treatments-xml/data/07/18/8D/07188D37562B7377AC22FFBD61063191.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.631.10718" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2905797b-e30d-43ad-b18d-457dd91222a5" ID-PMC="PMC5126506" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-631-1" ID-PubMed="27917044" ID-ZBK="FB2CA1FF5A5A4168AB6BA8ABD0CCD7B4" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-631-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 631" ModsDocTitle="A revision of the shore-fly genus Lamproclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae)" checkinTime="1479189054279" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Costa, Daniel N. R., Mathis, Wayne N. &amp; Marinoni, Luciane" docDate="2016" docId="07188D37562B7377AC22FFBD61063191" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 631: 1-99" docOrigin="ZooKeys 631" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.631.10718" docTitle="Discocerinini Cresson" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="BC2F4026FF90FFE0BD38FFF8FFB5FFF0" masterDocTitle="A revision of the shore-fly genus Lamproclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae)" masterLastPageNumber="99" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1668163692094" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>A revision of the shore-fly genus Lamproclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Costa, Daniel N. R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Mathis, Wayne N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Marinoni, Luciane</mods:namePart>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127900965" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:07188D37562B7377AC22FFBD61063191" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/07188D37562B7377AC22FFBD61063191" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="multiple">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Taxon classification Animalia Diptera Ephydridae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Tribe 
<taxonomicName authority="Cresson" family="Ephydridae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="tribe" tribe="Discocerinini">Discocerinini Cresson</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName family="Ephydridae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="tribe" tribe="Discocerinini">Discocerinini</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Cresson, ET Jr" journalOrPublisher="Entomological News" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="165 - 167" title="Descriptions of new genera and species of the dipterous family Ephydridae. VII." volume="36" year="1925 a">Cresson 1925a</bibRefCitation>
: 228 [as Discocerini]. Type genus: 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Discocerina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Discocerina" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Discocerina</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Macquart, MJ" editor="Roret, NE" journalOrPublisher="Pourrat Freres, Paris" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" title="Dipteres - Histoire Naturelle des Insectes." volumeTitle="Collection des suites a Buffon, Formant avec les oeuvres de cet auteur un cours complet d'histoire naturelle" year="1835">Macquart 1835</bibRefCitation>
. 
<bibRefCitation author="Cresson, ET Jr" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Entomological Society" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="101 - 128" title="Synopses of North American Ephydridae (Diptera) I. The subfamily Psilopinae, with descriptions of new species." volume="68" year="1942">Cresson 1942</bibRefCitation>
: 104 [correct spelling, as a &quot;new tribe&quot; in key]. 
<bibRefCitation author="Mathis, WN" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" pagination="434 - 446" title="A review of the shore-fly genus Polytrichophora Cresson from Asia (Diptera: Ephydridae)." volume="102" year="1989">Mathis and Zuyin 1989</bibRefCitation>
: 435 [diagnosis, monophyly]. 
<bibRefCitation author="Mathis, WN" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs on Entomology, International" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" pagination="1 - 423" title="A world catalog of the shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae)." volume="4" year="1995">Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995</bibRefCitation>
: 163-186 [world catalog]. 
<bibRefCitation author="Zatwarnicki, T" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici (Warsaw)" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" pagination="5 - 51" title="A generic classification of the tribe Discocerinini (Diptera: Ephydridae)." volume="51" year="2001">Zatwarnicki and Mathis 2001</bibRefCitation>
: 5-51 [tribal revision]. 
<bibRefCitation author="Zatwarnicki, T" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici (Warsaw)" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" pagination="1 - 34" title="A revised phylogeny of Discocerinini (Diptera: Ephydridae) with an emphasis on structures of the proboscis." url="10.3161/00034541ANZ2016.66.1.001" volume="66" year="2016">Zatwarnicki et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
: 1-34 [phylogenetic review of tribe].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
A tribe of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Gymnomyzinae">Gymnomyzinae</taxonomicName>
that is distinguished from other tribes of the subfamily by the following combination of characters:
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Head: Frontal vitta (or ocellar triangle) mostly bare of setulae, not conspicuously setulose; ocellar setae well developed, inserted anterolaterad of anterior ocellus; reclinate fronto-orbital seta inserted anteromediad of proclinate fronto-orbital (if 2 proclinate fronto-orbital setae, reclinate seta inserted anteromediad of larger, posterior, proclinate seta); pseudopostocellar setae well developed, proclinate, slightly divergent, usually at least half length of ocellar setae. Pedicel bearing a large seta anterodorsally; arista bearing 4-6 dorsal rays, inserted along length of arista; conical process of basal flagellomere in lateral view finger-like. Face generally shallowly arched, frequently more prominent at level of dorsal facial setae, not conspicuously pitted, rugose, tuberculate, or carinate. Gena generally short (secondarily high in some species), bearing setulae (including midportion) and 1 large seta, its posterior (postgenal) margin rounded, not sharp. Oral opening and clypeus narrow; mouthparts generally dark colored; proboscis with number of pseudotracheae quite variable; lacinia Y-shaped with narrow posteromedial arm, dorsal arm spatulate; 2 different kinds of cibarium: (1) primitive type with dispersed medial sensillae arranged sparsely in a horizontal line; (2) advanced type with medial sensillae arranged densely in a sinuous line.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Thorax: Mesonotum generally microtomentose, frequently densely so, although variable; mesonotal setae weakly developed, only posteriormost pair of dorsocentral and acrostichal conspicuous; postsutural supra-alar seta usually evident although sometimes reduced or absent; prescutellar acrostichal setae inserted approximate and posterior of alignment of posteriormost dorsocentral setae; scutellar disc usually densely setulose; scutellum bearing 2 large, marginal setae: notopleural setae 2, inserted at same level near ventral margin, in some genera notopleuron bears setulae in addition to the two large notopleural setae (Figs 2, 9); anepisternum with 2 subequal setae in 
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="5" start="start">serted</pageBreakToken>
along posterior margin. Wing with vein R2+3 moderately long. Foreleg normally developed, not raptorial with greatly enlarged femur.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Figures 1-2. 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Lamproclasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lamproclasiopa laevior" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevior">Lamproclasiopa laevior</taxonomicName>
(Cresson). (Sri Lanka. N. E. District: Horton Plains) 1 head, anterior view 2 habitus, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Figures 3-6. 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Lamproclasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lamproclasiopa laevior" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevior">Lamproclasiopa laevior</taxonomicName>
(Cresson). (Sri Lanka. N. E. District: Horton Plains) 3 epandrium and cerci, posterior view 4 same, lateral view 5 internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus [shaded], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view 6 same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Abdomen: Five tergites visible, usually not densely covered with microtomentum. Male terminalia: Epandrium as inverted U, encircling cerci, anterior margin rounded, in lateral view with setae mainly on dorsum and along anteroventral margin; cerci paired, hemispherical, setose; presurstylus lacking or fused indistinguishably with ventral margin of epandrium; anterolateral arms of epandrium attached with ventral apex of gonites, middle of posterior margin a base for phallapodeme; phallapodeme situated under aedeagus, associated with hypandrium and with ventral part of base of aedeagus, ventral margin with lobate appendix providing attachment for genital muscles that move aedeagus; gonite paired, connecting sides of base of aedeagus and laterodorsal margin of epandrium, bearing 1 or some setulae; aedeagus tubular, tapered anteriorly; ejaculatory apodeme usually lacking, if present as a spatula (
<bibRefCitation author="Zatwarnicki, T" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici (Warsaw)" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" pagination="1 - 34" title="A revised phylogeny of Discocerinini (Diptera: Ephydridae) with an emphasis on structures of the proboscis." url="10.3161/00034541ANZ2016.66.1.001" volume="66" year="2016">Zatwarnicki et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
, Figs 99-100).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Several of the characters noted in the diagnosis are synapomorphies and establish the 
<normalizedToken originalValue="tribe’s">tribe's</normalizedToken>
monophyly (
<bibRefCitation author="Zatwarnicki, T" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici (Warsaw)" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" pagination="1 - 34" title="A revised phylogeny of Discocerinini (Diptera: Ephydridae) with an emphasis on structures of the proboscis." url="10.3161/00034541ANZ2016.66.1.001" volume="66" year="2016">Zatwarnicki et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
). These are as follows: (1) ocellar setae inserted slightly in front of alignment of anterior ocellus; (2) reclinate fronto-orbital seta inserted in front of proclinate fronto-orbital seta; (3) conical process of basal flagellomere in lateral view finger-like; (4) prescutellar acrostichal setae small and inserted close together and behind the transverse alignment of the posteriormost dorsocentral setae (secondarily lacking in some species); and (5) presurstylus of the male terminalia either lacking or fused indistinguishably with the ventral margin of the epandrium. Larvae are microphagous and in other aspects are similar to those of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="tribe" tribe="Hyadinini">Hyadinini</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Ilytheinae">Ilytheinae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
As currently characterized, the tribe 
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="tribe" tribe="Discocerinini">Discocerinini</taxonomicName>
is one of the richest tribes within the family 
<taxonomicName family="Ephydridae" lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="family">Ephydridae</taxonomicName>
(225 species), and numerous additional species, especially from tropical zones, remain to be described. Many of the undescribed species are already in collections, and undoubtedly numerous others await collection. With the recent phylogenetic review of the tribe (
<bibRefCitation author="Zatwarnicki, T" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici (Warsaw)" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" pagination="1 - 34" title="A revised phylogeny of Discocerinini (Diptera: Ephydridae) with an emphasis on structures of the proboscis." url="10.3161/00034541ANZ2016.66.1.001" volume="66" year="2016">Zatwarnicki et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
) and description of additional genera and subgenera, there are now 13 genera and two subgenera. Two genera are monotypic and have relatively localized distributions: 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Galaterina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Galaterina" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Galaterina</taxonomicName>
in the Solomon and Andaman Islands and 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Pectinifer" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pectinifer" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pectinifer</taxonomicName>
limited to the Neotropics (
<bibRefCitation author="Mathis, WN" journalOrPublisher="An International Journal of Zoology" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="1 - 15" title="A review of the Neotropical species of the shore-fly genera Orasiopa and Pectinifer (Diptera: Ephydridae). Zoologia." url="10.1590/S1984–4689zool-20150169" volume="33" year="2016">Mathis et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
). Other genera are more speciose and widespread. 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Aquachasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aquachasma" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aquachasma</taxonomicName>
(24 species), 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Facitrichophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Facitrichophora" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Facitrichophora</taxonomicName>
(4 species), 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Hydrochasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrochasma" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hydrochasma</taxonomicName>
(10 species), and 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Polytrichophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polytrichophora" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Polytrichophora</taxonomicName>
(nominate subgenus) (22 species) are found in the New World. The distributions of 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Lamproclasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lamproclasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lamproclasiopa</taxonomicName>
(24 species) and 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Orasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Orasiopa</taxonomicName>
(15 species) extend from the New World into the Australasian and Oriental Regions. 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Diclasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diclasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Diclasiopa</taxonomicName>
(4 species), 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Gymnoclasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gymnoclasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gymnoclasiopa</taxonomicName>
(25 species), 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Hecamedoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hecamedoides" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hecamedoides</taxonomicName>
(26 species) and 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ditrichophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ditrichophora" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ditrichophora</taxonomicName>
(39 species) have been recorded from all Regions except the Neotropics. Two genera, 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Discocerina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Discocerina" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Discocerina</taxonomicName>
(20 species) and 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Polytrichophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polytrichophora" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Polytrichophora</taxonomicName>
(subgenus 
<taxonomicName genus="Sklodowskopa" lsidName="Sklodowskopa" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="genus">Sklodowskopa</taxonomicName>
) (10 species), are essentially cosmopolitan.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="phylogenetic considerations">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Phylogenetic considerations.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<bibRefCitation author="Zatwarnicki, T" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici (Warsaw)" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" pagination="1 - 34" title="A revised phylogeny of Discocerinini (Diptera: Ephydridae) with an emphasis on structures of the proboscis." url="10.3161/00034541ANZ2016.66.1.001" volume="66" year="2016">Zatwarnicki et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
proposed division of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="tribe" tribe="Discocerinini">Discocerinini</taxonomicName>
into four groups of genera (their proposed synapomorphies are provided in parentheses):
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="6" start="start">The</pageBreakToken>
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Gymnoclasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gymnoclasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gymnoclasiopa</taxonomicName>
group with 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Gymnoclasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gymnoclasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gymnoclasiopa</taxonomicName>
(aedeagus with lateromedial appendices and facial setae arranged close to eye margin);
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
The 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Diclasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diclasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Diclasiopa</taxonomicName>
group with 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Diclasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diclasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Diclasiopa</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ditrichophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ditrichophora" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ditrichophora</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Hecamedoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hecamedoides" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hecamedoides</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Pectinifer" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pectinifer" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pectinifer</taxonomicName>
(gonite elongated, that is tapered apically);
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
The 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Lamproclasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lamproclasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lamproclasiopa</taxonomicName>
group with 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Galaterina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Galaterina" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Galaterina</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Lamproclasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lamproclasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lamproclasiopa</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Orasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Orasiopa</taxonomicName>
(subgenera 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Orasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Orasiopa</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Reymontopa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Reymontopa" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Reymontopa</taxonomicName>
) (palpal setae with papilla-like bases); and
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
The 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Discocerina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Discocerina" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Discocerina</taxonomicName>
group with 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Aquachasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aquachasma" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aquachasma</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Discocerina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Discocerina" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Discocerina</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Facitrichophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Facitrichophora" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Facitrichophora</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Hydrochasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrochasma" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hydrochasma</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Polytrichophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polytrichophora" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Polytrichophora</taxonomicName>
(nominate subgenus and subgenus 
<taxonomicName genus="Sklodowskopa" lsidName="Sklodowskopa" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="genus">Sklodowskopa</taxonomicName>
) (reduced number of pseudotracheae, modified cibarium and the ventral receptacle bearing anterodorsal projection).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<bibRefCitation author="Zatwarnicki, T" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici (Warsaw)" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" pagination="1 - 34" title="A revised phylogeny of Discocerinini (Diptera: Ephydridae) with an emphasis on structures of the proboscis." url="10.3161/00034541ANZ2016.66.1.001" volume="66" year="2016">Zatwarnicki et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
acknowledged that groups three and four together (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Aquachasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aquachasma" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aquachasma</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Discocerina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Discocerina" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Discocerina</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Galaterina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Galaterina" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Galaterina</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Hydrochasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrochasma" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hydrochasma</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Lamproclasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lamproclasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lamproclasiopa</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Orasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Orasiopa</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Polytrichophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polytrichophora" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Polytrichophora</taxonomicName>
) form a clade that is the best supported lineage within the tribe, being based on (1) notopleuron setulose and (2) gonites elongated and bar-like without an anterior projection or the gonite is fused with the hypandrium (character 32.1-2). As such, we prefer the continued recognition of these seven genera as a single group, the 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Discocerina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Discocerina" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Discocerina</taxonomicName>
group, and use subgroups for further division of this group (the 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Lamproclasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lamproclasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lamproclasiopa</taxonomicName>
and the 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Discocerina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Discocerina" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Discocerina</taxonomicName>
groups of 
<bibRefCitation author="Zatwarnicki, T" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici (Warsaw)" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" pagination="1 - 34" title="A revised phylogeny of Discocerinini (Diptera: Ephydridae) with an emphasis on structures of the proboscis." url="10.3161/00034541ANZ2016.66.1.001" volume="66" year="2016">Zatwarnicki et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
In the classification that 
<bibRefCitation author="Zatwarnicki, T" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici (Warsaw)" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" pagination="1 - 34" title="A revised phylogeny of Discocerinini (Diptera: Ephydridae) with an emphasis on structures of the proboscis." url="10.3161/00034541ANZ2016.66.1.001" volume="66" year="2016">Zatwarnicki et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
proposed (their character numbers are in parentheses), the 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Lamproclasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lamproclasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lamproclasiopa</taxonomicName>
-subgroup has palpal setae with papilla-like bases (character 13). Within the 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Lamproclasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lamproclasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lamproclasiopa</taxonomicName>
subgroup, the monophyly of the genus 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Lamproclasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lamproclasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lamproclasiopa</taxonomicName>
is established by two characters (autapomorphies): (1) postsutural supra-alar (character 11 in 
<bibRefCitation author="Zatwarnicki, T" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici (Warsaw)" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" pagination="1 - 34" title="A revised phylogeny of Discocerinini (Diptera: Ephydridae) with an emphasis on structures of the proboscis." url="10.3161/00034541ANZ2016.66.1.001" volume="66" year="2016">Zatwarnicki et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
) and (2) prescutellar acrostichal setae greatly reduced or lacking (character 22 in 
<bibRefCitation author="Zatwarnicki, T" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici (Warsaw)" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" pagination="1 - 34" title="A revised phylogeny of Discocerinini (Diptera: Ephydridae) with an emphasis on structures of the proboscis." url="10.3161/00034541ANZ2016.66.1.001" volume="66" year="2016">Zatwarnicki et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
). The monophyly of its sister group, the combined 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Galaterina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Galaterina" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Galaterina</taxonomicName>
+ 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Orasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Orasiopa</taxonomicName>
, is confirmed by an increased number of pseudotracheae (convergent with 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Pectinifer" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pectinifer" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pectinifer</taxonomicName>
). Thus, in the most recent classification, 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Lamproclasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lamproclasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lamproclasiopa</taxonomicName>
is the sister-group of the combined lineage of 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Galaterina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Galaterina" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Galaterina</taxonomicName>
+ 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Orasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Orasiopa</taxonomicName>
, and these three genera together form an assemblage that is now the 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Lamproclasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lamproclasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lamproclasiopa</taxonomicName>
subgroup.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="key">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Key to genera of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="tribe" tribe="Discocerinini">Discocerinini</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<table lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">2</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">6</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">3</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">4</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Pectinifer" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pectinifer" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pectinifer</taxonomicName>
Cresson
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ditrichophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ditrichophora" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ditrichophora</taxonomicName>
Cresson
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Diclasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diclasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="start">Diclasiopa</pageBreakToken>
</taxonomicName>
Hendel
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">5</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Hecamedoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hecamedoides" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hecamedoides</taxonomicName>
Hendel
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Gymnoclasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gymnoclasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gymnoclasiopa</taxonomicName>
Hendel
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Galaterina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Galaterina" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Galaterina</taxonomicName>
Zatwarnicki &amp; Mathis
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">8</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">10</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Facitrichophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Facitrichophora" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Facitrichophora</taxonomicName>
Mathis &amp; Zatwarnicki
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Polytrichophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polytrichophora" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Polytrichophora</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">9</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Polytrichophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polytrichophora" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Polytrichophora</taxonomicName>
Cresson
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName genus="Sklodowskopa" lsidName="Sklodowskopa" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="genus">Sklodowskopa</taxonomicName>
Zatwarnicki
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">11</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">12</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Hydrochasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrochasma" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hydrochasma</taxonomicName>
Hendel
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Aquachasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aquachasma" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aquachasma</taxonomicName>
Zatwarnicki
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Discocerina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Discocerina" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Discocerina</taxonomicName>
Macquart
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">13</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Lamproclasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lamproclasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="8" start="start">Lamproclasiopa</pageBreakToken>
</taxonomicName>
Hendel
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Orasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Orasiopa</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">14</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Orasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Orasiopa</taxonomicName>
Zatwarnicki &amp; Mathis
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Reymontopa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Reymontopa" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Reymontopa</taxonomicName>
Zatwarnicki
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>