1158]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Piatnitzkysaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MACN 
<collectingCountry id="F34C55C1F178E000FB08831A5AB815C6" box="[1203,1242,1135,1159]" name="Switzerland" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">CH</collectingCountry>
895), but in contrast to 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F178E000FCE183FB5DA315E7" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[858,961,1166,1190]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F178E000FCE183FB5DA315E7" box="[858,961,1166,1190]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, where the transverse process is dorsoventrally elongate (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F178E000FC1B83D85A491584" author="Madsen JH" box="[928,1067,1197,1221]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="3 - 163" refId="ref38275" refString="Madsen JH. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Bulletin 1976; 109: 3 - 163." type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen 1976</bibRefCitation>
). Otherwise, only the neural spines can be discerned. At least from sacral one to three, the neural spines are anteroposteriorly long, plate-like and seem to have been completely fused to each other (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F178E000FBC5827E5AA41462" box="[1150,1222,1291,1315]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="13.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[162,1411,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-6@13.[162,1411,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 8. Dorsal and sacral vertebrae of A. kyrgyzicus. A, articulated posterior dorsal vertebrae and sacrum, with approximate position of neural spines, in left lateral view.B, C, articulated sacral vertebral centra of sacrals 1 to 4, IGB 2-14, in left lateral (B) and ventral (C) views. Abbreviations:D, dorsal vertebra, S, sacral vertebra.Scale bars are 10 cm (A) and 5 cm (B, C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774257" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774257/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
), as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F178E000FAB6827E5A481402" authority="(Gao 1999)" baseAuthorityName="Gao" baseAuthorityYear="1999" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Yangchuanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hepingensis">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F178E000FAB6827E5DC41403" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F178E000FC03825E5A7D1402" author="Gao Y" box="[952,1055,1323,1347]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref37185" refString="Gao Y. [A Complete Carnosaur Skeleton from Zigong, Sichuan - Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis]. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 1999. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1999">Gao 1999</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, whereas the spines seem to have been fusedbasallybutremainedseparateddistallyin 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F178E000FAB7823F5A3414C0" authority="(Dong et al. 1983)" baseAuthorityName="Dong" baseAuthorityYear="1983" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Yangchuanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magnus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F178E000FAB7823F5DE614C0" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Yangchuanosaurus magnus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F178E000FC22821F5A2914C0" author="Dong Z &amp; Zhou S &amp; Zhang Y" box="[921,1099,1385,1410]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 145" refId="ref36892" refString="Dong Z, Zhou S, Zhang Y. [The dinosaurian remains from Sichuan Basin, China]. Palaeontologia Sinica 1983; 162: 1 - 145. [in Chinese]." type="journal article" year="1983">
Dong 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F178E000FC67821F5A6D14C0" box="[988,1039,1385,1409]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
1983
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and are closely spaced but apparently separated over their entire height in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F178E000FB4F82FD5DFB1481" authority="(Wu et al. 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Wu" baseAuthorityYear="2009" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Shidaisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F178E000FB4F82FD5B1014E1" box="[1268,1394,1416,1440]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Shidaisaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F178E000FA3E82FC5DEF1481" author="Wu X-C &amp; Currie PJ &amp; Dong Z" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="9 - 24" refId="ref40548" refString="Wu X-C, Currie PJ, Dong Z et al. A new theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Lufeng, Yunnan, China. Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 2009; 83: 9 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1755 - 6724.2009.00002. x" type="journal article" year="2009">
Wu 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F178E000FA0A82FC5D301481" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Their height approximately equals the height of the sacral centra plus the neural arch, and is thus similar to the relative height of the elongate posterior dorsal neural spines in other metriacanthosaurids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F178E000FBA181735AFB175F" author="Huene F" box="[1050,1177,1542,1566]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="35 - 167" refId="ref37851" refString="Huene F. The carnivorous Saurischia in the Jura and Cretaceous Formations, principally in Europe. Revista del Museo de La Plata 1926; 29: 35 - 167." type="journal article" year="1926">Huene 1926</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F178E000FB1881735B2B175F" author="Dong Z &amp; Zhou S &amp; Zhang Y" box="[1187,1353,1542,1566]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 145" refId="ref36892" refString="Dong Z, Zhou S, Zhang Y. [The dinosaurian remains from Sichuan Basin, China]. Palaeontologia Sinica 1983; 162: 1 - 145. [in Chinese]." type="journal article" year="1983">
Dong 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F178E000FB5981725B73175F" box="[1250,1297,1542,1566]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
1983
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F178E000FAEF81735DCA177C" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F178E000FC0881505A7A177C" author="Gao Y" box="[947,1048,1573,1597]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref37185" refString="Gao Y. [A Complete Carnosaur Skeleton from Zigong, Sichuan - Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis]. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 1999. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1999">Gao 1999</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F178E000FB9981535AD1177C" author="Wu X-C &amp; Currie PJ &amp; Dong Z" box="[1058,1203,1573,1597]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="9 - 24" refId="ref40548" refString="Wu X-C, Currie PJ, Dong Z et al. A new theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Lufeng, Yunnan, China. Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 2009; 83: 9 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1755 - 6724.2009.00002. x" type="journal article" year="2009">
Wu 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F178E000FBF781535A19177C" box="[1100,1147,1573,1597]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F178E001FCEE81315FAE1694" blockId="14.[824,1475,1040,1973]" lastBlockId="15.[113,762,1855,2005]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
The last sacral vertebra (IGB 2-15), which was found isolated from the rest of the sacrum, is largely preserved, but lacks the anterior end of the neural arch, the left postzygapophysis, and the neural spine (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F178E000FC4881D75A4C17FA" box="[1011,1070,1698,1723]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="14.[129,194,912,936]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,885]" captionTargetId="figure-659@14.[129,1473,144,885]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 9. Last (5th) sacral vertebra of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-15, in left lateral (A), right lateral (B), and posterior (C) views. Abbreviations: hyp, hypantrum; l, lamina; nc, neural canal; pd, pleurocentral depression; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; ri, ridge. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774259/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
). The anterior articular surface is considerably smaller than the posterior surface, but the vertebra was obviously not fused to the rest of the sacrum. The centrum is considerably more massive than that of the middle sacrals, as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F178E000FC8180555A821679" authority="(Gao 1999)" baseAuthorityName="Gao" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[826,1248,1824,1848]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Yangchuanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hepingensis">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F178E000FC8180555A031679" box="[826,1121,1824,1848]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F178E000FBCB80555AB71679" author="Gao Y" box="[1136,1237,1824,1848]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref37185" refString="Gao Y. [A Complete Carnosaur Skeleton from Zigong, Sichuan - Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis]. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 1999. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1999">Gao 1999</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and broadly rounded ventrally, although a very faint midline keel might be present in the anterior part; this keel is only visible under oblique light, but obvious to the touch of the surface. Laterally, relatively small, but marked pleurocentral depressions are present on the dorsal half of the centrum (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F179E001FE9A804A5FE81616" box="[289,394,1855,1879]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="14.[129,194,912,936]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,885]" captionTargetId="figure-659@14.[129,1473,144,885]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 9. Last (5th) sacral vertebra of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-15, in left lateral (A), right lateral (B), and posterior (C) views. Abbreviations: hyp, hypantrum; l, lamina; nc, neural canal; pd, pleurocentral depression; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; ri, ridge. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774259/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 9A, B</figureCitation>
). However, although these depressions are rather sharply defined, they do not penetrate the cortex and do not lead into internal cavities. Such a sharply defined depression seems to be absent in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F179E001FE1880E85C9816F4" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[419,762,1949,1973]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F179E001FE1880E85F9D16F5" box="[419,511,1949,1972]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F179E001FDB480E85C8D16F4" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[527,751,1949,1973]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F179E001FF2680C95FA51694" authority="(Wu et al. 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Wu" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[157,455,1980,2005]" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Shidaisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F179E001FF2680C95F791695" box="[157,283,1980,2004]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Shidaisaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F179E001FE9080C85FD91694" author="Wu X-C &amp; Currie PJ &amp; Dong Z" box="[299,443,1980,2005]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="9 - 24" refId="ref40548" refString="Wu X-C, Currie PJ, Dong Z et al. A new theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Lufeng, Yunnan, China. Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 2009; 83: 9 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1755 - 6724.2009.00002. x" type="journal article" year="2009">
Wu 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F179E001FEEF80C85FE11695" box="[340,387,1980,2004]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2445D9F179E001FFCA828E5AA91752" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774261" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13774261" box="[113,1227,1531,1555]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774261/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" startId="15.[113,178,1531,1555]" targetBox="[226,1346,144,1503]" targetPageId="15" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE41551F179E001FFCA828E5AA91752" blockId="15.[113,1227,1531,1555]" box="[113,1227,1531,1555]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F179E001FFCA828E5EB41752" bold="true" box="[113,214,1531,1555]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figure 10.</emphasis>
Right partial dorsal rib of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F179E001FE7782895C151752" authority=", IGB" authorityName="IGB" box="[460,631,1531,1555]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kyrgyzicus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F179E001FE7782895C261752" box="[460,580,1531,1555]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">A. kyrgyzicus</emphasis>
, IGB
</taxonomicName>
2-16, in posterior (A) and anterior (B) views. Scale bar is 5 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF2445D9F179E001FFCA81375CF9171B" ID-Table-UUID="DF2445D9F179E001FFCA81375CF9171B" box="[113,667,1602,1626]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2445D9F179E001FFCA81375CF9171B" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" startId="15.[113,168,1602,1626]" targetBox="[113,1459,1647,1787]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="15" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="8BE41551F179E001FFCA81375CF9171B" blockId="15.[113,667,1602,1626]" box="[113,667,1602,1626]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F179E001FFCA81375EA2171B" bold="true" box="[113,192,1602,1626]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Table 1.</emphasis>
Vertebral measurements for 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F179E001FE7581375C24171B" box="[462,582,1602,1626]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kyrgyzicus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F179E001FE7581375C24171B" box="[462,582,1602,1626]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">A. kyrgyzicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(in mm)
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F179E001FFCA81055B2D17BA" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<table id="F95BE7F1F1791FF1FFCA811A5BD117BA" box="[113,1459,1647,1787]" gridcols="8" gridrows="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<tr id="356B1713F1791FF1FFCA811A5BD117C9" box="[113,1459,1647,1672]" gridrow="0" isHeader="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="76BA7E6FF1791FF1FFCA811A5EA717C9" box="[113,197,1647,1672]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F179E001FFCA81055EA717C9" bold="true" box="[113,197,1648,1672]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Element</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76BA7E6FF1791FF1FF59811A5F5917C9" box="[226,315,1647,1672]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F179E001FF5981055F5717C9" bold="true" box="[226,309,1648,1672]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Number</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76BA7E6FF1791FF1FEEC811A5F9517C9" box="[343,503,1647,1672]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F179E001FEEC811A5F9517C9" bold="true" box="[343,503,1647,1672]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Centrum length</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76BA7E6FF1791FF1FDA8811A5CCE17C9" box="[531,684,1647,1672]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F179E001FDA8811A5CCE17C6" bold="true" box="[531,684,1647,1671]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Anterior height</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76BA7E6FF1791FF1FD72811A5D3C17C9" box="[713,862,1647,1672]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F179E001FD72811A5D3C17C6" bold="true" box="[713,862,1647,1671]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Anterior width</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76BA7E6FF1791FF1FCC1811A5A5C17C9" box="[890,1086,1647,1672]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F179E001FCC1811A5A5C17C6" bold="true" box="[890,1086,1647,1671]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Mid-centrum width</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76BA7E6FF1791FF1FBE0811A5A9917C9" box="[1115,1275,1647,1672]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F179E001FBE0811A5A9917C6" bold="true" box="[1115,1275,1647,1671]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Posterior height</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76BA7E6FF1791FF1FAA3811A5BD117C9" box="[1304,1459,1647,1672]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F179E001FAA3811A5BD117C6" bold="true" box="[1304,1459,1647,1671]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Posterior width</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="356B1713F1791FF1FFCA81EA5BD117F9" box="[113,1459,1695,1720]" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="76BA7E6FF1791FF1FFCA81EA5EA717F9" box="[113,197,1695,1720]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Dorsal</th>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1791FF1FF5981EA5F5917F9" box="[226,315,1695,1720]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">IGB 2-10</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1791FF1FEEC81EA5F9517F9" box="[343,503,1695,1720]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">115</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1791FF1FDA881EA5CCE17F9" box="[531,684,1695,1720]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">122</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1791FF1FD7281EA5D3C17F9" box="[713,862,1695,1720]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F179E001FD7281D55CB017F6" box="[713,722,1696,1719]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">c</emphasis>
. 105
</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1791FF1FCC181EA5A5C17F9" box="[890,1086,1695,1720]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F179E001FCC181D55DE117F6" box="[890,899,1696,1719]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">c</emphasis>
. 55
</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1791FF1FBE081EA5A9917F9" box="[1115,1275,1695,1720]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">124</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1791FF1FAA381EA5BD117F9" box="[1304,1459,1695,1720]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">105</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356B1713F1791FF1FFCA81B45BD11798" box="[113,1459,1729,1753]" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="76BA7E6FF1791FF1FFCA81B45EA71798" box="[113,197,1729,1753]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Dorsal</th>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1791FF1FF5981B45F591798" box="[226,315,1729,1753]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">IGB 2-11</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1791FF1FEEC81B45F951798" box="[343,503,1729,1753]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">120</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1791FF1FDA881B45CCE1798" box="[531,684,1729,1753]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">124</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1791FF1FD7281B45D3C1798" box="[713,862,1729,1753]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">108</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1791FF1FCC181B45A5C1798" box="[890,1086,1729,1753]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F179E001FCC181B75DE11798" box="[890,899,1730,1753]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">c</emphasis>
. 64
</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1791FF1FBE081B45A991798" box="[1115,1275,1729,1753]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F179E001FBE081B75A061798" box="[1115,1124,1730,1753]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">c</emphasis>
. 120
</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1791FF1FAA381B45BD11798" box="[1304,1459,1729,1753]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F179E001FAA381B75B431798" box="[1304,1313,1730,1753]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">c</emphasis>
. 107
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356B1713F1791FF1FFCA81965BD117BA" box="[113,1459,1763,1787]" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="76BA7E6FF1791FF1FFCA81965EA717BA" box="[113,197,1763,1787]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Sacral 5</th>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1791FF1FF5981965F5917BA" box="[226,315,1763,1787]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">IGB 2-15</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1791FF1FEEC81965F9517BA" box="[343,503,1763,1787]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">110</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1791FF1FDA881965CCE17BA" box="[531,684,1763,1787]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F179E001FDA881915C7E17BA" box="[531,540,1764,1787]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">c</emphasis>
. 100
</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1791FF1FD7281965D3C17BA" box="[713,862,1763,1787]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F179E001FD6E81915CBC17BA" box="[725,734,1764,1787]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">c</emphasis>
. 88
</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1791FF1FCC181965A5C17BA" box="[890,1086,1763,1787]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F179E001FCC181915DE117BA" box="[890,899,1764,1787]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">c</emphasis>
. 60
</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1791FF1FBE081965A9917BA" box="[1115,1275,1763,1787]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">127</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1791FF1FAA381965BD117BA" box="[1304,1459,1763,1787]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">106</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F179E01EFCFE804A5F2F17E6" blockId="15.[810,1461,1855,2004]" lastBlockId="16.[127,780,144,1703]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
The neural arch is narrow anteriorly and mainly formed by the massive bases of the transverse processes in lateral view. The latter are placed over approximately the half length of the centrum on the neural arch and they are higher dorsoventrally than long anteroposteriorly. No lateral lamina supporting the transverse process are present, but there is a very shallow depression anteriorly on the base of the transverse process, and posteriorly, a short, very stout ridge extends from the base of the postzygapophysis towards the roof of the transverse process. The processes itself seem to have been very short, and an anteroposteriorly expanded, largely vertically oriented bone that begins just a few centimetres lateral from the neural arch probably represent the fused sacral ribs, as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F166E01EFDE186195F4A10E2" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F166E01EFDE186195CD410C2" box="[602,694,364,387]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F166E01EFD7D861E5F7E10E2" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; the almost vertical dorsoventral orientation of these bones, especially on the better preserved left side, might be due to mediolateral compression of the obviously laterodorsally oriented ribs. A pronounced, sharp-edged ridge is present on the anteroventral part of the sacral rib on the left side, and fades rapidly posterodorsally into the surface of the bone (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F166E01EFD1085525C94137E" box="[683,758,551,575]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="14.[129,194,912,936]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,885]" captionTargetId="figure-659@14.[129,1473,144,885]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 9. Last (5th) sacral vertebra of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-15, in left lateral (A), right lateral (B), and posterior (C) views. Abbreviations: hyp, hypantrum; l, lamina; nc, neural canal; pd, pleurocentral depression; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; ri, ridge. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774259/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
); this part seems to be abraded on the right side. The neural canal is small anteriorly, but considerably wider posteriorly, where it slightly indents the dorsal margin of the articular facet posteriorly. The anterior side of the neural arch is largely damaged, but there did not seem to have been normal prezygapophyses developed, but the arch around the neural canal was narrow and probably in direct contact and possibly fused with the neural arch of the preceding vertebra. Above the neural canal, only a narrow (
<emphasis id="B92FC943F166E01EFF6184375E811218" box="[218,227,834,857]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F166E01EFF5484345F591218" box="[239,315,833,857]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
), vertical strut of bone is present. Posteriorly, a large, triangular depression was present on the posterior side of the neural arch on either side of the base of the neural spine, above the neural canal and below the very dorsally placed postzygapophyses. This depression is subdivided by a thin lamina that extends from the lateral roof of the neural canal towards the dorsal base of the transverse process (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F166E01EFDA984885C3D1554" box="[530,607,1021,1045]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="14.[129,194,912,936]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,885]" captionTargetId="figure-659@14.[129,1473,144,885]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 9. Last (5th) sacral vertebra of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-15, in left lateral (A), right lateral (B), and posterior (C) views. Abbreviations: hyp, hypantrum; l, lamina; nc, neural canal; pd, pleurocentral depression; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; ri, ridge. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774259/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
). An equivalent lamina seems to be also present in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F166E01EFE5483685EA31515" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F166E01EFE5483685C291575" box="[495,587,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F166E01EFDE083685ED71515" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The depression is bordered medially by a thin lamina that extends from the medial edge of the postzygapophysis ventrally and forms part of the hyposphene. The laminae extending down from the left and right postzygapophysis remain separated by the very narrow postspinal fossa over almost their entire length and only meet in a marked ventral mediolateral expansion of the hyposphene (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F166E01EFE82838D5FE41451" box="[313,390,1272,1296]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="14.[129,194,912,936]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,885]" captionTargetId="figure-659@14.[129,1473,144,885]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 9. Last (5th) sacral vertebra of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-15, in left lateral (A), right lateral (B), and posterior (C) views. Abbreviations: hyp, hypantrum; l, lamina; nc, neural canal; pd, pleurocentral depression; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; ri, ridge. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774259/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
). The latter forms the ventral border of the triangular depression noted above, and its ventrolateral border is formed by a thin and low lamina that extends from the lateral end of the ventral expansion of the hyposphene dorsolaterally. Dorsally, the depression is bordered by the very stout postzygodiapophyseal lamina. The postzygapophysis is small (
<emphasis id="B92FC943F166E01EFD4182E05D6114ED" box="[762,771,1429,1452]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">c</emphasis>
. 23 by 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F166E01EFF0482C15F69148D" box="[191,267,1460,1484]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="17.0">17 mm</quantity>
), high oval in shape and placed high on the neural arch, at the level of the dorsal surface of the transverse process. As in the last sacral vertebra of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F166E01EFE7782865CBE174A" authority="(Madsen 1976)" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[460,732,1523,1547]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F166E01EFE7782865C51174A" box="[460,563,1523,1547]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Allosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F166E01EFDF882865CB2174A" author="Madsen JH" box="[579,720,1523,1547]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="3 - 163" refId="ref38275" refString="Madsen JH. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Bulletin 1976; 109: 3 - 163." type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen 1976</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F166E01EFF3881675FBD176B" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[131,479,1554,1578]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F166E01EFF3881675EBD1768" box="[131,223,1554,1577]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F166E01EFF5581675FB6176B" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[238,468,1554,1578]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, it is very steeply inclined, at an angle of 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F166E01EFF4981475E991708" box="[242,251,1586,1609]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">c</emphasis>
. 75° from the horizontal (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F166E01EFDB881445C2E1708" box="[515,588,1585,1609]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="14.[129,194,912,936]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,885]" captionTargetId="figure-659@14.[129,1473,144,885]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 9. Last (5th) sacral vertebra of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-15, in left lateral (A), right lateral (B), and posterior (C) views. Abbreviations: hyp, hypantrum; l, lamina; nc, neural canal; pd, pleurocentral depression; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; ri, ridge. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774259/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
). The neural spine is missing. Its base is mediolaterally slender, and the spine was either anteroposteriorly short or largely placed over the anterior part of the centrum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F166E01EFF3A81BC5F6D163C" blockId="16.[128,778,1737,1980]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F166E01EFF3A81BC5E9317A0" box="[129,241,1737,1761]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Dorsal ribs:</emphasis>
Several partial to almost complete dorsal ribs are present, plus numerous isolated rib sections that cannot be fitted to any of the more complete elements. The following description is based on the more complete ribs IGB 2-16, 2-17, 2-18, 2-19, and 2-20, most, if not all of which seem to be derived from the right side (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F166E01EFF0280105E9C163C" box="[185,254,1893,1917]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="15.[113,178,1531,1555]" captionTargetBox="[226,1346,144,1503]" captionTargetId="figure-114@15.[226,1346,144,1503]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 10. Right partial dorsal rib of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-16, in posterior (A) and anterior (B) views.Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774261" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774261/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F166E01EFF2780F05DF91218" blockId="16.[128,778,1737,1980]" lastBlockId="16.[824,1476,144,857]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
As in all dinosaurs, the dorsal ribs are double headed, with a short tuberculum and a long and slender capitulum. These two slightly thickened articular processes come together at the base of the rib shaft, but are connected above that by a thin web of bone that extends from the anteroventral edge of the tuberculum almost to the articular facet of the capitulum. Where the two proximal articular processes meet, the thickened bone extending distally from the tuberculum, which, at the rib head was more dorsoventrally oriented, twists to face more dorsally and thus forms a robust dorsal surface of the proximal rib shaft. Well-developed longitudinal furrows are present on both the anterior and posterior side of the proximal rib shaft (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F166E01EFAB186DF5B331083" box="[1290,1361,426,450]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="15.[113,178,1531,1555]" captionTargetBox="[226,1346,144,1503]" captionTargetId="figure-114@15.[226,1346,144,1503]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 10. Right partial dorsal rib of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-16, in posterior (A) and anterior (B) views.Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774261" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774261/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
), resulting in a somewhat oblique, T-shaped cross-section of the proximal rib. The posterior one of these furrows extends somewhat further distally than the anterior one, but both disappear within 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F166E01EFC8285525D1A137E" box="[825,888,551,575]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
from the junction of the articular processes. Distal to this, the rib shaft becomes dorsoventrally high oval in cross-section, being slightly wider anteroposteriorly and dorsally flattened in its dorsal part. Even more distally, the ribs become thin and rod-like, and a very shallow longitudinal furrow appears again on the posterior and sometimes also the anterior side of the distal part of the rib. The proximal parts of the ribs have only a very moderate ventral curvature, indicating a rather deep ribcage in the posterior part of the body, as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F166E01EFB0384575DF41218" authority="(Rauhut et al. 2016)" baseAuthorityName="Rauhut" baseAuthorityYear="2016" family="Megalosaurinidae" genus="Wiehenvenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F166E01EFB0384575B2B127B" box="[1208,1353,802,826]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Wiehenvenator</emphasis>
(Rauhut 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F166E01EFA0A84565D291218" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
. 2016)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F166E01EFBAC840C5A8612D2" blockId="16.[825,1476,889,1265]" box="[1047,1252,889,915]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F166E01EFBAC840C5A8612D2" box="[1047,1252,889,915]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Appendicular skeleton</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F166E01EFC8284EA5B7B15B1" blockId="16.[825,1476,889,1265]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
The appendicular skeleton of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F166E01EFBD884EA5A8212F6" authorityName="Rauhut &amp; Bakirov &amp; Wings &amp; Fernandes &amp; Hübner" authorityYear="2024" box="[1123,1248,927,951]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F166E01EFBD884EA5A8212F6" box="[1123,1248,927,951]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Alpkarakush</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is mainly known from the pelvic girdle and hindlimbs. Of the forelimbs, only a furcula, a manual phalanx, and a manual ungual are preserved. The hindlimb is represented by a partial left ilium, partial pubes of the 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F166E01EFC8283685DF71574" box="[825,917,1053,1077]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and almost complete pubes of the 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F166E01EFB4583685B3B1574" box="[1278,1369,1053,1077]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, complete ischia of the 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F166E01EFC0683495A7B1515" box="[957,1049,1084,1108]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and partial ischium of the 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F166E01EFA9583495BEB1515" box="[1326,1417,1084,1108]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, both femora and tibiae of the 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F166E01EFB8B832E5AEC1532" box="[1072,1166,1115,1139]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, the right tibia of the 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F166E01EFADE83295BA21535" box="[1381,1472,1116,1140]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, almost complete left fibula, both astragalocalcanea, a partial distal tarsal, left metatarsal II, left and right metatarsal III, and several pedal phalanges and unguals of the 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F166E01EFB4883CC5B331590" box="[1267,1361,1209,1233]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. For measurements of the hindlimb elements see 
<tableCitation id="C6D920EAF166E01EFB7283AC5B7115B0" box="[1225,1299,1241,1265]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="17.[114,169,143,167]" captionTargetBox="[113,1458,188,497]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Table 2. Measurements of hindlimb elements of A. kyrgyzicus (in cm)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2445D9F167E01FFFC987FA5D6711E6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" tableUuid="DF2445D9F167E01FFFC987FA5D6711E6">Table 2</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F166E01FFC8282675C4316C3" blockId="16.[824,1476,1298,1980]" lastBlockId="17.[113,763,1553,1984]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F166E01EFC8282675DE9146B" box="[825,907,1298,1322]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Furcula:</emphasis>
A wide V-shaped bone represents a furcula (IGB 2-23; 
<figureCitation id="136009D4F166E01EFC8182445DE61408" box="[826,900,1329,1353]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1453,1477]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,606,1425]" captionTargetId="figure-450@17.[114,1458,606,1425]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 11. Furcula of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-23, in anterior (A), ventral (B), and posterior (C) views.Abbreviations:bm?, possible bite mark; epi, epicleideal process; fa, facet. Scale bar is 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774263" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774263/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
). With an overall transverse width of 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F166E01EFA9782445B1C1408" box="[1324,1406,1329,1353]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="cm" value="17.5">17.5 cm</quantity>
(with maybe some 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F166E01EFC7E82245A701429" box="[965,1042,1361,1385]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="cm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 cm</quantity>
missing), the bone is rather small for an animal of the size as the 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F166E01EFB8A82055AEF14C9" box="[1073,1165,1392,1416]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F166E01EFB1582055B4814C9" authorityName="Rauhut &amp; Bakirov &amp; Wings &amp; Fernandes &amp; Hübner" authorityYear="2024" box="[1198,1322,1392,1416]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F166E01EFB1582055B4814C9" box="[1198,1322,1392,1416]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Alpkarakush</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but as there is considerable variation in the relative size (and shape) of furculae in theropods (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F166E01EFC7582DA5A8D1486" author="Makovicky PJ &amp; Currie PJ" box="[974,1263,1455,1479]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="143 - 9" refId="ref38332" refString="Makovicky PJ, Currie PJ. The presence of a furcula in tyrannosaurid theropods, and its phylogenetic and functional implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 1998; 18: 143 - 9. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1998. 10011040" type="journal article" year="1998">Makovicky and Currie 1998</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F166E01EFB4082DA5BD51486" author="Nesbitt S &amp; Turner A &amp; Spaulding M" box="[1275,1463,1455,1479]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="856 - 79" refId="ref38626" refString="Nesbitt S, Turner A, Spaulding M et al. The theropod furcula. Journal of Morphology 2009; 270: 856 - 79." type="journal article" year="2009">
Nesbitt 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F166E01EFAF682DA5B151486" box="[1357,1399,1455,1479]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
. 2009
</bibRefCitation>
) and the vast majority of elements recovered from site FTU-1 seem to represent a single individual, we consider it likely that this element comes from the same animal. However, it cannot be excluded that it might represent the smaller, 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F166E01EFB4D81595B2D1705" box="[1270,1359,1580,1604]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
individual. The furcula is formed by two largely symmetrical rami that meet each other at an angle of approximately 140° (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F166E01EFA84811E5BD017C2" box="[1343,1458,1643,1667]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1453,1477]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,606,1425]" captionTargetId="figure-450@17.[114,1458,606,1425]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 11. Furcula of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-23, in anterior (A), ventral (B), and posterior (C) views.Abbreviations:bm?, possible bite mark; epi, epicleideal process; fa, facet. Scale bar is 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774263" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774263/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 11A, C</figureCitation>
). The lateral ends are slender, but the bone becomes dorsoventrally wider towards the median junction. Whereas the rami are narrowly rounded dorsally and more sharp-edged ventrally, the central part is rounded both dorsally and ventrally. The cross-section of the rami is thus roughly teardrop shaped. A hypocleidium, as it is found in a variety of other non-avian theropods (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F166E01EFAE480525DE9161F" author="Nesbitt S &amp; Turner A &amp; Spaulding M" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="856 - 79" refId="ref38626" refString="Nesbitt S, Turner A, Spaulding M et al. The theropod furcula. Journal of Morphology 2009; 270: 856 - 79." type="journal article" year="2009">
Nesbitt 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F166E01EFA0A80525D29161F" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
. 2009
</bibRefCitation>
), is absent. Towards the lateral ends, the bone becomes slightly wider anteroposteriorly and there is a laterally widening posterodorsally facing facet on the posterior side of the bone on either side (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F166E01EFC0F80D15A6916FD" box="[948,1035,1956,1980]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1453,1477]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,606,1425]" captionTargetId="figure-450@17.[114,1458,606,1425]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 11. Furcula of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-23, in anterior (A), ventral (B), and posterior (C) views.Abbreviations:bm?, possible bite mark; epi, epicleideal process; fa, facet. Scale bar is 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774263" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774263/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 11C</figureCitation>
). This facet extends over almost half of the length of the rami and is defined ventrally by a poorly developed ridge, which becomes slightly more conspicuous towards the lateral ends. Only a small piece of the very thin epicleideal process is preserved on the left side of the bone. On the posterior side of the right ramus, there is a conspicuous, obliquely oriented flat area of 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F167E01FFF0081DA5EA61787" box="[187,196,1711,1734]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F167E01FFF7481DB5F751784" box="[207,279,1710,1734]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
width, which is bordered medially and laterally by sharp edges (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F167E01FFEAC81B85F0C17A4" box="[279,366,1741,1765]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1453,1477]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,606,1425]" captionTargetId="figure-450@17.[114,1458,606,1425]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 11. Furcula of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-23, in anterior (A), ventral (B), and posterior (C) views.Abbreviations:bm?, possible bite mark; epi, epicleideal process; fa, facet. Scale bar is 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774263" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774263/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 11C</figureCitation>
). Under magnification, the bone fibres are ripped at these edges, as if the bone was cut, and the upper bone layer seems to be stripped away. This area might thus represent a bite mark, where some of the bone was ripped away with the overlying flesh during scavenging of the carcass, or it might also be a trample mark (see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F167E01FFE30801F5C7216C3" author="Fiorillo AR" box="[395,528,1898,1922]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="73 - 5" refId="ref37008" refString="Fiorillo AR. Trample marks: caution from the Cretaceous. Current Research in the Pleistocene 1987; 4: 73 - 5." type="journal article" year="1987">Fiorillo 1987</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2445D9F167E01FFFC987FA5D6711E6" ID-Table-UUID="DF2445D9F167E01FFFC987FA5D6711E6" box="[114,773,142,167]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2445D9F167E01FFFC987FA5D6711E6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" startId="17.[114,169,143,167]" targetBox="[113,1458,188,497]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="17" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="8BE41551F167E01FFFC987FA5D6711E6" blockId="17.[114,773,142,167]" box="[114,773,142,167]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F167E01FFFC987FA5EA211E7" bold="true" box="[114,192,142,167]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Table 2.</emphasis>
Measurements of hindlimb elements of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F167E01FFD8187FA5CD011E6" box="[570,690,143,167]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kyrgyzicus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F167E01FFD8187FA5CD011E6" box="[570,690,143,167]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. kyrgyzicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(in cm).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F167E01FFFCA87C85B6710B0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<table id="F95BE7F1F1671FF1FFCA87C95BD010B0" box="[113,1458,188,497]" gridcols="8" gridrows="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<tr id="356B1713F1671FF1FFCA87C95BD01194" box="[113,1458,188,213]" gridrow="0" isHeader="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FFCA87C95F201194" box="[113,322,188,213]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F167E01FFFCA87C85EA71194" bold="true" box="[113,197,189,213]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Element</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FED987C95FD91194" box="[354,443,188,213]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F167E01FFED987C85FD71194" bold="true" box="[354,437,189,213]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Number</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FE6087C95C411194" box="[475,547,188,213]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F167E01FFE6087C85C411194" bold="true" box="[475,547,189,213]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Length</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FDFF87C95CBF1194" box="[580,733,188,213]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F167E01FFDFF87C95CBF1195" bold="true" box="[580,733,188,212]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Proximal width</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FD4687C95DF51194" box="[765,919,188,213]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F167E01FFD4687C95DF51194" bold="true" box="[765,919,188,213]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Proximal depth</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FC0387C95A501194" box="[952,1074,188,213]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F167E01FFC0387C95A501195" bold="true" box="[952,1074,188,212]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Distal width</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FBE987C95AAE1194" box="[1106,1228,188,213]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F167E01FFBE987C95AAE1194" bold="true" box="[1106,1228,188,213]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Distal depth</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FB5687C95BD01194" box="[1261,1458,188,213]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F167E01FFB5687C95BD01195" bold="true" box="[1261,1458,188,212]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Shaft circumference</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="356B1713F1671FF1FFCA879E5BD01045" box="[113,1458,235,260]" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FFCA879E5F201045" box="[113,322,235,260]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Femur right</th>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FED9879E5FD91045" box="[354,443,235,260]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">IGB 2-33</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FE60879E5C411045" box="[475,547,235,260]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">90</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FDFF879E5CBF1045" box="[580,733,235,260]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">15.5a</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FD46879E5DF51045" box="[765,919,235,260]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">10.5</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FC03879E5A501045" box="[952,1074,235,260]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">16</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FBE9879E5AAE1045" box="[1106,1228,235,260]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">15.5</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FB56879E5BD01045" box="[1261,1458,235,260]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">29</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356B1713F1671FF1FFCA86785BD01067" box="[113,1458,269,294]" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-7="1">
<th id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FFCA86785F201067" box="[113,322,269,294]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Femur left</th>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FED986785FD91067" box="[354,443,269,294]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">IGB 2-32</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FE6086785C411067" box="[475,547,269,294]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">88</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FDFF86785CBF1067" box="[580,733,269,294]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">18.5</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FD4686785DF51067" box="[765,919,269,294]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">10</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FC0386785A501067" box="[952,1074,269,294]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">15.5b</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FBE986785AAE1067" box="[1106,1228,269,294]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">15.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356B1713F1671FF1FFCA86455BD01009" box="[113,1458,304,328]" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FFCA86455F201009" box="[113,322,304,328]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Tibia left</th>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FED986455FD91009" box="[354,443,304,328]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">IGB 2-34</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FE6086455C411009" box="[475,547,304,328]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">72</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FDFF86455CBF1009" box="[580,733,304,328]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">13</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FD4686455DF51009" box="[765,919,304,328]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">22</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FC0386455A501009" box="[952,1074,304,328]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">19.5</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FBE986455AAE1009" box="[1106,1228,304,328]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">9.5</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FB5686455BD01009" box="[1261,1458,304,328]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">25</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356B1713F1671FF1FFCA86245BD0102B" box="[113,1458,337,362]" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-7="1">
<th id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FFCA86245F20102B" box="[113,322,337,362]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Tibia right</th>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FED986245FD9102B" box="[354,443,337,362]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">IGB 2-35</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FE6086245C41102B" box="[475,547,337,362]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">71.5</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FDFF86245CBF102B" box="[580,733,337,362]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">12c</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FBE986245AAE102B" box="[1106,1228,337,362]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">7.5c</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356B1713F1671FF1FFCA86015BD010CD" box="[113,1458,372,396]" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-7="1">
<th id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FFCA86015F2010CD" box="[113,322,372,396]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Mt II right</th>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FED986015FD910CD" box="[354,443,372,396]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">IGB 2-41</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FE6086015C4110CD" box="[475,547,372,396]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">34.7</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FDFF86015CBF10CD" box="[580,733,372,396]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">7.2</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FD4686015DF510CD" box="[765,919,372,396]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">9</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FC0386015A5010CD" box="[952,1074,372,396]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">6.5</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FBE986015AAE10CD" box="[1106,1228,372,396]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356B1713F1671FF1FFCA86E15BD010EF" box="[113,1458,404,430]" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-7="1">
<th id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FFCA86E15F2010EF" box="[113,322,404,430]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Mt III right</th>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FED986E15FD910EF" box="[354,443,404,430]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">IGB 2-42</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FE6086E15C4110EF" box="[475,547,404,430]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">40</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FDFF86E15CBF10EF" box="[580,733,404,430]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">8.5</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FD4686E15DF510EF" box="[765,919,404,430]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">10.5d</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FC0386E15A5010EF" box="[952,1074,404,430]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">7.7</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FBE986E15AAE10EF" box="[1106,1228,404,430]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356B1713F1671FF1FFCA86C25BD0108E" box="[113,1458,439,463]" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-7="1">
<th id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FFCA86C25F20108E" box="[113,322,439,463]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Mt III left</th>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FED986C25FD9108E" box="[354,443,439,463]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">IGB 2-43</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FE6086C25C41108E" box="[475,547,439,463]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">39.8</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FDFF86C25CBF108E" box="[580,733,439,463]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">9e</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FD4686C25DF5108E" box="[765,919,439,463]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">10.5e</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FC0386C25A50108E" box="[952,1074,439,463]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">7.5</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FBE986C25AAE108E" box="[1106,1228,439,463]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">5.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356B1713F1671FF1FFCA86AD5BD010B0" box="[113,1458,472,497]" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FFCA86AD5F2010B0" box="[113,322,472,497]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Tibia right (Paratype)</th>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FED986AD5FD910B0" box="[354,443,472,497]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">IGB 2-48</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FE6086AD5C4110B0" box="[475,547,472,497]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">60.5</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FDFF86AD5CBF10B0" box="[580,733,472,497]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">7</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FD4686AD5DF510B0" box="[765,919,472,497]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">11f</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FC0386AD5A5010B0" box="[952,1074,472,497]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">11</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FBE986AD5AAE10B0" box="[1106,1228,472,497]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">4.5</td>
<td id="76BA7E6FF1671FF1FB5686AD5BD010B0" box="[1261,1458,472,497]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">17</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F167E01FFFCA857A5D981360" blockId="17.[113,1018,526,545]" box="[113,1018,526,545]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<tableNote id="76BD14DFF167E01FFFCA857A5D981360" box="[113,1018,526,545]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" targetBox="[113,1458,188,497]" targetPageId="17">
<superScript id="7C2EB819F167E01FFFCA857A5EDA1360" attach="right" box="[113,184,526,545]" fontSize="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">aLaterally</superScript>
incomplete. 
<superScript id="7C2EB819F167E01FFEAC857A5F051360" attach="right" box="[279,359,526,545]" fontSize="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">bDistorted</superScript>
. 
<superScript id="7C2EB819F167E01FFED6857A5FC91360" attach="right" box="[365,427,526,545]" fontSize="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">cSlightly</superScript>
damaged. 
<superScript id="7C2EB819F167E01FFE42857A5C331360" attach="right" box="[505,593,526,545]" fontSize="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">dPosteriorly</superScript>
slightly incomplete. 
<superScript id="7C2EB819F167E01FFD51857A5D4A1360" attach="right" box="[746,808,526,545]" fontSize="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">eSlightly</superScript>
rotated. 
<superScript id="7C2EB819F167E01FFCD2857A5DDE1360" attach="right" box="[873,956,526,545]" fontSize="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">fSomewhat</superScript>
eroded.
</tableNote>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2445D9F167E01FFFCA82D85C2A14A0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774263" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13774263" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774263/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" startId="17.[113,178,1453,1477]" targetBox="[114,1458,606,1425]" targetPageId="17" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE41551F167E01FFFCA82D85C2A14A0" blockId="17.[113,1421,1453,1505]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F167E01FFFCA82D85EB41484" bold="true" box="[113,214,1453,1477]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figure 11.</emphasis>
Furcula of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F167E01FFE8482DB5F881484" authority=", IGB" authorityName="IGB" box="[319,490,1453,1477]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kyrgyzicus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F167E01FFE8482DB5FD41484" box="[319,438,1453,1477]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. kyrgyzicus</emphasis>
, IGB
</taxonomicName>
2-23, in anterior (A), ventral (B), and posterior (C) views. Abbreviations: bm?, possible bite mark; epi, epicleideal process; fa, facet. Scale bar is 2 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F167E01FFF3680FC5D0D1787" blockId="17.[113,763,1553,1984]" lastBlockId="17.[810,1459,1553,1734]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
The element described here represents the first furcula known for a metriacanthosaurid. In general shape, especially in respect to the wide angle between the two rami, it is most similar to furculae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F167E01FFC3E81455B701708" authority="(Chure and Madsen 1996)" baseAuthorityName="Chure and Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[901,1298,1584,1609]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F167E01FFC3E81455D8E1709" box="[901,1004,1584,1608]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Allosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F167E01FFC4481455B651709" author="Chure DJ &amp; Madsen JH" box="[1023,1287,1584,1608]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="573 - 7" refId="ref36367" refString="Chure DJ, Madsen JH. On the presence of furculae in some nonmaniraptoran theropods. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 1996; 16: 573 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1996.10011341" type="journal article" year="1996">Chure and Madsen 1996</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, whereas other non-avian theropods have more pronounced angles and/or a more rounded outline of the furcula angle (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F167E01FFB4C811A5BCF17C6" author="Norell MA &amp; Makovicky P &amp; Clark JM" box="[1271,1453,1647,1671]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref38738" refString="Norell MA, Makovicky P, Clark JM. A Velociraptor wishbone. Nature 1997; 389: 447. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 38918" type="journal volume" year="1997">
Norell 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F167E01FFAFA81055B1017C6" box="[1345,1394,1647,1671]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
1997
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F167E01FFC9181FB5A3117E6" author="Makovicky PJ &amp; Currie PJ" box="[810,1107,1678,1703]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="143 - 9" refId="ref38332" refString="Makovicky PJ, Currie PJ. The presence of a furcula in tyrannosaurid theropods, and its phylogenetic and functional implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 1998; 18: 143 - 9. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1998. 10011040" type="journal article" year="1998">Makovicky and Currie 1998</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F167E01FFBD981FB5B7C17E6" author="Lipkin C &amp; Sereno PC &amp; Horner JR" box="[1122,1310,1678,1703]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1523 - 7" refId="ref38149" refString="Lipkin C, Sereno PC, Horner JR. The furcula in Suchomimus tenerensis and Tyrannosaurus rex (Dinosauria: Theropoda: Tetanurae). Journal of Paleontology 2007; 81: 1523 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / 06 - 024.1" type="journal article" year="2007">
Lipkin 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F167E01FFB1481FA5AB917E7" box="[1199,1243,1678,1702]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al</emphasis>
. 2007
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F167E01FFA9681FB5D3C1787" author="Nesbitt S &amp; Turner A &amp; Spaulding M" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="856 - 79" refId="ref38626" refString="Nesbitt S, Turner A, Spaulding M et al. The theropod furcula. Journal of Morphology 2009; 270: 856 - 79." type="journal article" year="2009">
Nesbitt 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F167E01FFA3A81FA5BCF17E7" box="[1409,1453,1678,1702]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al</emphasis>
. 2009
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F167E01CFC91819B5C891064" blockId="17.[810,1459,1773,1985]" lastBlockId="18.[128,779,144,1986]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F167E01FFC91819B5D171644" box="[810,885,1774,1797]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Manus:</emphasis>
The manus is represented only by a manual phalanx and a partial ungual (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F167E01FFC5C80795A531664" box="[999,1073,1804,1829]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="19.[113,178,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-6@19.[116,1456,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 12. Manual elements of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, left manual phalanx II-1, IGB 2-24, in dorsal (A), medial (B), lateral (C), ventral (D, stereophotographs), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. G, H, manual ungual IGB 2-47 in lateral (G) and proximal (H) views. Abbreviations: eg, extensor groove; su, sulcus. Scale bar is 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774265" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774265/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
). Unfortunately, metriacanthosaurid forelimbs are generally poorly known, and only a few manual elements have been described for 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F167E01FFB2880395D0816C2" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F167E01FFB2880395A8D1622" box="[1171,1263,1868,1891]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F167E01FFAB9803E5D3C16C2" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. A possible exception is 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F167E01FFBDA801F5B6416C3" box="[1121,1286,1898,1922]" class="Reptilia" family="Piatnitzkysauridae" genus="Xuanhanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F167E01FFBDA801F5B6416C3" box="[1121,1286,1898,1922]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Xuanhanosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which has an almost complete forelimb, with a partial manus, and was found to be a metriacanthosaurid by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F167E01FFBFC80DC5B7D1680" author="Carrano MT &amp; Benson RBJ &amp; Sampson SD" box="[1095,1311,1961,1985]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref35875" refString="Carrano MT, Benson RBJ, Sampson SD. The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2012; 10: 599. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772019.2012.713753" type="journal volume" year="2012">
Carrano 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F167E01FFB1A80DF5AB21680" box="[1185,1232,1961,1985]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
(2012)
</bibRefCitation>
. However, the phylogenetic position of this taxon is uncertain, as it was found as a possible piatnitzkysaurid in some recent phylogenetic hypotheses (Rauhut 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFE8587BA5F0C11A6" box="[318,366,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
2016, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F164E01CFE0F87BA5C2A11A6" author="Dai H &amp; Benson RBJ &amp; Hu X" box="[436,584,207,231]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref36710" refString="Dai H, Benson RBJ, Hu X et al. A new possible megalosauroid theropod from the Middle Jurassic Xintiangou Formation of Chongqing, People's Republic of China and its implication for early tetanuran evolution. Scientific Reports 2020; 10: 139. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41598 - 019 - 56959 - x" type="journal volume" year="2020">
Dai 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFE6487BA5C6D11A6" box="[479,527,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
) and can take several positions within carnosaurs in our analysis (including as a metriacanthosaurid in the equal weights analysis, see below).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F164E01CFF2786585D661768" blockId="18.[128,779,144,1986]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
A rather short and robust manual phalanx (IGB 2-24) represent the first phalanx of the second digit of the left manus (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F164E01CFD5886395EA410C2" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="19.[113,178,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-6@19.[116,1456,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 12. Manual elements of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, left manual phalanx II-1, IGB 2-24, in dorsal (A), medial (B), lateral (C), ventral (D, stereophotographs), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. G, H, manual ungual IGB 2-47 in lateral (G) and proximal (H) views. Abbreviations: eg, extensor groove; su, sulcus. Scale bar is 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774265" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774265/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 12A–F</figureCitation>
). It is 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F164E01CFEB7861E5F3610C2" box="[268,340,363,387]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="80.0">80 mm</quantity>
long, 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F164E01CFE2D861E5FBC10C2" box="[406,478,363,387]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="38.0">38 mm</quantity>
wide, and 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F164E01CFDEB861E5CFA10C2" box="[592,664,363,387]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
high proximally, and 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F164E01CFF4086FE5F2110E3" box="[251,323,395,419]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="32.0">32 mm</quantity>
wide and 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F164E01CFE0E86FE5F9F10E3" box="[437,509,395,419]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="27.0">27 mm</quantity>
high distally. As in some other theropods, e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F164E01CFEDB86DF5C0D1083" authority="(Madsen 1976)" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[352,623,426,450]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFEDB86DF5FA51083" box="[352,455,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Allosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F164E01CFE6C86DF5C061083" author="Madsen JH" box="[471,612,426,450]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="3 - 163" refId="ref38275" refString="Madsen JH. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Bulletin 1976; 109: 3 - 163." type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen 1976</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F164E01CFDC786DF5D6B1083" authorityName="Rauhut &amp; Pol" authorityYear="2019" box="[636,777,426,450]" genus="Asfaltovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFDC786DF5D6B1083" box="[636,777,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Asfaltovenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MPEF-PV 3440), 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F164E01CFEE486BC5C6610A0" box="[351,516,457,481]" class="Reptilia" family="Piatnitzkysauridae" genus="Xuanhanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFEE486BC5C6610A0" box="[351,516,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Xuanhanosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(IVPP V 6729), and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F164E01CFF3A869C5C081340" authority="(Currie and Carpenter 2000)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Carpenter" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[129,618,489,513]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFF3A869C5F4C1340" box="[129,302,489,513]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Acrocanthosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F164E01CFEFB869C5C3D1340" author="Currie PJ &amp; Carpenter K" box="[320,607,489,513]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="207 - 46" refId="ref36533" refString="Currie PJ, Carpenter K. A new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA. Geodiversitas 2000; 22: 207 - 46." type="journal article" year="2000">Currie and Carpenter 2000</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, the phalanx is markedly asymmetrical (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F164E01CFEC4857D5F96135E" box="[383,500,520,544]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="19.[113,178,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-6@19.[116,1456,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 12. Manual elements of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, left manual phalanx II-1, IGB 2-24, in dorsal (A), medial (B), lateral (C), ventral (D, stereophotographs), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. G, H, manual ungual IGB 2-47 in lateral (G) and proximal (H) views. Abbreviations: eg, extensor groove; su, sulcus. Scale bar is 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774265" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774265/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 12A, D</figureCitation>
), though to a much greater extent than in these taxa. Thus, the proximal articular surface is divided into a large, high oval lateral concavity and a much smaller, triangular medial facet that is concave dorsoventrally, but slightly convex mediolaterally (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F164E01CFE5985F05C5613DC" box="[482,564,645,669]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="19.[113,178,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-6@19.[116,1456,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 12. Manual elements of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, left manual phalanx II-1, IGB 2-24, in dorsal (A), medial (B), lateral (C), ventral (D, stereophotographs), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. G, H, manual ungual IGB 2-47 in lateral (G) and proximal (H) views. Abbreviations: eg, extensor groove; su, sulcus. Scale bar is 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774265" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774265/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 12E</figureCitation>
). Both facets are divided by a dorsoventrally oriented ridge, with the medial being somewhat offset ventrally from the lateral one. Whereas the dorsal margin of the proximal articulation forms a gently convex arch in dorsal view, the ventral margin extends further proximally and forms a pointed proximal end in elongation of the ridge subdividing the facets, which is slightly displaced medially from the midline of the bone. The shaft of the phalanx is constricted to a minimal height and width of 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F164E01CFE6584F55C4712D6" box="[478,549,896,920]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="22.0">22 mm</quantity>
and slightly obliquely laterodistally oriented. Its cross-section is semioval to triangular proximal to the distal articular end, with a flattened ventral and a narrowing, dorsally-rounded dorsal margin. A markedly rugose tuberosity is found just distal to the proximal end on the ventral part of the medial side, as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F164E01CFDBA83685CC41574" box="[513,678,1053,1077]" class="Reptilia" family="Piatnitzkysauridae" genus="Xuanhanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFDBA83685CC41574" box="[513,678,1053,1077]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Xuanhanosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(IVPP V 6729), 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F164E01CFF7683495F381515" authorityName="Rauhut &amp; Pol" authorityYear="2019" box="[205,346,1084,1108]" genus="Asfaltovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFF7683495F381515" box="[205,346,1084,1108]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Asfaltovenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MPEV PV 3440), and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F164E01CFDE783495FC91532" authority="(Currie and Carpenter 2000)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Carpenter" baseAuthorityYear="2000" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFDE783495D6B1515" box="[604,777,1084,1108]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Acrocanthosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F164E01CFF30832E5FC21532" author="Currie PJ &amp; Carpenter K" box="[139,416,1115,1139]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="207 - 46" refId="ref36533" refString="Currie PJ, Carpenter K. A new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA. Geodiversitas 2000; 22: 207 - 46." type="journal article" year="2000">Currie and Carpenter 2000</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and another, smaller one at about half-length of the bone on its ventrolateral margin. The most conspicuous feature, however, is a ventral sulcus that is placed just lateral to the pointed ventral margin of the proximal articular surface (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F164E01CFF6383AC5F4C15B0" box="[216,302,1241,1265]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="19.[113,178,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-6@19.[116,1456,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 12. Manual elements of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, left manual phalanx II-1, IGB 2-24, in dorsal (A), medial (B), lateral (C), ventral (D, stereophotographs), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. G, H, manual ungual IGB 2-47 in lateral (G) and proximal (H) views. Abbreviations: eg, extensor groove; su, sulcus. Scale bar is 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774265" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774265/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 12D</figureCitation>
). This sulcus extends over half the length of the phalanx, slightly mediodistally directed and distally narrowing, and is defined by a marked step medially and an expanded, overhanging flange laterally. Although a shallow sulcus is also present on the ventral side of phalanx II- 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F164E01CFDA582235C23142F" box="[542,577,1366,1390]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F164E01CFDFD82235CCF142F" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[582,685,1366,1390]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFDFD82235CCF142F" box="[582,685,1366,1390]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(USNM 4734; DINO 11541) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F164E01CFE2882005C2214CC" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Carpenter" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[403,576,1397,1421]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFE2882005C2214CC" box="[403,576,1397,1421]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Acrocanthosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NCSM 14345), it is much broader and less well defined in these taxa. The most similar morphology is found in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F164E01CFE0582C15C01148D" box="[446,611,1460,1484]" class="Reptilia" family="Piatnitzkysauridae" genus="Xuanhanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFE0582C15C01148D" box="[446,611,1460,1484]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Xuanhanosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(IVPP V 6729), which also has well-developed medial and lateral tubercles on the proximal end of the ventral side of phalanx II-1, in which, however, the ventral sulcus is less enclosed than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F164E01CFD3981675C9D176B" authorityName="Rauhut &amp; Bakirov &amp; Wings &amp; Fernandes &amp; Hübner" authorityYear="2024" box="[642,767,1554,1578]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFD3981675C9D176B" box="[642,767,1554,1578]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Alpkarakush</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F164E01CFF2781445CD71644" blockId="18.[128,779,144,1986]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">The distal articular end is gynglimoidal, with the lateral condyle extending considerably more distally than the medial condyle. A small, triangular extensor groove is present dorsally just proximal to the gynglimus. Well-developed collateral ligament grooves are present on both sides. In lateral view, the lateral condyle is semicircular, whereas the medial condyle is only slightly lower but much shorter proximodistally in medial view.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F164E01CFF2780785AF312D9" blockId="18.[128,779,144,1986]" lastBlockId="18.[824,1476,144,920]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
The manual ungual (IGB 2-47) is notably short and curved (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F164E01CFF3080595F671602" box="[139,261,1836,1860]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="19.[113,178,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-6@19.[116,1456,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 12. Manual elements of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, left manual phalanx II-1, IGB 2-24, in dorsal (A), medial (B), lateral (C), ventral (D, stereophotographs), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. G, H, manual ungual IGB 2-47 in lateral (G) and proximal (H) views. Abbreviations: eg, extensor groove; su, sulcus. Scale bar is 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774265" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774265/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 12G, H</figureCitation>
). Based on its size and morphology, it is probably an ungual of the third digit. The proximal end is high oval, with a straight ventral margin. It is subdivided into lateral and medial concavities by a weakly developed dorsoventral ridge. The articular surface is almost twice as high as wide. A stout, but low and little projecting flexor tubercle is present just distal to the articular end on the ventral side. It is offset from the rim of the articulation by a shallow mediolateral groove. The flexor tubercle is less developed than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F164E01CFB8D879B5B261047" authority="(Madsen 1976)" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[1078,1348,238,262]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFB8D879B5AFF1047" box="[1078,1181,238,262]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Allosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F164E01CFB16879B5B5B1047" author="Madsen JH" box="[1197,1337,238,262]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="3 - 163" refId="ref38275" refString="Madsen JH. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Bulletin 1976; 109: 3 - 163." type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen 1976</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F164E01CFADD879B5A541064" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFADD879B5BA01044" box="[1382,1474,238,261]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F164E01CFCF886785A491064" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[835,1067,269,293]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, although in the latter case, this might have to do with possible different positions of the unguals compared. Distal to the flexor tubercle, the ungual rapidly narrows dorsoventrally, considerably more so than in any ungual of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F164E01CFC8286FE5DC210E2" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[825,928,395,419]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFC8286FE5DC210E2" box="[825,928,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, for example (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F164E01CFB8B86FE5ADC10E2" author="Gilmore CW" box="[1072,1214,395,419]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref37242" refString="Gilmore CW. Osteology of the carnivorous Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 1920; 110: i - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.110. i" type="journal volume" year="1920">Gilmore 1920</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F164E01CFB7386FE5B3010E2" author="Madsen JH" box="[1224,1362,395,419]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="3 - 163" refId="ref38275" refString="Madsen JH. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Bulletin 1976; 109: 3 - 163." type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen 1976</bibRefCitation>
). Dorsally, the dorsal margin of the ungual is not offset from the articular end by a groove or lip and curved directly ventrally from the articular end, in contrast to many coelurosaurian theropods, where the unguals first curve upwards, so that the highest point of the ungual is placed above the rim of the articular facet if the latter is held vertically. Well-developed and largely symmetrically arranged claw grooves are present on either side of the ungual. In comparison with the part dorsal to the claw groove, the part directly ventral to it bulges outwards. This is also the case in the area where the bone becomes dorsoventrally narrower from the flexor tubercle, so that here the area directly ventral to the claw groove was wider than the ventral margin of the ungual. More distally, the ventral side is broad and mediolaterally rounded. The ungual was strongly recurved, but the tip is missing, so nothing can be said about its total length or the position of the tip in relation to the articular end.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F164E01BFC8284CA5FE01231" blockId="18.[824,1476,959,1986]" lastBlockId="21.[112,763,699,1162]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFC8284CA5D141296" box="[825,886,959,983]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ilium:</emphasis>
Large parts of the left ilium are preserved, missing mainly the preacetabular process and most of the pubic peduncle (IGB 2-25; 
<figureCitation id="136009D4F164E01CFCCD848B5DA21557" box="[886,960,1022,1046]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="20.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[175,1428,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@20.[175,1428,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 13. Partial left ilium of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-25, in lateral (A) and medial (B) views.Abbreviations:ip, ischial peduncle; mbs, medial brevis shelf; S2, attachment facet for the second sacral rib; sac, supraacetabular crest.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774267" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774267/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs 13</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="136009D4F164E01CFC70848B5D871557" box="[971,997,1022,1046]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="21.[113,178,627,651]" captionTargetBox="[146,1426,144,599]" captionTargetId="figure-961@21.[146,1426,144,599]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 14. Partial left ilium of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-25, in ventral view. Abbreviations as in Figure 13. Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774269/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">14</figureCitation>
). The iliac blade is high above the acetabulum (
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFCFF836B5D2F1574" box="[836,845,1054,1077]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F164E01CFCEC83685DF51574" box="[855,919,1053,1077]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="cm" value="29.0">29 cm</quantity>
, excluding the supraacetabular crest), but slopes steeply posteroventrally (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F164E01CFC5483485A271514" box="[1007,1093,1085,1109]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="20.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[175,1428,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@20.[175,1428,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 13. Partial left ilium of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-25, in lateral (A) and medial (B) views.Abbreviations:ip, ischial peduncle; mbs, medial brevis shelf; S2, attachment facet for the second sacral rib; sac, supraacetabular crest.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774267" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774267/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 13A</figureCitation>
), so that the posterior end of the iliac blade is only slightly more than a third of the height of this bone above the acetabulum (
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFB9D83095A4D15D2" box="[1062,1071,1148,1171]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F164E01CFB82830E5A1E15D2" box="[1081,1148,1147,1171]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="cm" value="11.0">11 cm</quantity>
). This slope is more pronounced than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F164E01CFC3183EE5B6415F2" authority="(Buffetaut et al. 1996)" baseAuthorityName="Buffetaut" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[906,1286,1179,1203]" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Siamotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFC3183EE5A7F15F3" box="[906,1053,1179,1202]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Siamotyrannus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F164E01CFB9783EE5A9915F2" author="Buffetaut E &amp; Suteethorn V &amp; Tong H" box="[1068,1275,1179,1203]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="689 - 91" refId="ref35626" refString="Buffetaut E, Suteethorn V, Tong H. The earliest known tyrannosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Thailand. Nature 1996; 381: 689 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 381689 a 0" type="journal article" year="1996">
Buffetaut 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFB2A83EE5AA315F2" box="[1169,1217,1179,1203]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
1996
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F164E01CFAA983EE5DBD1593" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFAA983EE5B0C15F3" box="[1298,1390,1179,1202]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F164E01CFAC483EE5DB61593" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F164E01CFBAD83CF5BDE1593" authority="(Gao 1999)" baseAuthorityName="Gao" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[1046,1468,1210,1234]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Yangchuanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hepingensis">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFBAD83CF5B5F1593" box="[1046,1341,1210,1234]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F164E01CFAF683CF5BD31593" author="Gao Y" box="[1357,1457,1210,1234]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref37185" refString="Gao Y. [A Complete Carnosaur Skeleton from Zigong, Sichuan - Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis]. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 1999. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1999">Gao 1999</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, but similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F164E01CFC7483AC5BC615B0" authority="(Dong et al. 1983)" baseAuthorityName="Dong" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[975,1444,1241,1266]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Yangchuanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magnus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFC7483AC5AB415B0" box="[975,1238,1241,1265]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Yangchuanosaurus magnus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F164E01CFB5283AF5BFA15B0" author="Dong Z &amp; Zhou S &amp; Zhang Y" box="[1257,1432,1241,1266]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 145" refId="ref36892" refString="Dong Z, Zhou S, Zhang Y. [The dinosaurian remains from Sichuan Basin, China]. Palaeontologia Sinica 1983; 162: 1 - 145. [in Chinese]." type="journal article" year="1983">
Dong 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFA9783AF5B3F15B0" box="[1324,1373,1241,1265]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
1983
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. A lateral ridge on the acetabular blade above the acetabulum, as it is present in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F164E01CFC6C826D5B341471" authority="(Buffetaut et al. 1996)" baseAuthorityName="Buffetaut" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[983,1366,1304,1328]" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Siamotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFC6C826D5A08146E" box="[983,1130,1304,1327]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Siamotyrannus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F164E01CFBC1826D5B281471" author="Buffetaut E &amp; Suteethorn V &amp; Tong H" box="[1146,1354,1304,1328]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="689 - 91" refId="ref35626" refString="Buffetaut E, Suteethorn V, Tong H. The earliest known tyrannosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Thailand. Nature 1996; 381: 689 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 381689 a 0" type="journal article" year="1996">
Buffetaut 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFB64826C5B721471" box="[1247,1296,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
1996
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, is absent. The acetabulum was large (
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFBCA824D5A18140E" box="[1137,1146,1336,1359]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F164E01CFB3582425AAF140E" box="[1166,1229,1335,1359]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
anteroposteriorly), almost two-thirds of the length of the postacetabular process (
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFCFF82025D2F14CF" box="[836,845,1399,1422]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F164E01CFCDA82035DC614CF" box="[865,932,1398,1422]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="cm" value="33.0">33 cm</quantity>
). The supraacetabular crest is hood-like, strongly overhanging the acetabulum and covering its dorsal part in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F164E01CFC1382C05A63148C" box="[936,1025,1461,1485]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="20.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[175,1428,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@20.[175,1428,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 13. Partial left ilium of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-25, in lateral (A) and medial (B) views.Abbreviations:ip, ischial peduncle; mbs, medial brevis shelf; S2, attachment facet for the second sacral rib; sac, supraacetabular crest.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774267" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774267/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 13A</figureCitation>
), as in non-tetanuran theropods and other metriacanthosaurids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F164E01CFBA782A15AAA14AD" author="Dong Z &amp; Zhou S &amp; Zhang Y" box="[1052,1224,1492,1516]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 145" refId="ref36892" refString="Dong Z, Zhou S, Zhang Y. [The dinosaurian remains from Sichuan Basin, China]. Palaeontologia Sinica 1983; 162: 1 - 145. [in Chinese]." type="journal article" year="1983">
Dong 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFBE682A05AEC14AD" box="[1117,1166,1492,1516]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
1983
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F164E01CFB6F82A15BDE14AD" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[1236,1468,1492,1516]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F164E01CFC8282865DFC174A" author="Gao Y" box="[825,926,1523,1547]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref37185" refString="Gao Y. [A Complete Carnosaur Skeleton from Zigong, Sichuan - Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis]. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 1999. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1999">Gao 1999</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F164E01CFC1282815A59174A" author="Wu X-C &amp; Currie PJ &amp; Dong Z" box="[937,1083,1523,1547]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="9 - 24" refId="ref40548" refString="Wu X-C, Currie PJ, Dong Z et al. A new theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Lufeng, Yunnan, China. Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 2009; 83: 9 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1755 - 6724.2009.00002. x" type="journal article" year="2009">
Wu 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFC6882815A60174A" box="[979,1026,1523,1547]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
), with the exception of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F164E01CFA9482815BA0174A" box="[1327,1474,1524,1547]" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Siamotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFA9482815BA0174A" box="[1327,1474,1524,1547]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Siamotyrannus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F164E01CFCFF81665A7D176A" author="Buffetaut E &amp; Suteethorn V &amp; Tong H" box="[836,1055,1555,1579]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="689 - 91" refId="ref35626" refString="Buffetaut E, Suteethorn V, Tong H. The earliest known tyrannosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Thailand. Nature 1996; 381: 689 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 381689 a 0" type="journal article" year="1996">
Buffetaut 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFC1681665D83176A" box="[941,993,1555,1579]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
1996
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F164E01CFB9481665AA3176A" author="Samathi A" box="[1071,1217,1555,1579]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref39805" refString="Samathi A. Osteology and phylogenetic position of Siamotyrannus isanensis (Dinosauria; Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Thailand. Unpublished MSc Thesis, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, 2013." type="book" year="2013">Samathi 2013</bibRefCitation>
). Anteroventrally, it extends almost to the pubic articulation on the pubic peduncle, as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F164E01CFCCB81245A501728" box="[880,1074,1617,1641]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Metriacanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFCCB81245A501728" box="[880,1074,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Metriacanthosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(OUM J 12144). The ischial peduncle is robust, wider mediolaterally than long anteroposteriorly and projects ventrally and slightly posteriorly. Its articular surface has a larger, marked convexity anteriorly and a small posterior flange that is somewhat offset medially from the lateral surface of the peduncle (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F164E01CFC55819B5A261647" box="[1006,1092,1774,1798]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="20.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[175,1428,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@20.[175,1428,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 13. Partial left ilium of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-25, in lateral (A) and medial (B) views.Abbreviations:ip, ischial peduncle; mbs, medial brevis shelf; S2, attachment facet for the second sacral rib; sac, supraacetabular crest.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774267" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774267/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 13B</figureCitation>
) and has a triangular outline in ventral view. The brevis fossa is strongly reduced, similar to the condition in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F164E01CFC2080585B621604" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[923,1280,1837,1861]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F164E01CFC2080585D951605" box="[923,1015,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F164E01CFBB280585A961604" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[1033,1268,1837,1861]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; it is developed as a narrow medial shelf that extends from a flattened ventral area just posterior to the base of the ischial peduncle posterodorsally (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F164E01CFCFF80FE5DFE16E2" box="[836,924,1931,1955]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="20.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[175,1428,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@20.[175,1428,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 13. Partial left ilium of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-25, in lateral (A) and medial (B) views.Abbreviations:ip, ischial peduncle; mbs, medial brevis shelf; S2, attachment facet for the second sacral rib; sac, supraacetabular crest.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774267" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774267/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs 13B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="136009D4F164E01CFC1D80FE5DA216E2" box="[934,960,1931,1955]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="21.[113,178,627,651]" captionTargetBox="[146,1426,144,599]" captionTargetId="figure-961@21.[146,1426,144,599]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 14. Partial left ilium of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-25, in ventral view. Abbreviations as in Figure 13. Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774269/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">14</figureCitation>
), first expanding slightly and then narrowing again towards the posterorodorsal edge of the iliac blade, which is broken off. The lateral brevis shelf is oriented strictly ventrally, and there is no exposure of the brevis fossa in lateral view, as it is found in most megalosaurids (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F163E01BFE5C858F5C361253" author="Britt BB" box="[487,596,762,786]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 72" refId="ref35300" refString="Britt BB. Theropods of Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri. BYU Geology Studies 1991; 37: 1 - 72." type="journal article" year="1991">Britt 1991</bibRefCitation>
, Benson 2010) and also in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F163E01BFF51846C5C2A1270" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[234,584,793,817]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F163E01BFF51846C5F241271" box="[234,326,793,816]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F163E01BFEED846C5C5F1270" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[342,573,793,817]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, but not in other metriacanthosaurids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F163E01BFEEC844C5C6E1210" author="Dong Z &amp; Zhou S &amp; Zhang Y" box="[343,524,824,849]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 145" refId="ref36892" refString="Dong Z, Zhou S, Zhang Y. [The dinosaurian remains from Sichuan Basin, China]. Palaeontologia Sinica 1983; 162: 1 - 145. [in Chinese]." type="journal article" year="1983">
Dong 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F163E01BFE20844C5FAD1211" box="[411,463,824,848]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
1983
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F163E01BFDA7844D5C971211" author="Buffetaut E &amp; Suteethorn V &amp; Tong H" box="[540,757,824,848]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="689 - 91" refId="ref35626" refString="Buffetaut E, Suteethorn V, Tong H. The earliest known tyrannosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Thailand. Nature 1996; 381: 689 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 381689 a 0" type="journal article" year="1996">
Buffetaut 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F163E01BFD3F844C5CDA1211" box="[644,696,824,848]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
1996
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F163E01BFFCA842D5EB41231" author="Gao Y" box="[113,214,856,880]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref37185" refString="Gao Y. [A Complete Carnosaur Skeleton from Zigong, Sichuan - Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis]. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 1999. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1999">Gao 1999</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F163E01BFF5A842D5F131231" author="Wu X-C &amp; Currie PJ &amp; Dong Z" box="[225,369,856,880]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="9 - 24" refId="ref40548" refString="Wu X-C, Currie PJ, Dong Z et al. A new theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Lufeng, Yunnan, China. Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 2009; 83: 9 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1755 - 6724.2009.00002. x" type="journal article" year="2009">
Wu 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F163E01BFEB1842D5F5B1231" box="[266,313,856,880]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2445D9F165E01DFFCA805E5C5A163A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774265" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13774265" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774265/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" startId="19.[113,178,1835,1859]" targetBox="[116,1456,144,1808]" targetPageId="19" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE41551F165E01DFFCA805E5C5A163A" blockId="19.[113,1438,1835,1916]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F165E01DFFCA805E5EB41602" bold="true" box="[113,214,1835,1859]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 12.</emphasis>
Manual elements of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F165E01DFE2280595C731605" box="[409,529,1836,1860]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kyrgyzicus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F165E01DFE2280595C731605" box="[409,529,1836,1860]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. kyrgyzicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A–F, left manual phalanx II-1, IGB 2-24, in dorsal (A), medial (B), lateral (C), ventral (D, stereophotographs), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. G, H, manual ungual IGB 2-47 in lateral (G) and proximal (H) views. Abbreviations: eg, extensor groove; su, sulcus. Scale bar is 2 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF2445D9F162E01AFF3A80595A291621" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774267" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13774267" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774267/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" startId="20.[129,194,1836,1860]" targetBox="[175,1428,144,1808]" targetPageId="20" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE41551F162E01AFF3A80595A291621" blockId="20.[129,1428,1836,1888]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F162E01AFF3A80595E871605" bold="true" box="[129,229,1836,1860]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figure 13.</emphasis>
Partial left ilium of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F162E01AFE2680595C2A1605" authority=", IGB" authorityName="IGB" box="[413,584,1836,1860]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kyrgyzicus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F162E01AFE2680595C771605" box="[413,533,1836,1860]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. kyrgyzicus</emphasis>
, IGB
</taxonomicName>
2-25, in lateral (A) and medial (B) views. Abbreviations: ip, ischial peduncle; mbs, medial brevis shelf; S2, attachment facet for the second sacral rib; sac, supraacetabular crest. Scale bar is 10 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF2445D9F163E01BFFCA85065AAD13CA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774269" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13774269" box="[113,1231,627,651]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774269/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" startId="21.[113,178,627,651]" targetBox="[146,1426,144,599]" targetPageId="21" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE41551F163E01BFFCA85065AAD13CA" blockId="21.[113,1231,627,651]" box="[113,1231,627,651]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F163E01BFFCA85065EB713CA" bold="true" box="[113,213,627,651]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figure 14.</emphasis>
Partial left ilium of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F163E01BFE3585015C5B13CA" authority=", IGB" authorityName="IGB" box="[398,569,627,651]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kyrgyzicus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F163E01BFE3585015C6413CA" box="[398,518,627,651]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">A. kyrgyzicus</emphasis>
, IGB
</taxonomicName>
2-25, in ventral view. Abbreviations as in Figure 13. Scale bar is 10 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F163E01BFF36840D5CD615CB" blockId="21.[112,763,699,1162]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
In medial view, the medial margin of the base of the pubic peduncle is expanded medially and forms a well-developed flange that overhangs the anterodorsal part of the acetabulum medially (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F163E01BFFC784A05EAD12AC" box="[124,207,981,1005]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="20.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[175,1428,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@20.[175,1428,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 13. Partial left ilium of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-25, in lateral (A) and medial (B) views.Abbreviations:ip, ischial peduncle; mbs, medial brevis shelf; S2, attachment facet for the second sacral rib; sac, supraacetabular crest.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774267" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774267/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 13B</figureCitation>
). Above the pubic peduncle, a deep, anteriorly opening depression is present for the attachment of the sacral rib of the second sacral vertebra (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F163E01BFECE83615FAD156D" box="[373,463,1044,1068]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="20.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[175,1428,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@20.[175,1428,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 13. Partial left ilium of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-25, in lateral (A) and medial (B) views.Abbreviations:ip, ischial peduncle; mbs, medial brevis shelf; S2, attachment facet for the second sacral rib; sac, supraacetabular crest.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774267" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774267/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 13B</figureCitation>
), as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F163E01BFD9183615ED2150A" authority="(Madsen 1976)" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1976" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F163E01BFD9183615CF3156D" box="[554,657,1044,1068]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Allosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F163E01BFD1383615EC7150A" author="Madsen JH" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="3 - 163" refId="ref38275" refString="Madsen JH. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Bulletin 1976; 109: 3 - 163." type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen 1976</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F163E01BFF5D83465C29150A" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[230,587,1075,1099]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F163E01BFF5D83465F20150B" box="[230,322,1075,1098]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F163E01BFEEF83465C5C150A" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[340,574,1075,1099]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Above the acetabulum, well-developed, dorsoventrally oriented striations indicate the insertion of the sacral rib of sacral vertebra three.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F163E01BFFCA83DE5BF1128F" blockId="21.[112,763,1195,1971]" lastBlockId="21.[809,1460,699,1977]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F163E01BFFCA83DE5ED31582" box="[113,177,1195,1219]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Pubes:</emphasis>
The pubes are represented by an almost complete right element (IGB 2-26), missing the proximal peduncles and the distal boot (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F163E01BFF57839F5F021443" box="[236,352,1258,1282]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[129,194,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetId="figure-7@22.[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Pubes and ischia of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, partial right pubis, IGB 2-26, in lateral (A), anterior (B), and medial (C) views. D, E, fragmentary left pubis, IGB 2-28, in lateral (D) and medial (E) views.F–H, distal end of conjoined pubic boots, IGB 2-29, in right lateral (F), proximal (G), and distal (H) views.I–M, articulated ischia, IGB 2-30, in right lateral (I; note that proximal part of right ischium is missing, so that the medial side of the proximal left element is visible), posterior (J), and left lateral (K) views, and proximal end of left ischium in proximal view (L) and conjoined ischial boot in distal view (M). Abbreviations: eb, expansion for pubic boot; co, concavity; ia, ischial articulation; ib, ischial boot; in, incision; ip, iliac peduncle; op, obturator process; pa, pubic apron; pdf, posterodorsal flange; pp, pubic peduncle; pt, pubic tubercle.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774271/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 15A–C</figureCitation>
), a part of the shaft of the left pubis (IGB 2-28; 
<figureCitation id="136009D4F163E01BFF16827C5F7E1460" box="[173,284,1289,1313]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[129,194,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetId="figure-7@22.[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Pubes and ischia of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, partial right pubis, IGB 2-26, in lateral (A), anterior (B), and medial (C) views. D, E, fragmentary left pubis, IGB 2-28, in lateral (D) and medial (E) views.F–H, distal end of conjoined pubic boots, IGB 2-29, in right lateral (F), proximal (G), and distal (H) views.I–M, articulated ischia, IGB 2-30, in right lateral (I; note that proximal part of right ischium is missing, so that the medial side of the proximal left element is visible), posterior (J), and left lateral (K) views, and proximal end of left ischium in proximal view (L) and conjoined ischial boot in distal view (M). Abbreviations: eb, expansion for pubic boot; co, concavity; ia, ischial articulation; ib, ischial boot; in, incision; ip, iliac peduncle; op, obturator process; pa, pubic apron; pdf, posterodorsal flange; pp, pubic peduncle; pt, pubic tubercle.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774271/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 15D, E</figureCitation>
), and the posterior end of the pubic boot (IGB 2-29; 
<figureCitation id="136009D4F163E01BFF15825D5F471401" box="[174,293,1320,1344]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[129,194,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetId="figure-7@22.[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Pubes and ischia of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, partial right pubis, IGB 2-26, in lateral (A), anterior (B), and medial (C) views. D, E, fragmentary left pubis, IGB 2-28, in lateral (D) and medial (E) views.F–H, distal end of conjoined pubic boots, IGB 2-29, in right lateral (F), proximal (G), and distal (H) views.I–M, articulated ischia, IGB 2-30, in right lateral (I; note that proximal part of right ischium is missing, so that the medial side of the proximal left element is visible), posterior (J), and left lateral (K) views, and proximal end of left ischium in proximal view (L) and conjoined ischial boot in distal view (M). Abbreviations: eb, expansion for pubic boot; co, concavity; ia, ischial articulation; ib, ischial boot; in, incision; ip, iliac peduncle; op, obturator process; pa, pubic apron; pdf, posterodorsal flange; pp, pubic peduncle; pt, pubic tubercle.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774271/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 15F–H</figureCitation>
) of the 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F163E01BFEC2825D5FB71401" box="[377,469,1320,1344]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and an almost complete left and partial right pubis of the 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F163E01BFE18823D5F9E1421" box="[419,508,1352,1376]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
(
<figureCitation id="136009D4F163E01BFDB6823D5CE11421" box="[525,643,1352,1376]" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="32.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@32.[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 21. Remains of the paratype of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, right tibia, IGB 2-48, in anterior (A), lateral (B), proximal (C), and distal (D) views, and detail of the anterior side of the distal end (E). F–I, articulated pubes, IGB 2-49–2-52, in anterior (F), left lateral (G), posterior (H), and distal (I) views. J, fragment of the right ischium, IGB 2-53, in lateral view.Abbreviations:cc, cnemial crest; eb, expansion of pubic boot; fc, fibular crest; fic, fibular condyle; in, incision; pa, pubic apron; pt, pubic tubercle; ri, ridge; st, step. Scale bars are 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774283/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 21F–H</figureCitation>
). The right pubic shaft of the 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F163E01BFE8F82125FF2143E" box="[308,400,1383,1407]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is complete from the proximal expansion towards the peduncles to the distal expansion towards the pubic boot (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F163E01BFE9982D35FF914FF" box="[290,411,1446,1470]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[129,194,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetId="figure-7@22.[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Pubes and ischia of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, partial right pubis, IGB 2-26, in lateral (A), anterior (B), and medial (C) views. D, E, fragmentary left pubis, IGB 2-28, in lateral (D) and medial (E) views.F–H, distal end of conjoined pubic boots, IGB 2-29, in right lateral (F), proximal (G), and distal (H) views.I–M, articulated ischia, IGB 2-30, in right lateral (I; note that proximal part of right ischium is missing, so that the medial side of the proximal left element is visible), posterior (J), and left lateral (K) views, and proximal end of left ischium in proximal view (L) and conjoined ischial boot in distal view (M). Abbreviations: eb, expansion for pubic boot; co, concavity; ia, ischial articulation; ib, ischial boot; in, incision; ip, iliac peduncle; op, obturator process; pa, pubic apron; pdf, posterodorsal flange; pp, pubic peduncle; pt, pubic tubercle.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774271/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 15A–C</figureCitation>
). The preserved length is 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F163E01BFD0D82D35C9414FC" box="[694,758,1446,1470]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.3" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="cm" value="73.0">73 cm</quantity>
, with approximately 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F163E01BFEF282B05FCD149C" box="[329,431,1477,1501]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="cm" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">10–15 cm</quantity>
missing at the distal end and some 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F163E01BFF0A82915E8114BD" box="[177,227,1508,1532]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
missing at the proximal end. The almost complete left pubis of the 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F163E01BFE9B81715F1B175D" box="[288,377,1540,1564]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
is 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F163E01BFE2181715FBB175A" box="[410,473,1540,1564]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.4" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="cm" value="74.0">74 cm</quantity>
long. The shaft of the right pubis of the 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F163E01BFF4881565F2D177A" box="[243,335,1571,1595]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is long and slender, being notably bowed anteriorly (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F163E01BFF5D81375F3F171A" box="[230,349,1602,1627]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[129,194,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetId="figure-7@22.[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Pubes and ischia of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, partial right pubis, IGB 2-26, in lateral (A), anterior (B), and medial (C) views. D, E, fragmentary left pubis, IGB 2-28, in lateral (D) and medial (E) views.F–H, distal end of conjoined pubic boots, IGB 2-29, in right lateral (F), proximal (G), and distal (H) views.I–M, articulated ischia, IGB 2-30, in right lateral (I; note that proximal part of right ischium is missing, so that the medial side of the proximal left element is visible), posterior (J), and left lateral (K) views, and proximal end of left ischium in proximal view (L) and conjoined ischial boot in distal view (M). Abbreviations: eb, expansion for pubic boot; co, concavity; ia, ischial articulation; ib, ischial boot; in, incision; ip, iliac peduncle; op, obturator process; pa, pubic apron; pdf, posterodorsal flange; pp, pubic peduncle; pt, pubic tubercle.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774271/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 15A, C</figureCitation>
), more so than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F163E01BFDA581365E89173B" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F163E01BFDA581365C18171B" box="[542,634,1603,1626]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F163E01BFD3181375E83173B" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F163E01BFEA081175CF1173B" authority="(Buffetaut et al. 1996)" baseAuthorityName="Buffetaut" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[283,659,1634,1658]" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Siamotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F163E01BFEA081175FCC1738" box="[283,430,1634,1657]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Siamotyrannus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F163E01BFE0581175CEA173B" author="Buffetaut E &amp; Suteethorn V &amp; Tong H" box="[446,648,1634,1658]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="689 - 91" refId="ref35626" refString="Buffetaut E, Suteethorn V, Tong H. The earliest known tyrannosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Thailand. Nature 1996; 381: 689 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 381689 a 0" type="journal article" year="1996">
Buffetaut 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F163E01BFD9981175C32173B" box="[546,592,1634,1658]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
1996
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, but comparable to 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F163E01BFF5181F45F3317D8" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[234,337,1665,1689]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F163E01BFF5181F45F3317D8" box="[234,337,1665,1689]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F163E01BFED281F45C6217D8" author="Gilmore CW" box="[361,512,1665,1689]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref37242" refString="Gilmore CW. Osteology of the carnivorous Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 1920; 110: i - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.110. i" type="journal volume" year="1920">Gilmore 1920</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F163E01BFDA981F45CC617D8" author="Madsen JH" box="[530,676,1665,1689]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="3 - 163" refId="ref38275" refString="Madsen JH. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Bulletin 1976; 109: 3 - 163." type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen 1976</bibRefCitation>
), many carcharodontosaurs (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F163E01BFECC81D45C6417F8" author="Stromer E" box="[375,518,1697,1721]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref40243" refString="Stromer E. Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wusten Agyptens. II. Wirbeltierreste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 10. Ein Skelett-Rest von Carcharodontosaurus nov. gen. Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung, Neue Folge 1931; 9: 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1931">Stromer 1931</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F163E01BFDAF81D55CB317F8" author="Canale JI &amp; Apesteguia S &amp; Gallina PA" box="[532,721,1696,1721]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="3195 - 202" refId="ref35770" refString="Canale JI, Apesteguia S, Gallina PA et al. New giant carnivorous dinosaur reveals convergent evolutionary trends in theropod arm reduction. Current Biology 2022; 32: 3195 - 202. e 5. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cub. 2022.05.057" type="journal article" year="2022">
Canale 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F163E01BFDD881D45CED17F9" box="[611,655,1696,1720]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al</emphasis>
. 2022
</bibRefCitation>
) or 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F163E01BFFCA81B55FCC1799" authority="(Brochu 2003)" baseAuthorityName="Brochu" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[113,430,1728,1752]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F163E01BFFCA81B55F601796" box="[113,258,1728,1751]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F163E01BFEA281B55FC11799" author="Brochu CA" box="[281,419,1728,1752]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 138" refId="ref35338" refString="Brochu CA. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Memoir (Society of Vertebrate Paleontology) 2003; 7: 1 - 138. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3889334" type="journal article" year="2003">Brochu 2003</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, although the pubic shafts are considerably more slender than in all of these taxa. In other metriacanthosaurids, the pubic shafts are straight (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F163E01BFD3C818A5EC71677" author="Dong Z &amp; Zhou S &amp; Zhang Y" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 145" refId="ref36892" refString="Dong Z, Zhou S, Zhang Y. [The dinosaurian remains from Sichuan Basin, China]. Palaeontologia Sinica 1983; 162: 1 - 145. [in Chinese]." type="journal article" year="1983">
Dong 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F163E01BFD72818A5C991657" box="[713,763,1790,1814]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
1983
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F163E01BFF0A806B5F741677" author="Gao Y" box="[177,278,1822,1846]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref37185" refString="Gao Y. [A Complete Carnosaur Skeleton from Zigong, Sichuan - Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis]. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 1999. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1999">Gao 1999</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F163E01BFE9A806B5FD11677" author="Wu X-C &amp; Currie PJ &amp; Dong Z" box="[289,435,1822,1846]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="9 - 24" refId="ref40548" refString="Wu X-C, Currie PJ, Dong Z et al. A new theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Lufeng, Yunnan, China. Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 2009; 83: 9 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1755 - 6724.2009.00002. x" type="journal article" year="2009">
Wu 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F163E01BFEF0806B5F191677" box="[331,379,1822,1846]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
). Proximally, the shaft is almost round in cross-section, being 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F163E01BFE13804B5FD31614" box="[424,433,1854,1877]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F163E01BFE0480485C6A1614" box="[447,520,1853,1877]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="58.0">58 mm</quantity>
deep anteroposteriorly and 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F163E01BFF2680295E841635" box="[157,230,1884,1908]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="56.0">56 mm</quantity>
wide mediolaterally. More distally, it becomes more slender, with a minimal anteroposterior depth of 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F163E01BFDCA80095C1A16D2" box="[625,632,1916,1939]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F163E01BFD3E80095CAD16D2" box="[645,719,1916,1940]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="48.0">48 mm</quantity>
, before it then gradually expands again in its distal half towards the distal boot (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F163E01BFC1C85CE5D9E1392" box="[935,1020,699,723]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[129,194,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetId="figure-7@22.[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Pubes and ischia of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, partial right pubis, IGB 2-26, in lateral (A), anterior (B), and medial (C) views. D, E, fragmentary left pubis, IGB 2-28, in lateral (D) and medial (E) views.F–H, distal end of conjoined pubic boots, IGB 2-29, in right lateral (F), proximal (G), and distal (H) views.I–M, articulated ischia, IGB 2-30, in right lateral (I; note that proximal part of right ischium is missing, so that the medial side of the proximal left element is visible), posterior (J), and left lateral (K) views, and proximal end of left ischium in proximal view (L) and conjoined ischial boot in distal view (M). Abbreviations: eb, expansion for pubic boot; co, concavity; ia, ischial articulation; ib, ischial boot; in, incision; ip, iliac peduncle; op, obturator process; pa, pubic apron; pdf, posterodorsal flange; pp, pubic peduncle; pt, pubic tubercle.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774271/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 15A</figureCitation>
), which is missing in the type, but partially preserved in articulation of the distal left and right pubic shafts in the 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F163E01BFCCB858F5DAB1253" box="[880,969,762,786]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
(
<figureCitation id="136009D4F163E01BFC61858F5A331253" box="[986,1105,762,786]" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="32.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@32.[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 21. Remains of the paratype of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, right tibia, IGB 2-48, in anterior (A), lateral (B), proximal (C), and distal (D) views, and detail of the anterior side of the distal end (E). F–I, articulated pubes, IGB 2-49–2-52, in anterior (F), left lateral (G), posterior (H), and distal (I) views. J, fragment of the right ischium, IGB 2-53, in lateral view.Abbreviations:cc, cnemial crest; eb, expansion of pubic boot; fc, fibular crest; fic, fibular condyle; in, incision; pa, pubic apron; pt, pubic tubercle; ri, ridge; st, step. Scale bars are 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774283/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 21F–H</figureCitation>
). A robust pubic apron was obviously present, but is largely broken away (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F163E01BFB61846C5B2C1270" box="[1242,1358,793,817]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[129,194,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetId="figure-7@22.[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Pubes and ischia of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, partial right pubis, IGB 2-26, in lateral (A), anterior (B), and medial (C) views. D, E, fragmentary left pubis, IGB 2-28, in lateral (D) and medial (E) views.F–H, distal end of conjoined pubic boots, IGB 2-29, in right lateral (F), proximal (G), and distal (H) views.I–M, articulated ischia, IGB 2-30, in right lateral (I; note that proximal part of right ischium is missing, so that the medial side of the proximal left element is visible), posterior (J), and left lateral (K) views, and proximal end of left ischium in proximal view (L) and conjoined ischial boot in distal view (M). Abbreviations: eb, expansion for pubic boot; co, concavity; ia, ischial articulation; ib, ischial boot; in, incision; ip, iliac peduncle; op, obturator process; pa, pubic apron; pdf, posterodorsal flange; pp, pubic peduncle; pt, pubic tubercle.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774271/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 15B, C</figureCitation>
). It is developed as a flange that extends medially from the anterior edge of the medial side of the pubic shaft. The pubic apron ends considerably above the distal expansion for the pubic boot, so that that the pubes were separated distally anteriorly, as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F163E01BFAE384E25A40128F" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F163E01BFAE384E25BD612EF" box="[1368,1460,919,942]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F163E01BFC8F84C35A75128F" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[820,1047,950,974]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F163E01BFBE884C35BEC128F" authority="(Samathi 2013)" baseAuthorityName="Samathi" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[1107,1422,950,974]" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Siamotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F163E01BFBE884C35A84128C" box="[1107,1254,950,973]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Siamotyrannus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F163E01BFB4D84C35BE0128F" author="Samathi A" box="[1270,1410,950,974]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref39805" refString="Samathi A. Osteology and phylogenetic position of Siamotyrannus isanensis (Dinosauria; Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Thailand. Unpublished MSc Thesis, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, 2013." type="book" year="2013">Samathi 2013</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F163E019FCFE84A05F3F1047" blockId="21.[809,1460,699,1977]" lastBlockId="23.[111,764,144,795]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
The 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F163E01BFCCE84A35DAC12AF" box="[885,974,982,1006]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
shows that the pubic boot was steeply angled posteroproximally (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F163E01BFC4284815A1B154D" box="[1017,1145,1012,1037]" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="32.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@32.[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 21. Remains of the paratype of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, right tibia, IGB 2-48, in anterior (A), lateral (B), proximal (C), and distal (D) views, and detail of the anterior side of the distal end (E). F–I, articulated pubes, IGB 2-49–2-52, in anterior (F), left lateral (G), posterior (H), and distal (I) views. J, fragment of the right ischium, IGB 2-53, in lateral view.Abbreviations:cc, cnemial crest; eb, expansion of pubic boot; fc, fibular crest; fic, fibular condyle; in, incision; pa, pubic apron; pt, pubic tubercle; ri, ridge; st, step. Scale bars are 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774283/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 21G, H</figureCitation>
), as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F163E01BFB7484805DC6156D" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F163E01BFB7484805B49154D" box="[1231,1323,1013,1036]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F163E01BFAFB84815DFB156D" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, but more so than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F163E01BFBC783615D96150A" authority="(Dong et al. 1983)" baseAuthorityName="Dong" baseAuthorityYear="1983" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Yangchuanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shangyuensis">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F163E01BFBC783615BD1156D" box="[1148,1459,1044,1068]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Yangchuanosaurus shangyuensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F163E01BFC8E83415D8B150A" author="Dong Z &amp; Zhou S &amp; Zhang Y" box="[821,1001,1075,1100]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 145" refId="ref36892" refString="Dong Z, Zhou S, Zhang Y. [The dinosaurian remains from Sichuan Basin, China]. Palaeontologia Sinica 1983; 162: 1 - 145. [in Chinese]." type="journal article" year="1983">
Dong 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F163E01BFCC283415DCE150A" box="[889,940,1075,1099]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
1983
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F163E01BFBB883465BEF150A" authority="(Buffetaut et al. 1996)" baseAuthorityName="Buffetaut" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[1027,1421,1075,1099]" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Siamotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F163E01BFBB883465AF4150B" box="[1027,1174,1075,1098]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Siamotyrannus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F163E01BFB1183465BE0150A" author="Buffetaut E &amp; Suteethorn V &amp; Tong H" box="[1194,1410,1075,1099]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="689 - 91" refId="ref35626" refString="Buffetaut E, Suteethorn V, Tong H. The earliest known tyrannosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Thailand. Nature 1996; 381: 689 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 381689 a 0" type="journal article" year="1996">
Buffetaut 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F163E01BFAA983415B24150A" box="[1298,1350,1075,1099]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
1996
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, or 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F163E01BFC9183275A11152A" authority="(Wu et al. 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Wu" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[810,1139,1106,1131]" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Shidaisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F163E01BFC9183275DCA152B" box="[810,936,1106,1130]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Shidaisaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F163E01BFC7B83265A05152A" author="Wu X-C &amp; Currie PJ &amp; Dong Z" box="[960,1127,1106,1131]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="9 - 24" refId="ref40548" refString="Wu X-C, Currie PJ, Dong Z et al. A new theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Lufeng, Yunnan, China. Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 2009; 83: 9 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1755 - 6724.2009.00002. x" type="journal article" year="2009">
Wu 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F163E01BFC4A83265A45152B" box="[1009,1063,1106,1130]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F163E01BFB3E83275BD1152B" baseAuthorityName="Gao" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[1157,1459,1106,1130]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Yangchuanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hepingensis">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F163E01BFB3E83275BD1152B" box="[1157,1459,1106,1130]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems to have an intermediate condition (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F163E01BFB5483075B3A15CB" author="Gao Y" box="[1263,1368,1138,1162]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref37185" refString="Gao Y. [A Complete Carnosaur Skeleton from Zigong, Sichuan - Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis]. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 1999. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1999">Gao 1999</bibRefCitation>
). In the distal shaft, a wide longitudinal depression appears on the posterolateral side of the shafts, between the narrow lateral side of the latter and the posterior expansion of the boot. The distal shaft is expanded mediolaterally to form a wide, distal expansion that is rounded triangular in outline in distal view, being wider anteriorly, and has a flat medial side, where the expansions of the left and right sides met. Thus, the articulated pubic boots are heart shaped in outline in distal view (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F163E01BFAA682195B0F14C4" box="[1309,1389,1388,1413]" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="32.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@32.[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 21. Remains of the paratype of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, right tibia, IGB 2-48, in anterior (A), lateral (B), proximal (C), and distal (D) views, and detail of the anterior side of the distal end (E). F–I, articulated pubes, IGB 2-49–2-52, in anterior (F), left lateral (G), posterior (H), and distal (I) views. J, fragment of the right ischium, IGB 2-53, in lateral view.Abbreviations:cc, cnemial crest; eb, expansion of pubic boot; fc, fibular crest; fic, fibular condyle; in, incision; pa, pubic apron; pt, pubic tubercle; ri, ridge; st, step. Scale bars are 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774283/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 21I</figureCitation>
), as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F163E01BFC9782F95AE014E5" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[812,1154,1420,1444]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F163E01BFC9782F95DEA14E2" box="[812,904,1420,1443]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F163E01BFC2E82F95A1414E5" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[917,1142,1420,1444]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Only the anteroproximal part of the posterior expansion of the pubic boots are preserved in the 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F163E01BFCEA82BE5DCE14A2" box="[849,940,1483,1507]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
. Here, the left and right boots are fused (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F163E01BFAE882BF5D511740" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="32.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@32.[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 21. Remains of the paratype of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, right tibia, IGB 2-48, in anterior (A), lateral (B), proximal (C), and distal (D) views, and detail of the anterior side of the distal end (E). F–I, articulated pubes, IGB 2-49–2-52, in anterior (F), left lateral (G), posterior (H), and distal (I) views. J, fragment of the right ischium, IGB 2-53, in lateral view.Abbreviations:cc, cnemial crest; eb, expansion of pubic boot; fc, fibular crest; fic, fibular condyle; in, incision; pa, pubic apron; pt, pubic tubercle; ri, ridge; st, step. Scale bars are 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774283/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 21H, I</figureCitation>
). A largely symmetrical, ventrally flattened bone is here interpreted as the posterior part of the conjoined pubic boots of the 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F163E01BFC90815D5DE51701" box="[811,903,1576,1600]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(IGB 2-29; 
<figureCitation id="136009D4F163E01BFBAB815D5AEB1701" box="[1040,1161,1576,1600]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[129,194,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetId="figure-7@22.[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Pubes and ischia of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, partial right pubis, IGB 2-26, in lateral (A), anterior (B), and medial (C) views. D, E, fragmentary left pubis, IGB 2-28, in lateral (D) and medial (E) views.F–H, distal end of conjoined pubic boots, IGB 2-29, in right lateral (F), proximal (G), and distal (H) views.I–M, articulated ischia, IGB 2-30, in right lateral (I; note that proximal part of right ischium is missing, so that the medial side of the proximal left element is visible), posterior (J), and left lateral (K) views, and proximal end of left ischium in proximal view (L) and conjoined ischial boot in distal view (M). Abbreviations: eb, expansion for pubic boot; co, concavity; ia, ischial articulation; ib, ischial boot; in, incision; ip, iliac peduncle; op, obturator process; pa, pubic apron; pdf, posterodorsal flange; pp, pubic peduncle; pt, pubic tubercle.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774271/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 15F–H</figureCitation>
). If correctly identified, the pubic boot would have been more prominently developed than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F163E01BFCFD81125DC0173F" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[838,930,1639,1662]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F163E01BFCFD81125DC0173F" box="[838,930,1639,1662]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Sinraptor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. At the proximal break, the bone is mediolaterally slender and anteroposteriorly elongate. No suture is visible, confirming that the posterior parts of the left and right pubic boots were completely fused, as in other basal tetanurans (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F163E01BFACA81B05DA417BC" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
, Sereno 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F163E01BFBA581905A2417BD" box="[1054,1094,1764,1788]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al</emphasis>
. 2008). The lateral walls of the posterior pubic boots are slightly dorsoventrally concave so that the lateral margins of the boot form a slight lateral lip (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F163E01BFA9B80565B15167A" box="[1312,1399,1827,1851]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[129,194,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetId="figure-7@22.[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Pubes and ischia of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, partial right pubis, IGB 2-26, in lateral (A), anterior (B), and medial (C) views. D, E, fragmentary left pubis, IGB 2-28, in lateral (D) and medial (E) views.F–H, distal end of conjoined pubic boots, IGB 2-29, in right lateral (F), proximal (G), and distal (H) views.I–M, articulated ischia, IGB 2-30, in right lateral (I; note that proximal part of right ischium is missing, so that the medial side of the proximal left element is visible), posterior (J), and left lateral (K) views, and proximal end of left ischium in proximal view (L) and conjoined ischial boot in distal view (M). Abbreviations: eb, expansion for pubic boot; co, concavity; ia, ischial articulation; ib, ischial boot; in, incision; ip, iliac peduncle; op, obturator process; pa, pubic apron; pdf, posterodorsal flange; pp, pubic peduncle; pt, pubic tubercle.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774271/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 15G</figureCitation>
); this concavity is consistent with the development of a posterolateral depression in the distal pubic shafts in the 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F163E01BFAB980175B3F163B" box="[1282,1373,1890,1914]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
. A concavity of the lateral side of the pubic boot and the resulting lateral lip are also present in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F163E01BFB9480D45BEA16F8" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[1071,1416,1952,1977]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F163E01BFB9480D45AE916F9" box="[1071,1163,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F163E01BFB2180D55B1F16F8" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[1178,1405,1952,1977]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F161E019FFCA87E55F6611E6" box="[113,260,144,167]" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Siamotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FFCA87E55F6611E6" box="[113,260,144,167]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Siamotyrannus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FEAD87E55F8711E9" author="Buffetaut E &amp; Suteethorn V &amp; Tong H" box="[278,485,144,168]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="689 - 91" refId="ref35626" refString="Buffetaut E, Suteethorn V, Tong H. The earliest known tyrannosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Thailand. Nature 1996; 381: 689 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 381689 a 0" type="journal article" year="1996">
Buffetaut 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FEC087E45FC911E9" box="[379,427,144,168]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
1996
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FE4987E55CE211E9" author="Samathi A" box="[498,640,144,168]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref39805" refString="Samathi A. Osteology and phylogenetic position of Siamotyrannus isanensis (Dinosauria; Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Thailand. Unpublished MSc Thesis, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, 2013." type="book" year="2013">Samathi 2013</bibRefCitation>
). In ventral view, the cojoined boots are rather slender posteriorly but gradually expand anteriorly; the ventral surface is rugose and slightly indented in its midline.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2445D9F160E018FF3A80445FE716B0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774271" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13774271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774271/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" startId="22.[129,194,1841,1865]" targetBox="[180,1423,149,1813]" targetPageId="22" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE41551F160E018FF3A80445FE716B0" blockId="22.[129,1474,1841,2034]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F160E018FF3A80445E871608" bold="true" box="[129,229,1841,1865]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figure 15.</emphasis>
Pubes and ischia of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F160E018FE1880475C781608" box="[419,538,1841,1865]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kyrgyzicus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F160E018FE1880475C781608" box="[419,538,1841,1865]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">A. kyrgyzicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A–C, partial right pubis, IGB 2-26, in lateral (A), anterior (B), and medial (C) views. D, E, fragmentary left pubis, IGB 2-28, in lateral (D) and medial (E) views. F–H, distal end of conjoined pubic boots, IGB 2-29, in right lateral (F), proximal (G), and distal (H) views. I–M, articulated ischia, IGB 2-30, in right lateral (I; note that proximal part of right ischium is missing, so that the medial side of the proximal left element is visible), posterior (J), and left lateral (K) views, and proximal end of left ischium in proximal view (L) and conjoined ischial boot in distal view (M). Abbreviations: eb, expansion for pubic boot; co, concavity; ia, ischial articulation; ib, ischial boot; in, incision; ip, iliac peduncle; op, obturator process; pa, pubic apron; pdf, posterodorsal flange; pp, pubic peduncle; pt, pubic tubercle. Scale bar is 10 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F161E019FF3686785FF9125A" blockId="23.[111,764,144,795]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Proximally, the flange of the pubic apron flexes posteriorly towards the obturator plate of the pubis, which is broken away. However,thereisnoflangeonthemoreproximalposteriormargin of the pubis of either the 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F161E019FEC5861E5FB810C2" box="[382,474,363,387]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
or the 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F161E019FD9086195CE410C5" box="[555,646,364,388]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, indicating that the obturator foramen was either very large, or not enclosed by bone, as is also the case in other metriacanthosaurids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FD1086DF5EA010A0" author="Dong Z &amp; Zhou S &amp; Zhang Y" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 145" refId="ref36892" refString="Dong Z, Zhou S, Zhang Y. [The dinosaurian remains from Sichuan Basin, China]. Palaeontologia Sinica 1983; 162: 1 - 145. [in Chinese]." type="journal article" year="1983">
Dong 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FD5286DE5EE810A0" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
1983
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FF7686BC5FD310A0" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[205,433,457,481]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FE0786BC5CE510A0" author="Buffetaut E &amp; Suteethorn V &amp; Tong H" box="[444,647,457,481]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="689 - 91" refId="ref35626" refString="Buffetaut E, Suteethorn V, Tong H. The earliest known tyrannosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Thailand. Nature 1996; 381: 689 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 381689 a 0" type="journal article" year="1996">
Buffetaut 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FD9B86BF5C2C10A0" box="[544,590,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
1996
</bibRefCitation>
). The shaft becomes mediolaterally flattened and expands anteroposteriorly towards the proximal end. Anteriorly, a rather weakly developed pubic tubercle is present (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F161E019FEC785525FB7137E" box="[380,469,551,575]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[129,194,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetId="figure-7@22.[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Pubes and ischia of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, partial right pubis, IGB 2-26, in lateral (A), anterior (B), and medial (C) views. D, E, fragmentary left pubis, IGB 2-28, in lateral (D) and medial (E) views.F–H, distal end of conjoined pubic boots, IGB 2-29, in right lateral (F), proximal (G), and distal (H) views.I–M, articulated ischia, IGB 2-30, in right lateral (I; note that proximal part of right ischium is missing, so that the medial side of the proximal left element is visible), posterior (J), and left lateral (K) views, and proximal end of left ischium in proximal view (L) and conjoined ischial boot in distal view (M). Abbreviations: eb, expansion for pubic boot; co, concavity; ia, ischial articulation; ib, ischial boot; in, incision; ip, iliac peduncle; op, obturator process; pa, pubic apron; pdf, posterodorsal flange; pp, pubic peduncle; pt, pubic tubercle.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774271/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figs 15A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="136009D4F161E019FE5985525C6D137E" box="[482,527,551,575]" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="32.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@32.[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 21. Remains of the paratype of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, right tibia, IGB 2-48, in anterior (A), lateral (B), proximal (C), and distal (D) views, and detail of the anterior side of the distal end (E). F–I, articulated pubes, IGB 2-49–2-52, in anterior (F), left lateral (G), posterior (H), and distal (I) views. J, fragment of the right ischium, IGB 2-53, in lateral view.Abbreviations:cc, cnemial crest; eb, expansion of pubic boot; fc, fibular crest; fic, fibular condyle; in, incision; pa, pubic apron; pt, pubic tubercle; ri, ridge; st, step. Scale bars are 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774283/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">21G</figureCitation>
). It is more proximally placed than the twist of the pubic apron into the obturator plate, and is developed as an elongate, anteriorly directed crest, as in other metriacanthosaurids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FE2885F35C5D13DC" author="Dong Z &amp; Zhou S &amp; Zhang Y" box="[403,575,645,670]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 145" refId="ref36892" refString="Dong Z, Zhou S, Zhang Y. [The dinosaurian remains from Sichuan Basin, China]. Palaeontologia Sinica 1983; 162: 1 - 145. [in Chinese]." type="journal article" year="1983">
Dong 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FE6F85F35C6713DC" box="[468,517,645,669]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
1983
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FDF785F05EC713FC" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FF0A85D05F1C13FC" author="Buffetaut E &amp; Suteethorn V &amp; Tong H" box="[177,382,677,701]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="689 - 91" refId="ref35626" refString="Buffetaut E, Suteethorn V, Tong H. The earliest known tyrannosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Thailand. Nature 1996; 381: 689 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 381689 a 0" type="journal article" year="1996">
Buffetaut 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FEAD85D05F2713FC" box="[278,325,677,701]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
1996
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FE3185D05F8D13FC" author="Gao Y" box="[394,495,677,701]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref37185" refString="Gao Y. [A Complete Carnosaur Skeleton from Zigong, Sichuan - Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis]. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 1999. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1999">Gao 1999</bibRefCitation>
). Although there is a notable flexure of the pubis at the level of the pubic tubercle (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F161E019FD6B85B15EF913BA" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[129,194,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetId="figure-7@22.[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Pubes and ischia of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, partial right pubis, IGB 2-26, in lateral (A), anterior (B), and medial (C) views. D, E, fragmentary left pubis, IGB 2-28, in lateral (D) and medial (E) views.F–H, distal end of conjoined pubic boots, IGB 2-29, in right lateral (F), proximal (G), and distal (H) views.I–M, articulated ischia, IGB 2-30, in right lateral (I; note that proximal part of right ischium is missing, so that the medial side of the proximal left element is visible), posterior (J), and left lateral (K) views, and proximal end of left ischium in proximal view (L) and conjoined ischial boot in distal view (M). Abbreviations: eb, expansion for pubic boot; co, concavity; ia, ischial articulation; ib, ischial boot; in, incision; ip, iliac peduncle; op, obturator process; pa, pubic apron; pdf, posterodorsal flange; pp, pubic peduncle; pt, pubic tubercle.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774271/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figs 15B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="136009D4F161E019FF1C85965EAD13BA" box="[167,207,739,763]" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="32.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@32.[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 21. Remains of the paratype of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, right tibia, IGB 2-48, in anterior (A), lateral (B), proximal (C), and distal (D) views, and detail of the anterior side of the distal end (E). F–I, articulated pubes, IGB 2-49–2-52, in anterior (F), left lateral (G), posterior (H), and distal (I) views. J, fragment of the right ischium, IGB 2-53, in lateral view.Abbreviations:cc, cnemial crest; eb, expansion of pubic boot; fc, fibular crest; fic, fibular condyle; in, incision; pa, pubic apron; pt, pubic tubercle; ri, ridge; st, step. Scale bars are 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774283/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">21F</figureCitation>
), it is not as marked as in some other theropods (e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F161E019FFC884765E9A125A" baseAuthorityName="Rauhut" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[115,248,771,795]" class="Reptilia" family="Piatnitzkysauridae" genus="Condorraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FFC884765E9A125A" box="[115,248,771,795]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Condorraptor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FEBE84765FE8125B" author="Rauhut OWM" box="[261,394,770,795]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="87 - 110" refId="ref39077" refString="Rauhut OWM. Osteology and relationships of a new theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Patagonia. Palaeontology 2005; 48: 87 - 110. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4983.2004.00436. x" type="journal article" year="2005">Rauhut 2005</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F161E019FFCA84495B4E1186" blockId="23.[110,764,828,1980]" lastBlockId="23.[808,1462,144,1797]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FFCA84495ED31215" box="[113,177,828,852]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ischia:</emphasis>
Left and right ischia of the 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F161E019FE7084495C451215" box="[459,551,828,852]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
are largely complete and preserved in articulation (IGB 2-30; 
<figureCitation id="136009D4F161E019FDA9842E5CE11232" box="[530,643,859,883]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[129,194,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetId="figure-7@22.[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Pubes and ischia of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, partial right pubis, IGB 2-26, in lateral (A), anterior (B), and medial (C) views. D, E, fragmentary left pubis, IGB 2-28, in lateral (D) and medial (E) views.F–H, distal end of conjoined pubic boots, IGB 2-29, in right lateral (F), proximal (G), and distal (H) views.I–M, articulated ischia, IGB 2-30, in right lateral (I; note that proximal part of right ischium is missing, so that the medial side of the proximal left element is visible), posterior (J), and left lateral (K) views, and proximal end of left ischium in proximal view (L) and conjoined ischial boot in distal view (M). Abbreviations: eb, expansion for pubic boot; co, concavity; ia, ischial articulation; ib, ischial boot; in, incision; ip, iliac peduncle; op, obturator process; pa, pubic apron; pdf, posterodorsal flange; pp, pubic peduncle; pt, pubic tubercle.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774271/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 15I–M</figureCitation>
), with only a minor part of the shaft of the left ischium missing due to erosion, so that the iliac peduncle of the left ischium is preserved in isolation (IGB 2-31). Of the 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F161E019FE1984CF5F9F1293" box="[418,509,954,978]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, only a part of the proximal portion of the right ischium is preserved (IGB 2-53; 
<figureCitation id="136009D4F161E019FD6F84AC5EF61551" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="32.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@32.[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 21. Remains of the paratype of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, right tibia, IGB 2-48, in anterior (A), lateral (B), proximal (C), and distal (D) views, and detail of the anterior side of the distal end (E). F–I, articulated pubes, IGB 2-49–2-52, in anterior (F), left lateral (G), posterior (H), and distal (I) views. J, fragment of the right ischium, IGB 2-53, in lateral view.Abbreviations:cc, cnemial crest; eb, expansion of pubic boot; fc, fibular crest; fic, fibular condyle; in, incision; pa, pubic apron; pt, pubic tubercle; ri, ridge; st, step. Scale bars are 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774283/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 21J</figureCitation>
), missing both peduncles and most of the shaft. The 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F161E019FD7F848D5EFD1571" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
ischium is 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F161E019FEA883625F31156E" box="[275,339,1047,1071]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="68.0">68 cm</quantity>
long from the iliac peduncle to the distal extremity. The proximal end is 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F161E019FE1183435F8A150F" box="[426,488,1078,1102]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="25.0">25 cm</quantity>
long anteroposteriorly and wasdividedintothedorsallydirected,short,butanteroposteriorly broad iliac peduncle and the much longer, slender, anteriorly directed pubic peduncle (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F161E019FE3883E05F9415ED" box="[387,502,1172,1197]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[129,194,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetId="figure-7@22.[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Pubes and ischia of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, partial right pubis, IGB 2-26, in lateral (A), anterior (B), and medial (C) views. D, E, fragmentary left pubis, IGB 2-28, in lateral (D) and medial (E) views.F–H, distal end of conjoined pubic boots, IGB 2-29, in right lateral (F), proximal (G), and distal (H) views.I–M, articulated ischia, IGB 2-30, in right lateral (I; note that proximal part of right ischium is missing, so that the medial side of the proximal left element is visible), posterior (J), and left lateral (K) views, and proximal end of left ischium in proximal view (L) and conjoined ischial boot in distal view (M). Abbreviations: eb, expansion for pubic boot; co, concavity; ia, ischial articulation; ib, ischial boot; in, incision; ip, iliac peduncle; op, obturator process; pa, pubic apron; pdf, posterodorsal flange; pp, pubic peduncle; pt, pubic tubercle.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774271/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 15I, K</figureCitation>
). The pubic peduncle is longer than the articular surface between the ischium and ilium, and about twice as long as the iliac peduncle, which contrasts with the much shorter condition of this peduncle in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F161E019FD2583865F1E146B" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FD2583865C98144B" box="[670,762,1267,1290]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FFC782675F13146B" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[124,369,1298,1322]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F161E019FE3682675ED21408" authority="(Gao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Gao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Yangchuanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hepingensis">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FE3682675CDB146B" box="[397,697,1298,1322]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FD7482675EC71408" author="Gao Y" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="308 - 14" refId="ref37150" refString="Gao Y. [A new species of Szechuanosaurus from the Middle Jurassic of Dashanpu, Zigong, Sichuan]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 1993; 31: 308 - 14. [in Chinese]" type="journal article" year="1993">Gao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F161E019FF4B82445CCC1408" authority="(Zhao and Currie 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Zhao and Currie" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[240,686,1329,1353]" class="Reptilia" genus="Monolophosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FF4B82445FFC1408" box="[240,414,1329,1353]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Monolophosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FE0882445CC11408" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[435,675,1329,1353]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Zhao and Currie 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, but is similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F161E019FF6D82245C621428" authority="(Wu et al. 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Wu" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[214,512,1361,1385]" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Shidaisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FF6D82245F361428" box="[214,340,1361,1385]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Shidaisaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FEDE82245F971428" author="Wu X-C &amp; Currie PJ &amp; Dong Z" box="[357,501,1361,1385]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="9 - 24" refId="ref40548" refString="Wu X-C, Currie PJ, Dong Z et al. A new theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Lufeng, Yunnan, China. Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 2009; 83: 9 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1755 - 6724.2009.00002. x" type="journal article" year="2009">
Wu 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FE3582245FDF1428" box="[398,445,1361,1385]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F161E019FD8A82245ED314C9" authority="(Madsen 1976)" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1976" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FD8A82245CFA1428" box="[561,664,1361,1385]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Allosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FD1382245EC714C9" author="Madsen JH" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="3 - 163" refId="ref38275" refString="Madsen JH. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Bulletin 1976; 109: 3 - 163." type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen 1976</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The iliac articulation is maximally 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F161E019FD9E82055C3514C6" box="[549,599,1392,1416]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="8.0">8 cm</quantity>
wide and has a large, semioval, cup-shaped concavity posteriorly for the reception of the convex ventral surface of the ischial peduncle of the ilium (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F161E019FF5A82BB5F5514A7" box="[225,311,1486,1510]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[129,194,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetId="figure-7@22.[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Pubes and ischia of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, partial right pubis, IGB 2-26, in lateral (A), anterior (B), and medial (C) views. D, E, fragmentary left pubis, IGB 2-28, in lateral (D) and medial (E) views.F–H, distal end of conjoined pubic boots, IGB 2-29, in right lateral (F), proximal (G), and distal (H) views.I–M, articulated ischia, IGB 2-30, in right lateral (I; note that proximal part of right ischium is missing, so that the medial side of the proximal left element is visible), posterior (J), and left lateral (K) views, and proximal end of left ischium in proximal view (L) and conjoined ischial boot in distal view (M). Abbreviations: eb, expansion for pubic boot; co, concavity; ia, ischial articulation; ib, ischial boot; in, incision; ip, iliac peduncle; op, obturator process; pa, pubic apron; pdf, posterodorsal flange; pp, pubic peduncle; pt, pubic tubercle.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774271/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 15L</figureCitation>
), thus forming a peg-in-socket articulation, as in many abelisauroids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FE3482985CDC1744" author="Carrano MT &amp; Sampson SD" box="[399,702,1517,1541]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="183 - 236" refId="ref35969" refString="Carrano MT, Sampson SD. The phylogeny of Ceratosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2008; 6: 183 - 236." type="journal article" year="2008">Carrano and Sampson 2008</bibRefCitation>
) and carcharodontosaurids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FEDB81785C461764" author="Carrano MT &amp; Benson RBJ &amp; Sampson SD" box="[352,548,1549,1573]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref35875" refString="Carrano MT, Benson RBJ, Sampson SD. The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2012; 10: 599. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772019.2012.713753" type="journal volume" year="2012">
Carrano 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FE0081785F891764" box="[443,491,1549,1573]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
), but apparently not in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F161E019FF3781595F8E1705" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[140,492,1580,1604]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FF3781595E8A1702" box="[140,232,1580,1603]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FF4281595F821705" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[249,480,1580,1604]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. This articulation expands far lateral to the lateral surface of the ischium more distal to it. Anterior to the concavity, a broad, anterodorsally facing and laterally tapering surface represents the posteroventral margin of the acetabulum; towards the pubic peduncle, this margin becomes rapidly narrower, and while the mediolateral width of the acetabulum is 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FEBA819C5F681641" box="[257,266,1769,1792]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F161E019FEAE819D5F3F17BE" box="[277,349,1768,1792]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="85.0">85 mm</quantity>
at the iliac-ischium articulation, it is only 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FFCA807D5E18165E" box="[113,122,1800,1823]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F161E019FF3D80725EAD165E" box="[134,207,1799,1823]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
at the dorsal rim of the pubic peduncle (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F161E019FDCD80725CA9165E" box="[630,715,1799,1823]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[129,194,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetId="figure-7@22.[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Pubes and ischia of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, partial right pubis, IGB 2-26, in lateral (A), anterior (B), and medial (C) views. D, E, fragmentary left pubis, IGB 2-28, in lateral (D) and medial (E) views.F–H, distal end of conjoined pubic boots, IGB 2-29, in right lateral (F), proximal (G), and distal (H) views.I–M, articulated ischia, IGB 2-30, in right lateral (I; note that proximal part of right ischium is missing, so that the medial side of the proximal left element is visible), posterior (J), and left lateral (K) views, and proximal end of left ischium in proximal view (L) and conjoined ischial boot in distal view (M). Abbreviations: eb, expansion for pubic boot; co, concavity; ia, ischial articulation; ib, ischial boot; in, incision; ip, iliac peduncle; op, obturator process; pa, pubic apron; pdf, posterodorsal flange; pp, pubic peduncle; pt, pubic tubercle.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774271/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 15L</figureCitation>
). At the posterior margin of the base of the iliac peduncle, a marks depression on the lateral side marked the insertion area of the m. flexor tibialis internus (Hutchinson 2001a), as it is also present in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F161E019FF3680F05C6C16DC" authority="(Buffetaut et al. 1996)" baseAuthorityName="Buffetaut" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[141,526,1925,1949]" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Siamotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FF3680F05F4216DD" box="[141,288,1925,1948]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Siamotyrannus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FE8980F05C6016DC" author="Buffetaut E &amp; Suteethorn V &amp; Tong H" box="[306,514,1925,1949]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="689 - 91" refId="ref35626" refString="Buffetaut E, Suteethorn V, Tong H. The earliest known tyrannosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Thailand. Nature 1996; 381: 689 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 381689 a 0" type="journal article" year="1996">
Buffetaut 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FE2C80F05FAA16DC" box="[407,456,1925,1949]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
1996
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F161E019FDF280F05CC016DC" box="[585,674,1925,1949]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
ischium furthermore shows a marked, large, oval tubercle with a slightly rugose surface below this depression just above the base of the shaft; this area is poorly preserved in the 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F161E019FB7187DA5B4A1186" box="[1226,1320,175,199]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F161E019FCFE87BA5B6313BA" blockId="23.[808,1462,144,1797]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Whereas the iliac peduncle extends only for 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FABD87BA5B6D11A7" box="[1286,1295,207,230]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F161E019FAA187BA5B2E11A7" box="[1306,1356,207,231]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="6.0">6 cm</quantity>
above the ventral margin of the acetabulum, the pubic peduncle extends anterior for 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FC17867B5DD71064" box="[940,949,270,293]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F161E019FC7F86785A611064" box="[964,1027,269,293]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="14.0">14 cm</quantity>
from the posterior margin of this structure. It is semioval in cross-section, with a minimal height of 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FA1D86585BCF1005" box="[1446,1453,301,324]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F161E019FC9186395D3F1022" box="[810,861,332,355]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="7.0">7 cm</quantity>
, although small parts of the thin ventral margin might be missing. The pubic articulation forms an anteriorly directed flat surface with a semioval, ventrally slightly tapering outline that is 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F161E019FC1886DF5DB71080" box="[931,981,426,449]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="7.0">7 cm</quantity>
high and 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F161E019FBF986DF5AE51080" box="[1090,1159,426,450]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="3.5">3.5 cm</quantity>
wide. The obturator plate is largely reduced to only a relatively small anteroventrally projecting obturator process at the base of the ischial shafts (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F161E019FA36869C5D09135E" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[129,194,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetId="figure-7@22.[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Pubes and ischia of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, partial right pubis, IGB 2-26, in lateral (A), anterior (B), and medial (C) views. D, E, fragmentary left pubis, IGB 2-28, in lateral (D) and medial (E) views.F–H, distal end of conjoined pubic boots, IGB 2-29, in right lateral (F), proximal (G), and distal (H) views.I–M, articulated ischia, IGB 2-30, in right lateral (I; note that proximal part of right ischium is missing, so that the medial side of the proximal left element is visible), posterior (J), and left lateral (K) views, and proximal end of left ischium in proximal view (L) and conjoined ischial boot in distal view (M). Abbreviations: eb, expansion for pubic boot; co, concavity; ia, ischial articulation; ib, ischial boot; in, incision; ip, iliac peduncle; op, obturator process; pa, pubic apron; pdf, posterodorsal flange; pp, pubic peduncle; pt, pubic tubercle.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774271/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 15I, K</figureCitation>
), as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F161E019FC01857D5AAB1361" authority="(Madsen 1976)" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[954,1225,520,544]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FC01857D5A431361" box="[954,1057,520,544]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Allosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FB8A857D5ADC1361" author="Madsen JH" box="[1073,1214,520,544]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="3 - 163" refId="ref38275" refString="Madsen JH. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Bulletin 1976; 109: 3 - 163." type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen 1976</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F161E019FB6E857D5DC4137E" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FB6E857D5B53135E" box="[1237,1329,520,543]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FAF8857D5DF8137E" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F161E019FC0985525BE2137E" authority="(Dong et al. 1983)" baseAuthorityName="Dong" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[946,1408,551,576]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Yangchuanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magnus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FC0985525ADB137E" box="[946,1209,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Yangchuanosaurus magnus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FB71855D5B17137E" author="Dong Z &amp; Zhou S &amp; Zhang Y" box="[1226,1397,551,576]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 145" refId="ref36892" refString="Dong Z, Zhou S, Zhang Y. [The dinosaurian remains from Sichuan Basin, China]. Palaeontologia Sinica 1983; 162: 1 - 145. [in Chinese]." type="journal article" year="1983">
Dong 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FAB0855D5B59137E" box="[1291,1339,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
1983
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F161E019FC9785325AAF131E" authority="(Gao 1999)" baseAuthorityName="Gao" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[812,1229,583,607]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Yangchuanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hepingensis">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FC9785325A33131E" box="[812,1105,583,607]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FBE585325AA3131E" author="Gao Y" box="[1118,1217,583,607]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref37185" refString="Gao Y. [A Complete Carnosaur Skeleton from Zigong, Sichuan - Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis]. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 1999. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1999">Gao 1999</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The obturator process is roughly rectangular in shape, with a straight anteroventral edge and a notable incision between its ventral margin and the ischial shaft, as it is typically present in non-coelurosaurian theropods (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FC8E85B15DA2139D" author="Rauhut OWM" box="[821,960,708,732]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 213" refId="ref39053" refString="Rauhut OWM. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology 2003; 69: 1 - 213." type="journal article" year="2003">Rauhut 2003</bibRefCitation>
), including 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F161E019FBFE85B15BD1139D" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[1093,1459,708,732]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FBFE85B15AC3139A" box="[1093,1185,708,731]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FB0D85B15BCA139D" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[1206,1448,708,732]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F161E019FCED85965A9E13BA" authority="(Gao 1999)" baseAuthorityName="Gao" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[854,1276,739,763]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Yangchuanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hepingensis">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FCED85965A1E13BA" box="[854,1148,739,763]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FB3785965A9213BA" author="Gao Y" box="[1164,1264,739,763]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref37185" refString="Gao Y. [A Complete Carnosaur Skeleton from Zigong, Sichuan - Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis]. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 1999. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1999">Gao 1999</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F161E019FCFE84765B431644" blockId="23.[808,1462,144,1797]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
The shaft of the ischium is long and slender, and slightly curved anteroventrally in lateral view, as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F161E019FB3784575BD1127B" authority="(Benson 2010)" baseAuthorityName="Benson" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[1164,1459,802,826]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Megalosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FB3784575B70127B" box="[1164,1298,802,826]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Megalosaurus</emphasis>
(Benson 2010)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F161E019FCE284375D8E1218" box="[857,1004,834,857]" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Siamotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FCE284375D8E1218" box="[857,1004,834,857]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Siamotyrannus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FC4484345AB11218" author="Buffetaut E &amp; Suteethorn V &amp; Tong H" box="[1023,1235,833,857]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="689 - 91" refId="ref35626" refString="Buffetaut E, Suteethorn V, Tong H. The earliest known tyrannosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Thailand. Nature 1996; 381: 689 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 381689 a 0" type="journal article" year="1996">
Buffetaut 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FBDD84375AFA1218" box="[1126,1176,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
1996
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FB5A84345B131218" author="Samathi A" box="[1249,1393,833,857]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref39805" refString="Samathi A. Osteology and phylogenetic position of Siamotyrannus isanensis (Dinosauria; Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Thailand. Unpublished MSc Thesis, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, 2013." type="book" year="2013">Samathi 2013</bibRefCitation>
). It is semioval in outline, being deeper anteroposteriorly than wide mediolaterally, and with a flattened medial surface for the contact with the opposite element. This flat contact extends over almost the entire length of the ischial shafts (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F161E019FB5D84CA5B561297" box="[1254,1332,958,983]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[129,194,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetId="figure-7@22.[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Pubes and ischia of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, partial right pubis, IGB 2-26, in lateral (A), anterior (B), and medial (C) views. D, E, fragmentary left pubis, IGB 2-28, in lateral (D) and medial (E) views.F–H, distal end of conjoined pubic boots, IGB 2-29, in right lateral (F), proximal (G), and distal (H) views.I–M, articulated ischia, IGB 2-30, in right lateral (I; note that proximal part of right ischium is missing, so that the medial side of the proximal left element is visible), posterior (J), and left lateral (K) views, and proximal end of left ischium in proximal view (L) and conjoined ischial boot in distal view (M). Abbreviations: eb, expansion for pubic boot; co, concavity; ia, ischial articulation; ib, ischial boot; in, incision; ip, iliac peduncle; op, obturator process; pa, pubic apron; pdf, posterodorsal flange; pp, pubic peduncle; pt, pubic tubercle.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774271/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 15J</figureCitation>
), so there is no ischial apron, as it is present in some megalosaurids (Benson 2010). From the beginning of the interischial suture to slightly distal of the half length of the shafts, the posterodorsal margin of each ischium thins out, so that the joined ischia form a distinct, well developed posterodorsal median flange (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F161E019FAB7832E5B041532" box="[1292,1382,1115,1139]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[129,194,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetId="figure-7@22.[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Pubes and ischia of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, partial right pubis, IGB 2-26, in lateral (A), anterior (B), and medial (C) views. D, E, fragmentary left pubis, IGB 2-28, in lateral (D) and medial (E) views.F–H, distal end of conjoined pubic boots, IGB 2-29, in right lateral (F), proximal (G), and distal (H) views.I–M, articulated ischia, IGB 2-30, in right lateral (I; note that proximal part of right ischium is missing, so that the medial side of the proximal left element is visible), posterior (J), and left lateral (K) views, and proximal end of left ischium in proximal view (L) and conjoined ischial boot in distal view (M). Abbreviations: eb, expansion for pubic boot; co, concavity; ia, ischial articulation; ib, ischial boot; in, incision; ip, iliac peduncle; op, obturator process; pa, pubic apron; pdf, posterodorsal flange; pp, pubic peduncle; pt, pubic tubercle.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774271/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 15K</figureCitation>
). Such a flange on the posterodorsal surface of the articulated ischia is also present in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F161E019FC7D83EF5A9115F3" authority="(Wu et al. 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Wu" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[966,1267,1178,1202]" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Shidaisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FC7D83EF5A2615F3" box="[966,1092,1178,1202]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Shidaisaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FBEF83EF5A8A15F3" author="Wu X-C &amp; Currie PJ &amp; Dong Z" box="[1108,1256,1178,1202]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="9 - 24" refId="ref40548" refString="Wu X-C, Currie PJ, Dong Z et al. A new theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Lufeng, Yunnan, China. Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 2009; 83: 9 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1755 - 6724.2009.00002. x" type="journal article" year="2009">
Wu 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FBC483EE5ACC15F3" box="[1151,1198,1178,1202]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F161E019FB4483EF5BD115F3" box="[1279,1459,1178,1202]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Yangchuanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FB4483EF5BD115F3" box="[1279,1459,1178,1202]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Yangchuanosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FC8E83CF5D8D1590" author="Dong Z &amp; Zhou S &amp; Zhang Y" box="[821,1007,1209,1234]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 145" refId="ref36892" refString="Dong Z, Zhou S, Zhang Y. [The dinosaurian remains from Sichuan Basin, China]. Palaeontologia Sinica 1983; 162: 1 - 145. [in Chinese]." type="journal article" year="1983">
Dong 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FCC083CF5DD21590" box="[891,944,1209,1233]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
1983
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FBBA83CC5A0E1590" author="Gao Y" box="[1025,1132,1209,1233]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref37185" refString="Gao Y. [A Complete Carnosaur Skeleton from Zigong, Sichuan - Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis]. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 1999. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1999">Gao 1999</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F161E019FB3283CF5D0B15B0" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FB3283CF5A871590" box="[1161,1253,1210,1233]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FB4083CC5D3C15B0" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F161E019FC0F83AC5A2515B1" box="[948,1095,1241,1264]" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Siamotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FC0F83AC5A2515B1" box="[948,1095,1241,1264]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Siamotyrannus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FBDA83AC5B2915B0" author="Buffetaut E &amp; Suteethorn V &amp; Tong H" box="[1121,1355,1241,1265]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="689 - 91" refId="ref35626" refString="Buffetaut E, Suteethorn V, Tong H. The earliest known tyrannosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Thailand. Nature 1996; 381: 689 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 381689 a 0" type="journal article" year="1996">
Buffetaut 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FB7483AC5B6A15B0" box="[1231,1288,1241,1265]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
1996
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FADB83AC5D3C1451" author="Samathi A" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref39805" refString="Samathi A. Osteology and phylogenetic position of Siamotyrannus isanensis (Dinosauria; Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Thailand. Unpublished MSc Thesis, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, 2013." type="book" year="2013">Samathi 2013</bibRefCitation>
), and thus probably represents a synapomorphy of metriacanthosaurids, as it is absent in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F161E019FB1382625B6D146E" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[1192,1295,1303,1327]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FB1382625B6D146E" box="[1192,1295,1303,1327]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FAA582625BCF146E" author="Gilmore CW" box="[1310,1453,1303,1327]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref37242" refString="Gilmore CW. Osteology of the carnivorous Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 1920; 110: i - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.110. i" type="journal volume" year="1920">Gilmore 1920</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FC9182425DD7140E" author="Madsen JH" box="[810,949,1335,1359]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="3 - 163" refId="ref38275" refString="Madsen JH. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Bulletin 1976; 109: 3 - 163." type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen 1976</bibRefCitation>
) and carcharodontosaurs (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FB7382425BCF140E" author="Coria RA &amp; Currie PJ" box="[1224,1453,1335,1359]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="71 - 118" refId="ref36440" refString="Coria RA, Currie PJ. A new carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina. Geodiversitas 2006; 28: 71 - 118." type="journal article" year="2006">Coria and Currie 2006</bibRefCitation>
, Brusatte 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FC3D82225DD5142F" box="[902,951,1366,1390]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
2008, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FC4582235AD5142F" author="Canale JI &amp; Apesteguia S &amp; Gallina PA" box="[1022,1207,1366,1390]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="3195 - 202" refId="ref35770" refString="Canale JI, Apesteguia S, Gallina PA et al. New giant carnivorous dinosaur reveals convergent evolutionary trends in theropod arm reduction. Current Biology 2022; 32: 3195 - 202. e 5. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cub. 2022.05.057" type="journal article" year="2022">
Canale 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FBF782225A1F142F" box="[1100,1149,1366,1390]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
2022
</bibRefCitation>
). Distally, the shafts become more compressed mediolaterally, but gradually expand anteroposteriorly, until a marked expansion at the distal end forms a large ischial boot (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F161E019FBFD82C15AD4148A" box="[1094,1206,1460,1484]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[129,194,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetId="figure-7@22.[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Pubes and ischia of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, partial right pubis, IGB 2-26, in lateral (A), anterior (B), and medial (C) views. D, E, fragmentary left pubis, IGB 2-28, in lateral (D) and medial (E) views.F–H, distal end of conjoined pubic boots, IGB 2-29, in right lateral (F), proximal (G), and distal (H) views.I–M, articulated ischia, IGB 2-30, in right lateral (I; note that proximal part of right ischium is missing, so that the medial side of the proximal left element is visible), posterior (J), and left lateral (K) views, and proximal end of left ischium in proximal view (L) and conjoined ischial boot in distal view (M). Abbreviations: eb, expansion for pubic boot; co, concavity; ia, ischial articulation; ib, ischial boot; in, incision; ip, iliac peduncle; op, obturator process; pa, pubic apron; pdf, posterodorsal flange; pp, pubic peduncle; pt, pubic tubercle.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774271/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 15I, K</figureCitation>
), as it is also present in other metriacanthosaurids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FBF782A15A9A14AA" author="Dong Z &amp; Zhou S &amp; Zhang Y" box="[1100,1272,1491,1516]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 145" refId="ref36892" refString="Dong Z, Zhou S, Zhang Y. [The dinosaurian remains from Sichuan Basin, China]. Palaeontologia Sinica 1983; 162: 1 - 145. [in Chinese]." type="journal article" year="1983">
Dong 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FB3682A15ADC14AA" box="[1165,1214,1491,1515]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
1983
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FABE82A65D3C174A" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FCD082865DB0174A" author="Gao Y" box="[875,978,1523,1547]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref37185" refString="Gao Y. [A Complete Carnosaur Skeleton from Zigong, Sichuan - Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis]. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 1999. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1999">Gao 1999</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F161E019FC6482865A15174A" author="Wu X-C &amp; Currie PJ &amp; Dong Z" box="[991,1143,1523,1547]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="9 - 24" refId="ref40548" refString="Wu X-C, Currie PJ, Dong Z et al. A new theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Lufeng, Yunnan, China. Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 2009; 83: 9 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1755 - 6724.2009.00002. x" type="journal article" year="2009">
Wu 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FBB082865A5E174A" box="[1035,1084,1523,1547]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
). This boot is more anteriorly than posteriorly expanded and has a gently convex ventral outline in lateral view. In ventral view, the anterior ends of the ischia ae fused into a pointed anterior end of the boot, whereas there is a notable groove between the left and right ischium in the posteriorly widening posterior two-thirds of the boot (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F161E019FAFF81FA5BC017E6" box="[1348,1442,1679,1703]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[129,194,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetId="figure-7@22.[180,1423,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Pubes and ischia of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, partial right pubis, IGB 2-26, in lateral (A), anterior (B), and medial (C) views. D, E, fragmentary left pubis, IGB 2-28, in lateral (D) and medial (E) views.F–H, distal end of conjoined pubic boots, IGB 2-29, in right lateral (F), proximal (G), and distal (H) views.I–M, articulated ischia, IGB 2-30, in right lateral (I; note that proximal part of right ischium is missing, so that the medial side of the proximal left element is visible), posterior (J), and left lateral (K) views, and proximal end of left ischium in proximal view (L) and conjoined ischial boot in distal view (M). Abbreviations: eb, expansion for pubic boot; co, concavity; ia, ischial articulation; ib, ischial boot; in, incision; ip, iliac peduncle; op, obturator process; pa, pubic apron; pdf, posterodorsal flange; pp, pubic peduncle; pt, pubic tubercle.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774271/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 15M</figureCitation>
). Whereas the minimal anteroposterior width of the ischial shaft is 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FC9281BA5D5017A7" box="[809,818,1743,1766]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F161E019FC8581BB5DE117A4" box="[830,899,1742,1766]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="5.5">5.5 cm</quantity>
just distal to its proximal base, the ischial boot expands to a maximal anteroposterior length of 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FB0D819B5ADD1644" box="[1206,1215,1774,1797]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F161E019FB7181985B7F1644" box="[1226,1309,1773,1797]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="22.5">22.5 cm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F161E016FC9180525F4915B0" blockId="23.[810,1460,1831,1980]" lastBlockId="24.[127,779,144,1985]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F161E019FC9180525D12167F" box="[810,880,1831,1854]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Femur:</emphasis>
Both femora of the 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F161E019FBD480525AA9167E" box="[1135,1227,1831,1855]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
are completely preserved (IGB 2-32, 2-33; 
<figureCitation id="136009D4F161E019FB8780335AE5161F" box="[1084,1159,1862,1886]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="25.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[239,1333,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-6@25.[239,1333,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 16. Femora of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right femur, IGB 2-33, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G–I, left femur, IGB 2-32, in anterior (G), lateral (H), and medial (I) views.Abbreviations:IV, fourth trochanter; at, accessory trochanter; ec, epicondylar crest; gt, greater trochanter; lt, lesser trochanter; mt, medial tip; olg, oblique ligament groove; pag, proximal articular groove. Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774273/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
), with the head of the left femur having been found in the acetabulum of the left ilium. The femur is a robust bone and only moderately curved in lateral or medial view (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F161E019FBBA80D15AF416FA" box="[1025,1174,1956,1980]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="25.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[239,1333,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-6@25.[239,1333,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 16. Femora of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right femur, IGB 2-33, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G–I, left femur, IGB 2-32, in anterior (G), lateral (H), and medial (I) views.Abbreviations:IV, fourth trochanter; at, accessory trochanter; ec, epicondylar crest; gt, greater trochanter; lt, lesser trochanter; mt, medial tip; olg, oblique ligament groove; pag, proximal articular groove. Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774273/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 16B, D, H</figureCitation>
), similar to the situation in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16EE016FF3A87E55F2111E9" box="[129,323,144,168]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Metriacanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FF3A87E55F2111E9" box="[129,323,144,168]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Metriacanthosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(OUM J 12144), 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16EE016FE4D87E55EA21186" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FE4D87E55C3011E6" box="[502,594,144,167]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16EE016FDD987E55ED11186" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16EE016FF6987DA5CEF1186" authority="(Gao 1999)" baseAuthorityName="Gao" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[210,653,175,199]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Yangchuanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hepingensis">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FF6987DA5C621186" box="[210,512,175,199]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16EE016FDAD87DA5CE01186" author="Gao Y" box="[534,642,175,199]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref37185" refString="Gao Y. [A Complete Carnosaur Skeleton from Zigong, Sichuan - Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis]. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 1999. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1999">Gao 1999</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and other basal tetanurans. The femoral head is directed anteromedially at an angle of approximately 25°, as in many non-neotetanuran theropods, but in contrast to the strictly medially directed femur in most coelurosaurs and allosauroids. In anterior view, the femoral head of the left femur is distinctly proximomedially directed (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16EE016FF5C861E5F2310C2" box="[231,321,363,387]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="25.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[239,1333,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-6@25.[239,1333,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 16. Femora of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right femur, IGB 2-33, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G–I, left femur, IGB 2-32, in anterior (G), lateral (H), and medial (I) views.Abbreviations:IV, fourth trochanter; at, accessory trochanter; ec, epicondylar crest; gt, greater trochanter; lt, lesser trochanter; mt, medial tip; olg, oblique ligament groove; pag, proximal articular groove. Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774273/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 16A</figureCitation>
), as in carcharodontosaurids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16EE016FD3D86195F6410E2" author="Brusatte SL &amp; Sereno PC" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="155 - 82" refId="ref35386" refString="Brusatte SL, Sereno PC. Phylogeny of Allosauroidea (Dinosauria: Theropoda): comparative analysis and resolution. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2008; 6: 155 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 1477201907002404" type="journal article" year="2008">Brusatte and Sereno 2008</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16EE016FE9A86FE5F8110E2" box="[289,483,395,419]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Metriacanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FE9A86FE5F8110E2" box="[289,483,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Metriacanthosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(OUM J 12144) and, to a lesser degree, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16EE016FEAA86DF5CDD1083" authority="(Gao 1999)" baseAuthorityName="Gao" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[273,703,426,450]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Yangchuanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hepingensis">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FEAA86DF5C581083" box="[273,570,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16EE016FDF786DF5CD11083" author="Gao Y" box="[588,691,426,450]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref37185" refString="Gao Y. [A Complete Carnosaur Skeleton from Zigong, Sichuan - Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis]. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 1999. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1999">Gao 1999</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. In the right femur, the femoral head has been tectonically sheared off and glued back in a position appearing to indicate a horizontal orientation of the head (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16EE016FE74857D5C491361" box="[463,555,520,544]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="25.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[239,1333,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-6@25.[239,1333,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 16. Femora of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right femur, IGB 2-33, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G–I, left femur, IGB 2-32, in anterior (G), lateral (H), and medial (I) views.Abbreviations:IV, fourth trochanter; at, accessory trochanter; ec, epicondylar crest; gt, greater trochanter; lt, lesser trochanter; mt, medial tip; olg, oblique ligament groove; pag, proximal articular groove. Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774273/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 16G</figureCitation>
). However, this position probably derives from the reconstruction of that part of the proximal femur, and we consider the left femur to show the original orientation. In proximal view, the femoral head is gently convexly rounded mediolaterally, and widens gradually from the greater trochanter laterally towards the medial side of the head (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16EE016FF5285B15F5E139D" box="[233,316,708,732]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="25.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[239,1333,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-6@25.[239,1333,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 16. Femora of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right femur, IGB 2-33, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G–I, left femur, IGB 2-32, in anterior (G), lateral (H), and medial (I) views.Abbreviations:IV, fourth trochanter; at, accessory trochanter; ec, epicondylar crest; gt, greater trochanter; lt, lesser trochanter; mt, medial tip; olg, oblique ligament groove; pag, proximal articular groove. Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774273/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 16E</figureCitation>
). The greater trochanter narrows to a slightly posterolaterally directed point. Its proximal surface is very gently convex anteroposteriorly and slightly posteroproximally directed. The medial end of the head is expanded both anteriorly and posteriorly, with the anterior side forming a rounded angle of approximately 90° between the anterior and medial margin of the head, while the posterior edge forms the medial boundary of a well-developed, oblique ligament groove on the posterior side of the femoral head (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16EE016FE2A84CA5F881296" box="[401,490,959,983]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="25.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[239,1333,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-6@25.[239,1333,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 16. Femora of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right femur, IGB 2-33, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G–I, left femur, IGB 2-32, in anterior (G), lateral (H), and medial (I) views.Abbreviations:IV, fourth trochanter; at, accessory trochanter; ec, epicondylar crest; gt, greater trochanter; lt, lesser trochanter; mt, medial tip; olg, oblique ligament groove; pag, proximal articular groove. Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774273/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 16C</figureCitation>
). Between these edges, the medial margin of the head is convexly rounded in proximal view. A well-developed oblique groove (‘proximal articular groove’ of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16EE016FF3A83685F291574" author="Carrano MT &amp; Sampson SD &amp; Forster CA" box="[129,331,1053,1077]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="510 - 34" refId="ref35997" refString="Carrano MT, Sampson SD, Forster CA. The osteology of Masiakasaurus knopfleri, a small abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2002; 22: 510 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2002) 022 [0510: toomka] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2002">
Carrano 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FF6683685F6B1574" box="[221,265,1053,1077]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
) is present on the proximal surface of the femur (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16EE016FF7483495F411515" box="[207,291,1084,1108]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="25.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[239,1333,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-6@25.[239,1333,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 16. Femora of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right femur, IGB 2-33, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G–I, left femur, IGB 2-32, in anterior (G), lateral (H), and medial (I) views.Abbreviations:IV, fourth trochanter; at, accessory trochanter; ec, epicondylar crest; gt, greater trochanter; lt, lesser trochanter; mt, medial tip; olg, oblique ligament groove; pag, proximal articular groove. Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774273/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 16E</figureCitation>
), in contrast to most allosauroids and coelurosaurs (Benson 2010), although a similar groove might be present in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16EE016FF22830E5E9715D3" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[153,245,1147,1170]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FF22830E5E9715D3" box="[153,245,1147,1170]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Sinraptor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(based on fig. 22C in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16EE016FE76830E5CCF15D2" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[461,685,1147,1171]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
). In posterior view there is a narrow incision between the head and the shaft at the distal end of the head, in continuation of the oblique ligament groove.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F16EE016FF27838D5B121083" blockId="24.[127,779,144,1985]" lastBlockId="24.[823,1477,144,1703]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
The lesser trochanter is aliform (‘wing-like’) and separated from the proximal shaft by a small incision in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16EE016FD5882625ECC140E" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="25.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[239,1333,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-6@25.[239,1333,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 16. Femora of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right femur, IGB 2-33, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G–I, left femur, IGB 2-32, in anterior (G), lateral (H), and medial (I) views.Abbreviations:IV, fourth trochanter; at, accessory trochanter; ec, epicondylar crest; gt, greater trochanter; lt, lesser trochanter; mt, medial tip; olg, oblique ligament groove; pag, proximal articular groove. Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774273/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 16D</figureCitation>
). Its proximal end is placed at the level of the distal margin of the femoral head, in contrast to the more proximally placed lesser trochanter in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16EE016FEEB82005EA214EC" authority="(Dong et al. 1983)" baseAuthorityName="Dong" baseAuthorityYear="1983" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Yangchuanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shangyuensis">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FEEB82005CEA14CC" box="[336,648,1397,1421]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Yangchuanosaurus shangyuensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16EE016FD2382035ED714EC" author="Dong Z &amp; Zhou S &amp; Zhang Y" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 145" refId="ref36892" refString="Dong Z, Zhou S, Zhang Y. [The dinosaurian remains from Sichuan Basin, China]. Palaeontologia Sinica 1983; 162: 1 - 145. [in Chinese]." type="journal article" year="1983">
Dong 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FD6182035D6814CC" box="[730,778,1397,1421]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
1983
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16EE016FF7582E05C5A14EC" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[206,568,1429,1453]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FF7582E05F4814ED" box="[206,298,1429,1452]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16EE016FE8582E05C4F14EC" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[318,557,1429,1453]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16EE016FDFC82E05D6B14EC" box="[583,777,1429,1453]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Metriacanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FDFC82E05D6B14EC" box="[583,777,1429,1453]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Metriacanthosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(OUM J 12144), 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16EE016FE8082C15C2F148D" authority="(Madsen 1976)" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[315,589,1460,1484]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FE8082C15FC0148D" box="[315,418,1460,1484]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Allosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16EE016FE0F82C15C20148D" author="Madsen JH" box="[436,578,1460,1484]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="3 - 163" refId="ref38275" refString="Madsen JH. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Bulletin 1976; 109: 3 - 163." type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen 1976</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and coelurosaurs (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16EE016FF3082A65F7414AA" author="Rauhut OWM" box="[139,278,1491,1515]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 213" refId="ref39053" refString="Rauhut OWM. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology 2003; 69: 1 - 213." type="journal article" year="2003">Rauhut 2003</bibRefCitation>
), but as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16EE016FE2682A65EA3174A" authority="(Gao 1999)" baseAuthorityName="Gao" baseAuthorityYear="1999" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Yangchuanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hepingensis">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FE2682A65CAB14AA" box="[413,713,1491,1515]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16EE016FD6582A65ED7174A" author="Gao Y" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref37185" refString="Gao Y. [A Complete Carnosaur Skeleton from Zigong, Sichuan - Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis]. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 1999. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1999">Gao 1999</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. A small, triangular, slightly anterolaterally directed accessory trochanter is present at the base of the lesser trochanter (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16EE016FF3081445F231708" box="[139,321,1585,1609]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="25.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[239,1333,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-6@25.[239,1333,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 16. Femora of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right femur, IGB 2-33, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G–I, left femur, IGB 2-32, in anterior (G), lateral (H), and medial (I) views.Abbreviations:IV, fourth trochanter; at, accessory trochanter; ec, epicondylar crest; gt, greater trochanter; lt, lesser trochanter; mt, medial tip; olg, oblique ligament groove; pag, proximal articular groove. Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774273/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 16B, D, H, I</figureCitation>
), as in species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16EE016FDBC81445CD91708" box="[519,699,1585,1609]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Yangchuanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FDBC81445CD91708" box="[519,699,1585,1609]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Yangchuanosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16EE016FD7481475E8D1728" author="Dong Z &amp; Zhou S &amp; Zhang Y" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 145" refId="ref36892" refString="Dong Z, Zhou S, Zhang Y. [The dinosaurian remains from Sichuan Basin, China]. Palaeontologia Sinica 1983; 162: 1 - 145. [in Chinese]." type="journal article" year="1983">
Dong 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FF3A81245ED11728" box="[129,179,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
1983
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16EE016FF4681245F071728" author="Gao Y" box="[253,357,1617,1641]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref37185" refString="Gao Y. [A Complete Carnosaur Skeleton from Zigong, Sichuan - Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis]. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 1999. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1999">Gao 1999</bibRefCitation>
), whereas such an accessory trochanter seems to be absent in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16EE016FED081055CB317C9" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[363,721,1648,1672]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FED081055FA517C6" box="[363,455,1648,1671]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16EE016FE6281055CA717C9" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[473,709,1648,1672]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. This position bears a large, low, mound-like swelling on the lateral side at the distal end of the lesser trochanter, probably for the insertion of the m. iliofemoralis externus, as in other tetanurans (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16EE016FF3081985F321644" author="Hutchinson JR" box="[139,336,1773,1797]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="169 - 97" refId="ref37926" refString="Hutchinson JR. The evolution of femoral osteology and soft tissues on the linetoextantbirds (Neornithes). ZoologicalJournaloftheLinneanSociety 2001 b; 131: 169 - 97. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2001. tb 01314. x" type="journal article" year="2001">Hutchinson 2001b</bibRefCitation>
). Proximal and slightly posterior to this mound, a flat area with marked anterior and posterior edges and a rectangular cross-section extends from the lesser trochanter towards the shaft, into which it fades just at the level of the proximal end of the mound. The fourth trochanter is developed as a robust, elongate semioval flange on the posteromedial side of the femoral shaft, just above the mid-length of the bone (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16EE016FD5880DC5DA211E6" box="[739,960,144,1985]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="25.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[239,1333,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-6@25.[239,1333,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 16. Femora of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right femur, IGB 2-33, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G–I, left femur, IGB 2-32, in anterior (G), lateral (H), and medial (I) views.Abbreviations:IV, fourth trochanter; at, accessory trochanter; ec, epicondylar crest; gt, greater trochanter; lt, lesser trochanter; mt, medial tip; olg, oblique ligament groove; pag, proximal articular groove. Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774273/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 16B, D, H, I</figureCitation>
). In contrast to some theropods (e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16EE016FAE687E45BD911E9" authorityName="Charig &amp; Milner" authorityYear="1986" box="[1373,1467,145,168]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FAE687E45BD911E9" box="[1373,1467,145,168]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Baryonyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16EE016FC8287DA5A5B1186" author="Charig AJ &amp; Milner AC" box="[825,1081,175,199]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="11 - 70" refId="ref36145" refString="Charig AJ, Milner AC. Baryonyx walkeri, a fish-eating dinosaur from the Wealden of Surrey. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, London (Geology) 1997; 53: 11 - 70." type="journal article" year="1997">Charig and Milner 1997</bibRefCitation>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16EE016FBF387DA5B261186" authority=", MNN Gad" authorityName="MNN Gad" box="[1096,1348,175,199]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Suchomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FBF387DA5AA11186" box="[1096,1219,175,199]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Suchomimus</emphasis>
, MNN Gad
</taxonomicName>
500), there is no groove or depression medial to the fourth trochanter, but notable, posteriorly directed striations are present on the lateral side of the trochanter. Distal to the fourth trochanter, the shaft is mediolaterally compressed; although this might be somewhat exaggerated by compaction, this is observed in both femora. In 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16EE016FC8086195AF310C2" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[827,1169,363,387]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FC8086195DF510C2" box="[827,919,364,387]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16EE016FC1E861E5AE410C2" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[933,1158,363,387]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16EE016FB27861E5DD610E2" authority="(Gao 1999)" baseAuthorityName="Gao" baseAuthorityYear="1999" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Yangchuanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hepingensis">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FB27861E5BA010C2" box="[1180,1474,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16EE016FCF886FE5DCB10E2" author="Gao Y" box="[835,937,395,419]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref37185" refString="Gao Y. [A Complete Carnosaur Skeleton from Zigong, Sichuan - Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis]. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 1999. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1999">Gao 1999</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16EE016FC5586FE5AD210E2" box="[1006,1200,395,419]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Metriacanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FC5586FE5AD210E2" box="[1006,1200,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Metriacanthosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(OUM J 12144), the femoral shaft is wider mediolaterally than anteroposteriorly.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F16EE016FCEE86BC5A7E17E6" blockId="24.[823,1477,144,1703]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Distally, the shaft becomes more massive and rounded triangular in cross-section, before it then notably expands towards the distal articular end. A well-developed, semioval medial epicondylar crest (
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FC66855D5A72137E" box="[989,1040,552,575]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16EE016FBA385525A82137E" author="Carrano MT &amp; Sampson SD &amp; Forster CA" box="[1048,1248,551,575]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="510 - 34" refId="ref35997" refString="Carrano MT, Sampson SD, Forster CA. The osteology of Masiakasaurus knopfleri, a small abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2002; 22: 510 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2002) 022 [0510: toomka] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2002">
Carrano 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FBCF855D5AFD137E" box="[1140,1183,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
, medio-distal crest of other authors, e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16EE016FC4E85325A8B131E" author="Juarez-Valieri RD &amp; Fiorelli LE &amp; Cruz LE" box="[1013,1257,583,607]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="59 - 66" refId="ref37973" refString="Juarez-Valieri RD, Fiorelli LE, Cruz LE. Quilmesaurus curriei Coria, 2001 (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Su validez taxonomica y relaciones filogeneticas. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 2007; 9: 59 - 66." type="journal article" year="2007">
Juárez-Valieri 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FB3985325AC8131E" box="[1154,1194,583,607]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al</emphasis>
. 2007
</bibRefCitation>
) is present above the distal end (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16EE016FC0A85135A48133F" box="[945,1066,614,638]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="25.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[239,1333,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-6@25.[239,1333,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 16. Femora of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right femur, IGB 2-33, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G–I, left femur, IGB 2-32, in anterior (G), lateral (H), and medial (I) views.Abbreviations:IV, fourth trochanter; at, accessory trochanter; ec, epicondylar crest; gt, greater trochanter; lt, lesser trochanter; mt, medial tip; olg, oblique ligament groove; pag, proximal articular groove. Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774273/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 16A, G</figureCitation>
). This crest is more prominent than in most other theropods, with the exception of abelisauroids (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16EE016FC8085D05A6B13FC" author="Carrano MT &amp; Sampson SD &amp; Forster CA" box="[827,1033,677,701]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="510 - 34" refId="ref35997" refString="Carrano MT, Sampson SD, Forster CA. The osteology of Masiakasaurus knopfleri, a small abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2002; 22: 510 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2002) 022 [0510: toomka] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2002">
Carrano 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FC2385D05DA713FC" box="[920,965,677,701]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16EE016FBA385D05B7813FC" author="Juarez-Valieri RD &amp; Fiorelli LE &amp; Cruz LE" box="[1048,1306,677,701]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="59 - 66" refId="ref37973" refString="Juarez-Valieri RD, Fiorelli LE, Cruz LE. Quilmesaurus curriei Coria, 2001 (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Su validez taxonomica y relaciones filogeneticas. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 2007; 9: 59 - 66." type="journal article" year="2007">
Juárez-Valieri 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FB1285D05AB413FC" box="[1193,1238,677,701]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al</emphasis>
. 2007
</bibRefCitation>
), but including other metriacanthosaurids, such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16EE016FB6B85B15DD913BA" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FB6B85B15B4E139A" box="[1232,1324,708,731]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16EE016FAFC85B15DD213BA" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16EE016FC7685965BEB13BA" authority="(Gao 1999)" baseAuthorityName="Gao" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[973,1417,739,763]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Yangchuanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hepingensis">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FC7685965A9913BA" box="[973,1275,739,763]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16EE016FAA985965B1C13BA" author="Gao Y" box="[1298,1406,739,763]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref37185" refString="Gao Y. [A Complete Carnosaur Skeleton from Zigong, Sichuan - Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis]. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 1999. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1999">Gao 1999</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16EE016FC8284765D99125A" box="[825,1019,771,795]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Metriacanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FC8284765D99125A" box="[825,1019,771,795]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Metriacanthosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(OUM J 12144). However, it is more robustly developed than in abelisaurids and notably offset from the distal end (by 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FC4D84375D9C1218" box="[1014,1022,834,857]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F16EE016FBB184345A2E1218" box="[1034,1100,833,857]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="cm" value="15.0">15 cm</quantity>
), more so than in e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16EE016FA9484345A781238" authority="(Carrano et al. 2002)" baseAuthorityName="Carrano" baseAuthorityYear="2002" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FA9484345BA11218" box="[1327,1475,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16EE016FCF884145A6D1238" author="Carrano MT &amp; Sampson SD &amp; Forster CA" box="[835,1039,865,889]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="510 - 34" refId="ref35997" refString="Carrano MT, Sampson SD, Forster CA. The osteology of Masiakasaurus knopfleri, a small abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2002; 22: 510 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2002) 022 [0510: toomka] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2002">
Carrano 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FC1A84145DB11238" box="[929,979,865,889]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
2002
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, a morphology that seems to be unique for the new taxon. An elongate, flat triangular surface on the medial side, as it is found medial to the epicondylar crest in many theropods(see RauhutandCarrano2016), isabsent.Theanterior side of the femur is completely flat at the level of the epicondylar crest, but just distal to it, a narrow, deep, sharply defined groove begins and extends to the distal end of the femur, where it is confluent with the intercondylar groove on the distal surface of the bone (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16EE016FCC4832E5D951532" box="[895,1015,1115,1139]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="25.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[239,1333,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-6@25.[239,1333,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 16. Femora of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right femur, IGB 2-33, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G–I, left femur, IGB 2-32, in anterior (G), lateral (H), and medial (I) views.Abbreviations:IV, fourth trochanter; at, accessory trochanter; ec, epicondylar crest; gt, greater trochanter; lt, lesser trochanter; mt, medial tip; olg, oblique ligament groove; pag, proximal articular groove. Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774273/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 16A, G</figureCitation>
). This groove is markedly different from the large medial depression present on the anterior side of the distal femur for the attachment of the m. femorotibialis (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16EE016FAF383EF5D1B1590" author="Hutchinson JR" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="169 - 97" refId="ref37926" refString="Hutchinson JR. The evolution of femoral osteology and soft tissues on the linetoextantbirds (Neornithes). ZoologicalJournaloftheLinneanSociety 2001 b; 131: 169 - 97. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2001. tb 01314. x" type="journal article" year="2001">Hutchinson 2001b</bibRefCitation>
) that is present in numerous theropods (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16EE016FA9183CC5BD31590" author="Rauhut OWM" box="[1322,1457,1209,1233]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 213" refId="ref39053" refString="Rauhut OWM. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology 2003; 69: 1 - 213." type="journal article" year="2003">Rauhut 2003</bibRefCitation>
), including 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16EE016FC1983AC5B6B15B0" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[930,1289,1241,1265]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FC1983AC5D9C15B1" box="[930,1022,1241,1264]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16EE016FBAA83AC5A9F15B0" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[1041,1277,1241,1265]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, as it is considerably narrower, deeper, and defined by an abrupt step from the anterior surface medially and a sharp ridge laterally. The distal end of the femur is well rounded in both medial and lateral view, and subdivided by an anteroposteriorly oriented intercondylar groove into a slightly broader lateral and a narrower medial condyle. In posterior view, the distal condyles are separated by a broad and deep intercondylar groove that extends proximally up to the level of the proximal end of the crista tibiofibularis, where it ends rather abruptly. The crista tibiofibularis is narrower than the tibial condyle and extends more proximally than the latter. An unusual feature of this crest is a medial expansion distally, which gives the crest a triangular outline in distal view, with a medially directed tip that overhangs the intercondylar groove posteriorly (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16EE016FC0381FA5A6917E6" box="[952,1035,1679,1703]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="25.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[239,1333,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-6@25.[239,1333,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 16. Femora of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right femur, IGB 2-33, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G–I, left femur, IGB 2-32, in anterior (G), lateral (H), and medial (I) views.Abbreviations:IV, fourth trochanter; at, accessory trochanter; ec, epicondylar crest; gt, greater trochanter; lt, lesser trochanter; mt, medial tip; olg, oblique ligament groove; pag, proximal articular groove. Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774273/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 16F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F16EE014FC8281BA5F1214EC" blockId="24.[824,1474,1742,1986]" lastBlockId="26.[127,780,144,1985]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16EE016FC8281BA5D1417A6" box="[825,886,1743,1767]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Tibia:</emphasis>
Both tibiae of the 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F16EE016FB9781BA5AEA17A6" box="[1068,1160,1743,1767]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
are preserved (IGB 2-34, 2-35; 
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16EE016FC83819B5DD31647" box="[824,945,1774,1798]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="27.[113,178,1782,1806]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-6@27.[114,1458,144,1754]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 17. Tibiae and fibula of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, left tibia, IGB 2-34, in lateral (A, stereophotographs), anterior (B), medial (C), posterior (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right tibia, IGB 2-35, in anterior (G) and lateral (H) views. I–M, left fibula, IGB 2-36, 2-37, in lateral (I), anterior (J), medial (K), proximal (L), and distal (M) views.Abbreviations:af, anteromedial flange; cc, cnemial crest; d, depression; fc, fibular crest; fic, fibular condyle; g, groove; if, iliofibularis tubercle; in, incision; it, incisura tibialis; ri, ridge; st, step for bracing of ascending process of astragalus; sw, swelling.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774275" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774275/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 17A–H</figureCitation>
), and the right tibia of the 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F16EE016FB6B819B5B4B1647" box="[1232,1321,1774,1798]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
is also present (IGB 2-48; 
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16EE016FC0D80785A491664" box="[950,1067,1805,1829]" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="32.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@32.[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 21. Remains of the paratype of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, right tibia, IGB 2-48, in anterior (A), lateral (B), proximal (C), and distal (D) views, and detail of the anterior side of the distal end (E). F–I, articulated pubes, IGB 2-49–2-52, in anterior (F), left lateral (G), posterior (H), and distal (I) views. J, fragment of the right ischium, IGB 2-53, in lateral view.Abbreviations:cc, cnemial crest; eb, expansion of pubic boot; fc, fibular crest; fic, fibular condyle; in, incision; pa, pubic apron; pt, pubic tubercle; ri, ridge; st, step. Scale bars are 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774283/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 21A–E</figureCitation>
). Apart from differences in robustness and a slight difference in the development of the distal end (see below), the 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F16EE016FC7B80395A7E1625" box="[960,1052,1868,1892]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F16EE016FBE280395AD01625" box="[1113,1202,1868,1892]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
tibiae are virtually identical, so the following description is mainly based on the 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F16EE016FA30801E5D0516E2" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
elements. The 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F16EE016FBB380FE5A0616E2" box="[1032,1124,1931,1955]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
tibiae are stout and considerably shorter than the femur. The shaft is slightly curved laterally, so that the medial side is gently concave and the lateral side convex over almost their entire length (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16CE014FE7D87DA5C5B1186" box="[454,569,175,199]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="27.[113,178,1782,1806]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-6@27.[114,1458,144,1754]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 17. Tibiae and fibula of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, left tibia, IGB 2-34, in lateral (A, stereophotographs), anterior (B), medial (C), posterior (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right tibia, IGB 2-35, in anterior (G) and lateral (H) views. I–M, left fibula, IGB 2-36, 2-37, in lateral (I), anterior (J), medial (K), proximal (L), and distal (M) views.Abbreviations:af, anteromedial flange; cc, cnemial crest; d, depression; fc, fibular crest; fic, fibular condyle; g, groove; if, iliofibularis tubercle; in, incision; it, incisura tibialis; ri, ridge; st, step for bracing of ascending process of astragalus; sw, swelling.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774275" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774275/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 17B, D</figureCitation>
), as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16CE014FD3887DA5F4011A6" authority="(Rauhut 2005)" baseAuthorityName="Rauhut" baseAuthorityYear="2005" class="Reptilia" family="Piatnitzkysauridae" genus="Condorraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16CE014FD3887DA5D681186" box="[643,778,175,199]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Condorraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16CE014FF3087BA5F7511A7" author="Rauhut OWM" box="[139,279,206,231]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="87 - 110" refId="ref39077" refString="Rauhut OWM. Osteology and relationships of a new theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Patagonia. Palaeontology 2005; 48: 87 - 110. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4983.2004.00436. x" type="journal article" year="2005">Rauhut 2005</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16CE014FEE487BA5CB011A6" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[351,722,207,231]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16CE014FEE487BA5FD911A7" box="[351,443,207,230]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16CE014FE6A87BA5CA411A6" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[465,710,207,231]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The proximal end is strongly anteroposteriorly expanded. Anteriorly, the well-developed cnemial crest arises gradually from the tibial shaft (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16CE014FEBA86585F381004" box="[257,346,301,325]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="27.[113,178,1782,1806]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-6@27.[114,1458,144,1754]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 17. Tibiae and fibula of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, left tibia, IGB 2-34, in lateral (A, stereophotographs), anterior (B), medial (C), posterior (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right tibia, IGB 2-35, in anterior (G) and lateral (H) views. I–M, left fibula, IGB 2-36, 2-37, in lateral (I), anterior (J), medial (K), proximal (L), and distal (M) views.Abbreviations:af, anteromedial flange; cc, cnemial crest; d, depression; fc, fibular crest; fic, fibular condyle; g, groove; if, iliofibularis tubercle; in, incision; it, incisura tibialis; ri, ridge; st, step for bracing of ascending process of astragalus; sw, swelling.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774275" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774275/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 17A</figureCitation>
). Proximally, it accounts for 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16CE014FD2B86585CFB1005" box="[656,665,301,324]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F16CE014FD1C86595C8E1005" box="[679,748,300,324]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="cm" value="9.5">9.5 cm</quantity>
of the total anteroposterior length of the proximal end of 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16CE014FD0D86385CDC1025" box="[694,702,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F16CE014FD7186395D681022" box="[714,778,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="cm" value="21.0">21 cm</quantity>
and extends slightly further proximally than the posterior part of the tibia. In lateral view, its outline is subrectanguar. A well-developed, oblique ridge is present on the lateral side of the cnemial crest proximally (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16CE014FEDF86BC5FB110A0" box="[356,467,457,481]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="27.[113,178,1782,1806]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-6@27.[114,1458,144,1754]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 17. Tibiae and fibula of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, left tibia, IGB 2-34, in lateral (A, stereophotographs), anterior (B), medial (C), posterior (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right tibia, IGB 2-35, in anterior (G) and lateral (H) views. I–M, left fibula, IGB 2-36, 2-37, in lateral (I), anterior (J), medial (K), proximal (L), and distal (M) views.Abbreviations:af, anteromedial flange; cc, cnemial crest; d, depression; fc, fibular crest; fic, fibular condyle; g, groove; if, iliofibularis tubercle; in, incision; it, incisura tibialis; ri, ridge; st, step for bracing of ascending process of astragalus; sw, swelling.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774275" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774275/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 17A, E</figureCitation>
), being slightly offset from the anterior end. In anterior view, the cnemial crest flexes slightly laterally, although to a lesser degree than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16CE014FD96857D5E9C137E" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16CE014FD96857D5CEB135E" box="[557,649,520,543]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16CE014FD22857D5E90137E" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Posteriorly, the expansion of the proximal tibia is more abrupt, forming an overhanging lip over the proximal part of the posterior side of the shaft. The medial proximal trochanter and the laterally placed fibular trochanter are separated by a shallow concavity on the proximal surface, and a small incision at the posterior rim, as it is often present in theropods (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16CE014FD0685B15ED713BA" author="Rauhut OWM" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 213" refId="ref39053" refString="Rauhut OWM. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology 2003; 69: 1 - 213." type="journal article" year="2003">Rauhut 2003</bibRefCitation>
). Anteriorly, the fibular condyle is separated from the cnemial crest by a moderately developed incisura tibialis (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16CE014FD1D84765C9B125A" box="[678,761,771,795]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="27.[113,178,1782,1806]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-6@27.[114,1458,144,1754]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 17. Tibiae and fibula of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, left tibia, IGB 2-34, in lateral (A, stereophotographs), anterior (B), medial (C), posterior (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right tibia, IGB 2-35, in anterior (G) and lateral (H) views. I–M, left fibula, IGB 2-36, 2-37, in lateral (I), anterior (J), medial (K), proximal (L), and distal (M) views.Abbreviations:af, anteromedial flange; cc, cnemial crest; d, depression; fc, fibular crest; fic, fibular condyle; g, groove; if, iliofibularis tubercle; in, incision; it, incisura tibialis; ri, ridge; st, step for bracing of ascending process of astragalus; sw, swelling.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774275" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774275/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 17E</figureCitation>
). In proximal view, the fibular condyle is semicircular posteriorly and has a slightly lower, angular edge anteriorly that is confluent with a bulge extending proximally from the fibular flange. The latter is proximally placed on the lateral side of the tibia shaft, ending no more than 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F16CE014FEE784EA5FF912F6" box="[348,411,927,951]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="cm" value="26.0">26 cm</quantity>
from the proximalmost point of the bone (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16CE014FF7D84CA5F1B1297" box="[198,377,959,983]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="27.[113,178,1782,1806]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-6@27.[114,1458,144,1754]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 17. Tibiae and fibula of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, left tibia, IGB 2-34, in lateral (A, stereophotographs), anterior (B), medial (C), posterior (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right tibia, IGB 2-35, in anterior (G) and lateral (H) views. I–M, left fibula, IGB 2-36, 2-37, in lateral (I), anterior (J), medial (K), proximal (L), and distal (M) views.Abbreviations:af, anteromedial flange; cc, cnemial crest; d, depression; fc, fibular crest; fic, fibular condyle; g, groove; if, iliofibularis tubercle; in, incision; it, incisura tibialis; ri, ridge; st, step for bracing of ascending process of astragalus; sw, swelling.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774275" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774275/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 17A, B, G, H</figureCitation>
). In contrast to many tetanuran theropods, including 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16CE014FE9284AB5CEC12B7" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[297,654,990,1014]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16CE014FE9284AB5FE712B4" box="[297,389,990,1013]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16CE014FE2C84AB5CE112B7" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[407,643,990,1014]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, where it is often clearly demarcated, it arises rather gradually out of the shaft distally. As in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16CE014FEAB83685FF71574" baseAuthorityName="Benson" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[272,405,1053,1077]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Megalosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16CE014FEAB83685FF71574" box="[272,405,1053,1077]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Megalosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16CE014FE1A83685C271574" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1979" box="[417,581,1053,1077]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Piatnitzkysaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16CE014FE1A83685C271574" box="[417,581,1053,1077]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Piatnitzkysaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16CE014FDC683685CBB1575" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[637,729,1053,1076]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16CE014FDC683685CBB1575" box="[637,729,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Sinraptor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see Benson 2010), it is anteroposteriorly widened and bulbous, rather than developed as a thin lamina, as is the case in most other theropods. The flange is rounded in anterior or posterior outline and is only about 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F16CE014FE8983EF5F1315F0" box="[306,369,1178,1202]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
long. Proximally, it again fades gradually into a notable swelling on the lateral side of the proximal end of the tibia, which continues up to the proximal articular end (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16CE014FD5883AC5EAB144E" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="27.[113,178,1782,1806]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-6@27.[114,1458,144,1754]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 17. Tibiae and fibula of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, left tibia, IGB 2-34, in lateral (A, stereophotographs), anterior (B), medial (C), posterior (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right tibia, IGB 2-35, in anterior (G) and lateral (H) views. I–M, left fibula, IGB 2-36, 2-37, in lateral (I), anterior (J), medial (K), proximal (L), and distal (M) views.Abbreviations:af, anteromedial flange; cc, cnemial crest; d, depression; fc, fibular crest; fic, fibular condyle; g, groove; if, iliofibularis tubercle; in, incision; it, incisura tibialis; ri, ridge; st, step for bracing of ascending process of astragalus; sw, swelling.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774275" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774275/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 17A, B</figureCitation>
), as is also the case in many megalosauroids (Benson 2010) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16CE014FF42826D5C06146E" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[249,612,1303,1327]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16CE014FF42826D5F37146E" box="[249,341,1304,1327]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16CE014FED282625C3B146E" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[361,601,1303,1327]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, but unlike the fibular flange that is completely offset from the proximal end in many neotetanurans. In lateral view, the fibular flange and the bulge are flanked by notable longitudinal depressions both anteriorly and posteriorly.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2445D9F16FE017FFCA80595FDF16D9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774273" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13774273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774273/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" startId="25.[113,178,1836,1860]" targetBox="[239,1333,144,1808]" targetPageId="25" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE41551F16FE017FFCA80595FDF16D9" blockId="25.[113,1451,1836,1945]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16FE017FFCA80595EB41605" bold="true" box="[113,214,1836,1860]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figure 16.</emphasis>
Femora of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16FE017FEFE80595FDE1605" box="[325,444,1836,1860]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kyrgyzicus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16FE017FEFE80595FDE1605" box="[325,444,1836,1860]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A. kyrgyzicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A–F, right femur, IGB 2-33, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. G–I, left femur, IGB 2-32, in anterior (G), lateral (H), and medial (I) views. Abbreviations: IV, fourth trochanter; at, accessory trochanter; ec, epicondylar crest; gt, greater trochanter; lt, lesser trochanter; mt, medial tip; olg, oblique ligament groove; pag, proximal articular groove. Scale bar is 10 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F16CE014FF2782C15F0116C2" blockId="26.[127,780,144,1985]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Distal to the fibular flange, the shaft of the tibia has a rounded, rather massive outline, before it becomes gradually more anteroposteriorly flattened distally. However, the shaft remains considerably more robust than the more anteroposteriorly compressed shafts of many coelurosaur tibiae throughout its length. Although the anterior side is only slightly convex mediolaterally in the distal half of the shaft, the posterior side remains strongly convex, and the ratio of mediolateral width to anteroposterior depth is 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16CE014FEA781DA5F471787" box="[284,293,1711,1734]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">c</emphasis>
. 1.35 at the mid-shaft, which is higher than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16CE014FF3A81BA5E9317A7" box="[129,241,1743,1766]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Neovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16CE014FF3A81BA5E9317A7" box="[129,241,1743,1766]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Neovenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(1.22; Brusatte 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16CE014FE1F81BA5FBA17A7" box="[420,472,1742,1766]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
2008) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16CE014FDE781BB5D6B17A7" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Carpenter" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[604,777,1742,1766]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16CE014FDE781BB5D6B17A7" box="[604,777,1742,1766]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Acrocanthosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(1.29; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16CE014FF7281985F861644" author="Stovall JW &amp; Langston WJ" box="[201,484,1773,1798]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="696 - 728" refId="ref40208" refString="Stovall JW, Langston WJ. Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, a new genus and speciesofLowerCretaceousTheropodafromOklahoma. AmericanMidland Naturalist 1950; 43: 696 - 728. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2421859" type="journal article" year="1950">Stovall and Langston 1950</bibRefCitation>
), but less than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16CE014FD16819B5D6B1644" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[685,777,1774,1797]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16CE014FD16819B5D6B1644" box="[685,777,1774,1797]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Sinraptor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(1.45; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16CE014FF7280785FDA1664" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[201,440,1805,1829]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
). Throughout the length of the shaft, a narrow, flattened to slightly mediolaterally concave area on the lateral margin of the anterior side marks the contact between tibia and fibula.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F16CE014FF2780FF5B2F15D2" blockId="26.[127,780,144,1985]" lastBlockId="26.[824,1476,144,1171]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Distally, the tibia expands notably mediolaterally, from a minimal shaft width of 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16CE014FE8680DF5F241680" box="[317,326,1962,1985]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F16CE014FEEA80DC5FF41680" box="[337,406,1961,1985]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="cm" value="8.5">8.5 cm</quantity>
to a maximal distal width of 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F16CE014FD0980DC5D641680" box="[690,774,1961,1985]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="cm" value="19.5">19.5 cm</quantity>
. The expansion is slightly more marked laterally than medially, and the lateral malleolus reaches slightly further distally than the medial, as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16CE014FC0187BA5B7111A6" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[954,1299,207,231]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16CE014FC0187BA5A7411A7" box="[954,1046,207,230]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16CE014FB9D87BA5B6511A6" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[1062,1287,207,231]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Whereas the lateral expansion forms a gentle curve from the shaft into the malleolus, there is a more marked flexure point on the medial side, where the proximally concave margin of the expansion flexed into an almost straight medial margin. This is opposite to the condition in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16CE014FC0586195A7810C2" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[958,1050,364,387]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16CE014FC0586195A7810C2" box="[958,1050,364,387]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Sinraptor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, where the medial side expands gradually and the lateral expansion is slightly offset from the shaft (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16CE014FAC486FE5DB41083" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
). In distal view, the articular surface of the tibia is broad triangular in outline, with a slightly anteriorly flexed anteromedial edge and a much shorter posteromedial than posterolateral side (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16CE014FBB6857D5A041361" box="[1037,1126,520,544]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="27.[113,178,1782,1806]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-6@27.[114,1458,144,1754]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 17. Tibiae and fibula of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, left tibia, IGB 2-34, in lateral (A, stereophotographs), anterior (B), medial (C), posterior (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right tibia, IGB 2-35, in anterior (G) and lateral (H) views. I–M, left fibula, IGB 2-36, 2-37, in lateral (I), anterior (J), medial (K), proximal (L), and distal (M) views.Abbreviations:af, anteromedial flange; cc, cnemial crest; d, depression; fc, fibular crest; fic, fibular condyle; g, groove; if, iliofibularis tubercle; in, incision; it, incisura tibialis; ri, ridge; st, step for bracing of ascending process of astragalus; sw, swelling.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774275" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774275/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 17F</figureCitation>
). From the posteromedial angle of the distal outline, a broad and well-defined groove extends anterolaterally, but does not reach the anterior end distal surface. A depression in this position is present in many theropods, but it is often less well defined as a sharp and deep groove, with the exception of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16CE014FC7A85D05B4713FC" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[961,1317,677,701]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16CE014FC7A85D05A7F13FD" box="[961,1053,677,700]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16CE014FB9485D05B7B13FC" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[1071,1305,677,701]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Medial to this groove, the distal end is notably convex in anterior view, whereas it remains rather flat over two-thirds of its width laterally, and then flexes proximolaterally. On the anterior side of the distal tibia, an oblique step extending from the mediodistal corner laterally marks the bracing for the ascending process of the astragalus (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16CE014FCCA84145DBF1239" box="[881,989,865,889]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="27.[113,178,1782,1806]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-6@27.[114,1458,144,1754]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 17. Tibiae and fibula of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, left tibia, IGB 2-34, in lateral (A, stereophotographs), anterior (B), medial (C), posterior (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right tibia, IGB 2-35, in anterior (G) and lateral (H) views. I–M, left fibula, IGB 2-36, 2-37, in lateral (I), anterior (J), medial (K), proximal (L), and distal (M) views.Abbreviations:af, anteromedial flange; cc, cnemial crest; d, depression; fc, fibular crest; fic, fibular condyle; g, groove; if, iliofibularis tubercle; in, incision; it, incisura tibialis; ri, ridge; st, step for bracing of ascending process of astragalus; sw, swelling.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774275" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774275/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 17B, F</figureCitation>
), as is present in most basal tetanurans (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16CE014FACE84145D0F12D9" author="Rauhut OWM" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 213" refId="ref39053" refString="Rauhut OWM. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology 2003; 69: 1 - 213." type="journal article" year="2003">Rauhut 2003</bibRefCitation>
). In the 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F16CE014FC7784F55A4812D9" box="[972,1066,896,920]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, this step extends to approximately the mid-width of the distal tibia and becomes more prominent up to this point. It then flexes proximally and rapidly fades into the shaft. In the 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F16CE014FC5F84AB5A5F12B7" box="[996,1085,990,1014]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
tibia, the shelf is notably shorter and flexes proximally in the medial third of the distal expansion (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16CE014FA2784885D071574" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="32.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@32.[180,1423,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 21. Remains of the paratype of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, right tibia, IGB 2-48, in anterior (A), lateral (B), proximal (C), and distal (D) views, and detail of the anterior side of the distal end (E). F–I, articulated pubes, IGB 2-49–2-52, in anterior (F), left lateral (G), posterior (H), and distal (I) views. J, fragment of the right ischium, IGB 2-53, in lateral view.Abbreviations:cc, cnemial crest; eb, expansion of pubic boot; fc, fibular crest; fic, fibular condyle; in, incision; pa, pubic apron; pt, pubic tubercle; ri, ridge; st, step. Scale bars are 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774283/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 21D</figureCitation>
); apart from relative robustness, this is the only notable difference between the 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F16CE014FBB483495A091515" box="[1039,1131,1084,1108]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F16CE014FB2483495A9A1515" box="[1183,1272,1084,1108]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
tibiae. In 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16CE014FAD983495BDF1512" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[1378,1469,1084,1107]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16CE014FAD983495BDF1512" box="[1378,1469,1084,1107]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Sinraptor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the flexure of the step is more marked and even further laterally placed than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16CE014FC76830E5B2A15D2" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[973,1352,1147,1171]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16CE014FC76830E5A2815D2" box="[973,1098,1147,1171]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Alpkarakush</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16CE014FBE2830E5B5E15D2" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[1113,1340,1147,1171]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F16CE013FC8283CF5C6112D9" blockId="26.[825,1477,1210,1986]" lastBlockId="29.[112,764,144,1421]" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16CE014FC8283CF5D1D1593" box="[825,895,1210,1234]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fibula:</emphasis>
The left fibula is almost completely preserved in two pieces (IGB 2-36, 2-37; 
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16CE014FB8483AC5AD715B0" box="[1087,1205,1241,1265]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="27.[113,178,1782,1806]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-6@27.[114,1458,144,1754]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 17. Tibiae and fibula of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, left tibia, IGB 2-34, in lateral (A, stereophotographs), anterior (B), medial (C), posterior (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right tibia, IGB 2-35, in anterior (G) and lateral (H) views. I–M, left fibula, IGB 2-36, 2-37, in lateral (I), anterior (J), medial (K), proximal (L), and distal (M) views.Abbreviations:af, anteromedial flange; cc, cnemial crest; d, depression; fc, fibular crest; fic, fibular condyle; g, groove; if, iliofibularis tubercle; in, incision; it, incisura tibialis; ri, ridge; st, step for bracing of ascending process of astragalus; sw, swelling.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774275" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774275/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 17I–M</figureCitation>
), with only an estimated 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F16CE014FC82838C5DE41451" box="[825,902,1273,1297]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="cm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 cm</quantity>
of the shaft missing. The fibula is a very slender bone, with a minimal anteroposterior shaft diameter of 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F16CE014FAFF826D5BED146E" box="[1348,1423,1304,1328]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
. The proximal end is considerably expanded, more posteriorly than anteriorly, to a maximal anteroposterior width of 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F16CE014FADC82235BDD142F" box="[1383,1471,1366,1390]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
. The proximal articular surface is widest anteriorly, where it forms a both anteroposteriorly and mediolaterally convex condyle that is 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16CE014FC6582C05D85148D" box="[990,999,1461,1484]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F16CE014FC4D82C15A58148D" box="[1014,1082,1460,1484]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="cm" value="5.5">5.5 cm</quantity>
wide mediolaterally and 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F16CE014FAFC82C15BEE148D" box="[1351,1420,1460,1484]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="cm" value="4.5">4.5 cm</quantity>
long anteroposteriorly. A small, triangular process extends from this condyle anteromedially in proximal view (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16CE014FB4D82865B2E174A" box="[1270,1356,1523,1547]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="27.[113,178,1782,1806]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-6@27.[114,1458,144,1754]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 17. Tibiae and fibula of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, left tibia, IGB 2-34, in lateral (A, stereophotographs), anterior (B), medial (C), posterior (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right tibia, IGB 2-35, in anterior (G) and lateral (H) views. I–M, left fibula, IGB 2-36, 2-37, in lateral (I), anterior (J), medial (K), proximal (L), and distal (M) views.Abbreviations:af, anteromedial flange; cc, cnemial crest; d, depression; fc, fibular crest; fic, fibular condyle; g, groove; if, iliofibularis tubercle; in, incision; it, incisura tibialis; ri, ridge; st, step for bracing of ascending process of astragalus; sw, swelling.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774275" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774275/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 17L</figureCitation>
). Posterior to this convex area, the proximal articular surface narrows rapidly and becomes notably anteroposteriorly concave. In its posterior third, it is again anteroposteriorly convex and narrows to a posteromedially directed point. The lateral surface of the proximal end showsd notable longitudinal striations. It is flat in its central part, curves abruptly anteriorly towards the anterior margin and forms a thin, medially positioned posterior flange posteriorly. Anteriorly, there is a small, thickened flange at the anteromedial edge where the expanded part of the fibula fades into the shaft. Just proximal to the iliofibularis tubercle, there is a notable deflection in the shaft, distal to which it extends slightly more posterodistally. Such a deflection is absent in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16CE014FADD80195A2416E2" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16CE014FADD80195BA016C2" box="[1382,1474,1900,1923]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16CE014FCF880FE5A5916E2" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[835,1083,1931,1955]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16CE014FB3F80FE5A671683" authority="(Dong et al. 1983)" baseAuthorityName="Dong" baseAuthorityYear="1983" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Yangchuanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shangyuensis">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16CE014FB3F80FE5BA016E2" box="[1156,1474,1931,1955]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Yangchuanosaurus shangyuensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16CE014FCFF80DF5D9B1683" author="Dong Z &amp; Zhou S &amp; Zhang Y" box="[836,1017,1962,1986]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 145" refId="ref36892" refString="Dong Z, Zhou S, Zhang Y. [The dinosaurian remains from Sichuan Basin, China]. Palaeontologia Sinica 1983; 162: 1 - 145. [in Chinese]." type="journal article" year="1983">
Dong 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16CE014FC3380DE5DDE1683" box="[904,956,1962,1986]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
1983
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The iliofibularis tubercle is developed as an elongate, slightly obliquely curved, broad, and low ridge on the anterolateral margin of the fibular shaft, starting 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16BE013FD1887C55CCE1186" box="[675,684,176,199]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F16BE013FD0087DA5C981186" box="[699,762,175,199]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
distal to the proximal end (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16BE013FE3287BA5F8911A7" box="[393,491,207,231]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="27.[113,178,1782,1806]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-6@27.[114,1458,144,1754]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 17. Tibiae and fibula of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, left tibia, IGB 2-34, in lateral (A, stereophotographs), anterior (B), medial (C), posterior (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right tibia, IGB 2-35, in anterior (G) and lateral (H) views. I–M, left fibula, IGB 2-36, 2-37, in lateral (I), anterior (J), medial (K), proximal (L), and distal (M) views.Abbreviations:af, anteromedial flange; cc, cnemial crest; d, depression; fc, fibular crest; fic, fibular condyle; g, groove; if, iliofibularis tubercle; in, incision; it, incisura tibialis; ri, ridge; st, step for bracing of ascending process of astragalus; sw, swelling.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774275" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774275/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 17I, J</figureCitation>
). The ridge is 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16BE013FD3A87BA5CEB11A7" box="[641,649,207,230]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F16BE013FD2E87BA5CA511A7" box="[661,711,207,231]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="cm" value="8.0">8 cm</quantity>
long and borders a very shallow depression on the anterior side of the shaft laterally (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16BE013FE8F86785FE61064" box="[308,388,269,293]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="27.[113,178,1782,1806]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-6@27.[114,1458,144,1754]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 17. Tibiae and fibula of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, left tibia, IGB 2-34, in lateral (A, stereophotographs), anterior (B), medial (C), posterior (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right tibia, IGB 2-35, in anterior (G) and lateral (H) views. I–M, left fibula, IGB 2-36, 2-37, in lateral (I), anterior (J), medial (K), proximal (L), and distal (M) views.Abbreviations:af, anteromedial flange; cc, cnemial crest; d, depression; fc, fibular crest; fic, fibular condyle; g, groove; if, iliofibularis tubercle; in, incision; it, incisura tibialis; ri, ridge; st, step for bracing of ascending process of astragalus; sw, swelling.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774275" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774275/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 17J</figureCitation>
). This depression is 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16BE013FDE4867B5C041064" box="[607,614,270,293]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F16BE013FDC886785CDE1064" box="[627,700,269,293]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="17.0">17 mm</quantity>
wide, proximomedially-distolaterally oriented, and bordered medially by a small, longitudinal rugosity. Distal to the iliofibularis tubercle, the fibular shaft narrows notably, from an anteroposterior width of 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16BE013FEB486FE5F7510E3" box="[271,279,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F16BE013FE9886FF5F3410E3" box="[291,342,394,418]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
proximal to it to a width of 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F16BE013FDC386FF5CDF10E3" box="[632,701,394,418]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="cm" value="3.5">3.5 cm</quantity>
distal from the tubercle. This notable change in anteroposterior width is absent in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16BE013FF4E86BF5C0310A0" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[245,609,457,481]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16BE013FF4E86BF5F3310A0" box="[245,337,458,481]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16BE013FEDD86BC5C3410A0" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[358,598,457,481]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, but seems to be present also in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16BE013FE8C869C5ED31361" authority="(Dong et al. 1983)" baseAuthorityName="Dong" baseAuthorityYear="1983" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Yangchuanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shangyuensis">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16BE013FE8C869C5C131340" box="[311,625,489,513]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Yangchuanosaurus shangyuensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16BE013FD3E869C5EC71361" author="Dong Z &amp; Zhou S &amp; Zhang Y" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 145" refId="ref36892" refString="Dong Z, Zhou S, Zhang Y. [The dinosaurian remains from Sichuan Basin, China]. Palaeontologia Sinica 1983; 162: 1 - 145. [in Chinese]." type="journal article" year="1983">
Dong 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16BE013FD73869C5C991340" box="[712,763,489,513]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al.</emphasis>
1983
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. From here, the shaft gradually narrows to its minimal width of 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F16BE013FF6A85525F79137E" box="[209,283,551,575]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
, until it then expands again towards the distal end in its distalmost fifth. This expansion is first moderate and gradual, until the appearance of an anteromedial flange some 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F16BE013FFCA85F05EA113DC" box="[113,195,645,669]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="cm" value="11.5">11.5 cm</quantity>
above the distal end marks an anteromedial twist of the long axis of the distal end in relation to the proximal end (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16BE013FD6F85D05EF6139D" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="27.[113,178,1782,1806]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-6@27.[114,1458,144,1754]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 17. Tibiae and fibula of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, left tibia, IGB 2-34, in lateral (A, stereophotographs), anterior (B), medial (C), posterior (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right tibia, IGB 2-35, in anterior (G) and lateral (H) views. I–M, left fibula, IGB 2-36, 2-37, in lateral (I), anterior (J), medial (K), proximal (L), and distal (M) views.Abbreviations:af, anteromedial flange; cc, cnemial crest; d, depression; fc, fibular crest; fic, fibular condyle; g, groove; if, iliofibularis tubercle; in, incision; it, incisura tibialis; ri, ridge; st, step for bracing of ascending process of astragalus; sw, swelling.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774275" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774275/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 17I</figureCitation>
). Such a flange is also present in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16BE013FE5F85B15ED313BA" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16BE013FE5F85B15C22139A" box="[484,576,708,731]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16BE013FDEB85B15EC413BA" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Further distally, the fibula also expands posteriorly and laterally, to form a rather massive, distally well-rounded distal articular end, which is 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F16BE013FEE584575FC11278" box="[350,419,802,826]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="cm" value="7.5">7.5 cm</quantity>
long anteroposteriorly and up to 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F16BE013FFC884345EC61218" box="[115,164,833,857]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
wide mediolaterally. In distal view, the articular surface is triangular to teardrop shaped, tapering posterolaterally and with a flat posteromedial surface (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16BE013FE2C84F55F9112D9" box="[407,499,896,920]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="27.[113,178,1782,1806]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-6@27.[114,1458,144,1754]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 17. Tibiae and fibula of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, left tibia, IGB 2-34, in lateral (A, stereophotographs), anterior (B), medial (C), posterior (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right tibia, IGB 2-35, in anterior (G) and lateral (H) views. I–M, left fibula, IGB 2-36, 2-37, in lateral (I), anterior (J), medial (K), proximal (L), and distal (M) views.Abbreviations:af, anteromedial flange; cc, cnemial crest; d, depression; fc, fibular crest; fic, fibular condyle; g, groove; if, iliofibularis tubercle; in, incision; it, incisura tibialis; ri, ridge; st, step for bracing of ascending process of astragalus; sw, swelling.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774275" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774275/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 17M</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2445D9F16DE015FFCA81835C01163C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774275" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13774275" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774275/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" startId="27.[113,178,1782,1806]" targetBox="[114,1458,144,1754]" targetPageId="27" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE41551F16DE015FFCA81835C01163C" blockId="27.[113,1457,1782,1918]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16DE015FFCA81835EB4164F" bold="true" box="[113,214,1782,1806]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figure 17.</emphasis>
Tibiae and fibula of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16DE015FE2D81835C6F164F" box="[406,525,1782,1806]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kyrgyzicus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16DE015FE2D81835C6F164F" box="[406,525,1782,1806]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">A. kyrgyzicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A–F, left tibia, IGB 2-34, in lateral (A, stereophotographs), anterior (B), medial (C), posterior (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. G, H, right tibia, IGB 2-35, in anterior (G) and lateral (H) views. I–M, left fibula, IGB 2-36, 2-37, in lateral (I), anterior (J), medial (K), proximal (L), and distal (M) views. Abbreviations: af, anteromedial flange; cc, cnemial crest; d, depression; fc, fibular crest; fic, fibular condyle; g, groove; if, iliofibularis tubercle; in, incision; it, incisura tibialis; ri, ridge; st, step for bracing of ascending process of astragalus; sw, swelling. Scale bar is 10 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF2445D9F16AE012FF3A80395AC516F9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774277" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13774277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774277/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" startId="28.[129,194,1868,1892]" targetBox="[180,1423,176,1840]" targetPageId="28" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE41551F16AE012FF3A80395AC516F9" blockId="28.[129,1455,1868,1977]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16AE012FF3A80395E871625" bold="true" box="[129,229,1868,1892]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Figure 18.</emphasis>
Tarsal elements of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16AE012FE2280385C731625" box="[409,529,1868,1892]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kyrgyzicus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16AE012FE2280385C731625" box="[409,529,1868,1892]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">A. kyrgyzicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A–E, left astragalocalcaneum, IGB 2-38, in proximal (A, stereophotographs), lateral (B), medial (C), anterior (D), and distal (E) views. F, right astragalocalcaneum, IGB 2-39, in anterior view. G, left astragalocalcaneum in articulation with the tibia in anterior view. H, partial left distal tarsal IV in distal view. Abbreviations: ap, ascending process; ff, fibular facet; g, groove; og, oval groove; su, partially visible suture between astragalus and calcaneum; tf, tibia facet; tu, tubercle. Scale bar is 5 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F16BE013FF3684D55F1A14CC" blockId="29.[112,764,144,1421]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
In medial view, a large depression is present in the expanded proximal end of the fibula (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16BE013FE1A84CA5F9F1296" box="[417,509,959,983]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="27.[113,178,1782,1806]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-6@27.[114,1458,144,1754]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 17. Tibiae and fibula of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, left tibia, IGB 2-34, in lateral (A, stereophotographs), anterior (B), medial (C), posterior (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right tibia, IGB 2-35, in anterior (G) and lateral (H) views. I–M, left fibula, IGB 2-36, 2-37, in lateral (I), anterior (J), medial (K), proximal (L), and distal (M) views.Abbreviations:af, anteromedial flange; cc, cnemial crest; d, depression; fc, fibular crest; fic, fibular condyle; g, groove; if, iliofibularis tubercle; in, incision; it, incisura tibialis; ri, ridge; st, step for bracing of ascending process of astragalus; sw, swelling.Scale bar is 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774275" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774275/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 17K</figureCitation>
), as in many tetanuran theropods (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16BE013FF5284AB5F0C12B7" author="Rauhut OWM" box="[233,366,990,1014]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 213" refId="ref39053" refString="Rauhut OWM. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology 2003; 69: 1 - 213." type="journal article" year="2003">Rauhut 2003</bibRefCitation>
), including 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16BE013FE5C84AB5ED31554" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16BE013FE5C84AB5C2112B4" box="[487,579,990,1013]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16BE013FDE984AB5EC61554" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. This depression covers almost the entire medial surface of the proximal end and is bordered anteriorly by a thickened rim, whereas it gradually fades out posteriorly, unlike the both anteriorly and posteriorly clearly defined depression in some theropods, such as ornithomimosaurs (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16BE013FDFB830E5CA815D2" author="Rauhut OWM" box="[576,714,1147,1171]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 213" refId="ref39053" refString="Rauhut OWM. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology 2003; 69: 1 - 213." type="journal article" year="2003">Rauhut 2003</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 47b) or 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16BE013FF7683EF5F3615F3" box="[205,340,1178,1202]" class="Reptilia" family="Otozoidae" genus="Deltadromeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16BE013FF7683EF5F3615F3" box="[205,340,1178,1202]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Deltadromeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(SGM Din 2). Distally, the depression tapers and ends in a rather well-defined point, just proximal to the level of the iliofibularis tubercle. Distal to this point, the medial surface is very slightly concave anteroposteriorly up to the level where the anteromedial flange starts distally. Here, a low, obliquely posterodistally extending step separates this concave surface from a more flat, only posteriorly very slightly concave distal medial surface.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F16BE013FFCA82DA5BF5127B" blockId="29.[113,764,1455,1980]" lastBlockId="29.[809,1461,144,1829]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16BE013FFCA82DA5F5E1486" box="[113,316,1455,1479]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Astragalocalcaneum:</emphasis>
Both astragalocalcanei are completely preserved (IGB 2-38, 2-39; 
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16BE013FED482BB5F8414A7" box="[367,486,1486,1510]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="28.[129,194,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,176,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-7@28.[180,1423,176,1840]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 18. Tarsal elements of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, left astragalocalcaneum, IGB 2-38, in proximal (A, stereophotographs), lateral (B), medial (C), anterior (D), and distal (E) views.F, right astragalocalcaneum, IGB 2-39, in anterior view.G, left astragalocalcaneum in articulation with the tibia in anterior view. H, partial left distal tarsal IV in distal view. Abbreviations: ap, ascending process; ff, fibular facet; g, groove; og, oval groove; su, partially visible suture between astragalus and calcaneum; tf, tibia facet; tu, tubercle. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774277/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 18A–G</figureCitation>
). The astragalus and calcaneum are largely fused, only in the left element is a suture still visible anteriorly (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16BE013FE8C81785FF61764" box="[311,404,1549,1573]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="28.[129,194,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,176,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-7@28.[180,1423,176,1840]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 18. Tarsal elements of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, left astragalocalcaneum, IGB 2-38, in proximal (A, stereophotographs), lateral (B), medial (C), anterior (D), and distal (E) views.F, right astragalocalcaneum, IGB 2-39, in anterior view.G, left astragalocalcaneum in articulation with the tibia in anterior view. H, partial left distal tarsal IV in distal view. Abbreviations: ap, ascending process; ff, fibular facet; g, groove; og, oval groove; su, partially visible suture between astragalus and calcaneum; tf, tibia facet; tu, tubercle. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774277/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 18D</figureCitation>
), but becomes difficult to follow posteriorly. The elements are generally very similar to the corresponding but unfused elements in 
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<emphasis id="B92FC943F16BE013FE5F81395C221722" box="[484,576,1612,1635]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16BE013FDEB813E5EC717C2" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The astragalocalcaneum has a maximum width of 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16BE013FD50811E5C9617C3" box="[747,756,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F16BE013FFCA81FF5ED017E0" box="[113,178,1674,1698]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="cm" value="19.0">19 cm</quantity>
, of which 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F16BE013FE9B81FF5F1617E0" box="[288,372,1674,1698]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.47" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="cm" value="14.7">14.7 cm</quantity>
are accounts for by the astragalus, so that the calcaneum only accounted for 22.6% of the width of the compound element, very similar to this value in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16BE013FD2581BC5C9817A1" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[670,762,1737,1760]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16BE013FD2581BC5C9817A1" box="[670,762,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Sinraptor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(22.5%, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16BE013FF7C819D5FCB1641" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[199,425,1768,1792]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
). The astragalar condyle expands anteroproximally, so that the body of the astragalus extends also anterior to the tibia (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16BE013FEF480525FCA167E" box="[335,424,1831,1855]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="28.[129,194,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,176,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-7@28.[180,1423,176,1840]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 18. Tarsal elements of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, left astragalocalcaneum, IGB 2-38, in proximal (A, stereophotographs), lateral (B), medial (C), anterior (D), and distal (E) views.F, right astragalocalcaneum, IGB 2-39, in anterior view.G, left astragalocalcaneum in articulation with the tibia in anterior view. H, partial left distal tarsal IV in distal view. Abbreviations: ap, ascending process; ff, fibular facet; g, groove; og, oval groove; su, partially visible suture between astragalus and calcaneum; tf, tibia facet; tu, tubercle. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774277/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 18G</figureCitation>
), as is typical in tetanurans, and not only distal to it, as in non-tetanuran theropods. Most of the proximal articular surface of the astragalus is made up by the facet for the distal tibia, which forms a marked, mediolaterally elongate and anteroposteriorly concave facet along the posterior side of the bone (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16BE013FC6387E55A4F11E9" box="[984,1069,144,168]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="28.[129,194,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,176,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-7@28.[180,1423,176,1840]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 18. Tarsal elements of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, left astragalocalcaneum, IGB 2-38, in proximal (A, stereophotographs), lateral (B), medial (C), anterior (D), and distal (E) views.F, right astragalocalcaneum, IGB 2-39, in anterior view.G, left astragalocalcaneum in articulation with the tibia in anterior view. H, partial left distal tarsal IV in distal view. Abbreviations: ap, ascending process; ff, fibular facet; g, groove; og, oval groove; su, partially visible suture between astragalus and calcaneum; tf, tibia facet; tu, tubercle. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774277/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 18A</figureCitation>
). This facet is anteroposteriorly widest on the medial side, where it also curves slightly anteromedially and gradually narrows laterally. At the posteromedial edge of the tibia facet, a stout, anterolaterally directed tubercle is present (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16BE013FC8E86785DCC1064" box="[821,942,269,293]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="28.[129,194,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,176,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-7@28.[180,1423,176,1840]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 18. Tarsal elements of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, left astragalocalcaneum, IGB 2-38, in proximal (A, stereophotographs), lateral (B), medial (C), anterior (D), and distal (E) views.F, right astragalocalcaneum, IGB 2-39, in anterior view.G, left astragalocalcaneum in articulation with the tibia in anterior view. H, partial left distal tarsal IV in distal view. Abbreviations: ap, ascending process; ff, fibular facet; g, groove; og, oval groove; su, partially visible suture between astragalus and calcaneum; tf, tibia facet; tu, tubercle. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774277/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 18A, C</figureCitation>
), which fits into the groove in the distal articular surface of the tibia. A similar tubercle is also present in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16BE013FAEA86585BCF1005" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[1361,1453,301,324]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16BE013FAEA86585BCF1005" box="[1361,1453,301,324]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Sinraptor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, where it seems to be less angular, though (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16BE013FB4486395D3C10C2" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
). Anterior to the tibia facet, the well-developed, laminar ascending process of the astragalus is found. It is triangular in outline in anterior view, with a vertical lateral margin, and approximately as high as the astragalar body below it, as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16BE013FAEE86BF5A441340" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16BE013FAEE86BF5BD310A0" box="[1365,1457,458,481]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16BE013FC8F869C5A781340" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[820,1050,489,513]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. As in most non-coelurosaurian theropods, the base of the ascending process is restricted to the lateral part of the astragalar body. The process is slightly offset anterior from the anterodistal articular condyle by a low step, and a large, mediolaterally elongate oval groove is present at its base (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16BE013FA3685135D3513DC" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="28.[129,194,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,176,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-7@28.[180,1423,176,1840]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 18. Tarsal elements of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, left astragalocalcaneum, IGB 2-38, in proximal (A, stereophotographs), lateral (B), medial (C), anterior (D), and distal (E) views.F, right astragalocalcaneum, IGB 2-39, in anterior view.G, left astragalocalcaneum in articulation with the tibia in anterior view. H, partial left distal tarsal IV in distal view. Abbreviations: ap, ascending process; ff, fibular facet; g, groove; og, oval groove; su, partially visible suture between astragalus and calcaneum; tf, tibia facet; tu, tubercle. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774277/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 18D</figureCitation>
), similar to the condition in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16BE013FB2985F35D0813FC" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16BE013FB2985F35A8C13DC" box="[1170,1262,646,669]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16BE013FABA85F05D3C13FC" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The proximomedial margin of the ascending process is flattened, where it abuts the oblique step on the anterior side of the distal end of the tibia. Lateral to the ascending process, a both anteroposteriorly and mediolaterally concave, laterally widening facet marks the contact between the astragalus and the fibula.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F16BE013FCFE84345DD81574" blockId="29.[809,1461,144,1829]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Posterolaterally, the tibia facet extends onto the posterior side of the calcaneum, where it is bordered anteriorly by an oblique ridge that extends from the posterolateral edge of the ascending process towards the posterolateral corner of the calcaneum and separates the tibia facet from the fibular facet. The latter occupies most of the proximal surface of the calcaneum and widens lateroposterioly. Medially it is confluent with the fibular facet on the astragalus.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F16BE013FCFE83495B611664" blockId="29.[809,1461,144,1829]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
The distal condyles of the astragalocalcaneum are strongly convex anteroposteriorly. In anterior view, there is a constriction between the medial part of the astragalus and the lateral astragalocalcaneal condyles. A well-developed groove is present across the anterior face of the distal condyles over the medial two-thirds of the width of the astragalocalcaneum (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16BE013FAE983AC5D5F1451" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="28.[129,194,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,176,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-7@28.[180,1423,176,1840]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 18. Tarsal elements of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, left astragalocalcaneum, IGB 2-38, in proximal (A, stereophotographs), lateral (B), medial (C), anterior (D), and distal (E) views.F, right astragalocalcaneum, IGB 2-39, in anterior view.G, left astragalocalcaneum in articulation with the tibia in anterior view. H, partial left distal tarsal IV in distal view. Abbreviations: ap, ascending process; ff, fibular facet; g, groove; og, oval groove; su, partially visible suture between astragalus and calcaneum; tf, tibia facet; tu, tubercle. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774277/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 18D, G</figureCitation>
), as in many basal averostrans (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16BE013FBC0838D5B621451" author="Rauhut OWM" box="[1147,1280,1272,1296]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 213" refId="ref39053" refString="Rauhut OWM. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology 2003; 69: 1 - 213." type="journal article" year="2003">Rauhut 2003</bibRefCitation>
). The level of this groove roughly coincides with the astragalar articulation with the medial malleolus of the distal tibia, as in other tetanurans (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16BE013FC8E82235A76142F" author="Rauhut OWM &amp; Pol D" box="[821,1044,1366,1390]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="539 - 66" refId="ref39227" refString="Rauhut OWM, Pol D. A theropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic Canadon Calcareo Formation of Chubut, Patagonia, and the evolution of the theropod tarsus. Ameghiniana 2017; 54: 539 - 66. https: // doi. org / 10.5710 / amgh. 12.10.2017.3105" type="journal article" year="2017">Rauhut and Pol 2017</bibRefCitation>
). In distal view, there is also a constriction between the medial part of the astragalar condyle and the lateral astragalocalcaneal condyle. However, this constriction is restricted to the anterior margin of the condyles, the posterior margin is largely straight (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16BE013FB3182A65A8114AA" box="[1162,1251,1491,1515]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="28.[129,194,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,176,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-7@28.[180,1423,176,1840]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 18. Tarsal elements of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, left astragalocalcaneum, IGB 2-38, in proximal (A, stereophotographs), lateral (B), medial (C), anterior (D), and distal (E) views.F, right astragalocalcaneum, IGB 2-39, in anterior view.G, left astragalocalcaneum in articulation with the tibia in anterior view. H, partial left distal tarsal IV in distal view. Abbreviations: ap, ascending process; ff, fibular facet; g, groove; og, oval groove; su, partially visible suture between astragalus and calcaneum; tf, tibia facet; tu, tubercle. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774277/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 18E</figureCitation>
). Furthermore, the medial side is considerably more and more abruptly anteriorly expanded than the lateral side, in contrast to 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F16BE013FAB181675B041768" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[1290,1382,1554,1577]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16BE013FAB181675B041768" box="[1290,1382,1554,1577]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Sinraptor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, where the two expansions are subequal (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F16BE013FB3081445B161708" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[1163,1396,1585,1609]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
). The maximum anteroposterior width of the astragalocalcaneum condyles is 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16BE013FC1981045DC917C9" box="[930,939,1649,1672]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F16BE013FC0D81055D9C17C6" box="[950,1022,1648,1672]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="95.0">95 mm</quantity>
medially, this width is minimally 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16BE013FAEC81045B0217C9" box="[1367,1376,1649,1672]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F16BE013FAD081055BD117C6" box="[1387,1459,1648,1672]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="67.0">67 mm</quantity>
in the constricted part, before the condyles expand again to a width of 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16BE013FC2681DA5DC41787" box="[925,934,1711,1734]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F16BE013FC0881DB5D991787" box="[947,1019,1710,1734]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="75.0">75 mm</quantity>
laterally. The medial surface of the astragalus is more or less flat proximodistally and very slightly convex anteroposteriorly, whereas there is a large, semioval depression on the lateral side of the calcaneum (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16BE013FB2480785A901664" box="[1183,1266,1805,1829]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="28.[129,194,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,176,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-7@28.[180,1423,176,1840]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 18. Tarsal elements of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, left astragalocalcaneum, IGB 2-38, in proximal (A, stereophotographs), lateral (B), medial (C), anterior (D), and distal (E) views.F, right astragalocalcaneum, IGB 2-39, in anterior view.G, left astragalocalcaneum in articulation with the tibia in anterior view. H, partial left distal tarsal IV in distal view. Abbreviations: ap, ascending process; ff, fibular facet; g, groove; og, oval groove; su, partially visible suture between astragalus and calcaneum; tf, tibia facet; tu, tubercle. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774277/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 18B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F16BE013FC9180325BD016FD" blockId="29.[810,1459,1862,1980]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F16BE013FC9180325D30161F" box="[810,850,1863,1886]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Pes:</emphasis>
The foot is represented by a partial left distal tarsal IV (IGB 2-40; 
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16BE013FC1180105A67163C" box="[938,1029,1893,1917]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="28.[129,194,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,176,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-7@28.[180,1423,176,1840]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 18. Tarsal elements of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, left astragalocalcaneum, IGB 2-38, in proximal (A, stereophotographs), lateral (B), medial (C), anterior (D), and distal (E) views.F, right astragalocalcaneum, IGB 2-39, in anterior view.G, left astragalocalcaneum in articulation with the tibia in anterior view. H, partial left distal tarsal IV in distal view. Abbreviations: ap, ascending process; ff, fibular facet; g, groove; og, oval groove; su, partially visible suture between astragalus and calcaneum; tf, tibia facet; tu, tubercle. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774277/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 18H</figureCitation>
), metatarsals II (IGB 2-41; 
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16BE013FA8F80105BCA163C" box="[1332,1448,1893,1917]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="30.[129,194,1533,1557]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-191@30.[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 19. Metatarsals of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right metatarsal II, IGB 2-41, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right metatarsal III in anterior (G) and distal (H) views. I–N, left metatarsal III in proximal (I), distal (J), anterior (K), lateral (L), posterior (M), and medial (N) views.Abbreviations:clf, collateral ligament fossa; oe, overhanging edge; rp, rugose patch; tub, tubercle.Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774279" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774279/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 19A–F</figureCitation>
) and III (IGB 2-42; 
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16BE013FC4880F05A0F16DD" box="[1011,1133,1925,1949]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="30.[129,194,1533,1557]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-191@30.[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 19. Metatarsals of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right metatarsal II, IGB 2-41, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right metatarsal III in anterior (G) and distal (H) views. I–N, left metatarsal III in proximal (I), distal (J), anterior (K), lateral (L), posterior (M), and medial (N) views.Abbreviations:clf, collateral ligament fossa; oe, overhanging edge; rp, rugose patch; tub, tubercle.Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774279" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774279/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 19G, H</figureCitation>
) of the right and metatarsal III of the left side (IGB 2-43; 
<figureCitation id="136009D4F16BE013FBF380D15ADB16FD" box="[1096,1209,1956,1980]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="30.[129,194,1533,1557]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-191@30.[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 19. Metatarsals of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right metatarsal II, IGB 2-41, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right metatarsal III in anterior (G) and distal (H) views. I–N, left metatarsal III in proximal (I), distal (J), anterior (K), lateral (L), posterior (M), and medial (N) views.Abbreviations:clf, collateral ligament fossa; oe, overhanging edge; rp, rugose patch; tub, tubercle.Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774279" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774279/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 19I–N</figureCitation>
), a pedal phalanx (IGB
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2445D9F168E010FF3A82885F1B1728" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774279" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13774279" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774279/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" startId="30.[129,194,1533,1557]" targetBox="[129,1473,144,1506]" targetPageId="30" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE41551F168E010FF3A82885F1B1728" blockId="30.[129,1464,1533,1642]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F168E010FF3A82885E871757" bold="true" box="[129,229,1533,1558]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Figure 19.</emphasis>
Metatarsals of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F168E010FEC9828B5F881757" box="[370,490,1534,1558]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kyrgyzicus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F168E010FEC9828B5F881757" box="[370,490,1534,1558]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A. kyrgyzicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A–F, right metatarsal II, IGB 2-41, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. G, H, right metatarsal III in anterior (G) and distal (H) views. I–N, left metatarsal III in proximal (I), distal (J), anterior (K), lateral (L), posterior (M), and medial (N) views. Abbreviations: clf, collateral ligament fossa; oe, overhanging edge; rp, rugose patch; tub, tubercle. Scale bar is 5 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F168E010FF3A81EF5ACD16ED" blockId="30.[128,779,1689,1964]" lastBlockId="30.[824,1476,1690,1964]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
2-44; 
<figureCitation id="136009D4F168E010FF7A81EF5F5B17F3" box="[193,313,1690,1714]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="31.[112,177,1185,1209]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1157]" captionTargetId="figure-450@31.[114,1458,144,1157]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 20. Pedal phalanges of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, right pedal phalanx II-2, IGB 2-44, in dorsal (A), medial (B), ventral (C), distal (D), and proximal (E) views. F–I, ungual of right digit II, IGB 2-45, in lateral (F), proximal (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views. J–L, pedal ungual, IGB 2-46, in medial or lateral (J), dorsal (K), and ventral (L) views. Abbreviations: cg, claw groove; clg, collateral ligament groove. Scale bar is 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774281/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 20A–E</figureCitation>
), and two pedal unguals (IGB 2-45, 2-46; 
<figureCitation id="136009D4F168E010FF3A81CC5E971790" box="[129,245,1721,1745]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="31.[112,177,1185,1209]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1157]" captionTargetId="figure-450@31.[114,1458,144,1157]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 20. Pedal phalanges of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, right pedal phalanx II-2, IGB 2-44, in dorsal (A), medial (B), ventral (C), distal (D), and proximal (E) views. F–I, ungual of right digit II, IGB 2-45, in lateral (F), proximal (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views. J–L, pedal ungual, IGB 2-46, in medial or lateral (J), dorsal (K), and ventral (L) views. Abbreviations: cg, claw groove; clg, collateral ligament groove. Scale bar is 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774281/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 20F–L</figureCitation>
). The distal tarsal IV is represented by its anterolateral half (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F168E010FEBC81AD5F0517B1" box="[263,359,1752,1776]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="28.[129,194,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[180,1423,176,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-7@28.[180,1423,176,1840]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 18. Tarsal elements of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, left astragalocalcaneum, IGB 2-38, in proximal (A, stereophotographs), lateral (B), medial (C), anterior (D), and distal (E) views.F, right astragalocalcaneum, IGB 2-39, in anterior view.G, left astragalocalcaneum in articulation with the tibia in anterior view. H, partial left distal tarsal IV in distal view. Abbreviations: ap, ascending process; ff, fibular facet; g, groove; og, oval groove; su, partially visible suture between astragalus and calcaneum; tf, tibia facet; tu, tubercle. Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774277/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 18H</figureCitation>
). As in other theropods (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F168E010FD0D81AD5ED41651" author="Madsen JH" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="3 - 163" refId="ref38275" refString="Madsen JH. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Bulletin 1976; 109: 3 - 163." type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen 1976</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F168E010FF7C818D5FA11651" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[199,451,1784,1808]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F168E010FE6E818D5CA71651" author="Rauhut OWM &amp; Pol D" box="[469,709,1784,1808]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="539 - 66" refId="ref39227" refString="Rauhut OWM, Pol D. A theropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic Canadon Calcareo Formation of Chubut, Patagonia, and the evolution of the theropod tarsus. Ameghiniana 2017; 54: 539 - 66. https: // doi. org / 10.5710 / amgh. 12.10.2017.3105" type="journal article" year="2017">Rauhut and Pol 2017</bibRefCitation>
), this tarsal seems to have been roughly trapezoidal in outline, with a mediolaterally wider anterior part. The anterolateral corner is rounded and forms an angle of approximately 8590°, whereas the anteromedial corner of the bone forms a sharp angle of approximately 60°. In between these two corners, the anterior margin of the bone is gently convexly rounded. In anterior view, the anterolateral side of the bone is proximomedially thickened to almost double the thickness of the anteromedial corner. The proximal surface of the tarsal is gently concave, whereas the distal surface is largely flat, with slightly proximally flexed margins towards the anterolateral and anteromedial corners. Low, but well defined, parallel anteroposteriorly oriented ridges are present on the distal surface, these are most prominent on the lateral side of the bone.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2445D9F169E011FFCB83D45EC4144C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774281" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13774281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774281/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" startId="31.[112,177,1185,1209]" targetBox="[114,1458,144,1157]" targetPageId="31" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE41551F169E011FFCB83D45EC4144C" blockId="31.[112,1449,1185,1293]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F169E011FFCB83D45EB715F8" bold="true" box="[112,213,1185,1209]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Figure 20.</emphasis>
Pedal phalanges of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F169E011FE3683D75C6715F8" box="[397,517,1185,1209]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kyrgyzicus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F169E011FE3683D75C6715F8" box="[397,517,1185,1209]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">A. kyrgyzicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A–E, right pedal phalanx II-2, IGB 2-44, in dorsal (A), medial (B), ventral (C), distal (D), and proximal (E) views. F–I, ungual of right digit II, IGB 2-45, in lateral (F), proximal (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views. J–L, pedal ungual, IGB 2-46, in medial or lateral (J), dorsal (K), and ventral (L) views. Abbreviations: cg, claw groove; clg, collateral ligament groove. Scale bar is 2 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F169E011FF3682485B08162B" blockId="31.[113,764,1341,1960]" lastBlockId="31.[808,1461,1341,1960]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
The metatarsus is elongate and slender. The length of metatarsal III is about 56% of the length of the tibia, which is slightly longer than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F169E011FEB282095F0714D2" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[265,357,1404,1427]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F169E011FEB282095F0714D2" box="[265,357,1404,1427]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Sinraptor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(53%; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F169E011FE0982095CFA14D5" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[434,664,1404,1428]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
), considerably longer than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F169E011FEF182EE5FD314F2" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[330,433,1435,1459]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F169E011FEF182EE5FD314F2" box="[330,433,1435,1459]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(47%; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F169E011FE4082EE5CE914F2" author="Gilmore CW" box="[507,651,1435,1459]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref37242" refString="Gilmore CW. Osteology of the carnivorous Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 1920; 110: i - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.110. i" type="journal volume" year="1920">Gilmore 1920</bibRefCitation>
), and only slightly less than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F169E011FE8482CF5FA41493" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[319,454,1466,1490]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F169E011FE8482CF5FA41493" box="[319,454,1466,1490]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Albertosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(60%; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F169E011FDAF82CF5CE61492" author="Parks WA" box="[532,644,1466,1491]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 42" refId="ref38918" refString="Parks WA. Albertosaurus arctunguis. A new species of therapodous dinosaur from the Edmonton Formation of Alberta. University of Toronto Studies, Geological Series 1928; 25: 1 - 42." type="journal article" year="1928">Parks 1928</bibRefCitation>
), all theropods with a roughly comparable femoral length. Metatarsal II is about 87% of the length of metatarsal III. The shaft is almost straight in anterior and posterior view, being only very slightly flexed medially in its distal part (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F169E011FE01814D5C4F1711" box="[442,557,1592,1616]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="30.[129,194,1533,1557]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-191@30.[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 19. Metatarsals of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right metatarsal II, IGB 2-41, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right metatarsal III in anterior (G) and distal (H) views. I–N, left metatarsal III in proximal (I), distal (J), anterior (K), lateral (L), posterior (M), and medial (N) views.Abbreviations:clf, collateral ligament fossa; oe, overhanging edge; rp, rugose patch; tub, tubercle.Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774279" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774279/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 19A, C</figureCitation>
), similar to the condition in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F169E011FF6B81225C4C172E" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[208,558,1623,1647]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F169E011FF6B81225F4E172F" box="[208,300,1623,1646]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F169E011FE8781225C40172E" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[316,546,1623,1647]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. In medial or lateral view, it is slightly flexed anterodistally, especially along its posterior surface (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F169E011FEAB81E35FE817EC" box="[272,394,1686,1710]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="30.[129,194,1533,1557]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-191@30.[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 19. Metatarsals of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right metatarsal II, IGB 2-41, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right metatarsal III in anterior (G) and distal (H) views. I–N, left metatarsal III in proximal (I), distal (J), anterior (K), lateral (L), posterior (M), and medial (N) views.Abbreviations:clf, collateral ligament fossa; oe, overhanging edge; rp, rugose patch; tub, tubercle.Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774279" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774279/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 19B, D</figureCitation>
); this flexure is more pronounced than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F169E011FF7981C05C40178C" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[194,546,1717,1741]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F169E011FF7981C05F7C178D" box="[194,286,1717,1740]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F169E011FE9581C05C74178C" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[302,534,1717,1741]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The proximal end is considerably expanded both anteriorly and posteriorly, and also towards the medial side. Thus, whereas the minimal anteroposterior shaft width is 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F169E011FEFD80615F2F166A" box="[326,333,1812,1835]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">c</emphasis>
. 
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, the maximal anteroposterior expansion of the shaft is 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F169E011FEDB80465F0B160B" box="[352,361,1843,1866]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F169E011FECC80465FAD160B" box="[375,463,1843,1867]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 mm</quantity>
. In medial view, the anterior expansion forms a gradual concave arch, whereas the posterior expansion is only slightly concave at its base and then forms a rather sharp and straight posterior edge. The expansion towards the medial side is restricted to the proximalmost part of the metatarsal and here forms a marked medial concavity in anterior view. In relation to the anteroposterior expansion, this expansion is less marked, reaching a maximal mediolateral width of 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F169E011FADF82EE5BCD14F2" box="[1380,1455,1435,1459]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="60.0">60 mm</quantity>
, in contrast to a minimal mediolateral shaft width of 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F169E011FAF582CE5B351493" box="[1358,1367,1467,1490]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F169E011FADE82CE5BD21493" box="[1381,1456,1467,1491]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
. In proximal view, the proximal articular surface is semioval in outline, with a flat lateral margin, a slightly drawn-out anterolateral corner, and a robust posterior flange laterally (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F169E011FAF6816D5BC01770" box="[1357,1442,1560,1585]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="30.[129,194,1533,1557]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-191@30.[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 19. Metatarsals of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right metatarsal II, IGB 2-41, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right metatarsal III in anterior (G) and distal (H) views. I–N, left metatarsal III in proximal (I), distal (J), anterior (K), lateral (L), posterior (M), and medial (N) views.Abbreviations:clf, collateral ligament fossa; oe, overhanging edge; rp, rugose patch; tub, tubercle.Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774279" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774279/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 19E</figureCitation>
), similar to the condition in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F169E011FB89814D5BEA1711" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[1074,1416,1592,1616]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F169E011FB89814D5AEC170E" box="[1074,1166,1592,1615]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F169E011FB26814D5B1F1711" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[1181,1405,1592,1616]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F169E011FC9281225DF2172E" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[809,912,1623,1647]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F169E011FC9281225DF2172E" box="[809,912,1623,1647]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F169E011FC1981225A51172E" author="Gilmore CW" box="[930,1075,1623,1647]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref37242" refString="Gilmore CW. Osteology of the carnivorous Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 1920; 110: i - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.110. i" type="journal volume" year="1920">Gilmore 1920</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F169E011FBFB81225AAF172E" author="Madsen JH" box="[1088,1229,1623,1647]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="3 - 163" refId="ref38275" refString="Madsen JH. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Bulletin 1976; 109: 3 - 163." type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen 1976</bibRefCitation>
), although the flexure from the main part of the surface into the posterior flange is more angular in the latter. The articular surface is very slightly anteroposteriorly concave in its central portion, whereas the surface flexes slightly distally on the anterolateral corner and the posterolateral flange. The lateral side of the proximal metatarsal is flattened where it would have contacted metatarsal III. It shows weakly developed rugosities on this contact surface, which are developed as low, rugose proximodistal ridges.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F169E02FFCFE80045C9912D9" blockId="31.[808,1461,1341,1960]" lastBlockId="33.[112,764,144,1954]" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
The shaft of metatarsal II is deeper anteroposteriorly than wide mediolaterally. The lateral side is flattened over most of its length, with a slight twist in the flattened surface just below mid-length, with the distal part facing slightly more anterolaterally than the proximal part. Only the distalmost section of the lateral side, adjacent to the distal articular condyle, becomes anteroposteriorly convex. The cross-section of the shaft is thus semioval at mid-length, narrowing slightly posteriorly. The anterior surface is flattened proximally and towards the distal articular end, with a transversely convex section in between. An elongate oval, slightly rugose patch is on the anterolateral side of the bone, just below the proximal expansion (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F157E02FFECC86DF5FAD1083" box="[375,463,426,450]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="30.[129,194,1533,1557]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-191@30.[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 19. Metatarsals of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right metatarsal II, IGB 2-41, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right metatarsal III in anterior (G) and distal (H) views. I–N, left metatarsal III in proximal (I), distal (J), anterior (K), lateral (L), posterior (M), and medial (N) views.Abbreviations:clf, collateral ligament fossa; oe, overhanging edge; rp, rugose patch; tub, tubercle.Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774279" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774279/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 19A</figureCitation>
). A similar patch seems also to be present in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F157E02FFEA786BF5C1910A0" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[284,635,457,481]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F157E02FFEA786BF5F1A10A0" box="[284,376,458,481]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F157E02FFE3C86BC5C0D10A0" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[391,623,457,481]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The medial surface is generally convex anteroposteriorly and becomes narrower towards the distal end. The ventral side of the shaft bulges posteriorly in the mid-shaft section. Proximally, below the posterior flange of the articular surface, the posterior side met the lateral side in a sharp posterolateral edge, which disappears into the shaft at the level where the proximal expansion starts. Just below, above the mid-length of the shaft, there is a posteriorly flattened, elongate, slightly rugose patch on the posterior side of the shaft (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F157E02FFF6185965F5313BA" box="[218,305,739,763]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="30.[129,194,1533,1557]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-191@30.[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 19. Metatarsals of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right metatarsal II, IGB 2-41, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right metatarsal III in anterior (G) and distal (H) views. I–N, left metatarsal III in proximal (I), distal (J), anterior (K), lateral (L), posterior (M), and medial (N) views.Abbreviations:clf, collateral ligament fossa; oe, overhanging edge; rp, rugose patch; tub, tubercle.Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774279" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774279/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 19C</figureCitation>
). This patch ends at about the mid-length of the metatarsal, distal to which, a rugose, elongate oval is found on the posterolateral side of the bone; its proximal end coincides with the twist in orientation of the lateral side described above. This rugose area flexes more onto the posterior side distally and ends some 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F157E02FFF5A84F55F7112D6" box="[225,275,896,920]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
proximal to the expansion of the distal condyles.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2445D9F156E02EFF3A80595AAD16D9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774283" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13774283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774283/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" startId="32.[129,194,1836,1860]" targetBox="[180,1423,144,1808]" targetPageId="32" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE41551F156E02EFF3A80595AAD16D9" blockId="32.[129,1463,1836,1944]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F156E02EFF3A80595E871605" bold="true" box="[129,229,1836,1860]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Figure 21.</emphasis>
Remains of the paratype of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F156E02EFE5780595C061605" box="[492,612,1836,1860]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kyrgyzicus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F156E02EFE5780595C061605" box="[492,612,1836,1860]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">A. kyrgyzicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A–E, right tibia, IGB 2-48, in anterior (A), lateral (B), proximal (C), and distal (D) views, and detail of the anterior side of the distal end (E). F–I, articulated pubes, IGB 2-49–2-52, in anterior (F), left lateral (G), posterior (H), and distal (I) views. J, fragment of the right ischium, IGB 2-53, in lateral view. Abbreviations: cc, cnemial crest; eb, expansion of pubic boot; fc, fibular crest; fic, fibular condyle; in, incision; pa, pubic apron; pt, pubic tubercle; ri, ridge; st, step. Scale bars are 5 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F157E02FFF3684EA5CF817A7" blockId="33.[112,764,144,1954]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
The distal end forms a notably mediodistally directed articular condyle, with the medial orientation resulting from the fact that the distal articular surface extends more distally laterally than medially, not from a medial flexure on the distal shaft (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F157E02FFD6F84885ED81574" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="30.[129,194,1533,1557]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-191@30.[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 19. Metatarsals of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right metatarsal II, IGB 2-41, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right metatarsal III in anterior (G) and distal (H) views. I–N, left metatarsal III in proximal (I), distal (J), anterior (K), lateral (L), posterior (M), and medial (N) views.Abbreviations:clf, collateral ligament fossa; oe, overhanging edge; rp, rugose patch; tub, tubercle.Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774279" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774279/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 19A, C</figureCitation>
). The distal condyle forms an anteroposteriorly strongly convex arch that extends approximately as far proximally on the anterior and on the posterior side, similar to the condition in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F157E02FFFCA830E5FB415D2" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[113,470,1147,1171]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F157E02FFFCA830E5EAF15D3" box="[113,205,1147,1170]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F157E02FFF64830E5FA815D2" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[223,458,1147,1171]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The actual articular surface is marked by slight steps on the anterior, medial, and posterior surfaces, distal to which the surface is notably smooth, indicating the presence of articular cartilage. In distal view, the articular surface widens posteriorly, where it is split into a wide lateral and a much narrower lateral part by a deep, wide U-shaped posterior embayment (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F157E02FFE8782425FF3140E" box="[316,401,1335,1359]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="30.[129,194,1533,1557]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-191@30.[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 19. Metatarsals of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right metatarsal II, IGB 2-41, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right metatarsal III in anterior (G) and distal (H) views. I–N, left metatarsal III in proximal (I), distal (J), anterior (K), lateral (L), posterior (M), and medial (N) views.Abbreviations:clf, collateral ligament fossa; oe, overhanging edge; rp, rugose patch; tub, tubercle.Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774279" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774279/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 19F</figureCitation>
), as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F157E02FFE5A82425ED3142F" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F157E02FFE5A82425C5F140F" box="[481,573,1335,1358]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F157E02FFDF682425EC7142F" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. In contrast to some theropods, the narrow medial part of the articular surface does not flay medially in its posterior part. The lateral margin of the articular surface is markedly concave anteroposteriorly, and several marked, but shallow and narrow grooves extend from that margin medially over the lateral surface of the articular end. Well-developed collateral ligament fossae are present both medially and laterally, with the lateral one being larger and placed into a funnel-shaped depression that covers the entire anteroposterior height of the lateral side of the distal end (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F157E02FFF5281055F2617C9" box="[233,324,1648,1672]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="30.[129,194,1533,1557]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-191@30.[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 19. Metatarsals of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right metatarsal II, IGB 2-41, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right metatarsal III in anterior (G) and distal (H) views. I–N, left metatarsal III in proximal (I), distal (J), anterior (K), lateral (L), posterior (M), and medial (N) views.Abbreviations:clf, collateral ligament fossa; oe, overhanging edge; rp, rugose patch; tub, tubercle.Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774279" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774279/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 19D</figureCitation>
). On the anterolateral side, a low, slightly mediolaterally elongate tubercle is present at the proximal end of this depression. Medially, the dorsal margin of the collateral ligament groove bulges medially and is slightly rugose.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F157E02FFF3681985B4415B0" blockId="33.[112,764,144,1954]" lastBlockId="33.[809,1461,144,1954]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Left and right metatarsals III are extremely similar in their size, relative dimensions, and morphology (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F157E02FFD8680785CD81664" box="[573,698,1805,1829]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="30.[129,194,1533,1557]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-191@30.[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 19. Metatarsals of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right metatarsal II, IGB 2-41, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right metatarsal III in anterior (G) and distal (H) views. I–N, left metatarsal III in proximal (I), distal (J), anterior (K), lateral (L), posterior (M), and medial (N) views.Abbreviations:clf, collateral ligament fossa; oe, overhanging edge; rp, rugose patch; tub, tubercle.Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774279" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774279/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 19G–N</figureCitation>
). The shaft is straight over most of its length in anterior view, but shows a slight, but notable lateral flexion in its distal fourth (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F157E02FFD27803E5EE116C3" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="30.[129,194,1533,1557]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-191@30.[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 19. Metatarsals of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right metatarsal II, IGB 2-41, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right metatarsal III in anterior (G) and distal (H) views. I–N, left metatarsal III in proximal (I), distal (J), anterior (K), lateral (L), posterior (M), and medial (N) views.Abbreviations:clf, collateral ligament fossa; oe, overhanging edge; rp, rugose patch; tub, tubercle.Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774279" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774279/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 19G, K</figureCitation>
), as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F157E02FFF6B801E5C4F16C2" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[208,557,1899,1923]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F157E02FFF6B801E5F4E16C3" box="[208,300,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F157E02FFE80801E5C4316C2" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[315,545,1899,1923]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. In medial or lateral view, the shaft remains straight over its entire length. Proximally, the bone is notably flattened anteromedially-posterolaterally, and the proximal end strongly expands anterolaterallyposteromedially, with the expansion being more marked anterolaterally than posteromedially. Anterolaterally, there is an abrupt expansion of the proximal shaft into a small, rectangular flat anterior surface just distal to the proximal articular surface, with the latter slightly expanding onto the anterolateral side, especially at the anteromedial corner of this area. This rectangular surface shows low, but notable longitudinal striations, and it continues to the lateral surface, where there is a small flat area showing the same striations and being offset distally from the shaft by an oblique step. Posteromedially, the expansion of the proximal end of the metatarsal forms a sharp posteromedial edge. The proximal articular surface shows the hourglass shape that is typical of basal tetanuran metatarsal III, having widened anterolateral and posteromedial portions that are separated by a constricted middle part (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F157E02FFBF385F05AFB13DC" box="[1096,1177,645,669]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="30.[129,194,1533,1557]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-191@30.[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 19. Metatarsals of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right metatarsal II, IGB 2-41, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right metatarsal III in anterior (G) and distal (H) views. I–N, left metatarsal III in proximal (I), distal (J), anterior (K), lateral (L), posterior (M), and medial (N) views.Abbreviations:clf, collateral ligament fossa; oe, overhanging edge; rp, rugose patch; tub, tubercle.Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774279" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774279/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 19I</figureCitation>
). However, in comparison with taxa such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F157E02FFC5F85D05A2913FC" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[996,1099,677,701]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F157E02FFC5F85D05A2913FC" box="[996,1099,677,701]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F157E02FFBE685D05A8D13FC" author="Gilmore CW" box="[1117,1263,677,701]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref37242" refString="Gilmore CW. Osteology of the carnivorous Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 1920; 110: i - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.110. i" type="journal volume" year="1920">Gilmore 1920</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F157E02FFB4785D05BE813FC" author="Madsen JH" box="[1276,1418,677,701]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="3 - 163" refId="ref38275" refString="Madsen JH. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Bulletin 1976; 109: 3 - 163." type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen 1976</bibRefCitation>
) or 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F157E02FFC9185B15A9C139D" authority="(Stovall and Langston 1950)" baseAuthorityName="Stovall and Langston" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[810,1278,708,732]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F157E02FFC9185B15DB5139D" box="[810,983,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Acrocanthosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F157E02FFC5D85B15A91139D" author="Stovall JW &amp; Langston WJ" box="[998,1267,708,732]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="696 - 728" refId="ref40208" refString="Stovall JW, Langston WJ. Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, a new genus and speciesofLowerCretaceousTheropodafromOklahoma. AmericanMidland Naturalist 1950; 43: 696 - 728. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2421859" type="journal article" year="1950">Stovall and Langston 1950</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, the proximal end is very slender, and the posteromedial expansion is much less marked, resembling 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F157E02FFC4584765A38125B" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[1022,1114,771,794]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F157E02FFC4584765A38125B" box="[1022,1114,771,794]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Sinraptor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in that respect (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F157E02FFABE84765D3C127B" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
). The proximal articular surface thus has a long and very slightly concave anteromedial margin that would have contacted metatarsal II and anteriorly flexes into the anterolateral margin at an angle of approximately 70°. The anterolateral margin is relatively short and meets the lateral margin at an angle of approximately 120°. The lateral margin has a straight anterior half and a strongly concave, indented posterior half where metatarsal II would have overlapped the posteromedial process of metatarsal IV. Posteriorly, this margin meets the posterior margin at an angle of approximately 105°. The posterior margin is the shortest margin of the proximal articular surface and meets the anteromedial margin in a sharp angle of approximately 40°. The proximal articular surface is flat mediolaterally, but slightly concave in its central part anteroposteriorly. Anteromedially and posteromedially, the surface flexes slightly distally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F157E02CFCFE838D5F1C10E2" blockId="33.[809,1461,144,1954]" lastBlockId="34.[127,780,144,1954]" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
The shaft of metatarsal III is marked by the strong anteromedial-posterolateral flattening of its proximal half, which is twisted in respect to the more conventionally oriented distal half, as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F157E02FFC2482235B72142F" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[927,1296,1366,1390]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F157E02FFC2482235D99142C" box="[927,1019,1366,1389]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F157E02FFBAA82235B67142F" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[1041,1285,1366,1390]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F157E02FFAF782235DB314CC" authority="(Madsen 1976)" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1976" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F157E02FFAF782235BD1142F" box="[1356,1459,1366,1390]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Allosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F157E02FFC8E82005DA714CC" author="Madsen JH" box="[821,965,1397,1421]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="3 - 163" refId="ref38275" refString="Madsen JH. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Bulletin 1976; 109: 3 - 163." type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen 1976</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Thus, the proximal shaft has a very narrow, anteroposteriorly rounded posteromedial side below the sharp posteromedial crest towards the articular end described above. The anteromedial side is large, expands proximally and is very slightly anteroposteriorly convex (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F157E02FFB3582865B68174B" box="[1166,1290,1523,1547]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="30.[129,194,1533,1557]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-191@30.[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 19. Metatarsals of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right metatarsal II, IGB 2-41, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right metatarsal III in anterior (G) and distal (H) views. I–N, left metatarsal III in proximal (I), distal (J), anterior (K), lateral (L), posterior (M), and medial (N) views.Abbreviations:clf, collateral ligament fossa; oe, overhanging edge; rp, rugose patch; tub, tubercle.Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774279" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774279/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 19K, N</figureCitation>
). The anterolateral side is flattened and shows a low and broad, anterolaterally directed tubercle some 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F157E02FFBA381445A2B1708" box="[1048,1097,1585,1609]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="cm" value="9.0">9 cm</quantity>
below the proximal end (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F157E02FFAF781445BC11708" box="[1356,1443,1585,1609]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="30.[129,194,1533,1557]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-191@30.[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 19. Metatarsals of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right metatarsal II, IGB 2-41, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right metatarsal III in anterior (G) and distal (H) views. I–N, left metatarsal III in proximal (I), distal (J), anterior (K), lateral (L), posterior (M), and medial (N) views.Abbreviations:clf, collateral ligament fossa; oe, overhanging edge; rp, rugose patch; tub, tubercle.Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774279" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774279/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 19K</figureCitation>
). Below this tubercle, a marked edge separates the anterolateral from the posterolateral side; this edge persists into the distal half of the shaft, extending posteriorly as the anterolateral side twists to become the lateral side in the distal shaft. The posterolateral side of the proximal shaft is similar in expansion as the anteromedial side, and has a marked anteroposterior concavity in its posterior two-thirds, but becomes slightly transversely convex towards the distal half of the shaft. Towards the distal half of the shaft, the anteromedial side twists to become the anterior side of the bone. Distal to its mid-length, metatarsal III is wider mediolaterally (
<emphasis id="B92FC943F157E02FFBB680FE5A7416E3" box="[1037,1046,1931,1954]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">c</emphasis>
. 
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) than deep anteroposteriorly (
<emphasis id="B92FC943F157E02FFA1F80FE5BCF16E3" box="[1444,1453,1931,1954]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F154E02CFF3A87E55EA911E9" box="[129,203,144,168]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="38.0">38 mm</quantity>
) and has a flattened anterior side. The medial side gradually flexes into the posterior and then the posterolateral side, only laterally, this side remains separated from the narrow, flat lateral side by the posterolateral edge described above. Where the shaft flexes laterally, the anteromedial edge is thickened and forms a notable edge that slightly overhangs the medial side (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F154E02CFD5886585ECD1025" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="30.[129,194,1533,1557]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-191@30.[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 19. Metatarsals of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right metatarsal II, IGB 2-41, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right metatarsal III in anterior (G) and distal (H) views. I–N, left metatarsal III in proximal (I), distal (J), anterior (K), lateral (L), posterior (M), and medial (N) views.Abbreviations:clf, collateral ligament fossa; oe, overhanging edge; rp, rugose patch; tub, tubercle.Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774279" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774279/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 19N</figureCitation>
). Towards the distal end, the shaft becomes more markedly anteroposteriorly flattened, more markedly so than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F154E02CFD1586195F1810E2" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F154E02CFD1586195D6810C2" box="[686,778,364,387]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F154E02CFF3086FE5F0C10E2" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[139,366,395,419]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F154E02CFF2786DF5F9812F6" blockId="34.[127,780,144,1954]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
The distal articular end of metatarsal III is mediolaterally broadened. The roller-like distal articular surface extends approximately as far proximally both dorsally and ventrally, and, as in metatarsal II, the area covered by articular cartilage is marked by a slight step and a markedly smooth surface distal to it. In distal view, the articular surface is trapezoidal in outline, being dorsoventrally higher medially than laterally (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F154E02CFD3785135C9A133C" box="[652,760,614,638]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="30.[129,194,1533,1557]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-191@30.[129,1473,144,1506]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 19. Metatarsals of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right metatarsal II, IGB 2-41, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.G, H, right metatarsal III in anterior (G) and distal (H) views. I–N, left metatarsal III in proximal (I), distal (J), anterior (K), lateral (L), posterior (M), and medial (N) views.Abbreviations:clf, collateral ligament fossa; oe, overhanging edge; rp, rugose patch; tub, tubercle.Scale bar is 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774279" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774279/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 19H, J</figureCitation>
), as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F154E02CFF0C85F35C7713DC" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[183,533,645,669]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F154E02CFF0C85F35F7113DC" box="[183,275,646,669]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F154E02CFE9885F05C6B13DC" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[291,521,645,669]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. It is flat mediolaterally, without a distinction of medial and lateral condyles. The ventral margin is markedly concave, mainly due to the posteromedial edge, which is drawn out posteriorly into a point.Well-developed collateral ligament grooves are present both medially and laterally, placed in large depressions on either side at the level of the articular end. On the medial side, the anterior margin of the ligament groove is thickened and overhangs the groove. Only a very faint, broad extensor groove is present on the anterior side directly distal to the articular surface.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F154E02CFF2784CA5F6116E3" blockId="34.[127,780,144,1954]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
The single non-ungual pedal phalanx recovered (IGB 2-44; 
<figureCitation id="136009D4F154E02CFF3A84AB5E9112B7" box="[129,243,990,1014]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="31.[112,177,1185,1209]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1157]" captionTargetId="figure-450@31.[114,1458,144,1157]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 20. Pedal phalanges of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, right pedal phalanx II-2, IGB 2-44, in dorsal (A), medial (B), ventral (C), distal (D), and proximal (E) views. F–I, ungual of right digit II, IGB 2-45, in lateral (F), proximal (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views. J–L, pedal ungual, IGB 2-46, in medial or lateral (J), dorsal (K), and ventral (L) views. Abbreviations: cg, claw groove; clg, collateral ligament groove. Scale bar is 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774281/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 20A–E</figureCitation>
) most probably represents phalanx II-2 of the right foot, as it closely resembles this element in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F154E02CFD94848B5E9F1574" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F154E02CFD94848B5CE91554" box="[559,651,1022,1045]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F154E02CFD2084885E931574" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. It is a robust element, maximally 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F154E02CFDDB83695CCA1575" box="[608,680,1052,1076]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="95.0">95 mm</quantity>
long and with a minimal mediolateral width of 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F154E02CFDB183495C361512" box="[522,596,1084,1108]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
. The proximal articular end is trapezoidal in outline, being wider ventrally than dorsally, and with rounded edges (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F154E02CFE65830E5C5215D2" box="[478,560,1147,1171]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="31.[112,177,1185,1209]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1157]" captionTargetId="figure-450@31.[114,1458,144,1157]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 20. Pedal phalanges of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, right pedal phalanx II-2, IGB 2-44, in dorsal (A), medial (B), ventral (C), distal (D), and proximal (E) views. F–I, ungual of right digit II, IGB 2-45, in lateral (F), proximal (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views. J–L, pedal ungual, IGB 2-46, in medial or lateral (J), dorsal (K), and ventral (L) views. Abbreviations: cg, claw groove; clg, collateral ligament groove. Scale bar is 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774281/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 20E</figureCitation>
), missing the sharply angled lateroventral corner seen in this phalanx in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F154E02CFD1683EF5FEF1590" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F154E02CFD1683EF5D6B15F0" box="[685,777,1178,1201]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F154E02CFF3083CC5FE31590" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[139,385,1209,1233]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. It is subdivided by a low vertical ridge into two dorsoventrally notably concave facets of nearly subequal size. The articular end is 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F154E02CFE62838D5C43144E" box="[473,545,1272,1296]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="54.0">54 mm</quantity>
wide and 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F154E02CFD32838D5CB3144E" box="[649,721,1272,1296]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="43.0">43 mm</quantity>
high. In dorsal view, the shaft is constricted, more so from the lateral than from the medial side. On the medial side, a marked, rugose tubercle is present ventral from the half height of the proximal articular end. The distal articular surface forms a well-developed gynglimus, with only a very faint extensor groove on the dorsal surface proximal to it. The distal articular surface extends proximally considerably more ventrally than dorsally and is ventrally mediolaterally broader than dorsally (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F154E02CFDBC82865C3D174A" box="[519,607,1523,1547]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="31.[112,177,1185,1209]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1157]" captionTargetId="figure-450@31.[114,1458,144,1157]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 20. Pedal phalanges of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, right pedal phalanx II-2, IGB 2-44, in dorsal (A), medial (B), ventral (C), distal (D), and proximal (E) views. F–I, ungual of right digit II, IGB 2-45, in lateral (F), proximal (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views. J–L, pedal ungual, IGB 2-46, in medial or lateral (J), dorsal (K), and ventral (L) views. Abbreviations: cg, claw groove; clg, collateral ligament groove. Scale bar is 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774281/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 20D</figureCitation>
), as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F154E02CFD1582865FE8176B" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F154E02CFD1582865D68174B" box="[686,778,1523,1546]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F154E02CFF3081675F1C176B" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[139,382,1554,1578]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The articular surface is subdivided into a medial and lateral condyle by a deep, broad dorsoventrally oriented groove. The lateral condyle is slightly broader mediolaterally than the medial condyle and extends further distally, so that the articular end is asymmetrical in dorsal view. The medial condyle is considerably narrower, but slightly higher and more ventrally expanded than the lateral condyle. Large, well-developed collateral ligament grooves are present on either side of the phalanx, being displaced dorsally from the mid-height of the distal articular end (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F154E02CFEC780595FB01605" box="[380,466,1836,1860]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="31.[112,177,1185,1209]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1157]" captionTargetId="figure-450@31.[114,1458,144,1157]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 20. Pedal phalanges of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, right pedal phalanx II-2, IGB 2-44, in dorsal (A), medial (B), ventral (C), distal (D), and proximal (E) views. F–I, ungual of right digit II, IGB 2-45, in lateral (F), proximal (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views. J–L, pedal ungual, IGB 2-46, in medial or lateral (J), dorsal (K), and ventral (L) views. Abbreviations: cg, claw groove; clg, collateral ligament groove. Scale bar is 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774281/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 20B</figureCitation>
). The posterior margin of the medial ligament groove is somewhat thickened and projects medially. The distal articular end is maximally 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F154E02CFDE6801F5CC716C3" box="[605,677,1898,1922]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="45.0">45 mm</quantity>
wide and 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F154E02CFF3980FF5EA816E0" box="[130,202,1930,1954]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="42.0">42 mm</quantity>
high.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F154E02CFCEE87E55B2F1239" blockId="34.[824,1476,144,1327]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
The pedal unguals are broad and ventrally flattened, with only a moderate curvature in medial or lateral view. The larger ungual IGB 2-45 (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F154E02CFC1687BA5A7A11A6" box="[941,1048,207,231]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="31.[112,177,1185,1209]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1157]" captionTargetId="figure-450@31.[114,1458,144,1157]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 20. Pedal phalanges of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, right pedal phalanx II-2, IGB 2-44, in dorsal (A), medial (B), ventral (C), distal (D), and proximal (E) views. F–I, ungual of right digit II, IGB 2-45, in lateral (F), proximal (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views. J–L, pedal ungual, IGB 2-46, in medial or lateral (J), dorsal (K), and ventral (L) views. Abbreviations: cg, claw groove; clg, collateral ligament groove. Scale bar is 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774281/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 20F–I</figureCitation>
) most probably represents the ungual of the right digit II, whereas IGB 2-46 (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F154E02CFB07879B5B451047" box="[1212,1319,238,262]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="31.[112,177,1185,1209]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1157]" captionTargetId="figure-450@31.[114,1458,144,1157]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 20. Pedal phalanges of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, right pedal phalanx II-2, IGB 2-44, in dorsal (A), medial (B), ventral (C), distal (D), and proximal (E) views. F–I, ungual of right digit II, IGB 2-45, in lateral (F), proximal (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views. J–L, pedal ungual, IGB 2-46, in medial or lateral (J), dorsal (K), and ventral (L) views. Abbreviations: cg, claw groove; clg, collateral ligament groove. Scale bar is 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774281/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 20J–L</figureCitation>
) is most likely an ungual of digit IV. As in some theropods, such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F154E02CFADD867B5A4D1004" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F154E02CFADD867B5BA01064" box="[1382,1474,270,293]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F154E02CFCF886585A461004" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[835,1060,301,325]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, the ungual of digit II is markedly asymmetrical and slightly curved medially in dorsal view (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F154E02CFAEC86395BD31025" box="[1367,1457,332,356]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="31.[112,177,1185,1209]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1157]" captionTargetId="figure-450@31.[114,1458,144,1157]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 20. Pedal phalanges of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, right pedal phalanx II-2, IGB 2-44, in dorsal (A), medial (B), ventral (C), distal (D), and proximal (E) views. F–I, ungual of right digit II, IGB 2-45, in lateral (F), proximal (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views. J–L, pedal ungual, IGB 2-46, in medial or lateral (J), dorsal (K), and ventral (L) views. Abbreviations: cg, claw groove; clg, collateral ligament groove. Scale bar is 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774281/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 20H</figureCitation>
). The proximal articular surface is round to subquadrangular in outline (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F154E02CFC2C86FE5D9610E2" box="[919,1012,395,419]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="31.[112,177,1185,1209]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1157]" captionTargetId="figure-450@31.[114,1458,144,1157]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 20. Pedal phalanges of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, right pedal phalanx II-2, IGB 2-44, in dorsal (A), medial (B), ventral (C), distal (D), and proximal (E) views. F–I, ungual of right digit II, IGB 2-45, in lateral (F), proximal (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views. J–L, pedal ungual, IGB 2-46, in medial or lateral (J), dorsal (K), and ventral (L) views. Abbreviations: cg, claw groove; clg, collateral ligament groove. Scale bar is 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774281/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 20G</figureCitation>
), with a considerably proximally expanded dorsal edge that forms a proximally rounded point in dorsal view (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F154E02CFCFF86BC5DFF10A0" box="[836,925,457,481]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="31.[112,177,1185,1209]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1157]" captionTargetId="figure-450@31.[114,1458,144,1157]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 20. Pedal phalanges of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, right pedal phalanx II-2, IGB 2-44, in dorsal (A), medial (B), ventral (C), distal (D), and proximal (E) views. F–I, ungual of right digit II, IGB 2-45, in lateral (F), proximal (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views. J–L, pedal ungual, IGB 2-46, in medial or lateral (J), dorsal (K), and ventral (L) views. Abbreviations: cg, claw groove; clg, collateral ligament groove. Scale bar is 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774281/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 20H</figureCitation>
). A ridge subdividing the facet into two concavities is only rudimentarily developed dorsally. The cross-section of the claw at mid-length is semioval, tapering medioventrally. Well-developed, single claw grooves are present, with the lateral one being placed slightly higher than the medial one. Proximally, a small tubercle is present at the end of the claw groove on either side. Ventrally, only a slightly elevated, rugose patch at the proximal end indicates the insertion of the flexor tendon (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F154E02CFAE885D05BFD13FC" box="[1363,1439,677,701]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="31.[112,177,1185,1209]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1157]" captionTargetId="figure-450@31.[114,1458,144,1157]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 20. Pedal phalanges of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, right pedal phalanx II-2, IGB 2-44, in dorsal (A), medial (B), ventral (C), distal (D), and proximal (E) views. F–I, ungual of right digit II, IGB 2-45, in lateral (F), proximal (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views. J–L, pedal ungual, IGB 2-46, in medial or lateral (J), dorsal (K), and ventral (L) views. Abbreviations: cg, claw groove; clg, collateral ligament groove. Scale bar is 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774281/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 20I</figureCitation>
); a flexor tubercle or a ventral groove (as it is present in abelisaurids) is absent, as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F154E02CFC6B85915B4913BA" authority="(Currie and Zhao 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Currie and Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[976,1323,739,763]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F154E02CFC6B85915A4E13BA" box="[976,1068,740,763]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Sinraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F154E02CFB8785965B7D13BA" author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao X-J" box="[1084,1311,739,763]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="2037 - 81" refId="ref36614" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2037 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. This ungual is maximally 
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wide and 
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high proximally. Its length is 
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as measured in a straight line from the tip to the end of the dorsal proximal process (maybe missing 
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at the damaged tip), or 130 (+ 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F154E02CFBBC84145A721239" box="[1031,1040,865,888]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">c</emphasis>
. 5) mm along the dorsal curve.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F154E02CFCEE84F55B54146E" blockId="34.[824,1476,144,1327]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
The smaller ungual IGB 2-46 is symmetrical and has a round proximal articular facet, with slight indentations on either side just above the mid-height. The dorsal proximal expansion is less prominently developed than in the other ungual. The claw grooves are symmetrically arranged and face dorsolaterally and dorsomedially, respectively (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F154E02CFBDB83685ADA1574" box="[1120,1208,1053,1077]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="31.[112,177,1185,1209]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1157]" captionTargetId="figure-450@31.[114,1458,144,1157]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 20. Pedal phalanges of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, right pedal phalanx II-2, IGB 2-44, in dorsal (A), medial (B), ventral (C), distal (D), and proximal (E) views. F–I, ungual of right digit II, IGB 2-45, in lateral (F), proximal (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views. J–L, pedal ungual, IGB 2-46, in medial or lateral (J), dorsal (K), and ventral (L) views. Abbreviations: cg, claw groove; clg, collateral ligament groove. Scale bar is 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774281/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 20K</figureCitation>
). Ventral to them the ungual is markedly broadened in respect to the dorsal part; this broadening disappears proximally at the end of the claw grooves, giving the ungual an arrowhead shape in ventral view. As in the other ungual, the flexor tubercle is only developed as a small raised patch with a mildly rugose surface ventrally (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F154E02CFAE083CC5BD31590" box="[1371,1457,1209,1233]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="31.[112,177,1185,1209]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1157]" captionTargetId="figure-450@31.[114,1458,144,1157]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 20. Pedal phalanges of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, right pedal phalanx II-2, IGB 2-44, in dorsal (A), medial (B), ventral (C), distal (D), and proximal (E) views. F–I, ungual of right digit II, IGB 2-45, in lateral (F), proximal (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views. J–L, pedal ungual, IGB 2-46, in medial or lateral (J), dorsal (K), and ventral (L) views. Abbreviations: cg, claw groove; clg, collateral ligament groove. Scale bar is 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774281/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 20L</figureCitation>
). This ungual is maximally 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F154E02CFB8683AC5AE715B1" box="[1085,1157,1241,1265]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="43.0">43 mm</quantity>
wide and 
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high proximally, and 
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long in a straight line (also missing maybe 
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at the tip), or 95 (+ 5) mm along the dorsal curve.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F154E02CFB96823A5AAC1428" blockId="34.[825,1474,1359,1484]" box="[1069,1230,1359,1385]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F154E02CFB96823A5AAC1428" bold="true" box="[1069,1230,1359,1385]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Bone histology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F154E02CFC8282005B08148D" blockId="34.[825,1474,1359,1484]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">The analyses with the fluorescence spectrometer revealed a high content of manganese, barium and calcium. Manganese is certainly the main source for the dark staining of the bone.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F154E02CFC82829B5A1D17C3" blockId="34.[824,1475,1517,1949]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F154E02CFC82829B5D891744" box="[825,1003,1517,1541]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Femur IGB 2-33:</emphasis>
The bone wall thickness is 
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in the thinnest part of the bone wall and 
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in the lateral corner. Including the potentially pathological tissue in the medullary cavity (inner unit, see below), the maximum thickness increased to 
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in the lateral corner.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F154E02DFCEE81FF5FC3168F" blockId="34.[824,1475,1517,1949]" lastBlockId="35.[113,763,1723,1998]" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
The observable bone tissue could be separated into an inner, middle, and outer unit (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F154E02CFBFF81DC5AED1780" box="[1092,1167,1705,1729]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="35.[113,178,1623,1647]" captionTargetBox="[113,1458,145,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-182@35.[112,1459,144,1595]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figure 22. Overview of the mid-diaphyseal section of the right femur of A. kyrgyzicus, posterolateral thin section, under circumpolarized light and with a lambda filter.Frames indicate the location of the component images of Figure 23. Abbreviations: lat, lateral; post, posterior." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774285" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774285/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
). The inner unit, developed within the medullary cavity, consisted of a highly irregularly vascularized tissue with only sparse compaction of the wide vascular canals (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F154E02CFC3380725D9B165E" box="[904,1017,1799,1823]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="36.[129,194,1352,1376]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-163@36.[129,1473,144,1324]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figure 23. Component images of the posterolateral thin section of the right femur of A. kyrgyzicus under circumpolarized light and with a lambda filter. A, Transition from coarse cancellous bone tissue of the inner unit (top) to fibrolamellar tissue of the middle unit (bottom). B, Pathological bone tissue of up to three ‘generations’, direction towards the outer bone surface is to the right.C, Typical, well-vascularized fibrolamellar bone tissue with scattered secondary osteons of the middle unit, direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right. D, Zonal bone tissue of the outer unit with numerous growth marks (arrows). Individual growth marks were counted as one, if at least one row of vascular canals separates them from their neighbours.The count starts here with three, because the first clear growth marks are outside the top edge of the component image. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right. E, Component image of the posterior thin section (not figured) with a preserved outer edge of the bone wall. Note the distinct decrease of vascularization towards the outer edge (bottom) with at least three annuli, but the absence of a series of growth marks in quick succession without vascular canals in between as in a typical EFS. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the bottom. F, Merging (yellow arrows) and widening (green arrows) of growth zones in the outer unit.Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right.Abbreviations:Ann, Annulus; dLAG, double line of arrested growth; LAG, line of arrested growth; tLAG, triple line of arrested growth.Scale bars in A–E are 500 micrometres." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774287" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774287/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 23A, B</figureCitation>
). The osteocyte lacunae were very abundant and mostly irregularly shaped, except within bands of lamellar tissue, where they were mostly spindle shaped. There were at least three such bands present in the lateral side (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F154E02CFA8F80105BEB163C" box="[1332,1417,1893,1917]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="36.[129,194,1352,1376]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-163@36.[129,1473,144,1324]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figure 23. Component images of the posterolateral thin section of the right femur of A. kyrgyzicus under circumpolarized light and with a lambda filter. A, Transition from coarse cancellous bone tissue of the inner unit (top) to fibrolamellar tissue of the middle unit (bottom). B, Pathological bone tissue of up to three ‘generations’, direction towards the outer bone surface is to the right.C, Typical, well-vascularized fibrolamellar bone tissue with scattered secondary osteons of the middle unit, direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right. D, Zonal bone tissue of the outer unit with numerous growth marks (arrows). Individual growth marks were counted as one, if at least one row of vascular canals separates them from their neighbours.The count starts here with three, because the first clear growth marks are outside the top edge of the component image. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right. E, Component image of the posterior thin section (not figured) with a preserved outer edge of the bone wall. Note the distinct decrease of vascularization towards the outer edge (bottom) with at least three annuli, but the absence of a series of growth marks in quick succession without vascular canals in between as in a typical EFS. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the bottom. F, Merging (yellow arrows) and widening (green arrows) of growth zones in the outer unit.Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right.Abbreviations:Ann, Annulus; dLAG, double line of arrested growth; LAG, line of arrested growth; tLAG, triple line of arrested growth.Scale bars in A–E are 500 micrometres." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774287" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774287/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 23B</figureCitation>
), but the middle and outer band merged together into a single band and then split again towards the posterior side (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F155E02DFDCA81CE5CDB1792" box="[625,697,1723,1747]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="35.[113,178,1623,1647]" captionTargetBox="[113,1458,145,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-182@35.[112,1459,144,1595]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figure 22. Overview of the mid-diaphyseal section of the right femur of A. kyrgyzicus, posterolateral thin section, under circumpolarized light and with a lambda filter.Frames indicate the location of the component images of Figure 23. Abbreviations: lat, lateral; post, posterior." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774285" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774285/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
). The outer band clearly corresponded to an inner circumferential layer (ICL), although it became subsequentially less distinct and more interrupted by vascular canals towards the posterior side of the bone wall. The outer edge of the ICL was clearly resorptive laterally, whereas there was an almost continuous transition between coarse and slightly compacted cancellous endosteal bone tissue and external periosteal bone tissue in the area of the posterolateral wall (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F155E02DFE8080C05FF3168F" box="[315,401,1973,1998]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="36.[129,194,1352,1376]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-163@36.[129,1473,144,1324]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figure 23. Component images of the posterolateral thin section of the right femur of A. kyrgyzicus under circumpolarized light and with a lambda filter. A, Transition from coarse cancellous bone tissue of the inner unit (top) to fibrolamellar tissue of the middle unit (bottom). B, Pathological bone tissue of up to three ‘generations’, direction towards the outer bone surface is to the right.C, Typical, well-vascularized fibrolamellar bone tissue with scattered secondary osteons of the middle unit, direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right. D, Zonal bone tissue of the outer unit with numerous growth marks (arrows). Individual growth marks were counted as one, if at least one row of vascular canals separates them from their neighbours.The count starts here with three, because the first clear growth marks are outside the top edge of the component image. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right. E, Component image of the posterior thin section (not figured) with a preserved outer edge of the bone wall. Note the distinct decrease of vascularization towards the outer edge (bottom) with at least three annuli, but the absence of a series of growth marks in quick succession without vascular canals in between as in a typical EFS. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the bottom. F, Merging (yellow arrows) and widening (green arrows) of growth zones in the outer unit.Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right.Abbreviations:Ann, Annulus; dLAG, double line of arrested growth; LAG, line of arrested growth; tLAG, triple line of arrested growth.Scale bars in A–E are 500 micrometres." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774287" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774287/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 23A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE41551F155E02DFFCA81225B3C17CA" blockId="35.[113,1446,1623,1675]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F155E02DFFCA81225EB4172E" bold="true" box="[113,214,1623,1647]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Figure 22.</emphasis>
Overview of the mid-diaphyseal section of the right femur of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F155E02DFCA681225DF7172E" box="[797,917,1623,1647]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kyrgyzicus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F155E02DFCA681225DF7172E" box="[797,917,1623,1647]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">A. kyrgyzicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, posterolateral thin section, under circumpolarized light and with a lambda filter. Frames indicate the location of the component images of Figure 23. Abbreviations: lat, lateral; post, posterior.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F155E02AFCFE81CE5A2817BA" blockId="35.[809,1461,1723,1997]" lastBlockId="36.[824,1475,1732,1975]" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
The middle unit, which represents the inner part of the periosteally deposited bone wall, comprised about half the thickness of the latter posterolaterally and more than two-thirds of the thickness laterally (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F155E02DFC56806C5A501670" box="[1005,1074,1817,1841]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="35.[113,178,1623,1647]" captionTargetBox="[113,1458,145,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-182@35.[112,1459,144,1595]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figure 22. Overview of the mid-diaphyseal section of the right femur of A. kyrgyzicus, posterolateral thin section, under circumpolarized light and with a lambda filter.Frames indicate the location of the component images of Figure 23. Abbreviations: lat, lateral; post, posterior." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774285" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774285/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
). Although the middle unit was partly obscured by dark manganese-rich mineral, it was clear that this unit consisted of highly vascularized, fibrolamellar bone tissue. The vascular canals were mainly oriented laminar to plexiform, rarely reticular, with well-developed primary osteons (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F155E02DFAF780E35BC116EF" box="[1356,1443,1942,1966]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="36.[129,194,1352,1376]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-163@36.[129,1473,144,1324]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figure 23. Component images of the posterolateral thin section of the right femur of A. kyrgyzicus under circumpolarized light and with a lambda filter. A, Transition from coarse cancellous bone tissue of the inner unit (top) to fibrolamellar tissue of the middle unit (bottom). B, Pathological bone tissue of up to three ‘generations’, direction towards the outer bone surface is to the right.C, Typical, well-vascularized fibrolamellar bone tissue with scattered secondary osteons of the middle unit, direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right. D, Zonal bone tissue of the outer unit with numerous growth marks (arrows). Individual growth marks were counted as one, if at least one row of vascular canals separates them from their neighbours.The count starts here with three, because the first clear growth marks are outside the top edge of the component image. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right. E, Component image of the posterior thin section (not figured) with a preserved outer edge of the bone wall. Note the distinct decrease of vascularization towards the outer edge (bottom) with at least three annuli, but the absence of a series of growth marks in quick succession without vascular canals in between as in a typical EFS. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the bottom. F, Merging (yellow arrows) and widening (green arrows) of growth zones in the outer unit.Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right.Abbreviations:Ann, Annulus; dLAG, double line of arrested growth; LAG, line of arrested growth; tLAG, triple line of arrested growth.Scale bars in A–E are 500 micrometres." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774287" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774287/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 23C</figureCitation>
). The degree of organization slightly increased externally as well as from the lateral corner to the posterolateral wall, as the usual mode of variation between bone wall units (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA68A0F152E02AFDD281965C9B17BD" author="Hubner TR" box="[617,761,1763,1788]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refId="ref37807" refString="Hubner TR. Bone histology in Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki (Ornithischia: Iguanodontia) - variation, growth, and implications. PLoS One 2012; 7: e 29958. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0029958" type="journal volume" year="2012">Hübner 2012</bibRefCitation>
). Secondary osteons were present, but scattered widely and almost never overlapped each other. The overall number of secondary osteons was higher in the lateral corner than in the posterolateral bone wall. The middle unit was almost azonal, without lines of arrested growth (LAG) or annuli. The first traceable growth mark represented the border to the outer unit, although weak zonation in terms of variability in vascular orientation was already present internal to it.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2445D9F152E02AFF3A823D5A0017D5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774287" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13774287" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774287/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" startId="36.[129,194,1352,1376]" targetBox="[132,1470,147,1321]" targetPageId="36" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE41551F152E02AFF3A823D5BF01701" blockId="36.[129,1470,1352,1684]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F152E02AFF3A823D5E871421" bold="true" box="[129,229,1352,1376]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Figure 23.</emphasis>
Component images of the posterolateral thin section of the right femur of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F152E02AFC1B823C5A7A1421" box="[928,1048,1352,1376]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kyrgyzicus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F152E02AFC1B823C5A7A1421" box="[928,1048,1352,1376]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">A. kyrgyzicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
under circumpolarized light and with a lambda filter. A, Transition from coarse cancellous bone tissue of the inner unit (top) to fibrolamellar tissue of the middle unit (bottom). B, Pathological bone tissue of up to three ‘generations’, direction towards the outer bone surface is to the right. C, Typical, well-vascularized fibrolamellar bone tissue with scattered secondary osteons of the middle unit, direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right. D, Zonal bone tissue of the outer unit with numerous growth marks (arrows). Individual growth marks were counted as one, if at least one row of vascular canals separates them from their neighbours. The count starts here with three, because the first clear growth marks are outside the top edge of the component image. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right. E, Component image of the posterior thin section (not figured) with a preserved outer edge of the bone wall. Note the distinct decrease of vascularization towards the outer edge (bottom) with at least three annuli, but the absence of a series of growth marks in quick succession without vascular canals in between as in a typical EFS.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F152E02AFF3A81315A0017D5" blockId="36.[129,1470,1352,1684]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the bottom. F, Merging (yellow arrows) and widening (green arrows) of growth zones in the outer unit. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right. Abbreviations: Ann, Annulus; dLAG, double line of arrested growth; LAG, line of arrested growth; tLAG, triple line of arrested growth. Scale bars in A–E are 500 micrometres.</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F152E028FCEE80765F9D168B" blockId="36.[824,1475,1732,1975]" lastBlockId="38.[128,777,1876,1994]" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
The outer unit, extending from the first clearly visible growth mark internally to the outer edge of the periosteally deposited bone wall (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F152E02AFC1580345D91161B" box="[942,1011,1857,1882]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="35.[113,178,1623,1647]" captionTargetBox="[113,1458,145,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-182@35.[112,1459,144,1595]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figure 22. Overview of the mid-diaphyseal section of the right femur of A. kyrgyzicus, posterolateral thin section, under circumpolarized light and with a lambda filter.Frames indicate the location of the component images of Figure 23. Abbreviations: lat, lateral; post, posterior." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774285" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774285/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
), also consisted mainly of fibrolamellar bone tissue.However, it was strongly separated into zones with laminar to reticular, well-developed primary osteons in the fast-growing zones. Parallel-fibred annuli and/or lines of arrested growth (LAGs) werepresentinbetween (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F153E02BFE7881C05C7B178C" box="[451,537,1717,1741]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="36.[129,194,1352,1376]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-163@36.[129,1473,144,1324]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figure 23. Component images of the posterolateral thin section of the right femur of A. kyrgyzicus under circumpolarized light and with a lambda filter. A, Transition from coarse cancellous bone tissue of the inner unit (top) to fibrolamellar tissue of the middle unit (bottom). B, Pathological bone tissue of up to three ‘generations’, direction towards the outer bone surface is to the right.C, Typical, well-vascularized fibrolamellar bone tissue with scattered secondary osteons of the middle unit, direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right. D, Zonal bone tissue of the outer unit with numerous growth marks (arrows). Individual growth marks were counted as one, if at least one row of vascular canals separates them from their neighbours.The count starts here with three, because the first clear growth marks are outside the top edge of the component image. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right. E, Component image of the posterior thin section (not figured) with a preserved outer edge of the bone wall. Note the distinct decrease of vascularization towards the outer edge (bottom) with at least three annuli, but the absence of a series of growth marks in quick succession without vascular canals in between as in a typical EFS. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the bottom. F, Merging (yellow arrows) and widening (green arrows) of growth zones in the outer unit.Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right.Abbreviations:Ann, Annulus; dLAG, double line of arrested growth; LAG, line of arrested growth; tLAG, triple line of arrested growth.Scale bars in A–E are 500 micrometres." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774287" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774287/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig.23D</figureCitation>
). Thelatterwererarely interrupted by vascular canals. Secondary osteons were isolated and scarce, but were more abundant in the lateral corner. None reached the periosteal surface, however. The innermost growth mark was mostly blackish and obscured posteriorly (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F153E02BFD3880475CAA160B" box="[643,712,1842,1866]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="35.[113,178,1623,1647]" captionTargetBox="[113,1458,145,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-182@35.[112,1459,144,1595]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figure 22. Overview of the mid-diaphyseal section of the right femur of A. kyrgyzicus, posterolateral thin section, under circumpolarized light and with a lambda filter.Frames indicate the location of the component images of Figure 23. Abbreviations: lat, lateral; post, posterior." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774285" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774285/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
) but could be followed towards the lateral corner, where it was developed as a double LAG. The spacing of the fast-growing zones was irregular, but there was a clear decrease in average thickness about halfway towards the surface posterolaterally (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F153E02BFAF381C05BC0178C" box="[1352,1442,1717,1741]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="36.[129,194,1352,1376]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-163@36.[129,1473,144,1324]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figure 23. Component images of the posterolateral thin section of the right femur of A. kyrgyzicus under circumpolarized light and with a lambda filter. A, Transition from coarse cancellous bone tissue of the inner unit (top) to fibrolamellar tissue of the middle unit (bottom). B, Pathological bone tissue of up to three ‘generations’, direction towards the outer bone surface is to the right.C, Typical, well-vascularized fibrolamellar bone tissue with scattered secondary osteons of the middle unit, direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right. D, Zonal bone tissue of the outer unit with numerous growth marks (arrows). Individual growth marks were counted as one, if at least one row of vascular canals separates them from their neighbours.The count starts here with three, because the first clear growth marks are outside the top edge of the component image. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right. E, Component image of the posterior thin section (not figured) with a preserved outer edge of the bone wall. Note the distinct decrease of vascularization towards the outer edge (bottom) with at least three annuli, but the absence of a series of growth marks in quick succession without vascular canals in between as in a typical EFS. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the bottom. F, Merging (yellow arrows) and widening (green arrows) of growth zones in the outer unit.Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right.Abbreviations:Ann, Annulus; dLAG, double line of arrested growth; LAG, line of arrested growth; tLAG, triple line of arrested growth.Scale bars in A–E are 500 micrometres." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774287" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774287/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 23D</figureCitation>
). However, the growth zones became generally thinner from the posterolateral wall to the lateral corner and growth marks even merged together. The best account for growth marks was visible in the posterolateral bone wall. Depending on the area of the count, between 15 and 17 growth marks were present, developed as annuli and LAGs, in one case even a triple LAG (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F153E02BFA3680045D3516E9" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="36.[129,194,1352,1376]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-163@36.[129,1473,144,1324]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figure 23. Component images of the posterolateral thin section of the right femur of A. kyrgyzicus under circumpolarized light and with a lambda filter. A, Transition from coarse cancellous bone tissue of the inner unit (top) to fibrolamellar tissue of the middle unit (bottom). B, Pathological bone tissue of up to three ‘generations’, direction towards the outer bone surface is to the right.C, Typical, well-vascularized fibrolamellar bone tissue with scattered secondary osteons of the middle unit, direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right. D, Zonal bone tissue of the outer unit with numerous growth marks (arrows). Individual growth marks were counted as one, if at least one row of vascular canals separates them from their neighbours.The count starts here with three, because the first clear growth marks are outside the top edge of the component image. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right. E, Component image of the posterior thin section (not figured) with a preserved outer edge of the bone wall. Note the distinct decrease of vascularization towards the outer edge (bottom) with at least three annuli, but the absence of a series of growth marks in quick succession without vascular canals in between as in a typical EFS. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the bottom. F, Merging (yellow arrows) and widening (green arrows) of growth zones in the outer unit.Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right.Abbreviations:Ann, Annulus; dLAG, double line of arrested growth; LAG, line of arrested growth; tLAG, triple line of arrested growth.Scale bars in A–E are 500 micrometres." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774287" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774287/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 23D</figureCitation>
). Where preserved, the outer edge of the bone wall lacked a typical External Fundamental System (EFS), but the vascularization was already very scarce with mostly longitudinal primary osteons in a laminar order arranged in between thicker, avascular, parallel-fibred tissue (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F150E028FE2080C75F8C168B" box="[411,494,1970,1994]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="36.[129,194,1352,1376]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-163@36.[129,1473,144,1324]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figure 23. Component images of the posterolateral thin section of the right femur of A. kyrgyzicus under circumpolarized light and with a lambda filter. A, Transition from coarse cancellous bone tissue of the inner unit (top) to fibrolamellar tissue of the middle unit (bottom). B, Pathological bone tissue of up to three ‘generations’, direction towards the outer bone surface is to the right.C, Typical, well-vascularized fibrolamellar bone tissue with scattered secondary osteons of the middle unit, direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right. D, Zonal bone tissue of the outer unit with numerous growth marks (arrows). Individual growth marks were counted as one, if at least one row of vascular canals separates them from their neighbours.The count starts here with three, because the first clear growth marks are outside the top edge of the component image. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right. E, Component image of the posterior thin section (not figured) with a preserved outer edge of the bone wall. Note the distinct decrease of vascularization towards the outer edge (bottom) with at least three annuli, but the absence of a series of growth marks in quick succession without vascular canals in between as in a typical EFS. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the bottom. F, Merging (yellow arrows) and widening (green arrows) of growth zones in the outer unit.Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right.Abbreviations:Ann, Annulus; dLAG, double line of arrested growth; LAG, line of arrested growth; tLAG, triple line of arrested growth.Scale bars in A–E are 500 micrometres." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774287" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774287/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 23E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2445D9F153E02BFFC982B05F0E17C4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774291" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13774291" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774291/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" startId="37.[114,179,1477,1501]" targetBox="[116,1457,147,1446]" targetPageId="37" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE41551F153E02BFFC982B05F0E17C4" blockId="37.[113,1433,1477,1669]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F153E02BFFC982B05EB5149C" bold="true" box="[114,215,1477,1501]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Figure 24.</emphasis>
Overview of posterior section of right tibia IGB 2-48, under circumpolarized light and with a lambda filter. Frames indicate the location of the component images below. Growth marks are indicated by arrows. A, Inner part of the periosteal bone wall showing the welldeveloped (blue-coloured) band of ICL as well as a single LAG (lower third of image). Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the bottom. B, Details of the typical bone tissue within the periosteal bone wall. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the bottom. C, Outer area of the periosteal bone wall with slightly more abundant longitudinal primary osteons and an annulus, marked by the dark crack in the middle of the image. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower left. Abbreviations: lat, lateral, pos, posterior. Scale bars in A–C are 200 micrometres.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF2445D9F150E028FF3B81855C031662" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774293" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13774293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774293/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" startId="38.[128,193,1776,1800]" targetBox="[131,1471,146,1745]" targetPageId="38" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE41551F150E028FF3B81855C031662" blockId="38.[128,1447,1776,1828]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F150E028FF3B81855E871649" bold="true" box="[128,229,1776,1800]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Figure 25.</emphasis>
Phylogenetic position of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B6ED2F150E028FE6E81855C2F1649" box="[469,589,1776,1800]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Alpkarakush" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kyrgyzicus">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F150E028FE6E81855C2F1649" box="[469,589,1776,1800]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">A. kyrgyzicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Simplified reduced consensus tree resulting from the equally weighted parsimony analysis. For full results see Supporting information, Fig. S2.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F150E029FCEE80215F461025" blockId="38.[825,1474,1876,1994]" lastBlockId="39.[113,764,144,356]" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
An unusual feature in the outer unit was the termination of two of the fast-growing zones at the transitional area between the posterolateral wall and the lateral corner, combined with a distinct increase in thickness of two other zones in the same area (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F151E029FFC787E55EB311E9" box="[124,209,144,168]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="36.[129,194,1352,1376]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-163@36.[129,1473,144,1324]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figure 23. Component images of the posterolateral thin section of the right femur of A. kyrgyzicus under circumpolarized light and with a lambda filter. A, Transition from coarse cancellous bone tissue of the inner unit (top) to fibrolamellar tissue of the middle unit (bottom). B, Pathological bone tissue of up to three ‘generations’, direction towards the outer bone surface is to the right.C, Typical, well-vascularized fibrolamellar bone tissue with scattered secondary osteons of the middle unit, direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right. D, Zonal bone tissue of the outer unit with numerous growth marks (arrows). Individual growth marks were counted as one, if at least one row of vascular canals separates them from their neighbours.The count starts here with three, because the first clear growth marks are outside the top edge of the component image. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right. E, Component image of the posterior thin section (not figured) with a preserved outer edge of the bone wall. Note the distinct decrease of vascularization towards the outer edge (bottom) with at least three annuli, but the absence of a series of growth marks in quick succession without vascular canals in between as in a typical EFS. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the bottom. F, Merging (yellow arrows) and widening (green arrows) of growth zones in the outer unit.Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right.Abbreviations:Ann, Annulus; dLAG, double line of arrested growth; LAG, line of arrested growth; tLAG, triple line of arrested growth.Scale bars in A–E are 500 micrometres." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774287" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774287/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 23F</figureCitation>
). In addition, these fast-growing zones, together with at least a third zone, consist almost exclusively of woven-fibred tissue and contain unusually highly disorganized vascular canals with mainly reticular and sometimes even radial orientations (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F151E029FFC786785EB01064" box="[124,210,269,293]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="36.[129,194,1352,1376]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-163@36.[129,1473,144,1324]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figure 23. Component images of the posterolateral thin section of the right femur of A. kyrgyzicus under circumpolarized light and with a lambda filter. A, Transition from coarse cancellous bone tissue of the inner unit (top) to fibrolamellar tissue of the middle unit (bottom). B, Pathological bone tissue of up to three ‘generations’, direction towards the outer bone surface is to the right.C, Typical, well-vascularized fibrolamellar bone tissue with scattered secondary osteons of the middle unit, direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right. D, Zonal bone tissue of the outer unit with numerous growth marks (arrows). Individual growth marks were counted as one, if at least one row of vascular canals separates them from their neighbours.The count starts here with three, because the first clear growth marks are outside the top edge of the component image. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right. E, Component image of the posterior thin section (not figured) with a preserved outer edge of the bone wall. Note the distinct decrease of vascularization towards the outer edge (bottom) with at least three annuli, but the absence of a series of growth marks in quick succession without vascular canals in between as in a typical EFS. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the bottom. F, Merging (yellow arrows) and widening (green arrows) of growth zones in the outer unit.Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right.Abbreviations:Ann, Annulus; dLAG, double line of arrested growth; LAG, line of arrested growth; tLAG, triple line of arrested growth.Scale bars in A–E are 500 micrometres." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774287" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774287/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 23F</figureCitation>
). In the lateral and posterior sides of the bone wall, there was at least a single area with this fast-growing tissue present, respectively.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F151E029FFCA86F05CE3137B" blockId="39.[112,764,389,977]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B92FC943F151E029FFCA86F05F7210DC" box="[113,272,389,413]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Tibia IGB 2-48:</emphasis>
The bone wall in the sampled posterior area is 
<emphasis id="B92FC943F151E029FD5086F35C9610DC" box="[747,756,390,413]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">c</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CA3B8B4F151E029FFCA86D15EAE10FD" box="[113,204,420,444]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="mm" value="13.5">13.5 mm</quantity>
thick. There was no clear separation between the main histological units (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F151E029FE9486B15F16109D" box="[303,372,452,476]" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="37.[114,179,1477,1501]" captionTargetBox="[116,1457,147,1446]" captionTargetId="figure-181@37.[113,1460,144,1449]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figure 24.Overview of posterior section of right tibia IGB 2-48, under circumpolarized light and with a lambda filter.Frames indicate the location of the component images below. Growth marks are indicated by arrows. A, Inner part of the periosteal bone wall showing the welldeveloped (blue-coloured) band of ICL as well as a single LAG (lower third of image). Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the bottom. B, Details of the typical bone tissue within the periosteal bone wall. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the bottom.C, Outer area of the periosteal bone wall with slightly more abundant longitudinal primary osteons and an annulus, marked by the dark crack in the middle of the image. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower left. Abbreviations: lat, lateral, pos, posterior.Scale bars in A–C are 200 micrometres." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774291" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774291/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
) as in the femur of the 
<typeStatus id="54E0ABF3F151E029FDE486B15CDF109D" box="[607,701,452,476]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. Only a distinct band of ICL was present internally along the whole course of the sampled area (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F151E029FE2F85765F89135A" box="[404,491,515,539]" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="37.[114,179,1477,1501]" captionTargetBox="[116,1457,147,1446]" captionTargetId="figure-181@37.[113,1460,144,1449]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figure 24.Overview of posterior section of right tibia IGB 2-48, under circumpolarized light and with a lambda filter.Frames indicate the location of the component images below. Growth marks are indicated by arrows. A, Inner part of the periosteal bone wall showing the welldeveloped (blue-coloured) band of ICL as well as a single LAG (lower third of image). Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the bottom. B, Details of the typical bone tissue within the periosteal bone wall. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the bottom.C, Outer area of the periosteal bone wall with slightly more abundant longitudinal primary osteons and an annulus, marked by the dark crack in the middle of the image. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower left. Abbreviations: lat, lateral, pos, posterior.Scale bars in A–C are 200 micrometres." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774291" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774291/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 24A</figureCitation>
). The ICL was penetrated occasionally by mostly radial simple vascular canals.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F151E029FF3685345F0A1274" blockId="39.[112,764,389,977]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
The periosteal bone wall consisted of fibrolamellar bone tissue with numerous, well-developed primary osteons and abundant osteocyte lacunae. The vascular pattern was mainly laminar to plexiform with local occurrences of reticular or even short radial canals (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F151E029FF5685CA5F201396" box="[237,322,703,727]" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="37.[114,179,1477,1501]" captionTargetBox="[116,1457,147,1446]" captionTargetId="figure-181@37.[113,1460,144,1449]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figure 24.Overview of posterior section of right tibia IGB 2-48, under circumpolarized light and with a lambda filter.Frames indicate the location of the component images below. Growth marks are indicated by arrows. A, Inner part of the periosteal bone wall showing the welldeveloped (blue-coloured) band of ICL as well as a single LAG (lower third of image). Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the bottom. B, Details of the typical bone tissue within the periosteal bone wall. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the bottom.C, Outer area of the periosteal bone wall with slightly more abundant longitudinal primary osteons and an annulus, marked by the dark crack in the middle of the image. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower left. Abbreviations: lat, lateral, pos, posterior.Scale bars in A–C are 200 micrometres." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774291" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774291/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 24B</figureCitation>
). The spatial density of vascular canals decreased towards the outer periphery, whereas the percentage of longitudinal canals increased (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F151E029FE7385885C431254" box="[456,545,765,789]" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="37.[114,179,1477,1501]" captionTargetBox="[116,1457,147,1446]" captionTargetId="figure-181@37.[113,1460,144,1449]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figure 24.Overview of posterior section of right tibia IGB 2-48, under circumpolarized light and with a lambda filter.Frames indicate the location of the component images below. Growth marks are indicated by arrows. A, Inner part of the periosteal bone wall showing the welldeveloped (blue-coloured) band of ICL as well as a single LAG (lower third of image). Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the bottom. B, Details of the typical bone tissue within the periosteal bone wall. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the bottom.C, Outer area of the periosteal bone wall with slightly more abundant longitudinal primary osteons and an annulus, marked by the dark crack in the middle of the image. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower left. Abbreviations: lat, lateral, pos, posterior.Scale bars in A–C are 200 micrometres." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774291" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774291/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 24C</figureCitation>
). Secondary osteons were completely absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41551F151E029FF3684495CDF1290" blockId="39.[112,764,389,977]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
Three growth marks were present, widely spaced from each other (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F151E029FF01842E5F621232" box="[186,256,859,883]" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="37.[114,179,1477,1501]" captionTargetBox="[116,1457,147,1446]" captionTargetId="figure-181@37.[113,1460,144,1449]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figure 24.Overview of posterior section of right tibia IGB 2-48, under circumpolarized light and with a lambda filter.Frames indicate the location of the component images below. Growth marks are indicated by arrows. A, Inner part of the periosteal bone wall showing the welldeveloped (blue-coloured) band of ICL as well as a single LAG (lower third of image). Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the bottom. B, Details of the typical bone tissue within the periosteal bone wall. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the bottom.C, Outer area of the periosteal bone wall with slightly more abundant longitudinal primary osteons and an annulus, marked by the dark crack in the middle of the image. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower left. Abbreviations: lat, lateral, pos, posterior.Scale bars in A–C are 200 micrometres." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774291" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774291/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
). The innermost growth mark was a LAG, which was partially resorbed by the expanding medullary cavity, and the middle and outer growth marks were developed as annuli. There was no EFS developed at the outer edge (
<figureCitation id="136009D4F151E029FDED84CC5CCE1290" box="[598,684,953,977]" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="37.[114,179,1477,1501]" captionTargetBox="[116,1457,147,1446]" captionTargetId="figure-181@37.[113,1460,144,1449]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figure 24.Overview of posterior section of right tibia IGB 2-48, under circumpolarized light and with a lambda filter.Frames indicate the location of the component images below. Growth marks are indicated by arrows. A, Inner part of the periosteal bone wall showing the welldeveloped (blue-coloured) band of ICL as well as a single LAG (lower third of image). Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the bottom. B, Details of the typical bone tissue within the periosteal bone wall. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the bottom.C, Outer area of the periosteal bone wall with slightly more abundant longitudinal primary osteons and an annulus, marked by the dark crack in the middle of the image. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower left. Abbreviations: lat, lateral, pos, posterior.Scale bars in A–C are 200 micrometres." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774291" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774291/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 24C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>