250 lines
28 KiB
XML
250 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="55537DBE5B1282FBE5037CB0322BCA38" ID-DOI="10.1206/0003-0090(2000)244<0001:MOTRJA>2.0.CO;2" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5347311" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630203687125" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="PATTON, JAMES L., DA SILVA, MARIA NAZARETH F. & MALCOLM, JAY R." docDate="2000" docId="039E01774BEDD8FBFCD637F9B49BFDBC" docLanguage="en" docName="B244.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2000 (244)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1206%2F0003-0090(2000)244%3C0001%3AMOTRJA%3E2.0.CO%3B2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:2B34016C1EBFE58B07368F9517618743.3:BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.journal_article.0cover.type1" docStyleId="2B34016C1EBFE58B07368F9517618743" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.journal_article.0cover.type1" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Makalata Husson 1978" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="188" masterDocId="FFA7790F4B54D840FFB7335EB74EFFCF" masterDocTitle="Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia" masterLastPageNumber="306" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="186" updateTime="1699183939665" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
|
||
<mods:mods id="FD13F15FCD7768DD267C2D84026BD28F" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="D421E2419E6F1CEDD359E0EB6F818E8B">
|
||
<mods:title id="1F89AFD4929A643730A89F50F99C1981">Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="045A31DC1EC124F8F81854167745D526" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="6E0743362901BF4D1701524742788E9D">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="5FAD7C90A18A7001BE6EDE2A6DEF6E70">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="A8BE86FCA0FED3A68A3270CD4749ABD7">PATTON, JAMES L.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="CAC3BAA3B1BB669B6E753AD095F9E5F8" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="1B3451F2889E2C99EC44040B5A2CF7F8">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="D19B560AB8FF80F3C70CE5D74A031709">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="BF858D4DDEFA6EA9160A861EEED70BCD">DA SILVA, MARIA NAZARETH F.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="E4F021575247D5E1161869680F6F62B3" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="F13865B5B33312899166AA95074B813B">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="05BA25298A7FCE190C06E701C675A82B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="BCA51F5AC42B24C22557762B78800D35">MALCOLM, JAY R.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="8BBCED2604824C86C7B114343CA06095">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="17F2560EB5E87AFCD0EAFEC4EC004599" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="F42E3D6C3537DCC5D7902428A6C97F33">
|
||
<mods:title id="92A1B25DB1B50FED91EE6CB9C379D3ED">Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="E574599A2CEBB8C52D3D56E4C781F6F4">
|
||
<mods:date id="48B85CAF85EF76EB948D165C43431602">2000</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="D4EC4646A2DAB68C40542753C6F10669" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="2673B76B9A8B9820A8ABCEC3A8DA6D7E">2000-01-25</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="FBD2AE0C37EC6F1CDD9E5119012DAB22" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="C996291D4F4F26671A22C0DE1247BF41">2000</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="8833531125AB2F845F9427214FFCDD64" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="8D46FFA398BD7FC948CD6FC55B88E3BD">244</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="36F83615CE64850C4D36F3F495117551" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="8D83B55FF0B2E99E9D69B55756DF0920">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="C405DC01E386758A9C3A5CD889BDDA69">306</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location id="AF2C2164EFBC5956B84CD81105204871">
|
||
<mods:url id="DD685B00172FB4DB138200A81911DE73">http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1206%2F0003-0090(2000)244%3C0001%3AMOTRJA%3E2.0.CO%3B2</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification id="F99E5BB624263ADFF6EB1134B2ECEE89">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="86A218158DED68808AF9CB7CC97764CD" type="DOI">10.1206/0003-0090(2000)244<0001:MOTRJA>2.0.CO;2</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="CEE05E7CFBABE5B5AD371C241FE339F2" type="ISSN">0003-0090</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="18FE5E3C85B54A5A05B3B80DFAB9B71A" type="Zenodo-Dep">5347311</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="039E01774BEDD8FBFCD637F9B49BFDBC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039E01774BEDD8FBFCD637F9B49BFDBC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039E01774BEDD8FBFCD637F9B49BFDBC" lastPageId="187" lastPageNumber="188" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BEDD8F9FCD637F9B32FFB26" blockId="185.[865,1148,1190,1257]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">
|
||
<heading id="D0C0070D4BEDD8F9FCD637F9B32FFB26" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" reason="2">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32DE3EA4BEDD8F9FCD637F9B332FB72" box="[865,1148,1190,1214]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEDD8F9FCD637F9B332FB72" ID-CoL="62Y8V" authority="Husson, 1978" authorityName="Husson" authorityYear="1978" box="[865,1148,1190,1214]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEDD8F9FCD637F9B49EFB71" box="[865,976,1191,1214]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">Makalata</emphasis>
|
||
Husson, 1978
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32DE3EA4BEDD8F9FCCB378CB32FFB26" box="[892,1121,1234,1257]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" type="description">Rednosed tree rats</subSubSection>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32DE3EA4BEDD8FBFCB337A1B49BFDBC" lastPageId="187" lastPageNumber="188" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BEDD8FAFCB337A1B351FC1C" blockId="185.[743,1271,1278,1741]" lastBlockId="186.[739,1268,193,1742]" lastPageId="186" lastPageNumber="187" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEDD8F9FCB337A1B43DFAD9" authorityName="Husson" authorityYear="1978" box="[772,883,1279,1302]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEDD8F9FCB337A1B43DFAD9" box="[772,883,1279,1302]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">Makalata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is readily distinguished from all other echimyids from the Rio Juruá by the combination of bristly fur with a mixture of stiffened hairs and flattened but flexible spines, reddishorange nose, and short (less than headandbody length), naked, and scaly tail lacking a terminal tuft of hairs. Cranially (fig. 122),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEDD8F9FCC73692B491FA2C" authorityName="Husson" authorityYear="1978" box="[880,991,1484,1507]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEDD8F9FCC73692B491FA2C" box="[880,991,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">Makalata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEDD8F9FB213692B46EF9CF" authority="Both" authorityName="Both" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Isothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEDD8F9FB213692B3BEFA2C" box="[1174,1264,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">Isothrix</emphasis>
|
||
Both
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genera have short, deep rostra and broad interorbital regions with overhanging supraorbital ledges that extend onto the parietals as distinct, but short ridges. The interorbital region of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEDD8F9FC6B3501B305F9B9" authorityName="Husson" authorityYear="1978" box="[988,1099,1631,1654]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEDD8F9FC6B3501B305F9B9" box="[988,1099,1631,1654]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">Makalata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, diverges posteriorly, rather than being parallel as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEDD8F9FC9935C7B4C6F97F" box="[814,904,1689,1712]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Isothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEDD8F9FC9935C7B4C6F97F" box="[814,904,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">Isothrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the rostrum is decidedly longer and narrower. The maxillary toothrows are parallel and separated by a narrow palate. The toothrows are longer than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEED8FAFB713381B454FEDC" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Isothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEED8FAFB713381B454FEDC" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Isothrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, making the teeth appear more massive since the overall skull length is similar. The palate is also longer, accommodating the longer toothrows, with the mesopterygoid fossa extending only to M3. The cheekteeth (fig 119B) are similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEED8FAFBE532D1B3E2FE69" box="[1106,1196,399,422]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Isothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEED8FAFBE532D1B3E2FE69" box="[1106,1196,399,422]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Isothrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with each tooth having three deep flexi on the labial side isolating four lophs, and a short medial flexus. In the unworn condition, these lophs form pairs of Ushaped anterior and posterior units joined on their medial side Each pair in all four cheekteeth may become connected labially with progressive wear Both lateral and medial flexi are narrow more so than the lophs, a condition opposite to that seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEED8FAFC1331EAB4B0FD04" box="[932,1022,692,715]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Isothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEED8FAFC1331EAB4B0FD04" box="[932,1022,692,715]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Isothrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The second lateral and medial flexi are joined and completely separate the anterior and posterior pair of Ushaped lophs in both M2 and M3. This condition differentiates the cheekteeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEED8FAFB013077B451FC91" authorityName="Husson" authorityYear="1978" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEED8FAFB013077B451FC91" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Makalata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from those of either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEED8FAFBAC3019B3C9FC91" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" box="[1051,1159,839,862]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Mesomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEED8FAFBAC3019B3C9FC91" box="[1051,1159,839,862]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Mesomys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEED8FAFB063019B47AFCB4" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1899" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEED8FAFB063019B47AFCB4" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Proechimys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Their relatively small size and parallel, as opposed to divergent, toothrows readily distinguish the teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEED8FAFB3330C1B3BDFC79" authorityName="Husson" authorityYear="1978" box="[1156,1267,927,950]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEED8FAFB3330C1B3BDFC79" box="[1156,1267,927,950]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Makalata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEED8FAFC3830E2B356FC1C" authorityName="I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1838" box="[911,1048,956,979]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Dactylomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEED8FAFC3830E2B356FC1C" box="[911,1048,956,979]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Dactylomys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BEED8FAFCB73087B3BDF901" blockId="186.[739,1268,193,1742]" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">
|
||
The genus was erected by Husson in 1978 to include the single species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEED8FAFBFB30A9B382FBC1" baseAuthorityName="I.Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1100,1228,1014,1038]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="armata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEED8FAFBFB30A9B32AFBC1" box="[1100,1124,1015,1038]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEED8FAFBCF30A9B382FBC1" box="[1144,1228,1015,1038]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">armata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(I. Geoffroy St.Hilaire) (=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEED8FAFBAD374AB47AFB87" authority="Desmarest" authorityName="Desmarest" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Echimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="didelphoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEED8FAFBAD374AB3E1FBE4" box="[1050,1199,1044,1067]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">didelphoides</emphasis>
|
||
Desmarest
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; see Emmons, 1993), which had previously been included within the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEED8FAFB033711B45EFB4C" authorityName="G. Cuvier" authorityYear="1809" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Echimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEED8FAFB033711B45EFB4C" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Echimys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by most earlier workers (e.g., Ellerman 1940; Cabrera, 1961). The generic status of many of the species commonly listed within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEED8FAFD54379AB40BFB14" authorityName="G. Cuvier" authorityYear="1809" box="[739,837,1220,1243]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Echimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEED8FAFD54379AB40BFB14" box="[739,837,1220,1243]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Echimys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are under review by Louise H. Emmons, as is the complete species membership within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEED8FAFC8C37A1B4E4FAD9" authorityName="Husson" authorityYear="1978" box="[827,938,1279,1302]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEED8FAFC8C37A1B4E4FAD9" box="[827,938,1279,1302]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Makalata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, preliminary assessments indicate that the genus contains more than one species. Emmons (1993) limits the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEED8FAFC123609B32AFAA1" box="[933,1124,1366,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="didelphoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEED8FAFC123609B4F3FAA1" box="[933,957,1367,1390]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEED8FAFC783609B32AFAA1" box="[975,1124,1367,1390]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">didelphoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BEED8FAFB093608B445FA44" name="Guyana" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
region, including that part of Amazonian
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BEED8FAFD5436CFB464FA67" box="[739,810,1425,1448]" name="Brazil" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
north of the Amazon and east of the Rio Negro and south of the Amazon from at least the Rio Xingu eastward. She suggested that specimens from the central Amazon belong to a second species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEED8FAFBA23559B45BF9F4" authority="(Wagner)" baseAuthorityName="Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1842" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrura">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEED8FAFBA23559B363F9D1" box="[1045,1069,1543,1566]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEED8FAFB893559B3ECF9D1" box="[1086,1186,1543,1566]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">macrura</emphasis>
|
||
(Wagner)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Finally, Emmons and Feer (1997) list
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEED8FAFD54351FB472F997" box="[739,828,1601,1624]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">grandis</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEED8FAFCE5351FB4F8F997" box="[850,950,1601,1624]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">occasius</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEED8FAFBB0351FB3CCF997" box="[1031,1154,1601,1624]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">rhipidurus</emphasis>
|
||
as valid species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEED8FAFCD63501B49EF9B9" authorityName="Husson" authorityYear="1978" box="[865,976,1631,1654]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEED8FAFCD63501B49EF9B9" box="[865,976,1631,1654]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Makalata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, rather than of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEED8FAFB3E3501B3A5F9B9" authorityName="G. Cuvier" authorityYear="1809" box="[1161,1259,1631,1654]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Echimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEED8FAFB3E3501B3A5F9B9" box="[1161,1259,1631,1654]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Echimys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in addition to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEED8FAFC393522B36DF95C" box="[910,1059,1660,1683]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="didelphoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEED8FAFC393522B36DF95C" box="[910,1059,1660,1683]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">didelphoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Our preliminary mitochondrial DNA sequence data (da Silva and Patton, 1993) also suggested that
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEED8FAFB0135E9B3BDF901" box="[1206,1267,1719,1742]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Mak</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF48E0E94BEED8FAFF0A36A5B79CF9AF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5347575" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5347575" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5347575/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" startId="186.[189,227,1531,1552]" targetBox="[255,599,187,1510]" targetPageId="186">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BEED8FAFF0A36A5B79CF9AF" blockId="186.[163,691,1531,1632]" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">
|
||
Fig. 122. Dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom) views of the cranium of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEED8FAFE183548B539F9E4" baseAuthorityName="Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[431,631,1558,1579]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrura">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEED8FAFE183548B539F9E4" box="[431,631,1558,1579]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Makalata macrura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Rio Juruá (MNFS 1717, locality
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEED8FAFD85356EB502F98A" bold="true" box="[562,588,1584,1605]" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">14</emphasis>
|
||
). Natural size.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BEFD8FBFF10339FB66EFE6A" blockId="187.[167,696,193,1742]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEFD8FBFF10339FB7ADFF17" box="[167,227,193,216]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">alata</emphasis>
|
||
is composite, with at least two and possibly more entities replacing one another from west to east across Amazonia. We summarize the available molecular data below, again to emphasize the need for further geographic sampling and to help identify areas where critical samples would be especially beneficial.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BEFD8FBFF7332F2B49BFDBC" blockId="187.[167,696,193,1742]" lastBlockId="187.[743,1271,193,627]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">
|
||
We have examined individuals from only 11 geographic localities (20 individuals), but these are distributed across Amazonia from northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BEFD8FBFEA0315AB602FDD4" box="[279,332,516,539]" name="Peru" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Perú</collectingCountry>
|
||
to the Rio Xingu in eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BEFD8FBFF10317FB7A0FDF7" box="[167,238,545,568]" name="Brazil" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
and south to eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BEFD8FBFE5A317FB50DFDF7" box="[493,579,545,568]" name="Bolivia" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(fig. 123, table 53). There is, however, extensive divergence among cytochromeb haplotypes (798 bp), with two major geographic clades recognizable that differ by more than 16% (Kimura twoparameter distance). The first of these is from the Rio Xingu in Estado do Para´,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BEFD8FBFF4631B0B675FCCA" box="[241,315,750,773]" name="Brazil" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which, within itself, includes two quite divergent lineages that differ by an average of 10%. The Rio Xingu clade groups with strong bootstrap support (97%) to haplotypes from the Río Iténez in eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BEFD8FBFDDA303AB7F1FC57" name="Bolivia" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but at an average divergence of 11.5%. The second major geographic clade is widespread, ranging from northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BEFD8FBFDA730E2B50BFC1C" box="[528,581,956,979]" name="Peru" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Perú</collectingCountry>
|
||
east to at least the right bank of the lower Rio Negro north of Manaus and south to include samples from the Rio Juruá and the Rio Purus near its mouth. The groupings depicted in the tree (fig. 123) are generally concordant with the geographic distinction between morphs recognized by Patterson (1992) that differ in pelage characteristics, and recognized as separate species by Emmons (1993). These are the western
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEFD8FBFEF637BFB51EFB37" authority="(Wagner)" baseAuthorityName="Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[321,592,1249,1272]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrura">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEFD8FBFEF637BFB617FB37" box="[321,345,1249,1272]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEFD8FBFED937BFB69CFB37" box="[366,466,1249,1272]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">macrura</emphasis>
|
||
(Wagner)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, characterized by a graybrown venter, and the eastern and southern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEFD8FBFE3C3642B51EFAFC" box="[395,592,1308,1331]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="didelphoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEFD8FBFE3C3642B6EDFAFC" box="[395,419,1308,1331]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEFD8FBFE0C3642B51EFAFC" box="[443,592,1308,1331]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">didelphoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with a pale cream or buff venter. We follow Emmons’ guidance here, and allocate our specimens from the Rio Juruá to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEFD8FBFD93362AB65CFA67" authority="However" authorityName="However" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrura">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEFD8FBFD93362AB572FA44" box="[548,572,1396,1419]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEFD8FBFDE4362AB5F9FA44" box="[595,695,1396,1419]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">macrura</emphasis>
|
||
However
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we note that substantial geographic structure exists within both presumptive species. Within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEFD8FBFE883692B682FA2C" box="[319,460,1484,1507]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrura">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEFD8FBFE883692B619FA2C" box="[319,343,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEFD8FBFEDF3692B682FA2C" box="[360,460,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">macrura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, for example, three welldifferentiated geographic units are evident that differ by an average of 6.0% and that exhibit a maximum pairwise divergence of 9.7%. One of these includes specimens from northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BEFD8FBFEE53500B6C9F9BA" box="[338,391,1630,1653]" name="Peru" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Perú</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the central portion of the Rio Jurua´, a second constitutes the single individual from the mouth of the Rio Juruá (locality
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEFD8FBFEA035E8B67AF901" bold="true" box="[279,308,1718,1742]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">14</emphasis>
|
||
), a third comprises specimens from the Rio Purus and the Arquipélago de Anavilhanas in the lower Rio Negro, and a fourth represents individuals from three adjacent localities on the Rio Jaú west of the Rio Negro. Similarly, as mentioned above specimens from the Rio Xingu divide into two sharply defined groups, one from the right bank and the second from a nearby but wellisolated island, and both differ substantially from the Bolivian specimens despite strong support for their phyletic linkage. Rats currently allocated to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEFD8FBFBE9315AB383FDD4" authorityName="Husson" authorityYear="1978" box="[1118,1229,516,539]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEFD8FBFBE9315AB383FDD4" box="[1118,1229,516,539]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Makalata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
offer a rich subject for systematic analysis, research that is currently being pursued by Louise H. Emmons.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |