506 lines
53 KiB
XML
506 lines
53 KiB
XML
<document id="11C5D5BD8839522D8099992CE606A61E" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.477.8446" ID-GBIF-Dataset="660aa201-26bb-46d7-b97a-c3b195e1a8f1" ID-PMC="PMC4319058" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-477-79" ID-PubMed="25685005" ID-ZooBank="12860BDADD3B49EBA5D42F3065822C11" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-477-79" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 477" ModsDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of genus Ablattaria Reitter (Coleoptera, Silphidae) using geometric morphometrics" checkinTime="1451244742311" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Qubaiova, Jarin, Ruzicka, Jan & Sipkova, Hana" docDate="2015" docId="CB4314AA743C0E49165CBD8F6374405F" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 477: 79-142" docOrigin="ZooKeys 477" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.477.8446" docTitle="Ablattaria subtriangula Reitter 1905" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="96" masterDocId="FFBCFFF6FFECFFC9FFC15B0CFFE5BE0B" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of genus Ablattaria Reitter (Coleoptera, Silphidae) using geometric morphometrics" masterLastPageNumber="142" masterPageNumber="79" pageNumber="89" updateTime="1701315579352" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="5975124003329805F5396C027A24673E">Taxonomic revision of genus Ablattaria Reitter (Coleoptera, Silphidae) using geometric morphometrics</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="95BB468EE2878D8E6690FF8438EB624D">Qubaiova, Jarin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D9DEA430E41FE53B660B4C1708BFC5A4">Ruzicka, Jan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8504AF288720C12579C8B690BB3C0EE6">Sipkova, Hana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="81466A883D1713168E269289ADFDCEFF">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="D63C6FC1492440662654831294A2900D">477</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="8E10A1B5846259EFD6E6CD8D70821FC7">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="43C80425BBFD2D9702FF24555C979194" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.477.8446</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="CB4314AA743C0E49165CBD8F6374405F" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152057993" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CB4314AA743C0E49165CBD8F6374405F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CB4314AA743C0E49165CBD8F6374405F" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="10" pageNumber="89">
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<subSubSection id="4E1F49B6B9A7C68232A1A2D624C2982D" pageId="10" pageNumber="89" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="2D5D7C4291019BC204903DE3A20DCB08" pageId="10" pageNumber="89">Taxon classification Animalia Coleoptera Silphidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="36F81A4C0050D54E364578438B4D5323" pageId="10" pageNumber="89" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="75CBC962F53B64F1AA37C0A0E73AC2DB" pageId="10" pageNumber="89">
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<taxonomicName id="9F67F1FFF1BC9C849DFC280721065D37" ID-CoL="9QSD5" authority="Reitter, 1905" authorityName="Reitter" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria subtriangula" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtriangula">Ablattaria subtriangula Reitter, 1905</taxonomicName>
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Figs 3, 14, 19, 20, 27
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6100082DC85B3C9201CBC39EA94EBB9C" pageId="11" pageNumber="90" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="15C0083B6B0C958CB64311DBD086F17C" pageId="11" pageNumber="90">
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<taxonomicName id="BDCC3FB86D26BA3B80D94147A081649B" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria subtriangula" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtriangula">
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<pageBreakToken id="A3C9427D1C556EC2EB832AE56ADFE6B8" pageId="11" pageNumber="90" start="start">Ablattaria</pageBreakToken>
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subtriangula
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</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation id="FEEE31959BE91B9FF269B1E2A3342D63" author="Reitter, E" journalOrPublisher="Wiener Entomologische Zeitung" pageId="22" pageNumber="101" pagination="90 - 94" title="Acht neue Coleopteren aus der palaearktischen Fauna." volume="24" year="1905">Reitter 1905</bibRefCitation>
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: 90 (type locality: "Spanien, Sierra de Guadeloupe [= Sierra de Villuercas mountain range],
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<normalizedToken id="BB05A37F6159161351D524A8802F400C" originalValue="Cáceres">Caceres</normalizedToken>
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[ca.
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<geoCoordinate id="E1C7F96ABFB26F1AC858D9D1CC793D52" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="39.483334">39°29'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="32E3BC59529345DC056F1E454EFE088E" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-6.366667">06°22'W</geoCoordinate>
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]).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="43377AD1D4F42A67DA455443AAA35B6B" pageId="11" pageNumber="90" type="type material examined">
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<paragraph id="54AFC3C150C60D9B60EB0B3A0FA22BFD" pageId="11" pageNumber="90">Type material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D9E690138B883FC68877653AB3CF0340" pageId="11" pageNumber="90">
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Lectotype male (here designated) (MNHN, coll. Pic), pinned, labelled: "SIERRA DE GUADALUPE / (
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<normalizedToken id="970E392C27DE3C01A04DAB0D17A6BC94" originalValue="CÁCERES">CACERES</normalizedToken>
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) / MAI 1904 / G. SCHRAMM [p] // 71 [hw] // type [hw] //
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<taxonomicName id="DE47098E54415AC86F01F5735071E25E" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ablattaria</taxonomicName>
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/
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<taxonomicName id="F0E7CDD813E725A94B9EE447818D3604" lsidName="laevigata" pageId="11" pageNumber="90" rank="species" species="laevigata">laevigata</taxonomicName>
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/
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<taxonomicName id="7B80E1A89335F979C0EC9252237F8035" lsidName="var. subtriangula" pageId="11" pageNumber="90" rank="variety" variety="subtriangula">v. subtriangula</taxonomicName>
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Rtt. / (Reitt. vid.) [hw, probably
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<normalizedToken id="33760B971AF39B9FAC62AFDDE95F1D55" originalValue="Portevin’s">Portevin's</normalizedToken>
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handwriting] //
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<taxonomicName id="DB4BD11DCE62935CE4E0662978528861" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria subtriangula" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtriangula">Ablattaria subtriangula</taxonomicName>
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/ Reitt. [hw,
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<normalizedToken id="A122B3FD0ED59D3604F3A72520C5425F" originalValue="Pic’s">Pic's</normalizedToken>
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handwriting] // Lectotype /
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<taxonomicName id="08F8D041D74C99DB25581385650E2CDC" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria subtriangula" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtriangula">Ablattaria subtriangula</taxonomicName>
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/ Reitter, 1905 / J.
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<normalizedToken id="A19CEA59D1BC0F605A01BAD778D8BA12" originalValue="Qubaiová">Qubaiova</normalizedToken>
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& J.
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<normalizedToken id="77F6622D25B10D22BEA36F5F04B0525E" originalValue="Růžička">Ruzicka</normalizedToken>
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/ des. 2014 [p, red label]. Paralectotype male (MNHN, coll. Marmottan) (Fig. 27), pinned, labelled: "SIERRA DE GUADALUPE / (
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<normalizedToken id="6019A1158071465DDF6D8C6BC99EFB2E" originalValue="CÁCERES">CACERES</normalizedToken>
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) / MAI 1904 / G. SCHRAMM [p] // TYPE [p, red modern label] //
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<taxonomicName id="64C05AA652885A0F952B74636F1F8C5D" genus="Subtriangula" lsidName="Subtriangula" pageId="11" pageNumber="90" rank="genus">Subtriangula</taxonomicName>
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/ Reitt. / (Reynoza) [hw] //
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<normalizedToken id="491451FAFEF23BF07DCDFE67FB9B662A" originalValue="Muséum">Museum</normalizedToken>
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Paris / 1914 / Coll. H. Marmottan [p, modern label] // Paralectotype /
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<taxonomicName id="70750E2EFA586D3D66C7AA3AF55CDE9D" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria subtriangula" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtriangula">Ablattaria subtriangula</taxonomicName>
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/ Reitter, 1905 / J.
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<normalizedToken id="A641118E348CCA9EEE1F5ED302FDFE54" originalValue="Qubaiová">Qubaiova</normalizedToken>
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& J.
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<normalizedToken id="C5A0FCDE04C7F76C233C1CB79F0D311E" originalValue="Růžička">Ruzicka</normalizedToken>
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des. 2014 [p, red label]".
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="526004BB3F03ECB3A88D6E19733454FE" pageId="11" pageNumber="90" type="additional material examined">
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<paragraph id="33A6846223DEB42A766E534F9BBB664D" pageId="11" pageNumber="90">Additional material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4BC3AF90FF9FF81A5FEBC373A2EA47C8" pageId="11" pageNumber="90">18 specimens, see Appendix 1.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F6BEEBCEA421644C4BF97CAE69829DEC" pageId="11" pageNumber="90" type="diagnostic description">
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<paragraph id="7A4BD63AE8D5E0601CD8EBC920CD7BF5" pageId="11" pageNumber="90">Diagnostic description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CE520030CDBEF87B3FD6E3A22E7269EB" pageId="11" pageNumber="90">Total body length 12-16 mm, body glossy, black (Figs 3, 14, 19). Pronotum almost conical in shape, margins anterolaterally constricted (Fig. 14); with evenly distributed, homogenous, distinct punctures on whole dorsal surface (Fig. 14). Elytra regularly rounded; with densely and evenly distributed medium-sized, distinct punctures of similar size (Fig. 19).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="E13370CEA1690402FB4D5FFAFDCA574F" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="11" pageNumber="90" type="remarks">
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<paragraph id="ACBAC84BCED6B76B6FD2D08E03A0C754" pageId="11" pageNumber="90">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B0C7221738540E268191A9917967C3AE" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="11" pageNumber="90">
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Additional male specimen (MNHN, coll. Marmottan), pinned, labelled: "Soto [hw] // TYPE [p, red modern label] //
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<taxonomicName id="A8A812E24455B9921EEB366F94EA62FA" class="Insecta" family="Agyrtidae" genus="Silpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Silpha subtriangula" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtriangula">Silpha subtriangula</taxonomicName>
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/ Reitt. / Co-type
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<pageBreakToken id="94348D74ED978B9DD550022FCE7EF471" pageId="12" pageNumber="91" start="start">[</pageBreakToken>
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hw, same handwriting as on identification label of lectotype specimen]" is not considered here as paralectotype, because its locality is not consistent with precise information provided in the original description by
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<bibRefCitation id="D84175A0A89EBB002AA978AFCB4EEF93" author="Reitter, E" journalOrPublisher="Wiener Entomologische Zeitung" pageId="22" pageNumber="101" pagination="90 - 94" title="Acht neue Coleopteren aus der palaearktischen Fauna." volume="24" year="1905">Reitter (1905)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<normalizedToken id="2213E061C0D6C11C754262FF51F74A4A" originalValue="“Soto”">"Soto"</normalizedToken>
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is vague, as there seem to be more than 10 localities with this name across Spain (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto), none of which are in either
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<normalizedToken id="CBE4C209121C139684305F63367008A7" originalValue="Cáceres">Caceres</normalizedToken>
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Province or elsewhere in the Extramadura autonomous community.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="63169236E3A294C1852CB2A45DF1E04A" pageId="13" pageNumber="92" type="biology">
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<paragraph id="E29601684E686AC9D4195981669F5F25" pageId="13" pageNumber="92">
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<pageBreakToken id="05495BBB913E1FFA14AC76910844A687" pageId="13" pageNumber="92" start="start">Biology</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F95AA4A71D6E13C2F657EC6077CE89A5" pageId="13" pageNumber="92">
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Regarding the seasonal activity of
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<taxonomicName id="E346DC053CA267D13928577474E77422" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria subtriangula" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtriangula">Ablattaria subtriangula</taxonomicName>
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, in the limited adult material examined, most specimens were collected between April and June.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="4818BA9134B67D8692CFEBBFBFDC7E33" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="13" pageNumber="92" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="024EF6C46C78CF792F2028A57E60B925" pageId="13" pageNumber="92">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A3018CDBDCD7D9FA4EEFCFA277E3343A" pageId="13" pageNumber="92">Endemic to continental Spain (Fig. 32).</paragraph>
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<subSection id="5677C9A2A0725DCBA61BE8CE1B9C2B73" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="13" pageNumber="92" type="geometric morphometrics">
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<paragraph id="F9C98B8E9CC2E3E2CFBA2C8B5D6E2495" pageId="13" pageNumber="92">Geometric morphometrics</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4338EECBBD1827B0F222B2D92E450761" pageId="13" pageNumber="92">
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Relative warps (RWs) of both males and females of the four
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<taxonomicName id="DF2C5F27399DF082BA2A6F080AECF35E" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ablattaria</taxonomicName>
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taxa were calculated and plotted on an axis system. The first RW (RW1) axis represented 44.25% of shape variability and the second axis (RW2) accounted for 20.22%. Subsequently, discriminant analysis (DA) was applied between the sexes on the first 30 axes representing 99.94% of variability. The results indicated shape sexual dimorphism (
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<normalizedToken id="CA4F6578BA59C85E8C76E95255C06EF9" originalValue="Hotelling’s">Hotelling's</normalizedToken>
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test: 444.2, F: 14.071, p <0.0001). Specimens correctly classified to their means showed a percentage of 82.59.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D62100A90D78339EBCCF4345F43D55BB" pageId="13" pageNumber="92">
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Male groups of the four taxa were tested independently and RW1 accounted for 44.74% of the total variance whereas RW2 accounted for 20.43%. A higher 46.98% of variability was explained by the RW1 axis in females and 18.73% by RW2. Both scatter plots of the two first RWs for male and female
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<taxonomicName id="23C3CE1F1F6373676F9C94421991C84D" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ablattaria</taxonomicName>
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displayed a high overlap between the groups of the different taxa. The thin-plate spline (TPS) transformation grids (not included in the article) indicated some shape differences between the taxa especially in
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<taxonomicName id="F856D058ED550509820DDF15C27368B3" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria arenaria" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arenaria">Ablattaria arenaria</taxonomicName>
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; less rounded or curved pronotal margins posteriorly and more parallel elytra. In
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<taxonomicName id="D08B5894EBE6C618C295773F89E7864E" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria laevigata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">Ablattaria laevigata</taxonomicName>
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the posterior pronotal margins appeared more rounded (semi-elliptical) and the elytra were more robust than the other taxa particularly in the females, whereas the pronotal shape of
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<taxonomicName id="D7D022864E8EAF97E308E0D6FB2E0A81" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria subtriangula" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtriangula">Ablattaria subtriangula</taxonomicName>
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was more narrowed to the front (conical).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5E640814C8FCECAC9D56299BA6030307" pageId="13" pageNumber="92">
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Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was performed on the four groups. The results indicated significant shape variations, but the separations between the groups were weak, given that the number of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BFA6252D67088229FAF0CD7C501836EE" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria subtriangula" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtriangula">Ablattaria subtriangula</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens was very low compared to those of other groups. Hence, the analysis was repeated without the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="163042CBBB468EE7952CBDE8720145ED" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria subtriangula" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtriangula">Ablattaria subtriangula</taxonomicName>
|
||
samples to obtain a clearer separation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F17C294E4140FEAA61FE3A4E56B35ED9" pageId="13" pageNumber="92">
|
||
Shape diversity of both pronotum and elytra between the three taxa was indicated by MANOVA. Male groups revealed significant shape differences (F = 32.93;
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3808AFBA55DF59966D86415A58F3328B" originalValue="Wilk’s">Wilk's</normalizedToken>
|
||
lambda = 0.0784; DF = 40/512; p <0.00001). Female groups demonstrated higher body shape variability (F = 24.93;
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0856DADED08A4B56AEAC8F87394E6612" originalValue="Wilk’s">Wilk's</normalizedToken>
|
||
lambda = 0.1252; DF = 40/546; p <0.00001).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E6F2E151CD96A1C578678DB74409B5BA" pageId="13" pageNumber="92">
|
||
Two individual canonical variate analyses (CVA) for males and females (separately) were performed to obtain separation of the four groups on the first 20 axes of the RW scores matrix. These axes covered 99.81% of the shape variation between male groups and 99.82% between female groups. Results indicated no overlap between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDC23C6A4C422488A979FF96EC4B0364" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria arenaria" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arenaria">Ablattaria arenaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
and either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="990CC60667B8195B71582A5038AAFD1D" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria laevigata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">Ablattaria laevigata</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DC126B8D3298FD118E21FC3BAA2BF5E3" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria cribrata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cribrata">Ablattaria cribrata</taxonomicName>
|
||
in males and only with one specimen in females (Fig. 34). The overlap between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9EF0508C997B610E4FABBE506AAD9B6" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria laevigata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">Ablattaria laevigata</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5AEBCB093FDF61B60C363E09055139CE" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria cribrata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cribrata">Ablattaria cribrata</taxonomicName>
|
||
was minimal and more evident in males than in females.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="11EAFA9921CB93AD9154AFB5ECC31809" pageId="13" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<paragraph id="CDB5ED67DCE28FAF163C8A980FABC784" pageId="13" pageNumber="92">
|
||
Figure 34. Canonical variate analysis (CVA) of male (above) and female (below) body shape changes in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37F1E14DE75EC32E65F7616EA5FF5649" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ablattaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="D6EB309FCEFF3A434B4E8B1CEA3F3BF1" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="93" pageId="13" pageNumber="92">
|
||
The jackknifed (or leave-one-out) values of the confusion matrix in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9FEC58B33DA4A11D6746D8B45649E3F" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria laevigata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="3667C5EA8F148CC772BA9839A6ED29B8" pageId="14" pageNumber="93" start="start">Ablattaria</pageBreakToken>
|
||
laevigata
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males illustrated a correct mean classification of 131 from 144 specimens (13 showed means closer to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="65E5EA3FAC414F32E6E33CD301CDC54E" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria cribrata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cribrata">Ablattaria cribrata</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="917DF8A5C3722EF2C49DD944C3A90213" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria arenaria" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arenaria">Ablattaria arenaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
, this was the case for 84 of 85 (1 was closer in its mean value to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="422C917EC0C04D10BB0D89BEE17D8EA1" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria cribrata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cribrata">Ablattaria cribrata</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1F71E87DBA1DD44DFF4658439D3FEC92" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria cribrata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cribrata">Ablattaria cribrata</taxonomicName>
|
||
had 42 accurate classifications of 49 in total (7 specimens were closer to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DC590F971334BB309C7540E70E46EFA" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria laevigata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">Ablattaria laevigata</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In the females, 150 specimens of 175 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14AFC37D60C9F18F7119915AEB3AF579" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria laevigata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">Ablattaria laevigata</taxonomicName>
|
||
were correctly classified (24 were closer to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="786B3309C2F76D54F6887B624C0568C2" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria cribrata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cribrata">Ablattaria cribrata</taxonomicName>
|
||
and 1 to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0E293105E733877A8BED1799167B8796" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria arenaria" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arenaria">Ablattaria arenaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D1DA1EEF6F30D64F598A190A1111D333" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria arenaria" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arenaria">Ablattaria arenaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 82 of 87 were correctly classified (4 were closer to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="04946CB4498D8EB80AFEE2F8699FAA33" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria laevigata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">Ablattaria laevigata</taxonomicName>
|
||
and 1 to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DA8BA2C48164E7EEEA49D9AFF4CDE0E7" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria cribrata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cribrata">Ablattaria cribrata</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF9C36D8399CC1288FE6A083BFE4661D" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria cribrata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cribrata">Ablattaria cribrata</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 25 of 33 were clearly classified (8 were closer to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="19712A676B20783C2EFC240A6BE8C362" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria laevigata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">Ablattaria laevigata</taxonomicName>
|
||
). These findings strongly indicate the shape variations of these taxa, and thus support the hypothesis that all three taxa constitute separate species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AE2DB1D93CD92032C49B8F88090587B4" pageId="15" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="2E86940732613F6EC1457ADA60925B7C" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" start="start">Nevertheless</pageBreakToken>
|
||
, both males and females (independently) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62E02225434FA0577C3CFC1AA837868F" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria subtriangula" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtriangula">Ablattaria subtriangula</taxonomicName>
|
||
were tested and compared with one group formed by the three other taxa to ensure its independence by discriminant analysis (DA). Results indicated significant shape variability in males (
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9D25A5BF2A7D95BA88D2CE7EBA6FC9A5" originalValue="Hotelling’s">Hotelling's</normalizedToken>
|
||
test: 20.598, F: 5.0946, p <0.001) with 86.93% correct classification of specimens to their means. For females (
|
||
<normalizedToken id="41C959B138E1EE023780F2E9EAE04848" originalValue="Hotelling’s">Hotelling's</normalizedToken>
|
||
test: 40.282, F: 10.465, p <0.0001), specimens correctly classified were 85.48%. As a result,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AD3E378770AD54F8F8BCFC4D04D796A" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria subtriangula" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtriangula">Ablattaria subtriangula</taxonomicName>
|
||
indicates its division from the other taxa and therefore may also be considered as a separate species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2D178DDCEF1A8E8255B99104418D7300" pageId="15" pageNumber="94">
|
||
To examine allometry effects, the influence of size on body shape was tested first on the four taxa by separating them into groups based on taxon and sex. The multivariate regressions of shape onto size were performed one group at a time. Results showed significant relationship in both sexes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B8F8DF3321CEE93F6CB160AB1D1E7BA" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria laevigata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">Ablattaria laevigata</taxonomicName>
|
||
, males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FA24DA38DCE720137E0EE495836316A7" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria arenaria" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arenaria">Ablattaria arenaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="16C87ACF070F94A4C17DBF73C3F15D3F" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria subtriangula" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtriangula">Ablattaria subtriangula</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="19B275D29C2F380FF87921244351D724" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria cribrata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cribrata">Ablattaria cribrata</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The results were insignificant for female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E6B6B636FD2B940F114BDE77D5CEA0F8" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria arenaria" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arenaria">Ablattaria arenaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6491D49B62D0A285F509D194EE37B2B0" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria subtriangula" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtriangula">Ablattaria subtriangula</taxonomicName>
|
||
and male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="47D95FCFA94DE6A46D87C738673F6B5B" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria cribrata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cribrata">Ablattaria cribrata</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Table 2).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="87A8817125818A59725198AC82AAB72E" pageId="15" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<paragraph id="087263FCDB7D7C0874684D30B33E5D5E" pageId="15" pageNumber="94">
|
||
Table 2. Multivariate regressions of shape onto size for each
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FC63E8D404D8A88920F4F9BE624BF626" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ablattaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
species and sex separately.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="67430E4566F21A32125B5A5DD7294B74" pageId="15" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<table id="6B16B480F733FF9BB3E69DC7E911FCBF" pageId="15" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<tr id="53FC46798BF4C408D09410CF6AFED166" pageId="15" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<th id="CA3F55CFEE21320BD90435553571850D" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">Species</th>
|
||
<th id="223127E1053F2641A28747C2FA336ECB" colspan="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="403EB6EC0B765AE76631AD6A2BF4E8BC" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria laevigata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">Ablattaria laevigata</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="3E73B5A3D7E346E00C33E9A5EF25B612" colspan="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ECC3C896234D275376E73889B7D99788" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria arenaria" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arenaria">Ablattaria arenaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="CA0FC222F97E6A2B0819EB24875990B4" pageId="15" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<th id="6B228B3B68EE9648AC4EB6E8FF91EF11" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="2">Explained variance</th>
|
||
<th id="F0EEF4EF8A2C5AF1E8D099CCA3B0E54B" colspan="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1F78C2F4478EDBCCC60F0C3C301E300E" originalValue="Goodall’s">Goodall's</normalizedToken>
|
||
F -test
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="86146138CE57F9BFD32C8EACA8C87EC0" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="2">Explained variance</th>
|
||
<th id="9DDAD06FB4124078C946B5D873567DE9" colspan="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="80747902C0B2C758CE105BCEA315F1CA" originalValue="Goodall’s">Goodall's</normalizedToken>
|
||
F -test
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="2B4072F4BEDFEBDD701919F2D974F154" pageId="15" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<th id="526CF90632E613CEB58DEA49A1EC6631" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">Sex</th>
|
||
<th id="1CC97FF76A00E887457B033F2CCEAC48" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">F -value</th>
|
||
<th id="298344D42889C6911A88C7D8DBFD5B14" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">p -value</th>
|
||
<th id="23D2110F8538D6E77E4A7A628F00DC9D" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">F -value</th>
|
||
<th id="A0B9B7B3B45A283F44447CA54C6D2499" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">p -value</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="0C23C5AB62B9891617FE67297B97C2CA" pageId="15" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<td id="A92AA648DB8E7BF4C47A53A00EC43F9E" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">p</td>
|
||
<td id="AA2CED1B41840EA59D89C5CB43B98F37" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">p</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="57AB7CA95A85C6F57E1B112DBB598254" pageId="15" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<td id="056D25BBCF3AA0E19F11295CC821FB67" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">p</td>
|
||
<td id="30E53348A59D7E3DDC5E542B811D5F21" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">p</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="4A480230DD940B6EC7600E39C1588899" pageId="15" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<td id="3D6741D1947186383B655EC518B74E05" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">Species</td>
|
||
<td id="0F2CBA67546E13A0696D17E4F34FE302" colspan="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D7B648751991DF901DBFFD7C2AA575" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria cribrata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cribrata">Ablattaria cribrata</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="31E10950C645997BB7ABA40E1A35AD5D" colspan="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9236A8CAE8129E9879AD59FB9C6AB54B" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria subtriangula" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtriangula">Ablattaria subtriangula</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="F855CFD110295CA41655BCC42D8DBCB0" pageId="15" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<td id="28CF1CD889629C0159440D7B814FE79C" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="2">Explained variance</td>
|
||
<td id="F87C9D18804FA3E7E91E8F759AC6B745" colspan="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="76ED13B33F5F6DECDBE49F3FC20E755B" originalValue="Goodall’s">Goodall's</normalizedToken>
|
||
F-test
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="5AADB842B1F2BAAE95A8E2B3E21D1AAF" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="2">Explained variance</td>
|
||
<td id="28D97E3D423EE89DFF2071D466F138E9" colspan="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3C962A2DB21B693F6E8B0B3ABD154F81" originalValue="Goodall’s">Goodall's</normalizedToken>
|
||
F-test
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="C4468848ADF1D0CF8699E186128132E3" pageId="15" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<td id="B267B5FA2E65CF2C5B958249166038CE" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">Sex</td>
|
||
<td id="48EB6314F459C8785BCE01919C920015" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">F-value</td>
|
||
<td id="BE82F321DEA55974BA34D72EFE1EE6E9" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">p-value</td>
|
||
<td id="3555CFF591EE5216A21F2C1405175262" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">F-value</td>
|
||
<td id="943237F51640A9CF4BB7376FFF15142F" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">p-value</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="436C79395FA759EC368C4F0DA528E4E2" pageId="15" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<td id="2271768466BBCB057F6728201E383FC9" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">p</td>
|
||
<td id="4B119307B617C287864A0550A0DF2D60" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">p</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7779620391D0FD4B59A8CF1D79B0C953" pageId="15" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<td id="1FE7B7371DD8E4419BCC53A27AFD9117" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">p</td>
|
||
<td id="A50BF52528550838D77E2A9D1B03C815" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">p</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1C21B62E7CF351B178CEFAD5C5977E6A" pageId="15" pageNumber="94">Since allometry was significant in most taxa groups, size correction was provided by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). This tool indicates if variation in shape is a result of size difference alone. MANCOVA was applied on male and female groups of the four taxa. Results suggested a significant interaction between body shape and body size (Table 3). Permutation tests with 1000 random permutations demonstrated a p-value of 0.00021 in males and 0.00087 in females. Considering that the percentage explained by size was 16.09% in males and 11.14% in females, some effect on the body shape variability between the taxa can be observed.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="D849DCB8414F612C3D5BDEDD6FC1EB9C" pageId="15" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<paragraph id="91BD2D78E62311C6DF1D1DCF263F073A" pageId="15" pageNumber="94">
|
||
Table 3. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) for the four
|
||
<taxonomicName id="373E7BBD4B067A443D6ED276E626A70F" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ablattaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
taxa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="CDA66943F0A13D55309CEF7F3555E339" pageId="15" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<table id="B3F617D3421F2E1F1A219A9A8CFA817D" pageId="15" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<tr id="285D0EA6555D06369F67AFDE001B38AA" pageId="15" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<th id="64441529144CB33B1EB78AEABD465039" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="2">Explained variance</th>
|
||
<th id="B10AB046BB442B8ACF68DE49B9404D2A" colspan="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="DFEB38B07258B705C7AAB388E1CD6655" originalValue="Goodall’s">Goodall's</normalizedToken>
|
||
F -test
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="0A10CE469C33C440B260A3107C659893" pageId="15" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<th id="B650FD0A67039325B75074CD4F6AD5FA" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">Sex</th>
|
||
<th id="2D98F2BA67E31C172A19C2291D7EBDBA" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">F -value</th>
|
||
<th id="46A7D916EACB90DFB3F6406519206A6D" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">p -value</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="D0EB5C01609043F2F7FB728BCA31FE2A" pageId="15" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<td id="66FE394762B785AB5D38EFB43F62EBBB" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">p</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="65815835036710B3A4D8A16FBC8B15DD" pageId="15" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<td id="AD4E103C3ED6C9699997D0777E3F3E64" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="94" rowspan="1">p</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B4C404559888480218F5C3129CAB7C99" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="15" pageNumber="94">
|
||
Given that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7F0C391AA087BA29F0AE84FC60AEE345" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria laevigata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="FD34C50C853706827CD6DF0063EF09F7" pageId="16" pageNumber="95" start="start">Ablattaria</pageBreakToken>
|
||
laevigata
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has such a wide ranging geographical distribution, it was interesting to examine the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="142FCA3375E96D8600BA5D73EBBFD145" originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
|
||
body changes in various populations. Three different populations were studied: one from Greece and Turkey (Gr. & Tr.), a population from Italy (It.), and a population from Central Europe (CE) (geographic origins of examined specimens are summarized in Fig. 33). Relative warps were calculated in male and female populations separately and plotted on an axis system. The RW1 axis of males corresponded to 39.02% and RW2 to 18.99% of shape variability. In females, RW1 indicated 43.87% of shape variation and RW2 indicated 20.91%. TPS transformation grids (not included in the article) showed little shape variability; the elytra appeared, in general, more parallel in the Greek and Turkish populations. Populations from Italy had a more arched elytra and the pronotum was slightly broader (Figs 7 and 8).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7D5AA2AA6F376D1A1799700A13E80BE9" pageId="16" pageNumber="95">
|
||
MANOVA was performed subsequently. Male populations revealed significant shape dissimilarity (F = 10.35;
|
||
<normalizedToken id="391B82D1FF660A4C1A79F9883E1301B3" originalValue="Wilk’s">Wilk's</normalizedToken>
|
||
lambda = 0.121; DF = 30/166; p <0.00001). Shape variability was found to be also significant in the female populations (F = 8.337;
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EF44E814728607E4FB86419F4BCD811A" originalValue="Wilk’s">Wilk's</normalizedToken>
|
||
lambda = 0.166; DF = 30/172; p <0.00001). Canonical variate analysis on the first 15 axes was performed and represented 99.54% of the shape variation in males and 99.68% in females. Results indicated overlap between all groups (Fig. 35). The jackknifed values of the confusion matrix for both sexes are presented in Tables 4 and 5. The most obvious separation was seen in the Italian population, which showed incorrect classification of only 7 specimens in the two sexes taken together of a total 72 specimens. The Central European population showed higher variation in the male than was that in the female populations from Greece and Turkey.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="D0EDBF5397AD59A28038BC04D055EE9C" pageId="16" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<paragraph id="AC2990440F60658D663D14E24AF2F938" pageId="16" pageNumber="95">
|
||
Table 4. Canonical variate analysis confusion matrix of male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98E3BF9C8829578A55E90B2D47DE2738" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria laevigata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">Ablattaria laevigata</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations demonstrating the classification of specimens to the groups depending on their proximity to the various means.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="CA33A02F71212559F6EA53073A99D8FD" pageId="16" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<table id="FC41515352E5E9C4A78E9BDC6A99C0A4" pageId="16" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<tr id="6D467E9E7A7EC19A297CD74E4D1A69BF" pageId="16" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<th id="09EAB8590ED2542638EBA10D5465D618" colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="95" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7E2024D735E389833B91E49908FC75C" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria laevigata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">Ablattaria laevigata</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations, males
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="8F711808978BA42D2AE260C4892B1301" colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="95" rowspan="1">Pop. (Gr. & Tr.)</th>
|
||
<th id="A2F5CA30800B17D28D067F48FF573BDF" colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="95" rowspan="1">Pop. (It.)</th>
|
||
<th id="E590D7FF8FD7857A8972EDAE5BB9D6E4" colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="95" rowspan="1">Pop. (CE)</th>
|
||
<th id="3379A2EF673F481FDE61013FC15AE9A4" colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="95" rowspan="1">Total</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="6AE70001BA4B634C10B6E1BF09B94FCF" pageId="16" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<td id="702F55BED0DE0AA0125D754290C7E322" colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="95" rowspan="1">15</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="C3A385177FBA4D627CDE1D482445B5E4" pageId="16" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<td id="7E1CFA09BF86132AD51D423BDBA92CFC" colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="95" rowspan="1">35</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="C938812446C2D6A38D5EEA32DD650698" pageId="16" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<td id="2854BEDECBB1CB58BA69D81656AF9A66" colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="95" rowspan="1">28</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="4342884A31A32B8B003BDE5B1E510B5E" pageId="16" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<paragraph id="272D65BBD3355B9EB0F6F0122AB6E06B" pageId="16" pageNumber="95">
|
||
Table 5. Canonical variate analysis confusion matrix of female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24E2A3F7A2860E027EBB3D49851AC3A6" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria laevigata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">Ablattaria laevigata</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="1A546528AD6148216283DAEC5E4E3033" pageId="16" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<table id="1E1611A8B51A9338B00EB2C39DD657AA" pageId="16" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<tr id="41BB6DB5A915205082CE719D312F3E6D" pageId="16" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<th id="715F3B317464433BCB0F22386A9FF2BA" colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="95" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="451F53905BD8C813718359F864DF8EA8" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria laevigata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">Ablattaria laevigata</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations, females
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="5DFE592A55D98BD349F07E2BC24208D2" colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="95" rowspan="1">Pop. (Gr. & Tr.)</th>
|
||
<th id="4AED1B3E3785678C6A88D261F83F5A67" colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="95" rowspan="1">Pop. (It.)</th>
|
||
<th id="6A4A1A69FEA7C9AAC1B668855173A955" colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="95" rowspan="1">Pop. (CE)</th>
|
||
<th id="6060C00153990AD6306906BF45CB147E" colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="95" rowspan="1">Total</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="D4EC2DE463E00E06471DD7AA638F9E8F" pageId="16" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<td id="C428A45F9D28ADDEF520B9FFD23417CD" colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="95" rowspan="1">27</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="597D6AE7592C8626C400199C70A35271" pageId="16" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<td id="28F698A49F9D465514354ED853F46EA3" colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="95" rowspan="1">30</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="DC5859D062F5FA2D0FF8C12EABA04AF9" pageId="16" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<td id="A8FF8EF3DD3DF56E49524A3B50206698" colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="95" rowspan="1">21</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2360E2E4F1D24F9B385F96158108C1E6" pageId="16" pageNumber="95">In order to determine whether allometry played a role in this categorization, and even though the sample was too small, regression results indicated significant relationship between size and shape in both sexes (Table 6). Despite the fact that size explained a low percentage of the body shape (11.49% in males and 9.91% in females), its effect cannot be denied and the influence of allometry can be noted.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="4547B4AAB90D1CD60EC67DED978F8AC6" pageId="16" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<paragraph id="BBCA722B9AF1D0C9955F9A0BB294A179" pageId="16" pageNumber="95">
|
||
Figure 35. Canonical variate analysis (CVA) of male (above) and female (below) body shape changes in selected populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D1EA40B39DBE78AE09158820A1094301" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria laevigata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">Ablattaria laevigata</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Gr. & Tr. (Greece & Turkey), It. (Italy), CE (Central Europe).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="B0E6604FE75C415BE18EE7983AD89CF1" pageId="16" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<paragraph id="9800F05A851B87D6DD0C09A7CC1C655F" pageId="16" pageNumber="95">Table 6. Multivariate regression of log centroid size on shape for both sexes of the three populations.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="64F4F2C8792E93E8E16CEEAD70A5F933" pageId="16" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<table id="0F8CB8B0FC411A87599999D337DBFD01" pageId="16" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<tr id="4ABA90B372C757C46C532EB18F992F49" pageId="16" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<th id="4D60071C27186C05822145094239A7C5" colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="95" rowspan="2">Explained variance</th>
|
||
<th id="155B25567AB1AE21A5555B8F75F5CEAA" colspan="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="95" rowspan="1">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="CE330408316BA7B69332383FB36AD1D5" originalValue="Goodall’s">Goodall's</normalizedToken>
|
||
F -test
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="70316C4435E8320050A798D802BC971E" pageId="16" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<th id="C473924A0C094A260F7601BF343878A5" colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="95" rowspan="1">Sex</th>
|
||
<th id="911BD52C8A67940D4148F49896D187F2" colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="95" rowspan="1">F -value</th>
|
||
<th id="3760C01F31256338A4BD3A1C1E54AAFD" colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="95" rowspan="1">DF</th>
|
||
<th id="6E022CE0FC97B198940DC40A8C2FF3DB" colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="95" rowspan="1">p -value</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="0BEB06EAC4BD466FA5BACFC6C1201F8C" pageId="16" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<td id="B4E1075A7C9D8ADE8EF9A26F08581224" colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="95" rowspan="1">p</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="9CBE8E344A64DFC3950761D3EAE009F8" pageId="16" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<td id="A651E4CA8E69F05D5B2F187464C9A5B1" colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="95" rowspan="1">p</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="852924514618E533A0D11DE1F3A5FFF7" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="16" pageNumber="95">
|
||
The linear size (body length of pronotum and elytra) of both sexes was measured and plotted in a simple boxplot (Fig. 36). In general, females were larger than males. Even though body length differences did not appear to be very marked, the smallest
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="F5182646956B83F4272BC0E137DF1BC9" pageId="17" pageNumber="96" start="start">of</pageBreakToken>
|
||
the three groups was the population from Central Europe, particularly the males, whereas the females were only slightly smaller than the Greek and Turkish females. The largest specimens measured here were those from Italy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="1B6C97A8E15B4B6DC3441AF7D17F3B51" pageId="17" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<paragraph id="E6DD8C02A03BB89311150A3B3D67EE61" pageId="17" pageNumber="96">
|
||
Figure 36. Boxplots of male (above) and female (below) body length in selected populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83292D4E451421A17CE68E84B802E576" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Ablattaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ablattaria laevigata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">Ablattaria laevigata</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Gr. & Tr. (Greece & Turkey), It. (Italy), CE (Central Europe).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |