457 lines
59 KiB
XML
457 lines
59 KiB
XML
<document id="9ADD039595D43EB3D887181616F6C61C" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3872.2.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="010167fc-fd18-498a-9cc4-7e304f10529b" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="228572" ID-ZooBank="C2277A47-5288-4E78-BC0B-887D583EA3C0" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460926818850" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Souza, Thamyrys Bezerra De, Maia, Artur Campos Dália, Albuquerque, Cleide Maria Ribeiro De & Iannuzzi, Luciana" docDate="2014" docId="03A3879A9A24FFCCFF277663FCDB06CD" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03872p186.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3872 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Cyclocephala distincta Burmeister 1847" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="184" masterDocId="FF9AFFE29A25FFC8FFB07375FFCA0071" masterDocTitle="Description of Cyclocephala distincta Burmeister (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Cyclocephalini) immatures and identification key for third instars of some Cyclocephala species" masterLastPageNumber="186" masterPageNumber="180" pageNumber="181" updateTime="1698362667856" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="1309C3AD82BA80E6CE489F4A2191A6A7">Description of Cyclocephala distincta Burmeister (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Cyclocephalini) immatures and identification key for third instars of some Cyclocephala species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0D1C9F500FEE36FE7B32C80C546959D0">Souza, Thamyrys Bezerra De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CBBBA85A36F8220A2DFF6B8A9189070B">Maia, Artur Campos Dália</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D56497333B3E8E469A59D427CAB05E42">Albuquerque, Cleide Maria Ribeiro De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="061C212338BEC2979A8B00688A0BB5DA">Iannuzzi, Luciana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="1F6BE1C5F5933445851A71821263789B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="2B659629607A7AE9C913E9B3BF1BE499">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="DD51E5784082C3BF575EAAF2DC432C8C">3872</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="E2F3E9B2DD94AB4D60E1B0824DB7977B">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="03A3879A9A24FFCCFF277663FCDB06CD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6138442" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119589981" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6138442" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A3879A9A24FFCCFF277663FCDB06CD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A3879A9A24FFCCFF277663FCDB06CD" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="184" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">
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<subSubSection id="C31065079A24FFC9FF277663FEC70522" pageId="1" pageNumber="181" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB5368C9A24FFC9FF277663FDA7055E" blockId="1.[151,621,1302,1363]" box="[151,621,1302,1327]" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">
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<heading id="D0FD81E09A24FFC9FF277663FDA7055E" bold="true" box="[151,621,1302,1327]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="181" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A24FFC9FF277663FDA7055E" authority="Burmeister, 1847" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1847" box="[151,621,1302,1327]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta">
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<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A24FFC9FF277663FDA7055E" bold="true" box="[151,621,1302,1327]" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">
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<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A24FFC9FF277663FE51055E" bold="true" box="[151,411,1302,1327]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">Cyclocephala distincta</emphasis>
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Burmeister, 1847
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB5368C9A24FFC9FF27764FFEC70522" blockId="1.[151,621,1302,1363]" box="[151,269,1338,1363]" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">
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<figureCitation id="13312A099A24FFC9FF27764FFEC70522" box="[151,269,1338,1363]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStart-1="FIGURES 13 – 15" captionStart-2="FIGURES 16 – 18" captionStartId-0="2.[151,264,1946,1969]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,264,545,568]" captionStartId-2="3.[151,264,969,992]" captionTargetBox-0="[152,1432,542,1919]" captionTargetBox-1="[161,1421,200,524]" captionTargetBox-2="[157,1433,617,948]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[152,1435,527,1926]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[151,1435,193,524]" captionTargetId-2="figure@3.[151,1435,617,948]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="3" captionText-0="FIGURES 1 – 12. Male adult Cyclocephala distincta (1); third instar, lateral view (2); head capsule (3); labrum (4); antennal sensory spots (5); left mandible, dorsal view (6); left mandible, ventral view (7); right mandible, dorsal view (8); right mandible, ventral view (9); maxilla, ventral view (10); hypopharynx, ventral view (11); epipharynx (12)." captionText-1="FIGURES 13 – 15. Third instar of Cyclocephala distincta: tarsal claw of medium leg (13); raster (14); abdominal spiracle (15)." captionText-2="FIGURES 16 – 18. Pupa of Cyclocephala distincta: body dorsal view (16); body ventral view (17); ventral apex of last abdominal sternite (18)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/228573/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/228574/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/228575/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">Figs. 1–18</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31065079A24FFCCFF2776F7FC020349" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="184" pageId="1" pageNumber="181" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB5368C9A24FFC9FF2776F7FE67073B" blockId="1.[151,1437,1410,2011]" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">
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<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A24FFC9FF2776F7FE3705EA" bold="true" box="[151,509,1410,1435]" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">Description of the third instar</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13312A099A24FFC9FDBD76F7FD9805EA" box="[525,594,1410,1435]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1946,1969]" captionTargetBox="[152,1432,542,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,527,1926]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Male adult Cyclocephala distincta (1); third instar, lateral view (2); head capsule (3); labrum (4); antennal sensory spots (5); left mandible, dorsal view (6); left mandible, ventral view (7); right mandible, dorsal view (8); right mandible, ventral view (9); maxilla, ventral view (10); hypopharynx, ventral view (11); epipharynx (12)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/228573/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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).
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<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A24FFC9FDD776F7FD6E05EA" box="[615,676,1410,1435]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">Head</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13312A099A24FFC9FD0376F7FD3D05EA" box="[691,759,1410,1435]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1946,1969]" captionTargetBox="[152,1432,542,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,527,1926]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Male adult Cyclocephala distincta (1); third instar, lateral view (2); head capsule (3); labrum (4); antennal sensory spots (5); left mandible, dorsal view (6); left mandible, ventral view (7); right mandible, dorsal view (8); right mandible, ventral view (9); maxilla, ventral view (10); hypopharynx, ventral view (11); epipharynx (12)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/228573/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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). Maximum width of head capsule 2.61 ±
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<quantity id="4CF29B699A24FFC9FB6576F7FAF605EB" box="[1237,1340,1410,1435]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="181" unit="mm" value="0.06">0.06 mm</quantity>
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.
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<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A24FFC9FAF676F6FEDA05CF" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">Surface of cranium</emphasis>
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—Epicranial suture
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A24FFC9FE4176D3FD8C05CE" box="[497,582,1446,1471]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distinct">distinct</taxonomicName>
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, brown-colored; about half length of white-colored frontal suture. Epicranial and frontal sutures form an inverted ‘Y’. Epicranial surface with longitudinal row of 3–4 slender, dorsoepicranial setae on each side of epicranial suture; parallel to the dorsoepicranial setae a row of 5–6 setae, the apical pair five times longer than the remainder. Ocelli visible, black; 12–16 paraocellar slender setae on basis of each antenna.
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<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A24FFC9FF277542FF13063F" box="[151,217,1591,1614]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">Frons</emphasis>
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—Each side with 2 pairs of posterior, slender, frontal setae; 2 pairs of anterior, slender, frontal setae; 2 pairs of anterior angle frontal setae; 1 slender, central seta; and 1 slender, outer seta.
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<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A24FFC9FB99752FFB490602" box="[1065,1155,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">Clypeus</emphasis>
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—Form trapezoidal with
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A24FFC9FF27750BFF2006E6" box="[151,234,1662,1687]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distinct">distinct</taxonomicName>
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clypeofrontal suture, laterally delimited by precoila; 1 pair of slender outer setae and 1 pair of slender anterior seta.
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<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A24FFC9FE9E75D7FE4D06CA" box="[302,391,1698,1723]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">Labrum</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13312A099A24FFC9FE2675D7FE1D06CA" box="[406,471,1698,1723]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1946,1969]" captionTargetBox="[152,1432,542,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,527,1926]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Male adult Cyclocephala distincta (1); third instar, lateral view (2); head capsule (3); labrum (4); antennal sensory spots (5); left mandible, dorsal view (6); left mandible, ventral view (7); right mandible, dorsal view (8); right mandible, ventral view (9); maxilla, ventral view (10); hypopharynx, ventral view (11); epipharynx (12)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/228573/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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)—Form oval, asymmetric, bilobed, with slender setae; 1 pair lateral seta, 3–4 pairs of posterior setae, 1 pair of anterior seta on each side; 7–8 apical setae.
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<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A24FFC9FC2375B2FC3706AF" box="[915,1021,1735,1758]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">Antennae</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13312A099A24FFC9FBBC75B3FB8606AE" box="[1036,1100,1734,1759]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1946,1969]" captionTargetBox="[152,1432,542,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,527,1926]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Male adult Cyclocephala distincta (1); third instar, lateral view (2); head capsule (3); labrum (4); antennal sensory spots (5); left mandible, dorsal view (6); left mandible, ventral view (7); right mandible, dorsal view (8); right mandible, ventral view (9); maxilla, ventral view (10); hypopharynx, ventral view (11); epipharynx (12)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/228573/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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)—With 4 antennomeres, first and second of equal length; third shorter than others, with oval, sensory spot on inner surface of apical process; fourth with 4 well-defined, oval sensory spots, 2 dorsal and 2 ventral, of equal length; apex of apical antennomere with short, slender setae.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB5368C9A24FFCAFF777423FD14014E" blockId="1.[151,1437,1410,2011]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1436,151,501]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="182" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">
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<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A24FFC9FF777423FEF7071E" box="[199,317,1878,1903]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">Mandibles</emphasis>
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—Form asymmetric, subtriangular. Ventral stridulatory area with transverse striae. Left mandible (
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<figureCitation id="13312A099A24FFC9FF2F740FFF3507E2" box="[159,255,1914,1939]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1946,1969]" captionTargetBox="[152,1432,542,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,527,1926]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Male adult Cyclocephala distincta (1); third instar, lateral view (2); head capsule (3); labrum (4); antennal sensory spots (5); left mandible, dorsal view (6); left mandible, ventral view (7); right mandible, dorsal view (8); right mandible, ventral view (9); maxilla, ventral view (10); hypopharynx, ventral view (11); epipharynx (12)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/228573/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="181">Fig. 6–7</figureCitation>
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) with 3 teeth in incisor area; molar area bilobed with distal lobe projecting towards proximal lobe; dorsal surface with 1 long and slender apical seta, 1 long and slender seta near the dorsal carina, and a row of 6–8 short and slender dorsomolar setae; 2–6 short and slender ventromolar setae; lateral surface with row of 5 long and slender setae; acia, in dorsal view, similar to cartilaginous tooth with 3–5 short, apical setae; brustia with 8–15 slender setae; right mandible (
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<figureCitation id="13312A099A27FFCAFE5E73C9FD8400A5" box="[494,590,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1946,1969]" captionTargetBox="[152,1432,542,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,527,1926]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Male adult Cyclocephala distincta (1); third instar, lateral view (2); head capsule (3); labrum (4); antennal sensory spots (5); left mandible, dorsal view (6); left mandible, ventral view (7); right mandible, dorsal view (8); right mandible, ventral view (9); maxilla, ventral view (10); hypopharynx, ventral view (11); epipharynx (12)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/228573/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Fig. 8–9</figureCitation>
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) with 2 teeth in incisor area; dorsal surface with 1 long and slender apical seta, 1 long and slender seta near dorsal carina, and a row of 3–5 short and slender dorsomolar setae; 2 short and slender ventromolar setae; lateral surface with row of 5–6 long and slender setae; molar lobe less developed than that of left mandible; brustia with 3–6 slender setae.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB5368C9A27FFCAFF777239FAAD0184" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,501]" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
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<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A27FFCAFF777239FED40114" box="[199,286,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Maxilla</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13312A099A27FFCAFE9D7239FEB10114" box="[301,379,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1946,1969]" captionTargetBox="[152,1432,542,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,527,1926]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Male adult Cyclocephala distincta (1); third instar, lateral view (2); head capsule (3); labrum (4); antennal sensory spots (5); left mandible, dorsal view (6); left mandible, ventral view (7); right mandible, dorsal view (8); right mandible, ventral view (9); maxilla, ventral view (10); hypopharynx, ventral view (11); epipharynx (12)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/228573/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
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)—With
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A27FFCAFE527239FDFE0114" box="[482,564,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distinct">distinct</taxonomicName>
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suture between galea and lacinia, 1 apical, cone-shaped uncus on galea and 3 apical, conical unci on lacinia, unci fused at their bases, central smaller than others; galea with 4–8 thick setae and 6–16 slender setae; lacinia with 4–5 thick setae and 19–25 slender setae; maxillary palpi with 4 palpomeres, the apical longer than others. Lateral surface of third palpomere with 1 outer and 1 inner seta; globulous palpifer with 25–28 short, slender setae; stridulatory area with 1 anterior tubercle and a row of 6–9 truncate (1 + 6–9) teeth.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF7566049A27FFCAFF2774EFFB71079F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/228573/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="182" targetBox="[152,1432,542,1919]" targetPageId="2">
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<paragraph id="8BB5368C9A27FFCAFF2774EFFB71079F" blockId="2.[151,1436,1946,2030]" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">
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<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A27FFCAFF2774EFFE8207C1" bold="true" box="[151,328,1946,1969]" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">FIGURES 1–12.</emphasis>
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Male adult
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A27FFCAFE7774EEFD7B07C0" box="[455,689,1947,1969]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A27FFCAFE7774EEFD7B07C0" box="[455,689,1947,1969]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="182">Cyclocephala distincta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1); third instar, lateral view (2); head capsule (3); labrum (4); antennal sensory spots (5); left mandible, dorsal view (6); left mandible, ventral view (7); right mandible, dorsal view (8); right mandible, ventral view (9); maxilla, ventral view (10); hypopharynx, ventral view (11); epipharynx (12).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF7566049A26FFCBFF277154FA500249" box="[151,1434,545,568]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/228574/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" targetBox="[161,1421,200,524]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB5368C9A26FFCBFF277154FA500249" blockId="3.[151,1434,545,568]" box="[151,1434,545,568]" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A26FFCBFF277154FE990246" bold="true" box="[151,339,545,568]" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">FIGURES 13–15.</emphasis>
|
||
Third instar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A26FFCBFE427157FD100249" box="[498,730,546,568]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A26FFCBFE427157FD100249" box="[498,730,546,568]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">Cyclocephala distincta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: tarsal claw of medium leg (13); raster (14); abdominal spiracle (15).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF7566049A26FFCBFF2770BCFE40038E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/228575/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" targetBox="[157,1433,617,948]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB5368C9A26FFCBFF2770BCFE40038E" blockId="3.[151,1436,969,1023]" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A26FFCBFF2770BCFE9803AE" bold="true" box="[151,338,969,992]" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">FIGURES 16–18</emphasis>
|
||
. Pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A26FFCBFE7270BFFD650391" box="[450,687,970,992]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A26FFCBFE7270BFFD650391" box="[450,687,970,992]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">Cyclocephala distincta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: body dorsal view (16); body ventral view (17); ventral apex of last abdominal sternite (18).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB5368C9A26FFCBFF77775EFA4B04DE" blockId="3.[151,1437,1067,2028]" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A26FFCBFF77775EFED60435" box="[199,284,1067,1092]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">Labium</emphasis>
|
||
. Postmentum wide, form subtrapezoidal; labial palps with 2 palpomeres each, the second longer than the first; dorsal surface of glossa with slender setae at base of second palpomere; median glossal region with scattered, short and thick setae.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A26FFCBFDA67706FD6404FD" box="[534,686,1139,1164]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">Hypopharynx</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13312A099A26FFCBFD737706FCD904FD" box="[707,787,1139,1164]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1946,1969]" captionTargetBox="[152,1432,542,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,527,1926]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Male adult Cyclocephala distincta (1); third instar, lateral view (2); head capsule (3); labrum (4); antennal sensory spots (5); left mandible, dorsal view (6); left mandible, ventral view (7); right mandible, dorsal view (8); right mandible, ventral view (9); maxilla, ventral view (10); hypopharynx, ventral view (11); epipharynx (12)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/228573/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
)—With asymmetrical, well–sclerotized hypopharingeal sclerome; right side more sclerotized than left; lateral lobe with a longitudinal row of 30–35 short, slender setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB5368C9A26FFCBFF7777CEFC8F0669" blockId="3.[151,1437,1067,2028]" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A26FFCBFF7777CEFE8004A5" box="[199,330,1211,1236]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">Epipharynx</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13312A099A26FFCBFEED77CEFE7F04A5" box="[349,437,1211,1236]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1946,1969]" captionTargetBox="[152,1432,542,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,527,1926]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Male adult Cyclocephala distincta (1); third instar, lateral view (2); head capsule (3); labrum (4); antennal sensory spots (5); left mandible, dorsal view (6); left mandible, ventral view (7); right mandible, dorsal view (8); right mandible, ventral view (9); maxilla, ventral view (10); hypopharynx, ventral view (11); epipharynx (12)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/228573/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). Haptomeral process globose, distally formed by a tooth on left side and a rounded projection, larger than the tooth, on right side; 2–3 sensillae on basis of the tooth and 2–5 sensillae on the basis of projection; acroparia with 17–20 long slender setae; each acanthoparia with 13 short, thick setae, whose lengths decrease towards base; gymnoparia present; number of setae of chaetoparia decreases towards gymnoparia and becoming thicker near haptomeral process; right chaetoparia with 52–57 setae and left chaetoparia with 41–42 setae; pedium longer than wide; laeotorma short; pternotorma rounded; dexiotorma elongate and straight; crepis with setae and sensillae, left side larger than right; 2 nesia present. Right nesium adjacent to dexiotorma, form subtriangular; left nesium (or sensory cone) anterior to sclerotized plate and near midline of epipharynx, with 3 apical sensorial pores; longitudinal row of 7–9 slender setae below laeotorma and on left side of crepis; row of 3–5 slender setae below the dexiotorma and on left side of crepis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB5368C9A26FFCBFF777556FEAF06F5" blockId="3.[151,1437,1067,2028]" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A26FFCBFF777556FED2064D" box="[199,280,1571,1596]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
. Legs setose. Tarsal claws broadened at base and elongated apically, with 1 external basal seta and 1 internal prebasal seta (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13312A099A26FFCBFE127532FE300611" box="[418,506,1607,1632]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 15" captionStartId="3.[151,264,545,568]" captionTargetBox="[161,1421,200,524]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1435,193,524]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 15. Third instar of Cyclocephala distincta: tarsal claw of medium leg (13); raster (14); abdominal spiracle (15)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/228574/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
); metathoracic claws smaller than the others, mesothoracic claws smaller than prothoracic claws.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB5368C9A26FFCBFF7775FAFE390681" blockId="3.[151,1437,1067,2028]" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A26FFCBFF7775FAFEFB06D9" box="[199,305,1679,1704]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
. Raster (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13312A099A26FFCBFE2975FAFE2606D9" box="[409,492,1679,1704]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 15" captionStartId="3.[151,264,545,568]" captionTargetBox="[161,1421,200,524]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1435,193,524]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 15. Third instar of Cyclocephala distincta: tarsal claw of medium leg (13); raster (14); abdominal spiracle (15)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/228574/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 18–22 teges; region between basis of inferior anal labium and anal slit with 30–33 setae; barbula with more than 50 slender setae. Spiraculum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13312A099A26FFCBFC1A75C6FC3506BD" box="[938,1023,1715,1740]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 15" captionStartId="3.[151,264,545,568]" captionTargetBox="[161,1421,200,524]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1435,193,524]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 15. Third instar of Cyclocephala distincta: tarsal claw of medium leg (13); raster (14); abdominal spiracle (15)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/228574/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
) with “C-shaped” respiratory plate, surrounding oval-shaped bulla.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB5368C9A26FFCBFF77758EFD670749" blockId="3.[151,1437,1067,2028]" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A26FFCBFF77758EFD6E0765" bold="true" box="[199,676,1787,1812]" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">Descriptions of first and second instars.</emphasis>
|
||
Characterizations of both first and second instars similar to that of third instar, except for the following characters:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB5368C9A26FFCBFF777430FF1207D5" blockId="3.[151,1437,1067,2028]" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A26FFCBFF777430FE8D072D" box="[199,327,1861,1884]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">First instar</emphasis>
|
||
: Maximum width of head capsule 1.0 ±
|
||
<quantity id="4CF29B699A26FFCBFCAE7431FC4C072A" box="[798,902,1860,1884]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" unit="mm" value="0.04">0.04 mm</quantity>
|
||
; 7–10 paraocellar setae; right chaetoparia with 28–34 setae and left chaetoparia with 25–32 setae; 2–3 dorsomolar setae on right mandible. Raster with 10–12 teges.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB5368C9A26FFCBFF7774DAFE2E079A" blockId="3.[151,1437,1067,2028]" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A26FFCBFF7774DAFEA807B9" box="[199,354,1967,1992]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="183">Second instar</emphasis>
|
||
: Maximum width of head capsule 1.6 ±
|
||
<quantity id="4CF29B699A26FFCBFC8B74DAFC6E07B9" box="[827,932,1967,1992]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="183" unit="mm" value="0.06">0.06 mm</quantity>
|
||
; right chaetoparia with 42–49 setae and left chaetoparia with 28–32 setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB5368C9A21FFCCFF7773E2FA5F0184" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFF7773E2FE2800C1" bold="true" box="[199,482,151,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">Description of the pupa</emphasis>
|
||
. Body surface glabrous, largest length 12.4 ±
|
||
<quantity id="4CF29B699A21FFCCFC4173EDFB9C00DE" box="[1009,1110,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" unit="mm" value="0.87">0.87 mm</quantity>
|
||
and largest width 4.4 ±
|
||
<quantity id="4CF29B699A21FFCCFADB73E2FF0900A5" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" unit="mm" value="0.35">0.35 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13312A099A21FFCCFF6273C9FE9B00A4" box="[210,337,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 16 – 18" captionStartId="3.[151,264,969,992]" captionTargetBox="[157,1433,617,948]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1435,617,948]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 16 – 18. Pupa of Cyclocephala distincta: body dorsal view (16); body ventral view (17); ventral apex of last abdominal sternite (18)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/228575/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">Fig. 16–17</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFED573C9FE6800A4" box="[357,418,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">Head</emphasis>
|
||
—Hypognathous, mouthparts and antennal tecae visible; labrum and clypeus fused; ocular canthus prominent.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFECF73AAFE1A0089" box="[383,464,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
—Wing tecae slightly longer than elytral tecae. Ecdysial suture longitudinally and dorsally defined, longitudinally extended from pronotum to second abdominal segment. Two internoapical mesotibial spurs and 2 internoapical metatibial spurs present.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFCFF7252FC730131" box="[847,953,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
—With 10 segments, only 9 clearly visible dorsally; 6 pairs of dioneiform organs distributed among segments I–II, II–III, III–IV, IV–V, V–VI, and VI–VII. Respiratory plates in segments I–II–III–IV with sclerotized and prominent peritrema. Abdominal segments IX–X smaller and narrower than the others; ventral apex of abdomen with prominent lateral margins, converging in a bilobed structure with nearly 100 slender setae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13312A099A21FFCCFD0F72C2FCDF01A1" box="[703,789,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURES 16 – 18" captionStartId="3.[151,264,969,992]" captionTargetBox="[157,1433,617,948]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1435,617,948]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 16 – 18. Pupa of Cyclocephala distincta: body dorsal view (16); body ventral view (17); ventral apex of last abdominal sternite (18)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/228575/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
). Sexual dimorphism defined by prominent rounded and smooth genital ampoule on last abdominal sternite and enlarged protarsi in males; genital ampoule flat in females.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB5368C9A21FFCCFF77728AFE7E02BC" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFF77728AFEB50269" bold="true" box="[199,383,511,536]" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">Natural history</emphasis>
|
||
. Adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFE697175FD960269" box="[473,604,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFE697175FD960269" box="[473,604,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. distincta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are assumed to be flower visitors of the piassava palm (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFB59728AFF24024C" authority="Martius" authorityName="Martius" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Attalea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="funifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFB59728AFA560269" box="[1257,1436,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">Attalea funifera</emphasis>
|
||
Martius
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex. Sprengel,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFE2D7151FDDF024D" box="[413,533,548,572]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B7D9A21FFCCFD967151FD78024D" author="Voeks" box="[550,690,548,573]" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" refString="Voeks, R. A. (2002) Reproductive ecology of the piassava palm (Attalea funifera) of Bahia, Brazil. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 18, 121 - 136." type="journal article" year="2002">Voeks 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Palm pollen morphotypes were also recovered from the body surfaces of specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFE01713DFDF80211" box="[433,562,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFE01713DFDF80211" box="[433,562,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. distincta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected in light traps in Atlantic Forest remnants in the state of Pernambuco (A.C.D. Maia, personal observation). Beetles of this species can undergo their complete life cycle on an exclusively saprophagous diet for the larvae, which exhibit negative phototaxis and defecate if handled (Souza
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFA3871E4FF6702BC" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. personal observation).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB5368C9A21FFCCFF7771A2FC020349" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFF7771A2FE3E0281" bold="true" box="[199,500,727,752]" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFDB171A2FCC30281" box="[513,777,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFDB171A2FCC30281" box="[513,777,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">Cyclocephala distincta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was originally described from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31D761C9A21FFCCFB3371A2FB0D0281" box="[1155,1223,727,752]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
and subsequently recorded for the Guianas and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31D761C9A21FFCCFE5E7189FDAA0364" box="[494,608,764,789]" name="Colombia" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The state records for
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31D761C9A21FFCCFCD37189FC6D0364" box="[867,935,764,789]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
are Amazonas, Bahia, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, and São Paulo (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B7D9A21FFCCFDE7706AFD3E0349" author="Endrodi" box="[599,756,799,824]" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" refString="Endrodi, S. (1985) The Dynastinae of the World. Dr. W. Junk, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 801 pp." type="book" year="1985">Endrödi 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B7D9A21FFCCFCB0706AFC760349" author="Maia" box="[768,956,799,824]" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" refString="Maia, A. C. D., Schlindwein, C., Navarro, D. M. A. F. & Gibernau, M. (2010) Pollination of Philodendron acutatum (Araceae) in the Atlantic forest of northeastern Brazil: a single scarab beetle species guarantees high fruit set. Internation Journal Plant Sciences, 171, 740 - 748. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1086 / 654846" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Maia
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFCF07054FCB20349" box="[832,888,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31065079A21FFCCFF777031FCDB06CD" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB5368C9A21FFCCFF777031FEF20426" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFF777031FE8F032C" bold="true" box="[199,325,836,861]" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">Discussion</emphasis>
|
||
. The larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFE427030FDBE032C" box="[498,628,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFE427030FDBE032C" box="[498,628,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. distincta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ from those of other congenerics by presenting the smallest width of the head capsule and the largest number of setae on the right chaetoparia of the epipharynx. The form of the clypeus and labrum follows the pattern observed among most other species of the genus. The plegmatia is missing from the epipharynx (it was only described in larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFC8170C5FBF503B9" authority="Burmeister" authorityName="Burmeister" box="[817,1087,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="testacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFC8170C5FC7803B9" box="[817,946,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. testacea</emphasis>
|
||
Burmeister
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The number of setae on the acanthoparia varies only slightly in the genus, ranging from 10–15. The number of sensory spots on the fourth antennomere of the larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFE6F708DFDAA0461" box="[479,608,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFE6F708DFDAA0461" box="[479,608,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. distincta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and also of
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFD40708DFBCF0461" box="[752,1029,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFD40708DFCB60461" box="[752,892,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulgurata">C. fulgurata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFC37708DFBCF0461" box="[903,1029,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lunulata">C. lunulata</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFBA3708DFA520461" authority="Heyne & Taschenberg" authorityName="Heyne & Taschenberg" box="[1043,1432,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gregaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFBA3708DFB5F0461" box="[1043,1173,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. gregaria</emphasis>
|
||
Heyne & Taschenberg
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFF277768FE8B0444" box="[151,321,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="signaticollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFF277768FE8B0444" box="[151,321,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. signaticollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFEFF7768FE7E0444" box="[335,436,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lurida">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFEFF7768FE7E0444" box="[335,436,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. lurida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFE727768FDE40444" box="[450,558,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFE727768FDE00444" box="[450,554,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="celata">C. celata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFDD57768FCB00445" authority="Arrow" authorityName="Arrow" box="[613,890,1052,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paraguayensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFDD57768FCE00445" box="[613,810,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. paraguayensis</emphasis>
|
||
Arrow
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is twice as that observed for the other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFF27774AFEFB0429" box="[151,305,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFF27774AFEFB0429" box="[151,305,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">Cyclocephala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB5368C9A21FFCCFF777711FF23057C" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">
|
||
The presence of two teeth on the right mandible is only recorded in larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFB877710FB73040C" box="[1079,1209,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFB877710FB73040C" box="[1079,1209,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. distincta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFB797710FAB9040C" box="[1225,1395,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="signaticollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFB797710FAB9040C" box="[1225,1395,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. signaticollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFA327710FF2804D1" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFA327710FF1404D1" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="celata">C. celata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFEAF77FDFE2C04D1" box="[287,486,1160,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paraguayensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFEAF77FDFE2C04D1" box="[287,486,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. paraguayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Larvae of all other congenerics possess three teeth on the right mandible. In the maxilla, the recorded number of unci on the galea (one) and lacinia (three) of the larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFB2077D8FADB04B4" box="[1168,1297,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFB2077D8FADB04B4" box="[1168,1297,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. distincta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is similar to that observed in those of almost all other congenerics, except larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFC7E77A5FB870499" box="[974,1101,1232,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="testacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFC7E77A5FB870499" box="[974,1101,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. testacea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which have two unci on the lacinia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB5368C9A21FFCCFF77766CFB6605B1" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">
|
||
In general, the pattern of the disposition of setae on the tarsal claws is presented as one basal, one pre–basal (1b + 1p); this pattern differs only in larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFDC97648FD150524" box="[633,735,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lurida">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFDC97648FD150524" box="[633,735,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. lurida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(2b) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFCFC7648FC780524" box="[844,946,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="celata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFCFC7648FC780524" box="[844,946,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. celata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1b + 2p). The arrangement of the setae on the raster of the larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFE0E7615FD8B0509" box="[446,577,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFE0E7615FD8B0509" box="[446,577,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. distincta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unique within the genus. The absence of the palidia was documented for larvae of all species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFE2776F1FDFB05EC" box="[407,561,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFE2776F1FDFB05EC" box="[407,561,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">Cyclocephala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
except those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFD5676F0FCA905ED" box="[742,867,1413,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="testacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFD5676F0FCA905ED" box="[742,867,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. testacea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B7D9A21FFCCFCC076F1FBCC05EC" author="Ritcher" box="[880,1030,1412,1437]" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" refString="Ritcher, P. O. (1966) White Grubs and their Allies: A study of North American Scarabaeoid Larvae. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America, 219 pp." type="book" year="1966">Ritcher 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B7D9A21FFCCFBA176F1FB6F05ED" author="Morelli" box="[1041,1189,1412,1437]" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" refString="Morelli, E. (1991) Descripcion de la larva y de la pupa de Cyclocephala signaticollis Burmeister, 1847 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) y observaciones sobre su biologia. Elytron, 5, 189 - 195." type="journal article" year="1991">Morelli 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B7D9A21FFCCFB0176F1FF1805B1" author="Morelli" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" refString="Morelli, E. & Alzugaray, R. (1994) Descripcion de la larva de Cyclocephala testacea Burmeister, 1847 y clave para la determinacion de larvas de cuatro especies del genero Cyclocephala en el Uruguay (Coleoptera, Dynastinae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 54, 77 - 84." type="journal article" year="1994">Morelli & Alzugaray 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B7D9A21FFCCFF6D76DCFE5E05B1" author="Bran" box="[221,404,1447,1472]" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" refString="Bran, A. M., Londono, M. E. & Pardo, L. C. (2006) Morfologia de estados inmaduros de tres especies de Cyclocephala (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) com uma clave para larvas de tercer estado em Colombia. Revista Corpoica - Ciencia y Tecnologia Agropecuaria, 7, 58 - 66." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Bran
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFEAA76DCFE9905B1" box="[282,339,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Lugo-García
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFD8576DCFDA705B1" box="[565,621,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B7D9A21FFCCFD0A76DDFCB505B1" author="Souza" box="[698,895,1447,1472]" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" refString="Souza, T. B., Maia, A. C. D., Schlindwein, C. P., Albuquerque, L. S. C. & Iannuzzi, L. (2013) The life of Cyclocephala celata Dechambre, 1980 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) in captivity with descriptions of the immature stages. Journal of Natural History, 48, 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Souza
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFCB576DCFCF705B1" box="[773,829,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B7D9A21FFCCFC3A76D2FB6A05B1" author="Albuquerque" box="[906,1184,1447,1472]" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" refString="Albuquerque, L. S. C., Souza, T. B., Maia, A. C. D. & Iannuzzi, L. (2014) New biological and immature morphological records of the masked chafer, Cyclocephala paraguayensis. Journal of Insect Science, 14, 1 - 11. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1673 / 031.014.101" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Albuquerque
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFB9476DCFB9605B1" box="[1060,1116,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB5368C9A21FFCCFF7776B9FCDB06CD" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">
|
||
The pupae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFEEF76B8FE2A0594" box="[351,480,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFEEF76B8FE2A0594" box="[351,480,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. distincta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have 2 externoapical tubercles on the protibia, a trait only shared with the pupae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFA3276B8FF110679" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="celata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFA3276B8FF110679" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. celata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; on the other hand, the numerous slender setae on the ventral apex of the abdomen of the pupae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFA997685FA560679" box="[1321,1436,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="disticta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFA997685FA560679" box="[1321,1436,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. disticta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also occur in four congenerics:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFE4C7560FD4F065C" box="[508,645,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulgurata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFE4C7560FD4F065C" box="[508,645,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. fulgurata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFD247560FCF5065C" box="[660,831,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="signaticollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFD247560FCF5065C" box="[660,831,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. signaticollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFCFD7560FC1A065D" box="[845,976,1557,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gregaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFCFD7560FC1A065D" box="[845,976,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. gregaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFBBF7560FB47065D" box="[1039,1165,1557,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="testacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFBBF7560FB47065D" box="[1039,1165,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. testacea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, the presence of a cone-shaped protuberance on the ventral apex of the abdomen containing setae is documented only from the pupae
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFF537528FEAD0604" box="[227,359,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFF537528FEAD0604" box="[227,359,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. distincta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFE127528FDEB0605" box="[418,545,1629,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="testacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFE127528FDEB0605" box="[418,545,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. testacea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The number and topology of dioneiform organs in pupae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFB5C7528FABB0604" box="[1260,1393,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFB5C7528FABB0604" box="[1260,1393,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. distincta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are similar to what has been described for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFDFA75F5FD1906E9" box="[586,723,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulgurata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFDFA75F5FD1906E9" box="[586,723,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. fulgurata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFD5275F5FCAA06E9" box="[738,864,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lunulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFD5275F5FCAA06E9" box="[738,864,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. lunulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFCD775F5FC2306E9" box="[871,1001,1664,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gregaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFCD775F5FC2306E9" box="[871,1001,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. gregaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFC4775F5FB9606E9" box="[1015,1116,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="celata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFC4775F5FB9606E9" box="[1015,1116,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. celata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFB2B75F5FAD206E9" box="[1179,1304,1664,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="testacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFB2B75F5FAD206E9" box="[1179,1304,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. testacea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; they differ from the pupae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFED575D0FDE306CD" box="[357,553,1701,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paraguayensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFED575D0FDE306CD" box="[357,553,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. paraguayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D0F9A21FFCCFDD075D0FCC006CC" box="[608,778,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="signaticollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEA9E9A21FFCCFDD075D0FCC006CC" box="[608,778,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="184">C. signaticollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |