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<document id="ADE47535F5AFAA704C5DA5D14A2ADF22" ID-CLB-Dataset="5350" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086256" ID-ZooBank="A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623272878632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schmidt, C. A. &amp; Shattuck, S. O." docDate="2014" docId="03775906A6242C40FF17FECE122DFF02" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03817p242.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3817 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Leptogenys Roger" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="98" masterDocId="FF4E217EA67F2C22FF80FFE61065FFFA" masterDocTitle="The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior" masterLastPageNumber="242" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="92" updateTime="1699920028738" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="A1326C0F1E7A3FC2A7BC8F3CE64E6CF9">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="42663D3609D6154D07F789761C677151">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2FE7712A979156AA8BEC228AF7BCF09E">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="F2704DADF2DC18053D590C6491A7D38C">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="D8AB4A0933F9F00C6DC4D9E3107CDCA4">2014-06-18</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="B43C4A4CBBCE605A72467230133D36EE">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="03775906A6242C40FF17FECE122DFF02" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5117484" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709963" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5117484" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03775906A6242C40FF17FECE122DFF02" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03775906A6242C40FF17FECE122DFF02" lastPageId="98" lastPageNumber="98" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6242C79FF17FECE1116FEB8" box="[151,371,296,322]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6242C79FF17FECE1116FEB8" blockId="91.[151,371,296,355]" box="[151,371,296,322]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<heading id="D0295F7CA6242C79FF17FECE1116FEB8" bold="true" box="[151,371,296,322]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FF17FECE1116FEB8" ID-CoL="5D34" ID-ENA="219782" authority="Roger" authorityName="Roger" box="[151,371,296,322]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FF17FECE1116FEB8" bold="true" box="[151,371,296,322]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FF17FECE1145FEB8" bold="true" box="[151,288,296,322]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Leptogenys</emphasis>
Roger
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6242C79FF17FEAC1083FE99" box="[151,230,330,355]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6242C79FF17FEAC1083FE99" blockId="91.[151,371,296,355]" box="[151,230,330,355]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<figureCitation id="13E5F495A6242C79FF17FEAC1083FE99" box="[151,230,330,355]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="93.[151,250,1941,1963]" captionTargetBox="[211,1368,193,1884]" captionTargetId="figure-69@93.[211,1368,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="93" captionText="FIGURE 15. Worker caste of Leptogenys. Upper specimen: Leptogenys darlingtoni: lateral and dorsal view of body and fullface view of head (ANIC32-059614). Lower specimen: Leptogenys maxillosa: lateral view of body and full-face view of head (Philippines, G.Alpert, MCZC); world distribution of Leptogenys." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120846" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120846/files/figure.png" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6242C79FF17FE751130FBDC" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6242C79FF17FE7511F4FE3D" blockId="91.[151,1437,402,884]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6242C79FF17FE7511F4FE3D" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6242C79FF17FE7511D9FE52" author="Roger, J." box="[151,444,402,424]" page="41" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" year="1861">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FF17FE7511D9FE52" ID-CoL="5D34" authority="Roger, 1861: 41" authorityName="Roger" authorityPageNumber="41" authorityYear="1861" box="[151,444,402,424]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FF17FE75116FFE52" box="[151,266,403,424]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Leptogenys</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6242C79FE93FE7511D9FE52" author="Roger, J." box="[275,444,402,424]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 54" refId="ref160915" refString="Roger, J. (1861) Die Ponera-artigen Ameisen (Schluss). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 5, 1 - 54." type="journal article" year="1861">Roger, 1861: 41</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
(as genus). Type-species:
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6242C79FD53FE75143AFE52" author="Roger, J." box="[723,1119,402,424]" page="42" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" year="1861">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FD53FE75143AFE52" ID-CoL="6PH66" authority="Roger, 1861: 42" authorityName="Roger" authorityPageNumber="42" authorityYear="1861" box="[723,1119,402,424]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="falcigera">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FD53FE7513CEFE52" box="[723,939,402,424]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Leptogenys falcigera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6242C79FC34FE75143AFE52" author="Roger, J." box="[948,1119,402,424]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 54" refId="ref160915" refString="Roger, J. (1861) Die Ponera-artigen Ameisen (Schluss). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 5, 1 - 54." type="journal article" year="1861">Roger, 1861: 42</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
; by subsequent designation of
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6242C79FF47FE5711E9FE3D" author="Bingham, C. T." box="[199,396,433,455]" page="52" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" year="1903">
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6242C79FF47FE5711E9FE3D" author="Bingham, C. T." box="[199,396,433,455]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refId="ref132962" refString="Bingham, C. T. (1903) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps. Taylor and Francis, London, 506 pp." type="book" year="1903">Bingham, 1903: 52</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6242C79FF17FE3613EFFDD9" blockId="91.[151,1437,402,884]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6242C79FF17FE3613EFFDD9" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6242C79FF17FE3611D7FE1C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6295324" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6295324" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:429D5197-1509-44BD-AF87-F30537689720" author="Mayr, G." box="[151,434,464,486]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4A41885751924A6A97D1916DDEEC9BB5" page="714" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" year="1862">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FF17FE3611D7FE1C" authority="Mayr, 1862: 714" authorityName="Mayr" authorityPageNumber="714" authorityYear="1862" box="[151,434,464,486]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lobopelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FF17FE36109BFE1C" box="[151,254,464,486]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Lobopelta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6242C79FE85FE3611D7FE1C" author="Mayr, G." box="[261,434,464,486]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="649 - 776" refId="ref155085" refString="Mayr, G. (1862) Myrmecologische Studien. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 12, 649 - 776." type="journal article" year="1862">Mayr, 1862: 714</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, 733 (as genus in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FDEFFE3612B1FE1C" ID-CoL="K6Z" box="[623,724,464,486]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
[Poneridae]). Type-species:
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FC7BFE371512FE1C" authority="Smith, F., 1857: 69" authorityName="Smith, F." authorityPageNumber="69" authorityYear="1857" box="[1019,1399,464,486]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diminuta">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FC7BFE3714C2FE1C" box="[1019,1191,464,486]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Ponera diminuta</emphasis>
Smith, F., 1857: 69
</taxonomicName>
; by subsequent designation of
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6242C79FE5CFE0812C2FDFE" author="Bingham, C. T." box="[476,679,494,516]" page="54" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" year="1903">
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6242C79FE5CFE0812C2FDFE" author="Bingham, C. T." box="[476,679,494,516]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refId="ref132962" refString="Bingham, C. T. (1903) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps. Taylor and Francis, London, 506 pp." type="book" year="1903">Bingham, 1903: 54</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6242C79FD33FE081304FDFE" author="Forel, A." box="[691,865,494,516]" page="520" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" year="1892">
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6242C79FD33FE081304FDFE" author="Forel, A." box="[691,865,494,516]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="516 - 535" refId="ref142496" refString="Forel, A. (1892) Nouvelles especes de Formicides de Madagascar (recoltees par M. Sikora). Premiere serie. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 36, 516 - 535." type="journal article" year="1892">Forel, 1892: 520</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FCF2FE0813BCFDFE" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" box="[882,985,494,516]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lobopelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FCF2FE0813BCFDFE" box="[882,985,494,516]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Lobopelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as subgenus of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FB05FE09149DFDFE" ID-CoL="5D34" box="[1157,1272,495,516]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FB05FE09149DFDFE" box="[1157,1272,495,516]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6242C79FA91FE091095FDD9" author="Emery, C." page="177" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" year="1896">
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6242C79FA91FE091095FDD9" author="Emery, C." pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="172 - 189" refId="ref141012" refString="Emery, C. (1896) Clef analytique des genres de la famille des Formicides, pour la determination des neutres. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 40, 172 - 189." type="journal article" year="1896">Emery, 1896: 177</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6242C79FF7AFDEB11D4FDD9" author="Bolton, B." box="[250,433,525,547]" page="240" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" year="1975">
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6242C79FF7AFDEB11D4FDD9" author="Bolton, B." box="[250,433,525,547]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="235 - 305" refId="ref133229" refString="Bolton, B. (1975 a) A revision of the ant genus Leptogenys Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Ethiopian region with a review of the Malagasy species. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 31, 235 - 305." type="journal article" year="1975">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6242C79FF7AFDEB115AFDD9" box="[250,319,525,547]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Bolton</collectingRegion>
1975a:240
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FE3FFDEB1243FDD9" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" box="[447,550,525,547]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lobopelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FE3FFDEB1243FDD9" box="[447,550,525,547]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Lobopelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FC89FDE81319FDD9" ID-CoL="5D34" box="[777,892,526,547]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FC89FDE81319FDD9" box="[777,892,526,547]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6242C79FF17FDCA1376FD9A" blockId="91.[151,1437,402,884]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6242C79FF17FDCA1376FD9A" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6242C79FF17FDCA1185FDB8" author="Emery, C." box="[151,480,556,578]" page="348" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" year="1895">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FF17FDCA1185FDB8" authority="Emery, 1895 b: 348" authorityName="Emery" authorityPageNumber="348" authorityYear="1895" box="[151,480,556,578]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Prionogenys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FF17FDCA1172FDBB" box="[151,279,556,577]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Prionogenys</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6242C79FE9EFDCA1185FDB8" author="Emery, C." box="[286,480,556,578]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="345 - 358" refId="ref140901" refString="Emery, C. (1895 b) Descriptions de quelques fourmis nouvelles d'Australie. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 39, 345 - 358." type="journal article" year="1895">Emery, 1895b: 348</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
(as genus). Type-species:
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6242C79FD6FFDCA14D2FDB8" author="Emery, C." box="[751,1207,556,578]" page="349" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" year="1895">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FD6FFDCA14D2FDB8" authority="Emery, 1895 b: 349" authorityName="Emery" authorityPageNumber="349" authorityYear="1895" box="[751,1207,556,578]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Prionogenys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="podenzanai">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FD6FFDCA138EFDB8" box="[751,1003,556,578]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Prionogenys podenzanai</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6242C79FC72FDCA14D2FDB8" author="Emery, C." box="[1010,1207,556,578]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="345 - 358" refId="ref140901" refString="Emery, C. (1895 b) Descriptions de quelques fourmis nouvelles d'Australie. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 39, 345 - 358." type="journal article" year="1895">Emery, 1895b: 349</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
; by monotypy.
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6242C79FAD5FDCA1145FD9A" author="Taylor, R. W." page="33" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" year="1988">
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6242C79FAD5FDCA1145FD9A" author="Taylor, R. W." pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="33 - 37" refId="ref163935" refString="Taylor, R. W. (1988) The nomenclature and distribution of some Australian and New Caledonian ants of the genus Leptogenys Roger (= Prionogenys Emery, n. syn.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). General and Applied Entomology, 20, 33 - 37." type="journal article" year="1988">Taylor, 1988: 33</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FEAFFDAD11CAFD9A" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1895" box="[303,431,587,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Prionogenys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FEAFFDAD11CAFD9A" box="[303,431,587,608]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Prionogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FD12FDAD1360FD9A" ID-CoL="5D34" box="[658,773,587,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FD12FDAD1360FD9A" box="[658,773,587,608]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6242C79FF17FD8F1557FD67" blockId="91.[151,1437,402,884]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6242C79FF17FD8F1557FD67" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6242C79FF17FD8F1196FD85" author="Emery, C." box="[151,499,617,639]" page="100" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" year="1911">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FF17FD8F1196FD85" authority="Emery, 1911: 100" authorityName="Emery" authorityPageNumber="100" authorityYear="1911" box="[151,499,617,639]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Machaerogenys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FF17FD8F115DFD85" box="[151,312,617,639]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Machaerogenys</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6242C79FEBEFD8C1196FD85" author="Emery, C." box="[318,499,617,639]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref141346" refString="Emery, C. (1911) Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum, 118, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1911">Emery, 1911: 100</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
(as subgenus of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FD1FFD8C1377FD85" ID-CoL="5D34" box="[671,786,618,639]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FD1FFD8C1377FD85" box="[671,786,618,639]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Type-species:
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6242C79FC39FD8C151DFD85" author="Forel, A." box="[953,1400,617,639]" page="195" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" year="1897">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FC39FD8C151DFD85" ID-CoL="3TPJ7" authority="Forel, 1897: 195" authorityName="Forel" authorityPageNumber="195" authorityYear="1897" box="[953,1400,617,639]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncatirostris">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FC39FD8C14A0FD85" box="[953,1221,618,639]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Leptogenys truncatirostris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6242C79FB4CFD8F151DFD85" author="Forel, A." box="[1228,1400,617,639]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="185 - 208" refId="ref142659" refString="Forel, A. (1897) Ameisen aus Nossi-Be, Majunga, Juan de Nova (Madagaskar), den Aldabra-Inseln und Sansibar, gesammelt von Herrn Dr. A. Voeltzkow aus Berlin. Mit einem Anhang uber die von Herrn Privatdocenten Dr. A. Brauer in Marburg auf den Seychellen und von Herrn. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 21, 185 - 208." type="journal article" year="1897">Forel, 1897: 195</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
; by original designation.
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6242C79FE1DFD6E123DFD64" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[413,600,648,670]" page="181" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" year="1973">
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6242C79FE1DFD6E123DFD64" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[413,600,648,670]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="161 - 185" refId="ref134603" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1973) A comparison of the Hylean and Congo-West African rain forest ant faunas. In: Meggers, B. J., Ayensu, E. S. &amp; Duckworth, W. D. (Eds.), Tropical forest ecosystems in Africa and South America: a comparative review. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., pp. 161 - 185." type="book chapter" year="1973">Brown, 1973: 181</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6242C79FDE2FD6E137AFD64" author="Bolton, B." box="[610,799,648,670]" page="240" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" year="1975">
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6242C79FDE2FD6E137AFD64" author="Bolton, B." box="[610,799,648,670]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="235 - 305" refId="ref133229" refString="Bolton, B. (1975 a) A revision of the ant genus Leptogenys Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Ethiopian region with a review of the Malagasy species. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 31, 235 - 305." type="journal article" year="1975">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6242C79FDE2FD6E12CCFD64" box="[610,681,648,670]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Bolton</collectingRegion>
, 1975a:240
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FCADFD6E13ABFD64" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1911" box="[813,974,648,670]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Machaerogenys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FCADFD6E13ABFD64" box="[813,974,648,670]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Machaerogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FB31FD6F1541FD64" ID-CoL="5D34" box="[1201,1316,649,670]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FB31FD6F1541FD64" box="[1201,1316,649,670]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6242C79FF17FD4014E9FD21" blockId="91.[151,1437,402,884]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6242C79FF17FD4014E9FD21" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6242C79FF17FD4011B5FD46" author="Emery, C." box="[151,464,678,700]" page="101" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" year="1911">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FF17FD4011B5FD46" authority="Emery, 1911: 101" authorityName="Emery" authorityPageNumber="101" authorityYear="1911" box="[151,464,678,700]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontopelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FF17FD401173FD46" box="[151,278,678,700]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Odontopelta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6242C79FE9CFD4111B5FD46" author="Emery, C." box="[284,464,678,700]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref141346" refString="Emery, C. (1911) Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum, 118, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1911">Emery, 1911: 101</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
(as subgenus of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FDFBFD41128BFD46" ID-CoL="5D34" box="[635,750,679,700]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FDFBFD41128BFD46" box="[635,750,679,700]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Type-species:
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6242C79FC15FD411560FD46" author="Forel, A." box="[917,1285,678,700]" page="67" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" year="1900">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FC15FD411560FD46" ID-CoL="3TPJ8" authority="Forel, 1900 a: 67" authorityName="Forel" authorityPageNumber="67" authorityYear="1900" box="[917,1285,678,700]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turneri">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FC15FD411430FD46" box="[917,1109,679,700]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Leptogenys turneri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6242C79FBDCFD401560FD46" author="Forel, A." box="[1116,1285,678,700]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="54 - 77" refId="ref142752" refString="Forel, A. (1900 a) Ponerinae et Dorylinae d'Australie recoltes par MM. Turner, Froggatt, Nugent, Chase, Rothney, J. - J. Walker, etc. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 44, 54 - 77." type="journal article" year="1900">Forel, 1900a: 67</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
; by monotypy.
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6242C79FF47FD2011E4FD21" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[199,385,709,731]" page="183" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" year="1973">
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6242C79FF47FD2011E4FD21" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[199,385,709,731]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="161 - 185" refId="ref134603" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1973) A comparison of the Hylean and Congo-West African rain forest ant faunas. In: Meggers, B. J., Ayensu, E. S. &amp; Duckworth, W. D. (Eds.), Tropical forest ecosystems in Africa and South America: a comparative review. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., pp. 161 - 185." type="book chapter" year="1973">Brown, 1973: 183</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6242C79FE0CFD2312FDFD21" author="Taylor, R. W. &amp; Brown, D. R." box="[396,664,709,731]" page="32" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" year="1985">
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6242C79FE0CFD2312FDFD21" author="Taylor, R. W. &amp; Brown, D. R." box="[396,664,709,731]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refId="ref163989" refString="Taylor, R. W. &amp; Brown, D. R. (1985) Zoological Catalogue of Australia 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea. ABRS, Canberra, 381 pp." type="book" year="1985">Taylor &amp; Brown, 1985: 32</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FD27FD231343FD21" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1911" box="[679,806,709,731]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontopelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FD27FD231343FD21" box="[679,806,709,731]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Odontopelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FB89FD201419FD21" ID-CoL="5D34" box="[1033,1148,710,731]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FB89FD201419FD21" box="[1033,1148,710,731]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6242C79FF17FD0211A2FCCD" blockId="91.[151,1437,402,884]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6242C79FF17FD0211A2FCCD" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6242C79FF17FD0211A7FD00" author="Forel, A." box="[151,450,740,762]" page="24" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" year="1915">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FF17FD0211A7FD00" authority="Forel, 1915 b: 24" authorityName="Forel" authorityPageNumber="24" authorityYear="1915" box="[151,450,740,762]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylozelus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FF17FD021177FD00" box="[151,274,740,762]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Dorylozelus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6242C79FE98FD0211A7FD00" author="Forel, A." box="[280,450,740,762]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 119" refId="ref143154" refString="Forel, A. (1915 b) Results of Dr. E. Mjobergs Swedish Scientific Expeditions to Australia 1910 - 13. 2. Ameisen. Arkiv for Zoologi, 9 (1) 16, 1 - 119." type="journal article" year="1915">Forel, 1915b: 24</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
(as genus). Type-species:
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6242C79FD4FFD02143FFD00" author="Forel, A." box="[719,1114,740,762]" page="25" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" year="1915">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FD4FFD02143FFD00" authority="Forel, 1915 b: 25" authorityName="Forel" authorityPageNumber="25" authorityYear="1915" box="[719,1114,740,762]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylozelus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mjobergi">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FD4FFD0213CEFD00" box="[719,939,740,762]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Dorylozelus mjobergi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6242C79FC31FD02143FFD00" author="Forel, A." box="[945,1114,740,762]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 119" refId="ref143154" refString="Forel, A. (1915 b) Results of Dr. E. Mjobergs Swedish Scientific Expeditions to Australia 1910 - 13. 2. Ameisen. Arkiv for Zoologi, 9 (1) 16, 1 - 119." type="journal article" year="1915">Forel, 1915b: 25</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
(junior secondary homonym in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FF47FCE5115FFCE2" ID-CoL="5D34" box="[199,314,771,792]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FF47FCE5115FFCE2" box="[199,314,771,792]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, replaced by
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6242C79FE48FCE51328FCE2" author="Taylor, R. W." box="[456,845,770,792]" page="132" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" year="1969">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FE48FCE51328FCE2" ID-CoL="3TPJ3" authority="Taylor, 1969: 132" authorityName="Taylor" authorityPageNumber="132" authorityYear="1969" box="[456,845,770,792]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricosa">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FE48FCE512EFFCE2" box="[456,650,771,792]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Leptogenys tricosa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6242C79FD13FCE41328FCE2" author="Taylor, R. W." box="[659,845,770,792]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="131 - 133" refId="ref163880" refString="Taylor, R. W. (1969) The identity of Dorylozelus mjobergi Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 8, 131 - 133. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 6055.1969. tb 00746. x" type="journal article" year="1969">Taylor, 1969: 132</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
); by monotypy.
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6242C79FC77FCE414CBFCE2" author="Taylor, R. W." box="[1015,1198,770,792]" page="132" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" year="1969">
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6242C79FC77FCE414CBFCE2" author="Taylor, R. W." box="[1015,1198,770,792]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="131 - 133" refId="ref163880" refString="Taylor, R. W. (1969) The identity of Dorylozelus mjobergi Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 8, 131 - 133. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 6055.1969. tb 00746. x" type="journal article" year="1969">Taylor, 1969: 132</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FB3FFCE4155CFCE2" box="[1215,1337,770,792]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylozelus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FB3FFCE4155CFCE2" box="[1215,1337,770,792]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Dorylozelus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FEC5FCC411DDFCCD" ID-CoL="5D34" box="[325,440,802,823]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FEC5FCC411DDFCCD" box="[325,440,802,823]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6242C79FF17FCA61466FC8E" blockId="91.[151,1437,402,884]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6242C79FF17FCA61466FC8E" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FF17FCA6127BFCAC" authority="Donisthorpe, 1948 f: 170" authorityName="Donisthorpe" authorityPageNumber="170" authorityYear="1948" box="[151,542,832,854]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Microbolbos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FF17FCA6117DFCAC" box="[151,280,832,854]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Microbolbos</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6242C79FEA0FCA61184FCAC" author="Donisthorpe, H." box="[288,481,832,854]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="170 - 171" refId="ref139776" refString="Donisthorpe, H. (1948) Microbolbos testaceus, a new genus and species of ponerine ant. Entomologist, 81, 170 - 171." type="journal article" year="1948">Donisthorpe, 1948</bibRefCitation>
f: 170
</taxonomicName>
(as genus). Type-species:
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6242C79FCB5FCA61578FCAC" author="Donisthorpe, H." box="[821,1309,832,854]" page="170" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" year="1948">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FCB5FCA61578FCAC" authority="Donisthorpe, 1948: 170" authorityName="Donisthorpe" authorityPageNumber="170" authorityYear="1948" box="[821,1309,832,854]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Microbolbos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="testaceus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FCB5FCA61479FCAC" box="[821,1052,832,854]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Microbolbos testaceus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6242C79FBA4FCA61578FCAC" author="Donisthorpe, H." box="[1060,1309,832,854]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="170 - 171" refId="ref139776" refString="Donisthorpe, H. (1948) Microbolbos testaceus, a new genus and species of ponerine ant. Entomologist, 81, 170 - 171." type="journal article" year="1948">Donisthorpe, 1948: 170</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
; by original designation.
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6242C79FEC8FCB81275FC8E" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[328,528,862,884]" page="136" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" year="1955">
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6242C79FEC8FCB81275FC8E" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[328,528,862,884]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="136" refId="ref168536" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1955 b) The status of the ant genus Microbolbos Donisthorpe. Psyche (Camb.), 62, 136." type="journal article" year="1955">Wilson, 1955b: 136</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FD9EFCB812FBFC8E" authorityName="Donisthorpe" authorityYear="1948" box="[542,670,862,884]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Microbolbos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FD9EFCB812FBFC8E" box="[542,670,862,884]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Microbolbos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FC02FCB91390FC8E" ID-CoL="5D34" box="[898,1013,863,884]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FC02FCB91390FC8E" box="[898,1013,863,884]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6242C79FF17FC441130FBDC" blockId="91.[151,1437,929,2034]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FF17FC441172FC43" ID-CoL="5D34" box="[151,279,930,953]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FF17FC441172FC43" box="[151,279,930,953]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the largest ponerine genus, with 211 described extant species and one described fossil species, and is widespread in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is probably sister to
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FB15FC201490FC27" ID-CoL="63D42" box="[1173,1269,966,989]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FB15FC201490FC27" box="[1173,1269,966,989]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Myopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The genus is notable for its ergatoid queens, frequent specialization on isopods, and for containing species that exhibit an army ant-like lifestyle.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6242C7EFF47FBD71445FE0F" lastPageId="92" lastPageNumber="93" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6242C79FF47FBD7141CFABF" blockId="91.[151,1437,929,2034]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FF47FBD71124FBB0" bold="true" box="[199,321,1073,1098]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Workers of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FE51FBD41234FBB3" box="[465,593,1074,1097]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FE51FBD41234FBB3" box="[465,593,1074,1097]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are easily distinguished from those of other ponerine genera. Usually the presence of pectinate tarsal claws is enough to identify the genus (as no other ponerines have pectinate tarsal claws), though the tarsal claws of some
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FDFCFB9C133CFB68" box="[636,857,1145,1170]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FDFCFB9C129EFB6B" box="[636,763,1146,1169]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Leptogenys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
are not pectinate. Other diagnostic characters in combination include: slender build, linear mandibles, triangular or distinctly lobed anterior clypeal margin, round propodeal spiracles (rarely slit-shaped), and strong gastral constriction (sometimes only moderately so, and constriction absent in many Afrotropical species of the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FC9DFB0013D1FB07" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1914" box="[797,948,1254,1277]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guineensis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FC9DFB0013D1FB07" box="[797,948,1254,1277]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">L. guineensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FC71FB0014EAFB04" baseAuthorityName="Arnold" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[1009,1167,1253,1278]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stuhlmanni">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FC71FB0014EAFB04" box="[1009,1167,1253,1278]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">L. stuhlmanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
groups).
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FB7FFB00151AFB07" box="[1279,1407,1254,1277]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FB7FFB00151AFB07" box="[1279,1407,1254,1277]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is morphologically most similar to
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FD8DFAEC1208FADB" box="[525,621,1290,1313]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FD8DFAEC1208FADB" box="[525,621,1290,1313]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Myopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FD2BFAEC136EFADB" box="[683,779,1290,1313]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FD2BFAEC136EFADB" box="[683,779,1290,1313]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Myopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
usually has a blunt rectangular projection on the anterior clypeal margin, has simple tarsal claws, and has more mandibular teeth than
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FC72FAC81414FABF" box="[1010,1137,1326,1349]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FC72FAC81414FABF" box="[1010,1137,1326,1349]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6242C79FF47FAB7144DF898" blockId="91.[151,1437,929,2034]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FF47FAB711A0FA90" bold="true" box="[199,453,1361,1386]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Synoptic description.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FE4DFAB71246FA90" box="[461,547,1361,1386]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Worker.</emphasis>
Small to large (TL
<quantity id="4C2645F5A6242C79FC87FAB713FAFA90" box="[775,927,1361,1386]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.3" metricValueMax="14.5" metricValueMin="2.1" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="8.3" valueMax="14.5" valueMin="2.1">2.1–14.5 mm</quantity>
) slender ants with the standard characters of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FF17FA93109FFA74" box="[151,250,1397,1422]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
. Mandibles subtriangular to curvilinear, often without a distinct basal margin, usually lacking teeth except for a single large apical tooth (mandibles with multiple teeth in the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FC12FA7C1437FA48" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[914,1106,1433,1458]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="processionalis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FC12FA7C1437FA48" box="[914,1106,1433,1458]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">L. processionalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group), and articulating with the head at the extreme anterolateral corners of the head; mandibles sometimes with a basal groove. Anterior margin of clypeus angular, with a blunt or sharp point medially, and usually longitudinally carinate medially; sometimes with a narrow blunt lobe medially and a sharp tooth to each side. Frontal lobes small. Eyes small to large, placed at or anterior to head midline. Metanotal groove shallowly to deeply impressed. Propodeum broad to moderately narrowed dorsally. Propodeal spiracles usually small and round, though occasionally a short slit. Tarsal claws usually pectinate, though sometimes with only four or fewer teeth and very rarely simple. Metatibial spur formula (1s, 1p). Petiole usually nodiform (more squamiform in the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FC28F970140CF954" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[936,1129,1685,1710]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="processionalis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FC28F970140CF954" box="[936,1129,1685,1710]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">L. processionalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group), though variable in shape. Girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites of A4 apparent (less pronounced in the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FA05F95C115DF90C" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1851" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="processionalis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FA05F95C115DF90C" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">L. processionalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, absent in many species of the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FD66F938131FF90F" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1914" box="[742,890,1758,1781]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guineensis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FD66F938131FF90F" box="[742,890,1758,1781]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">L. guineensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FC33F938142BF90C" baseAuthorityName="Arnold" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[947,1102,1757,1782]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stuhlmanni">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FC33F938142BF90C" box="[947,1102,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">L. stuhlmanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
groups). Stridulitrum present on pretergite of A4. Hypopygium occasionally with a row of stout setae on either side of the sting. Head and body usually shining, though often punctate, foveolate, striate, or rugoreticulate. Head and body with scattered to abundant pilosity, and usually no pubescence. Color variable, testaceous to black.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6242C7EFF47F8881143FF02" blockId="91.[151,1437,929,2034]" lastBlockId="92.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="92" lastPageNumber="93" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FF47F8881172F87F" box="[199,279,1902,1925]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Queen.</emphasis>
Usually ergatoid, flightless and very similar to the worker but with a broader petiole and larger gaster, and often vestigial ocelli; ergatoids also often differ from conspecific workers in various minor characters. The queens of one species (
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FE1BF8501252F837" authorityName=": Wheeler" authorityYear="1922" box="[411,567,1974,1997]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ergatogyna">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FE1BF8501252F837" box="[411,567,1974,1997]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">L. ergatogyna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are not ergatoid, but are still wingless; unlike other
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6242C79FB09F850156DF837" box="[1161,1288,1974,1997]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6242C79FB09F850156DF837" box="[1161,1288,1974,1997]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
queens, they have the ocelli and thoracic modifications typical of alate ponerine queens (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6242C79FC73F83F14C9F808" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[1011,1196,2009,2034]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="631 - 710" refId="ref167817" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1922 b) Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VII. Keys to the genera and subgenera of ants. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 45, 631 - 710." type="journal article" year="1922">Wheeler, 1922b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6242C79FB38F83F1539F808" author="Bolton, B." box="[1208,1372,2009,2034]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="235 - 305" refId="ref133229" refString="Bolton, B. (1975 a) A revision of the ant genus Leptogenys Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Ethiopian region with a review of the Malagasy species. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 31, 235 - 305." type="journal article" year="1975">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6242C79FB38F83F1562F808" box="[1208,1287,2009,2034]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Bolton</collectingRegion>
, 1975a
</bibRefCitation>
). The queens of at least one species,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6232C7EFE71FF7F122CFF4A" authorityName=": Wheeler" authorityYear="1923" box="[497,585,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="langi">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFE71FF7F122CFF4A" box="[497,585,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">L. langi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are fully winged (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFC9FFF7113B3FF4A" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[799,982,151,176]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="3 - 9" refId="ref167869" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1923 a) Report on the ants collected by the Barbados-Antigua Expedition from the University of Iowa in 1918. Studies in Natural History, Iowa University, 10 (3), 3 - 9." type="journal article" year="1923">Wheeler, 1923a</bibRefCitation>
). Queens are fully absent from at least a handful of species in which reproduction is performed by gamergate workers (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFB81FF5A14B2FF2F" author="Davies, S. J. &amp; Villet, M. H. &amp; Blomefield, T. M. &amp; Crewe, R. M." box="[1025,1239,188,213]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="507 - 517" refId="ref136910" refString="Davies, S. J., Villet, M. H., Blomefield, T. M. &amp; Crewe, R. M. (1994) Reproduction and division of labour in Leptogenys schwabi Forel (Hymenoptera Formicidae), a polygynous, queenless ponerine ant. Ethology Ecology and Evolution, 6, 507 - 517. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 08927014.1994.9522975" type="journal article" year="1994">
Davies
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFBD7FF5B14EAFF2F" box="[1111,1167,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">et al.</emphasis>
, 1994
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFB63FF5A152FFF2F" author="Ito, F." box="[1251,1354,188,213]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="335 - 343" refId="ref147438" refString="Ito, F. (1997) Colony composition and morphological caste differentiation between ergatoid queens and workers in the ponerine ant genus Leptogenys in the Oriental tropics. Ethology Ecology and Evolution, 9 (4), 335 - 343. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 08927014.1997.9522876" type="journal article" year="1997">Ito, 1997</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFAD6FF5A117FFF02" author="Gobin, B. &amp; Ito, F. &amp; Billen, J. &amp; Peeters, C." pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="1041 - 1048" refId="ref144116" refString="Gobin, B., Ito, F., Billen, J. &amp; Peeters, C. (2008) Degeneration of sperm reservoir and the loss of mating ability in worker ants. Naturwissenschaften, 95 (11), 1041 - 1048. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00114 - 008 - 0420 - x" type="journal article" year="2008">
Gobin
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFF17FF0710AAFF02" box="[151,207,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">et al.</emphasis>
, 2008
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6232C7EFF47FEE215ECFEE7" blockId="92.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,1417,260,285]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFF47FEE2116DFEE7" box="[199,264,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Male.</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6232C7EFE8EFEE21153FEE7" box="[270,310,260,285]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">See</collectingRegion>
descriptions in
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFE69FEE212E9FEE7" author="Arnold, G." box="[489,652,260,285]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref131610" refString="Arnold, G. (1915) A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part I. Ponerinae; Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum, 14, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1915">Arnold (1915)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFD18FEE2133CFEE7" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[664,857,260,285]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="631 - 710" refId="ref167817" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1922 b) Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VII. Keys to the genera and subgenera of ants. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 45, 631 - 710." type="journal article" year="1922">Wheeler (1922b)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFCE4FEE21474FEE7" author="Bolton, B." box="[868,1041,260,285]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="235 - 305" refId="ref133229" refString="Bolton, B. (1975 a) A revision of the ant genus Leptogenys Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Ethiopian region with a review of the Malagasy species. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 31, 235 - 305." type="journal article" year="1975">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6232C7EFCE4FEE213D5FEE7" box="[868,944,260,285]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Bolton</collectingRegion>
(1975a)
</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFBCCFEE215E1FEE7" author="Yoshimura, M. &amp; Fisher, B. L." box="[1100,1412,260,285]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="21 - 40" refId="ref169599" refString="Yoshimura, M. &amp; Fisher, B. L. (2007) A revision of male ants of the Malagasy region (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Key to subfamilies and treatment of the genera of Ponerinae. Zootaxa, 1654, 21 - 40." type="journal article" year="2007">Yoshimura &amp; Fisher (2007)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6232C7EFF47FECF1378FE9F" blockId="92.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFF47FECF1174FEBA" box="[199,273,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Larva.</emphasis>
The larvae of various
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6232C7EFD9CFECF1292FEBA" box="[540,759,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFD9CFECF12FEFEBA" box="[540,667,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Leptogenys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
have been described by
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFB99FEC1152AFEBA" author="Wheeler, G. C. &amp; Wheeler, J." box="[1049,1359,295,320]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="604 - 672" refId="ref166964" refString="Wheeler, G. C. &amp; Wheeler, J. (1952) The ant larvae of the subfamily Ponerinae - Part II. American Midland Naturalist, 48, 604 - 672. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2422200" type="journal article" year="1952">Wheeler &amp; Wheeler (1952</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFADDFEC115FDFEBA" author="Wheeler, G. C. &amp; Wheeler, J." box="[1373,1432,295,320]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="443 - 462" refId="ref167049" refString="Wheeler, G. C. &amp; Wheeler, J. (1964) The ant larvae of the subfamily Ponerinae: supplement. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 57, 443 - 462." type="journal article" year="1964">1964</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFF17FEAA10BBFE9F" author="Wheeler, G. C. &amp; Wheeler, J." box="[151,222,332,357]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="1197 - 1217" refId="ref167087" refString="Wheeler, G. C. &amp; Wheeler, J. (1971 a) Ant larvae of the subfamily Ponerinae: second supplement. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 6, 64, 1197 - 1217." type="journal article" year="1971">1971a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFF69FEAA1141FE9F" author="Wheeler, G. C. &amp; Wheeler, J." box="[233,292,332,357]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="278 - 281" refId="ref167170" refString="Wheeler, G. C. &amp; Wheeler, J. (1974) Ant larvae of the subfamily Ponerinae: third supplement (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 76, 278 - 281." type="journal article" year="1974">1974</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFEAFFEAA110FFE9F" author="Wheeler, G. C. &amp; Wheeler, J." box="[303,362,332,357]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="41 - 64" refId="ref167213" refString="Wheeler, G. C. &amp; Wheeler, J. (1976) Supplementary studies on ant larvae: Ponerinae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 102, 41 - 64." type="journal article" year="1976">1976</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFEF5FEAA11D9FE9F" author="Wheeler, G. C. &amp; Wheeler, J." box="[373,444,332,357]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="85 - 94" refId="ref167374" refString="Wheeler, G. C. &amp; Wheeler, J. (1986 b) Supplementary studies of ant larvae: Ponerinae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 112, 85 - 94." type="journal article" year="1986">1986b</bibRefCitation>
) and
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFE7BFEAA137DFE9F" author="Petralia, R. S. &amp; Vinson, S. B." box="[507,792,332,357]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="375 - 394" refId="ref160007" refString="Petralia, R. S. &amp; Vinson, S. B. (1980) Comparative anatomy of the ventral region of ant larvae, and its relation to feeding behavior. Psyche (Camb.), 86, 375 - 394." type="journal article" year="1980">Petralia &amp; Vinson (1980)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6232C7EFF47FE891445FE0F" blockId="92.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFF47FE891196FE72" bold="true" box="[199,499,367,392]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6232C7EFE7FFE97121AFE72" box="[511,639,369,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFE7FFE97121AFE72" box="[511,639,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is abundant and species-rich throughout the tropical regions of the world, and to a lesser extent the subtropical regions (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFD7DFE7213D2FE57" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[765,951,404,429]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="631 - 710" refId="ref167817" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1922 b) Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VII. Keys to the genera and subgenera of ants. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 45, 631 - 710." type="journal article" year="1922">Wheeler, 1922b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFC44FE72140CFE57" author="Bolton, B." box="[964,1129,404,429]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="235 - 305" refId="ref133229" refString="Bolton, B. (1975 a) A revision of the ant genus Leptogenys Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Ethiopian region with a review of the Malagasy species. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 31, 235 - 305." type="journal article" year="1975">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6232C7EFC44FE721476FE57" box="[964,1043,404,429]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Bolton</collectingRegion>
, 1975a
</bibRefCitation>
). Some members of the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6232C7EFA05FE731161FE2A" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1858" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maxillosa">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFA05FE731161FE2A" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">L. maxillosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group are widely-distributed tramp species (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFCCBFE51138AFE2A" author="Bolton, B." box="[843,1007,439,464]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="235 - 305" refId="ref133229" refString="Bolton, B. (1975 a) A revision of the ant genus Leptogenys Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Ethiopian region with a review of the Malagasy species. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 31, 235 - 305." type="journal article" year="1975">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6232C7EFCCBFE5113F9FE2A" box="[843,924,439,464]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Bolton</collectingRegion>
, 1975a
</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6232C7EFB82FE5F14E6FE2A" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" box="[1026,1155,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="falcigera">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFB82FE5F14E6FE2A" box="[1026,1155,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">L. falcigera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, for example, was one of the first ants introduced to the Hawaiian Islands (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFD3DFE3A1471FE0F" author="Kirschenbaum, R. &amp; Grace, J. K." box="[701,1044,476,501]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="643 - 651" refId="ref149594" refString="Kirschenbaum, R. &amp; Grace, J. K. (2007) Agonistic interactions of four ant species occurring in Hawaii with Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Sociobiology, 50 (2), 643 - 651." type="journal article" year="2007">Kirschenbaum &amp; Grace, 2007</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6232C40FF47FE19122DFF02" lastPageId="98" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6232C7EFF47FE191318FD37" blockId="92.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFF47FE1911BEFDE2" bold="true" box="[199,475,511,536]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Ecology and behavior.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6232C7EFE67FDE71202FDE2" box="[487,615,513,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFE67FDE71202FDE2" box="[487,615,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
dwarfs every other ponerine genus in terms of number of described species, accounting for roughly a quarter of the subfamily’s species diversity, and is considered to be a major component of many tropical faunas (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFDB8FDA11379FD9A" author="Peeters, C. &amp; Ito, F." box="[568,796,583,608]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="601 - 630" refId="ref159609" refString="Peeters, C. &amp; Ito, F. (2001) Colony dispersal and the evolution of queen morphology in social Hymenoptera. Annual Review of Entomology, 46, 601 - 630." type="journal article" year="2001">Peeters &amp; Ito, 2001</bibRefCitation>
). Though there are numerous exceptions (see discussion below), most
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6232C7EFEB0FD8B126DFD7F" box="[304,520,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFEB0FD8B11CAFD7E" box="[304,431,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Leptogenys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
follow a general pattern of having small colonies, nesting in soil or rotting wood, having monomorphic workers which forage individually and are specialist predators of isopods, and having a single ergatoid queen which performs reproduction for the colony.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6232C7EFF47FD311433FCA7" blockId="92.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">
Average colony sizes vary greatly among
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6232C7EFD1AFD3F131CFD0A" box="[666,889,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFD1AFD3F137FFD0A" box="[666,794,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Leptogenys</emphasis>
species.
</taxonomicName>
While colonies of most species have between 25 and
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6232C7EFF49FD1A113FFCEF" box="[201,346,764,789]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" type="worker">300 workers</specimenCount>
, some Southeast Asian species average fewer than
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6232C7EFC2FFD1A144BFCEF" box="[943,1070,764,789]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" type="worker">10 workers</specimenCount>
per colony (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFB44FD1A1555FCEF" author="Ito, F." box="[1220,1328,764,789]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="335 - 343" refId="ref147438" refString="Ito, F. (1997) Colony composition and morphological caste differentiation between ergatoid queens and workers in the ponerine ant genus Leptogenys in the Oriental tropics. Ethology Ecology and Evolution, 9 (4), 335 - 343. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 08927014.1997.9522876" type="journal article" year="1997">Ito, 1997</bibRefCitation>
), and the colonies of the mass raiding members of the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6232C7EFD23FCC71300FCC2" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[675,869,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="processionalis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFD23FCC71300FCC2" box="[675,869,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">L. processionalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group can have over 50,000 workers, the largest colonies known in the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6232C7EFE14FCA21261FCA7" box="[404,516,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFD93FCA21372FCA7" author="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Steghaus-Kovac, S. &amp; Gaube, R. &amp; Hanel, H." box="[531,791,836,861]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="305 - 316" refId="ref154230" refString="Maschwitz, U., Steghaus-Kovac, S., Gaube, R. &amp; Hanel, H. (1989) A South East Asian ponerine ant of the genus Leptogenys (Hym., Form.) with army ant life habits. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 24, 305 - 316. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00290907" type="journal article" year="1989">
Maschwitz
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFD16FCA312AAFCA7" box="[662,719,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">et al.</emphasis>
, 1989
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFCA3FCA2142FFCA7" author="Witte, V. &amp; Maschwitz, U." box="[803,1098,836,861]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="76 - 83" refId="ref169006" refString="Witte, V. &amp; Maschwitz, U. (2000) Raiding and emigration dynamics in the ponerine army ant Leptogenys distinguenda (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux, 47, 76 - 83. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 000400050012" type="journal article" year="2000">Witte &amp; Maschwitz, 2000</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6232C7EFF47FC8E1312FB5A" blockId="92.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">
Most
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6232C7EFE89FC8F11ECFC7A" box="[265,393,873,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFE89FC8F11ECFC7A" box="[265,393,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occur in tropical forests, and like most ponerines construct their nests in soil, leaf litter, or rotting wood (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFEB6FC6A11AFFC5F" author="Forel, A." box="[310,458,908,933]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="333 - 418" refId="ref142569" refString="Forel, A. (1893 b) Formicides de l'Antille St. Vincent, recoltees par Mons. H. H. Smith. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1893, 333 - 418. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1893. tb 02073. x" type="journal article" year="1893">Forel, 1893b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFE56FC6A120BFC5F" author="Arnold, G." box="[470,622,908,933]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref131610" refString="Arnold, G. (1915) A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part I. Ponerinae; Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum, 14, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1915">Arnold, 1915</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFDFAFC6A1360FC5F" author="Mann, W. M." box="[634,773,908,933]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="401 - 499" refId="ref153040" refString="Mann, W. M. (1921) The ants of the Fiji Islands. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 64, 401 - 499." type="journal article" year="1921">Mann, 1921</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFC91FC6A13A3FC5F" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[785,966,908,933]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="631 - 710" refId="ref167817" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1922 b) Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VII. Keys to the genera and subgenera of ants. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 45, 631 - 710." type="journal article" year="1922">Wheeler, 1922b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFC51FC6A141CFC5F" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[977,1145,908,933]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="101 - 153" refId="ref168637" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1958 b) Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia. I. The tribe Leptogenyini. II. The tribes Amblyoponini and Platythyreini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 118, 101 - 153." type="journal article" year="1958">Wilson, 1958b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFB05FC6A1573FC5F" author="Lenko, K." box="[1157,1302,908,933]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="59 - 61" refId="ref150814" refString="Lenko, K. (1966) A formiga Leptogenys bohlsi como predadora de isopodos (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Papels Avulsos de Zoologia, 19, 59 - 61." type="journal article" year="1966">Lenko, 1966</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFAA1FC6A11E1FC32" author="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Muhlenberg, M." pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="65 - 83" refId="ref153983" refString="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Muhlenberg, M. (1975) The strategy of predation in some Oriental Leptogenys species (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Oecologia, 20, 65 - 83. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00364322" type="journal article" year="1975">Maschwitz &amp; Mühlenberg, 1975</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFE0FFC491255FC32" author="Bolton, B." box="[399,560,943,968]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="235 - 305" refId="ref133229" refString="Bolton, B. (1975 a) A revision of the ant genus Leptogenys Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Ethiopian region with a review of the Malagasy species. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 31, 235 - 305." type="journal article" year="1975">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6232C7EFE0FFC4911BBFC32" box="[399,478,943,968]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Bolton</collectingRegion>
, 1975a
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFDBBFC561287FC32" author="Peeters, C." box="[571,738,943,968]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref158848" refString="Peeters, C. (1991 b) Ergatoid queens and intercastes in ants - 2 distinct adult forms which look morphologically intermediate between workers and winged queens. Insectes Sociaux, 38 (1), 1 - 15. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01242708" type="journal article" year="1991">Peeters, 1991b</bibRefCitation>
; Villet
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFCB2FC57130CFC32" box="[818,873,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">et al.</emphasis>
, 1991;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFC3CFC5614B3FC32" author="Duncan, F. D. &amp; Crewe, R. M." box="[956,1238,943,968]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="118 - 123" refId="ref140212" refString="Duncan, F. D. &amp; Crewe, R. M. (1994 b) Group hunting in a ponerine ant, Leptogenys nitida Smith. Oecologia, 97, 118 - 123. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00317915" type="journal article" year="1994">Duncan &amp; Crewe, 1994b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFB60FC5610B1FC17" author="Ito, F. &amp; Ohkawara, K." pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="869 - 873" refId="ref147632" refString="Ito, F. &amp; Ohkawara, K. (2000) Production and behavior of ergatoid queens in two species of the Indonesian ponerine ant genus Leptogenys (diminuta - group) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 93 (4), 869 - 873. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1603 / 0013 - 8746 (2000) 093 [0869: paboeq] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2000">Ito &amp; Ohkawara, 2000</bibRefCitation>
). A few species are known to nest subarboreally in dead tree branches (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFB83FC3214C3FC17" author="Bolton, B." box="[1027,1190,980,1005]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="235 - 305" refId="ref133229" refString="Bolton, B. (1975 a) A revision of the ant genus Leptogenys Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Ethiopian region with a review of the Malagasy species. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 31, 235 - 305." type="journal article" year="1975">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6232C7EFB83FC321436FC17" box="[1027,1107,980,1005]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Bolton</collectingRegion>
, 1975a
</bibRefCitation>
) and some have been found nesting inside abandoned termitaries (Déjean
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFD6AFC1F1341FBEA" box="[746,804,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">et al.</emphasis>
, 1996, 1997). Due to the typically ephemeral nature of their nesting sites, many
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6232C7EFE3CFBFB125EFBCE" box="[444,571,1053,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFE3CFBFB125EFBCE" box="[444,571,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
conduct frequent emigrations to new nest sites (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFBF3FBFA10B7FBA2" author="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Schonegge, P." pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="175 - 182" refId="ref154125" refString="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Schonegge, P. (1983) Forage communication, nest moving recruitment, and prey specialization in the oriental ponerine Leptogenys chinensis. Oecologia, 57, 175 - 182. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00379578" type="journal article" year="1983">Maschwitz &amp; Schönegge, 1983</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFF61FBD911A6FBA2" author="Shivashankar, T." box="[225,451,1087,1112]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" refId="ref162089" refString="Shivashankar, T. (1985) Studies on the ecology and foraging behavior of Leptogenys processionalis Jerdon (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). MSc (Agri) thesis, University of Agricultural Science, Bangalore, 97 pp." type="book" year="1985">Shivashankar, 1985</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFE52FBA61292FBA2" author="Duncan, F. D. &amp; Crewe, R. M." box="[466,759,1087,1112]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="118 - 123" refId="ref140212" refString="Duncan, F. D. &amp; Crewe, R. M. (1994 b) Group hunting in a ponerine ant, Leptogenys nitida Smith. Oecologia, 97, 118 - 123. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00317915" type="journal article" year="1994">Duncan &amp; Crewe, 1994b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFC85FBA61389FBA2" author="Peeters, C. &amp; Ito, F." box="[773,1004,1087,1112]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="601 - 630" refId="ref159609" refString="Peeters, C. &amp; Ito, F. (2001) Colony dispersal and the evolution of queen morphology in social Hymenoptera. Annual Review of Entomology, 46, 601 - 630." type="journal article" year="2001">Peeters &amp; Ito, 2001</bibRefCitation>
). Members of the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6232C7EFB44FBA7152CFBA2" box="[1220,1353,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diminuta">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFB44FBA7152CFBA2" box="[1220,1353,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">L. diminuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6232C7EFA05FBA7115DFB87" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1851" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="processionalis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFA05FBA7115DFB87" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">L. processionalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
groups are nomadic and form temporary bivouacs similar to those of the true army ants (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFAC4FB821085FB5A" author="Wilson, E. O." pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="101 - 153" refId="ref168637" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1958 b) Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia. I. The tribe Leptogenyini. II. The tribes Amblyoponini and Platythyreini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 118, 101 - 153." type="journal article" year="1958">Wilson, 1958b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFF6CFB611239FB5A" author="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Muhlenberg, M." box="[236,604,1159,1184]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="65 - 83" refId="ref153983" refString="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Muhlenberg, M. (1975) The strategy of predation in some Oriental Leptogenys species (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Oecologia, 20, 65 - 83. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00364322" type="journal article" year="1975">Maschwitz &amp; Mühlenberg, 1975</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFDE7FB61130EFB5A" author="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Steghaus-Kovac, S. &amp; Gaube, R. &amp; Hanel, H." box="[615,875,1159,1184]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="305 - 316" refId="ref154230" refString="Maschwitz, U., Steghaus-Kovac, S., Gaube, R. &amp; Hanel, H. (1989) A South East Asian ponerine ant of the genus Leptogenys (Hym., Form.) with army ant life habits. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 24, 305 - 316. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00290907" type="journal article" year="1989">
Maschwitz
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFD69FB6F1344FB5A" box="[745,801,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">et al.</emphasis>
, 1989
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6232C7EFF47FB4B147AF962" blockId="92.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6232C7EFF47FB4B1122FB3E" box="[199,327,1197,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFF47FB4B1122FB3E" box="[199,327,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
workers are typically nocturnal or crepuscular epigeic foragers (
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFBCCFB4B141EFB3E" box="[1100,1147,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">e.g.,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFB08FB4A1543FB3F" author="Arnold, G." box="[1160,1318,1196,1221]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref131610" refString="Arnold, G. (1915) A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part I. Ponerinae; Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum, 14, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1915">Arnold, 1915</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFAB7FB4A1085FB12" author="Wheeler, W. M." pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="631 - 710" refId="ref167817" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1922 b) Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VII. Keys to the genera and subgenera of ants. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 45, 631 - 710." type="journal article" year="1922">Wheeler, 1922b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFF6CFB2911EBFB12" author="Bolton, B." box="[236,398,1231,1256]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="235 - 305" refId="ref133229" refString="Bolton, B. (1975 a) A revision of the ant genus Leptogenys Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Ethiopian region with a review of the Malagasy species. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 31, 235 - 305." type="journal article" year="1975">Bolton, 1975a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFE1AFB29121FFB12" author="Shivashankar, T." box="[410,634,1231,1256]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" refId="ref162089" refString="Shivashankar, T. (1985) Studies on the ecology and foraging behavior of Leptogenys processionalis Jerdon (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). MSc (Agri) thesis, University of Agricultural Science, Bangalore, 97 pp." type="book" year="1985">Shivashankar, 1985</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFD06FB2913ECFB12" author="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Steghaus-Kovac, S. &amp; Gaube, R. &amp; Hanel, H." box="[646,905,1231,1256]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="305 - 316" refId="ref154230" refString="Maschwitz, U., Steghaus-Kovac, S., Gaube, R. &amp; Hanel, H. (1989) A South East Asian ponerine ant of the genus Leptogenys (Hym., Form.) with army ant life habits. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 24, 305 - 316. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00290907" type="journal article" year="1989">
Maschwitz
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFC88FB371325FB12" box="[776,832,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">et al.</emphasis>
, 1989
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFC15FB361449FB12" author="Kumar, A. R. V." box="[917,1068,1231,1256]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="562 - 563" refId="ref149841" refString="Kumar, A. R. V. (1990) Batch strength of hunting groups in Leptogenys diminuta (Formicidae: Ponerinae). In: Veeresh, G. K., Mauik, B. &amp; Viraktamath, C. A. (Eds.), Social Insects and the Environment. E. J. Briu, Leiden, pp. 562 - 563." type="book chapter" year="1990">Kumar, 1990</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFBB8FB291537FB12" author="Dejean, A. &amp; Evraerts, C." box="[1080,1362,1231,1256]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="17 - 191" refId="ref137764" refString="Dejean, A. &amp; Evraerts, C. (1997) Predatory behavior in the genus Leptogenys: a comparative study. Journal of Insect Behavior, 10 (2), 17 - 191." type="journal article" year="1997">Déjean &amp; Evraerts, 1997</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFADFFB29111AFAF7" author="Witte, V. &amp; Maschwitz, U." pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="76 - 83" refId="ref169006" refString="Witte, V. &amp; Maschwitz, U. (2000) Raiding and emigration dynamics in the ponerine army ant Leptogenys distinguenda (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux, 47, 76 - 83. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 000400050012" type="journal article" year="2000">Witte &amp; Maschwitz, 2000</bibRefCitation>
), although some species forage diurnally (
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFCEBFB13144AFAF7" box="[875,1071,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">
e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6232C7EFC25FB13144AFAF7" authorityName="Viehmeyer" authorityYear="1914" box="[933,1071,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="breviceps">L. breviceps</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFBC2FB121489FAF7" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[1090,1260,1268,1293]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="101 - 153" refId="ref168637" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1958 b) Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia. I. The tribe Leptogenyini. II. The tribes Amblyoponini and Platythyreini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 118, 101 - 153." type="journal article" year="1958">Wilson, 1958b</bibRefCitation>
;
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6232C7EFB7AFB1311AEFACA" authority=": Duncan &amp; Crewe, 1994 b" authorityName=": Duncan &amp; Crewe" authorityYear="1994" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFB7AFB1315F1FAF7" box="[1274,1428,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">L. intermedia</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFF17FAFE11AEFACA" author="Duncan, F. D. &amp; Crewe, R. M." box="[151,459,1303,1328]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="118 - 123" refId="ref140212" refString="Duncan, F. D. &amp; Crewe, R. M. (1994 b) Group hunting in a ponerine ant, Leptogenys nitida Smith. Oecologia, 97, 118 - 123. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00317915" type="journal article" year="1994">Duncan &amp; Crewe, 1994b</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) and some are cryptobiotic (
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFCBAFAFF130CFACA" box="[826,873,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">e.g.,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6232C7EFCFAFAFF14A5FACA" authority=": Bolton, 1975 a" authorityName=": Bolton" authorityYear="1975" box="[890,1216,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="testacea">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFCFAFAFF1399FACA" box="[890,1020,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">L. testacea</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFB94FAF114A5FACA" author="Bolton, B." box="[1044,1216,1303,1328]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="235 - 305" refId="ref133229" refString="Bolton, B. (1975 a) A revision of the ant genus Leptogenys Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Ethiopian region with a review of the Malagasy species. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 31, 235 - 305." type="journal article" year="1975">Bolton, 1975a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
). Two species,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6232C7EFA05FAFF113DFAAF" authorityName="Roncin &amp; Deharveng" authorityYear="2003" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="khammouanensis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFA05FAFF113DFAAF" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">L. khammouanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6232C7EFE37FADA1195FAA9" box="[439,496,1340,1363]" name="Laos" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Laos</collectingCountry>
, (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFD91FADA1316FAAF" author="Roncin, E. &amp; Deharveng, L." box="[529,883,1340,1365]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="919 - 924" refId="ref161013" refString="Roncin, E. &amp; Deharveng, L. (2003) Leptogenys khammouanensis sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). A possible troglobitic species of Laos, with a discussion on cave ants. Zoological Science, 20, 919 - 924. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2108 / zsj. 20.919" type="journal article" year="2003">Roncin &amp; Deharveng, 2003</bibRefCitation>
) and an undetermined species from Texas (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFF1EFAB911B9FA82" author="Cokendolpher, J. C. &amp; Reddell, J. R. &amp; Taylor, S. J. &amp; Krejca, J. K. &amp; Suarez, A. V. &amp; Pekins, C. E." box="[158,476,1375,1400]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="151 - 168" refId="ref135431" refString="Cokendolpher, J. C., Reddell, J. R., Taylor, S. J., Krejca, J. K., Suarez, A. V. &amp; Pekins, C. E. (2009) Further ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from caves of Texas. Texas Memorial Museum Speleological Monographs, 7, 151 - 168." type="journal article" year="2009">
Cokendolpher
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFECDFA8711E9FA82" box="[333,396,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">et al.</emphasis>
, 2009
</bibRefCitation>
) dwell deep inside caves and are the only known troglobitic ponerine species.
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6232C7EFF17FA631172FA66" box="[151,279,1413,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFF17FA631172FA66" box="[151,279,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
workers are generally very agile, and while some species respond aggressively to nest disturbance and have painful stings, others are more timid (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFDF8FA41136BFA3A" author="Jerdon, T. C." box="[632,782,1447,1472]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="103 - 127" refId="ref148048" refString="Jerdon, T. C. (1851) A catalogue of the species of ants found in Southern India. Madras Journal of Literature and Science, 17, 103 - 127." type="journal article" year="1851">Jerdon, 1851</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFC9AFA4113B5FA3A" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[794,976,1447,1472]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="631 - 710" refId="ref167817" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1922 b) Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VII. Keys to the genera and subgenera of ants. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 45, 631 - 710." type="journal article" year="1922">Wheeler, 1922b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFC5BFA4114E7FA3A" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[987,1154,1447,1472]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="101 - 153" refId="ref168637" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1958 b) Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia. I. The tribe Leptogenyini. II. The tribes Amblyoponini and Platythyreini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 118, 101 - 153." type="journal article" year="1958">Wilson, 1958b</bibRefCitation>
; pers. obs.). As is typical for ponerines, these venomous stings are also used in prey capture. For example,
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFBC0FA2A1534FA1F" author="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Hahn, M. &amp; Schonegge, P." box="[1088,1361,1484,1509]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="213 - 214" refId="ref153722" refString="Maschwitz, U., Hahn, M. &amp; Schonegge, P. (1979) Paralysis of prey in ponerine ants. Naturwissenschaften, 66, 213 - 214. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00366035" type="journal article" year="1979">
Maschwitz
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFB44FA2B149BFA1F" box="[1220,1278,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">et al.</emphasis>
(1979)
</bibRefCitation>
found that
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6232C7EFF4BFA171136F9F2" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[203,339,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chinensis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFF4BFA171136F9F2" box="[203,339,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">L. chinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
invariably stings and paralyzes its termite prey. Some
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6232C7EFC52FA1714C9F9F2" box="[978,1196,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFC52FA171437F9F2" box="[978,1106,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Leptogenys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
also have additional chemical defenses.
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6232C7EFEFDF9F31227F9D7" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[381,578,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="processionalis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFEFDF9F31227F9D7" box="[381,578,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">L. processionalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other species have an abdominal gland (the Jessen’s gland) whose secretions have an unpleasant smell and apparently serve a defensive function (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFBD0F9D1148DF9AA" author="Jessen, K." box="[1104,1256,1591,1616]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" refId="ref148082" refString="Jessen, K. (1977) Histologisch-morphologische Untersuchungen an abdominalen Hautdrusen bei Leptogenys ocellifera und Odontomachus haematodes. Staatsexamensarbeit, Univ. Frankfurt, 45 pp." type="book" year="1977">Jessen, 1977</bibRefCitation>
; Buschinger &amp; Maschwitz; 1984).
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6232C7EFEFCF9BB1224F98F" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[380,577,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="processionalis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFEFCF9BB1224F98F" box="[380,577,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">L. processionalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also produces compounds in an unidentified cephalic gland, which are hypothesized to act as an early-warning system for predators (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFCCDF9991476F962" author="Fales, H. M. &amp; Jones, T. H. &amp; Jaouni, T. &amp; Blum, M. S. &amp; Schmidt, J. O." box="[845,1043,1663,1688]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="847 - 854" refId="ref141739" refString="Fales, H. M., Jones, T. H., Jaouni, T., Blum, M. S. &amp; Schmidt, J. O. (1992) Phenylaklenals in ponerine (Leptogenys sp.) and myrmicine (Pogonomyrmex sp.) ants. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 18 (6), 847 - 854. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00988325" type="journal article" year="1992">
Fales
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFC11F96713ACF962" box="[913,969,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">et al.</emphasis>
, 1992
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6232C7EFF47F94211A9F827" blockId="92.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFF47F942118EF947" author="Dejean, A. &amp; Evraerts, C." box="[199,491,1700,1725]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="17 - 191" refId="ref137764" refString="Dejean, A. &amp; Evraerts, C. (1997) Predatory behavior in the genus Leptogenys: a comparative study. Journal of Insect Behavior, 10 (2), 17 - 191." type="journal article" year="1997">Déjean &amp; Evraerts (1997)</bibRefCitation>
classified the predatory behavior of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6232C7EFC0AF9431407F947" box="[906,1122,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFC0AF943146CF946" box="[906,1033,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Leptogenys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
in three categories: solitary hunting and retrieval of prey, group predation after recruitment by a scout, and swarm raiding. While this classification is useful, it is somewhat simplistic since
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6232C7EFD79F90B13B4F8FF" box="[761,977,1772,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFD79F90B131CF8FE" box="[761,889,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Leptogenys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
show a continuum of foraging behaviors from completely solitary foraging to mass raiding, with various degrees of nestmate recruitment between these extremes (see also
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFEF3F8D2137FF8B7" author="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Steghaus-Kovac, S." box="[371,794,1844,1869]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="103 - 113" refId="ref154175" refString="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Steghaus-Kovac, S. (1991) Individualism versus cooperation - conflicting hunting and recruiting strategies among tropical ponerine ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Naturwissenschaften, 78 (3), 103 - 113. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01131484" type="journal article" year="1991">Maschwitz &amp; Steghaus-Kovac, 1991</bibRefCitation>
). Most species practice solitary hunting and retrieval of prey, and most of these are specialist predators of isopods, though some species are known to specialize on earwigs (
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFF20F89B10D2F86E" box="[160,183,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">L.</emphasis>
sp. nr.
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6232C7EFE96F89A1322F86F" authority=": Steghaus-Kovac &amp; Maschwitz, 1993" authorityName=": Steghaus-Kovac &amp; Maschwitz" authorityYear="1993" box="[278,839,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kraepelini">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFE96F89A11EDF86F" box="[278,392,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">kraepelini</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFE1BF89A1322F86F" author="Steghaus-Kovac, S. &amp; Maschwitz, U." box="[411,839,1916,1941]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="337 - 340" refId="ref163360" refString="Steghaus-Kovac, S. &amp; Maschwitz, U. (1993) Predation on earwigs: a novel diet specialization within the genus Leptogenys (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Insectes Sociaux, 40, 337 - 340. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01242370" type="journal article" year="1993">Steghaus-Kovac &amp; Maschwitz, 1993</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; also
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6232C7EFC10F89B1389F86E" baseAuthorityName="Wilson" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[912,1004,1917,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rouxi">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFC10F89B1389F86E" box="[912,1004,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">L. rouxi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to a limited extent:
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFB63F89A15EAF86F" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[1251,1423,1916,1941]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="101 - 153" refId="ref168637" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1958 b) Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia. I. The tribe Leptogenyini. II. The tribes Amblyoponini and Platythyreini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 118, 101 - 153." type="journal article" year="1958">Wilson, 1958b</bibRefCitation>
), termites (
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFE86F8471150F842" box="[262,309,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">e.g.,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6232C7EFEC1F847133AF843" authority=": Maschwitz &amp; Muhlenberg, 1975" authorityName=": Maschwitz &amp; Muhlenberg" authorityYear="1975" box="[321,863,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="binghami">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFEC1F84711ABF843" box="[321,462,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">L. binghami</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFE61F846133AF843" author="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Muhlenberg, M." box="[481,863,1952,1977]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="65 - 83" refId="ref153983" refString="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Muhlenberg, M. (1975) The strategy of predation in some Oriental Leptogenys species (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Oecologia, 20, 65 - 83. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00364322" type="journal article" year="1975">Maschwitz &amp; Mühlenberg, 1975</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6232C7EFCEFF84714D8F843" authority=": Mill, 1982 a" authorityName="Mill" authorityYear="1982" box="[879,1213,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unistimulosa">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFCEFF8471444F843" box="[879,1057,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">L. unistimulosa</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFBB5F84614D8F843" author="Mill, A. E." box="[1077,1213,1952,1977]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="253 - 260" refId="ref155426" refString="Mill, A. E. (1982 a) Faunal studies on termites (Isoptera) and observations on their ant predators (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Amazon basin. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 26, 253 - 260." type="journal article" year="1982">Mill, 1982a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) or ant queens (
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6232C7EFA05F84711DAF827" authority=": Wheeler, 1933 b" authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1933" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neutralis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6232C7EFA05F847109EF827" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">L. neutralis</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6232C7EFE89F82211DAF827" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[265,447,1988,2013]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" refId="ref168035" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1933 b) Colony-founding among ants, with an account of some primitive Australian species. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 179 pp." type="book" year="1933">Wheeler, 1933b</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DFA1B898A6222C7FFF17F873134AF812" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120846" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120846" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120846/files/figure.png" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" startId="93.[151,250,1941,1963]" targetBox="[211,1368,193,1884]" targetPageId="93">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6222C7FFF17F873134AF812" blockId="93.[151,1436,1941,2024]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6222C7FFF17F8731145F850" bold="true" box="[151,288,1941,1963]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">FIGURE 15.</emphasis>
Worker caste of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6222C7FFE50F8701226F851" box="[464,579,1942,1963]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6222C7FFE50F8701226F851" box="[464,579,1942,1963]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Upper specimen:
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6222C7FFC84F8701394F851" box="[772,1009,1941,1963]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="darlingtoni">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6222C7FFC84F8701394F851" box="[772,1009,1941,1963]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Leptogenys darlingtoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: lateral and dorsal view of body and fullface view of head (ANIC32-059614). Lower specimen:
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6222C7FFD52F85213CBF830" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[722,942,1972,1994]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maxillosa">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6222C7FFD52F85213CBF830" box="[722,942,1972,1994]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Leptogenys maxillosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: lateral view of body and full-face view of head (Philippines, G.Alpert, MCZC); world distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6222C7FFD36F835134CF812" box="[694,809,2003,2024]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6222C7FFD36F835134CF812" box="[694,809,2003,2024]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6212C7CFF47FF71112EFD0A" blockId="94.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
The frequent specialization on isopods is a unique ecological characteristic of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFBBCFF7F14D9FF4A" box="[1084,1212,153,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFBBCFF7F14D9FF4A" box="[1084,1212,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and is probably the plesiomorphic condition within the genus (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFD07FF5A13C8FF2F" author="Dejean, A. &amp; Evraerts, C." box="[647,941,188,213]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="17 - 191" refId="ref137764" refString="Dejean, A. &amp; Evraerts, C. (1997) Predatory behavior in the genus Leptogenys: a comparative study. Journal of Insect Behavior, 10 (2), 17 - 191." type="journal article" year="1997">Déjean &amp; Evraerts, 1997</bibRefCitation>
). Numerous
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFBC3FF5B1578FF2F" box="[1091,1309,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFBC3FF5B14A7FF2E" box="[1091,1218,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Leptogenys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
have been reported as partially or exclusively specializing on isopods, including
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFC49FF071430FF02" box="[969,1109,225,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="attenuata">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFC49FF071430FF02" box="[969,1109,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">L. attenuata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFB13FF071575FF02" box="[1171,1296,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schwabi">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFB13FF071575FF02" box="[1171,1296,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">L. schwabi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFAA2FF391148FEE7" author="Duncan, F. D. &amp; Crewe, R. M." pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="372 - 378" refId="ref140094" refString="Duncan, F. D. &amp; Crewe, R. M. (1993) A comparison of the energetics of foraging of three species of Leptogenys (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Physiological Entomology, 18, 372 - 378. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3032.1993. tb 00610. x" type="journal article" year="1993">Duncan &amp; Crewe, 1993</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFEBEFEE21247FEE7" author="Davies, S. J. &amp; Villet, M. H. &amp; Blomefield, T. M. &amp; Crewe, R. M." box="[318,546,260,285]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="507 - 517" refId="ref136910" refString="Davies, S. J., Villet, M. H., Blomefield, T. M. &amp; Crewe, R. M. (1994) Reproduction and division of labour in Leptogenys schwabi Forel (Hymenoptera Formicidae), a polygynous, queenless ponerine ant. Ethology Ecology and Evolution, 6, 507 - 517. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 08927014.1994.9522975" type="journal article" year="1994">
Davies
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFE17FEE311B1FEE7" box="[407,468,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">et al.</emphasis>
, 1994
</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFDBAFEE31336FEE7" authority="(Lenko, 1966)" baseAuthorityName="Lenko" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[570,851,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bohlsi">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFDBAFEE312C5FEE7" box="[570,672,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">L. bohlsi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFD33FEE2132EFEE7" author="Lenko, K." box="[691,843,260,285]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="59 - 61" refId="ref150814" refString="Lenko, K. (1966) A formiga Leptogenys bohlsi como predadora de isopodos (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Papels Avulsos de Zoologia, 19, 59 - 61." type="journal article" year="1966">Lenko, 1966</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFCE3FEE311FBFEBA" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFCE3FEE31380FEE7" authorityName="Bolton" authorityYear="1975" box="[867,997,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bubastis">L. bubastis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFC75FEE314D1FEE6" baseAuthorityName="Santschi" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[1013,1204,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="camerunensis">L. camerunensis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFB43FEE31513FEE7" authorityName="Mann" authorityYear="1922" box="[1219,1398,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="donisthorpei">L. donisthorpei</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFA06FEE31160FEC5" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1870" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mexicana">L. mexicana</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFE95FECF11FFFEBA" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1901" box="[277,410,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wheeleri">L. wheeleri</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and three undescribed species (Déjean, 1997;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFC47FEC11488FEBA" author="Dejean, A. &amp; Evraerts, C." box="[967,1261,295,320]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="17 - 191" refId="ref137764" refString="Dejean, A. &amp; Evraerts, C. (1997) Predatory behavior in the genus Leptogenys: a comparative study. Journal of Insect Behavior, 10 (2), 17 - 191." type="journal article" year="1997">Déjean &amp; Evraerts, 1997</bibRefCitation>
; Déjean
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFAD8FECF15F0FEBA" box="[1368,1429,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">et al.</emphasis>
, 1999),
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFF69FEAB110DFE9F" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1899" box="[233,360,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conradti">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFF69FEAB110DFE9F" box="[233,360,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">L. conradti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and an unidentified species (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFD3AFEAA1306FE9F" author="Levieux, J." box="[698,867,332,357]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="48 - 53" refId="ref151020" refString="Levieux, J. (1982) A comparison of the ground dwelling ant populations between a Guinea savanna and an evergreen rain forest of the Ivory Coast. Biology of Social Insects. Proceedings of the Ninth Congress of the IUSSI, pp. 48 - 53." type="proceedings paper" year="1982">Lévieux, 1982</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFCF0FEAA13CEFE9F" author="Levieux, J." box="[880,939,332,357]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="525 - 540" refId="ref151069" refString="Levieux, J. (1983) The soil fauna of tropical savannas. IV. The ants. In: Bourliere, F. (Ed.), Ecosystems of the world. Vol. 13. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 525 - 540." type="book chapter" year="1983">1983</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFC42FEAB156DFE9F" authority="(Wheeler, 1904)" baseAuthorityName="Wheeler" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[962,1288,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elongata">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFC42FEAB1421FE9F" box="[962,1092,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">L. elongata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFBD5FEAA1564FE9F" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[1109,1281,332,357]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="251 - 259" refId="ref167580" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1904) A crustacean-eating ant (Leptogenys elongata Buckley). Biological Bulletin, 6 (6), 251 - 259." type="journal article" year="1904">Wheeler, 1904</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFA97FEAB1198FE72" authority="(Kirschenbaum &amp; Grace, 2007)" baseAuthorityName="Kirschenbaum &amp; Grace" baseAuthorityYear="2007" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="falcigera">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFA97FEAB15F9FE9F" box="[1303,1436,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">L. falcigera</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFF1EFE891190FE72" author="Kirschenbaum, R. &amp; Grace, J. K." box="[158,501,367,392]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="643 - 651" refId="ref149594" refString="Kirschenbaum, R. &amp; Grace, J. K. (2007) Agonistic interactions of four ant species occurring in Hawaii with Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Sociobiology, 50 (2), 643 - 651." type="journal article" year="2007">Kirschenbaum &amp; Grace, 2007</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFD89FE9713FFFE72" authority="(Trager &amp; Johnson, 1988)" baseAuthorityName="Trager &amp; Johnson" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[521,922,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manni">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFD89FE971208FE7D" box="[521,621,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">L. manni</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFDFCFE8913F4FE72" author="Trager, J. C. &amp; Johnson, C." box="[636,913,367,392]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="29 - 33" refId="ref164619" refString="Trager, J. C. &amp; Johnson, C. (1988) The ant genus Leptogenys (Hymenoptera: Formicidae, Ponerinae) in the United States. In: Trager, J. C. (Ed.), Advances in Myrmecology. E. J. Brill, New York, pp. 29 - 33." type="book chapter" year="1988">Trager &amp; Johnson, 1988</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFC26FE9714ECFE72" box="[934,1161,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">L. “propefalcigera”</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFB18FE89154AFE72" author="Freitas, A. V. L." box="[1176,1327,367,392]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="453 - 456" refId="ref143479" refString="Freitas, A. V. L. (1995) Nest relocation and prey specialization in the ant Leptogenys propefalcigera Roger (Formicidae: Ponerinae) in an urban area in southeastern Brazil. Insectes Sociaux, 42, 453 - 456. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01242173" type="journal article" year="1995">Freitas, 1995</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFAC4FE97112AFE57" authority="(Wilson, 1958 b)" baseAuthorityName="Wilson" baseAuthorityYear="1958" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rouxi">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFAC4FE9715F9FE7D" box="[1348,1436,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">L. rouxi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFF1EFE721122FE57" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[158,327,404,429]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="101 - 153" refId="ref168637" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1958 b) Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia. I. The tribe Leptogenyini. II. The tribes Amblyoponini and Platythyreini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 118, 101 - 153." type="journal article" year="1958">Wilson, 1958b</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFEDAFE7312C1FE57" authority="(Arnold, 1915)" baseAuthorityName="Arnold" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[346,676,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stuhlmanni">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFEDAFE731191FE57" box="[346,500,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">L. stuhlmanni</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFD82FE7212F9FE57" author="Arnold, G." box="[514,668,404,429]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref131610" refString="Arnold, G. (1915) A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part I. Ponerinae; Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum, 14, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1915">Arnold, 1915</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFD5EFE73132DFE57" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" box="[734,840,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triloba">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFD5EFE73132DFE57" box="[734,840,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">L. triloba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFCD6FE72139BFE57" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[854,1022,404,429]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="101 - 153" refId="ref168637" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1958 b) Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia. I. The tribe Leptogenyini. II. The tribes Amblyoponini and Platythyreini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 118, 101 - 153." type="journal article" year="1958">Wilson, 1958b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFB89FE721434FE57" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[1033,1105,404,429]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="437 - 447" refId="ref168730" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1959 a) Some ecological characteristics of ants in New Guinea rain forests. Ecology, 40 (3), 437 - 447." type="journal article" year="1959">1959a</bibRefCitation>
). The mandibular structure of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFF17FE5F1172FE2A" box="[151,279,441,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFF17FE5F1172FE2A" box="[151,279,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems well suited to predation on isopods: the mandibles are typically long, narrow, curved, and articulated at the extreme anterolateral corners of the head (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFCADFE3A13AAFE0F" author="Bolton, B." box="[813,975,476,501]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="235 - 305" refId="ref133229" refString="Bolton, B. (1975 a) A revision of the ant genus Leptogenys Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Ethiopian region with a review of the Malagasy species. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 31, 235 - 305." type="journal article" year="1975">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6212C7CFCADFE3A1318FE0F" box="[813,893,476,501]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Bolton</collectingRegion>
, 1975a
</bibRefCitation>
, 1994; Déjean
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFBF5FE3B14C8FE0F" box="[1141,1197,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">et al.</emphasis>
, 1999), making them excellent tools for clasping round objects such as rolled-up isopods. The medially pointed clypeus probably contributes to this process as well (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFDAEFDC2132FFDC7" author="Trager, J. C. &amp; Johnson, C." box="[558,842,548,573]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="29 - 33" refId="ref164619" refString="Trager, J. C. &amp; Johnson, C. (1988) The ant genus Leptogenys (Hymenoptera: Formicidae, Ponerinae) in the United States. In: Trager, J. C. (Ed.), Advances in Myrmecology. E. J. Brill, New York, pp. 29 - 33." type="book chapter" year="1988">Trager &amp; Johnson, 1988</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFCE0FDC214ECFDC7" author="Dejean, A. &amp; Evraerts, C." box="[864,1161,548,573]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="17 - 191" refId="ref137764" refString="Dejean, A. &amp; Evraerts, C. (1997) Predatory behavior in the genus Leptogenys: a comparative study. Journal of Insect Behavior, 10 (2), 17 - 191." type="journal article" year="1997">Déjean &amp; Evraerts (1997)</bibRefCitation>
studied the behavior of isopod-hunting
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFEC8FDAF11ADFD9A" box="[328,456,585,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFEC8FDAF11ADFD9A" box="[328,456,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and found that the behavioral sequence employed by a
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFBBEFDAF14DBFD9A" box="[1086,1214,585,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFBBEFDAF14DBFD9A" box="[1086,1214,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
worker depends on the length of its mandibles and the species and size of the isopod, with different
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFB9EFD8B1493FD7F" box="[1054,1270,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFB9EFD8B14F8FD7E" box="[1054,1181,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Leptogenys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
better adapted to hunting different prey species and sizes. Interestingly, at least one species (
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFB8AFD7714F1FD5D" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[1034,1172,656,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mexicana">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFB8AFD7714F1FD5D" box="[1034,1172,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">L. mexicana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) chemically attracts its isopod prey to its nest, a remarkable strategy which has not been recorded in any other ant species (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFAABFD52115AFD0A" author="Dejean, A. &amp; Evraerts, C." pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="17 - 191" refId="ref137764" refString="Dejean, A. &amp; Evraerts, C. (1997) Predatory behavior in the genus Leptogenys: a comparative study. Journal of Insect Behavior, 10 (2), 17 - 191." type="journal article" year="1997">Déjean &amp; Evraerts, 1997</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6212C7CFF47FD1A13E5FC5F" blockId="94.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
Limited recruitment to clustered or large prey may occur in some predominantly solitary foraging species. For example, the African species
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFE60FCC71205FCC2" box="[480,608,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFE60FCC71239FCC2" box="[480,604,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schwabi">L. schwabi</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
which preys on termites, isopods and amphipods, and
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFB43FCC71535FCC2" box="[1219,1360,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFB43FCC71529FCC2" box="[1219,1356,801,824]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="attenuata">L. attenuata</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
which feeds on isopods and amphipods, hunt individually but sometimes recruit nestmates to large or clustered prey sources (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFE82FC8111C1FC7A" author="Arnold, G." box="[258,420,871,896]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref131610" refString="Arnold, G. (1915) A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part I. Ponerinae; Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum, 14, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1915">Arnold, 1915</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFE38FC8E12BBFC7A" author="Duncan, F. D. &amp; Crewe, R. M." box="[440,734,871,896]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="372 - 378" refId="ref140094" refString="Duncan, F. D. &amp; Crewe, R. M. (1993) A comparison of the energetics of foraging of three species of Leptogenys (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Physiological Entomology, 18, 372 - 378. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3032.1993. tb 00610. x" type="journal article" year="1993">Duncan &amp; Crewe, 1993</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFD72FC811385FC7A" author="Davies, S. J. &amp; Villet, M. H. &amp; Blomefield, T. M. &amp; Crewe, R. M." box="[754,992,871,896]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="507 - 517" refId="ref136910" refString="Davies, S. J., Villet, M. H., Blomefield, T. M. &amp; Crewe, R. M. (1994) Reproduction and division of labour in Leptogenys schwabi Forel (Hymenoptera Formicidae), a polygynous, queenless ponerine ant. Ethology Ecology and Evolution, 6, 507 - 517. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 08927014.1994.9522975" type="journal article" year="1994">
Davies
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFCCFFC8F13EAFC7A" box="[847,911,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">et al.</emphasis>
, 1994
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFC75FC81154DFC7A" author="Dejean, A. &amp; Evraerts, C." box="[1013,1320,871,896]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="17 - 191" refId="ref137764" refString="Dejean, A. &amp; Evraerts, C. (1997) Predatory behavior in the genus Leptogenys: a comparative study. Journal of Insect Behavior, 10 (2), 17 - 191." type="journal article" year="1997">Déjean &amp; Evraerts, 1997</bibRefCitation>
). Limited recruitment was also reported in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFD86FC6B1319FC5F" authority="(Janssen et al., 1997)" baseAuthorityName="Janssen" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[518,892,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peuqeuti">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFD86FC6B12E1FC5E" box="[518,644,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">L. peuqeuti</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFD13FC6A1316FC5F" author="Janssen, E. &amp; Ubler, E. &amp; Bauriegel, L. &amp; Kern, F. &amp; Bestmann, H. J." box="[659,883,908,933]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="122 - 125" refId="ref147977" refString="Janssen, E., Ubler, E., Bauriegel, L., Kern, F. &amp; Bestmann, H. J. (1997) Trail pheromone of the ponerine ant Leptogenys peuqueti (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): a multicomponent mixture of related compounds. Naturwissenschaften, 84, 122 - 125. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 001140050360" type="journal article" year="1997">
Janssen
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFD71FC6B134FFC5F" box="[753,810,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">et al.</emphasis>
, 1997
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6212C7CFF47FC5615F9FACA" blockId="94.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
True group predation, in which workers engage in obligate collective foraging, is characteristic of several African and Asian
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFEFBFC331232FC17" box="[379,599,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFEFBFC33119FFC16" box="[379,506,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Leptogenys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFDEBFC3213F3FC17" author="Dejean, A. &amp; Evraerts, C." box="[619,918,980,1005]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="17 - 191" refId="ref137764" refString="Dejean, A. &amp; Evraerts, C. (1997) Predatory behavior in the genus Leptogenys: a comparative study. Journal of Insect Behavior, 10 (2), 17 - 191." type="journal article" year="1997">Déjean &amp; Evraerts, 1997</bibRefCitation>
). Perhaps the simplest manifestation of this strategy occurs in the generalist Asian species
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFD3CFC1F1324FBEA" box="[700,833,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diminuta">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFD3CFC1F1324FBEA" box="[700,833,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">L. diminuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its relatives (
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFB98FC1F1481FBEA" box="[1048,1252,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFBD2FC1F14B8FBEA" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[1106,1245,1017,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="purpurea">L. purpurea</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFB6FFC1115FDFBEA" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[1263,1432,1015,1040]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="24 - 31" refId="ref168604" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1958 a) The beginnings of nomadic and group-predatory behavior in the ponerine ants. Evolution, 12 (1), 24 - 31." type="journal article" year="1958">Wilson, 1958a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFF17FBFA1085FBCF" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[151,224,1052,1077]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="101 - 153" refId="ref168637" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1958 b) Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia. I. The tribe Leptogenyini. II. The tribes Amblyoponini and Platythyreini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 118, 101 - 153." type="journal article" year="1958">1958b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFF6FFBFA120DFBCF" author="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Muhlenberg, M." box="[239,616,1052,1077]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="65 - 83" refId="ref153983" refString="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Muhlenberg, M. (1975) The strategy of predation in some Oriental Leptogenys species (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Oecologia, 20, 65 - 83. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00364322" type="journal article" year="1975">Maschwitz &amp; Mühlenberg, 1975</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFDF6FBFA147AFBCF" author="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Steghaus-Kovac, S." box="[630,1055,1052,1077]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="103 - 113" refId="ref154175" refString="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Steghaus-Kovac, S. (1991) Individualism versus cooperation - conflicting hunting and recruiting strategies among tropical ponerine ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Naturwissenschaften, 78 (3), 103 - 113. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01131484" type="journal article" year="1991">Maschwitz &amp; Steghaus-Kovac, 1991</bibRefCitation>
). Foraging in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFB44FBFB152CFBCF" box="[1220,1353,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diminuta">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFB44FBFB152CFBCF" box="[1220,1353,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">L. diminuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
begins when scouts leave the nest in search of arthropod prey. Upon finding prey the successful scout returns to its nest and lays down a chemical trail. Once back at the nest, it recruits a group of from three to nearly
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6212C7CFB5FFB821509FB87" box="[1247,1388,1124,1149]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" type="worker">300 workers</specimenCount>
and leads them to the prey, which they attack and retrieve cooperatively (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFC3EFB61155CFB5A" author="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Muhlenberg, M." box="[958,1337,1159,1184]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="65 - 83" refId="ref153983" refString="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Muhlenberg, M. (1975) The strategy of predation in some Oriental Leptogenys species (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Oecologia, 20, 65 - 83. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00364322" type="journal article" year="1975">Maschwitz &amp; Mühlenberg, 1975</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFAC9FB6E10B6FB3F" author="Kumar, A. R. V." pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="562 - 563" refId="ref149841" refString="Kumar, A. R. V. (1990) Batch strength of hunting groups in Leptogenys diminuta (Formicidae: Ponerinae). In: Veeresh, G. K., Mauik, B. &amp; Viraktamath, C. A. (Eds.), Social Insects and the Environment. E. J. Briu, Leiden, pp. 562 - 563." type="book chapter" year="1990">Kumar, 1990</bibRefCitation>
). Another Asian species,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFE79FB4B12E5FB3F" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[505,640,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chinensis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFE79FB4B12E5FB3F" box="[505,640,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">L. chinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, utilizes a similar strategy but is a specialist predator of termites and hunts in groups of 10 to 50 individuals (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFDD3FB2913D2FB12" author="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Schonegge, P." box="[595,951,1231,1256]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="175 - 182" refId="ref154125" refString="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Schonegge, P. (1983) Forage communication, nest moving recruitment, and prey specialization in the oriental ponerine Leptogenys chinensis. Oecologia, 57, 175 - 182. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00379578" type="journal article" year="1983">Maschwitz &amp; Schönegge, 1983</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFC4AFB291411FB12" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[970,1140,1231,1256]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="159 - 243" refId="ref168101" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1936) Ecological relations of ponerine and other ants to termites. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 71, 159 - 243. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 20023221" type="journal article" year="1936">Wheeler (1936</bibRefCitation>
; also
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFB33FB291505FB12" author="Bingham, C. T." box="[1203,1376,1231,1256]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refId="ref132962" refString="Bingham, C. T. (1903) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps. Taylor and Francis, London, 506 pp." type="book" year="1903">Bingham, 1903</bibRefCitation>
) lists additional Asian
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFED6FB13124BFAF7" box="[342,558,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFED6FB1311B3FAF6" box="[342,470,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Leptogenys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
that are known to conduct organized raids on termites, including
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFA8DFB1311F4FACA" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFA8DFB13151FFAF6" baseAuthorityName="Andre" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[1293,1402,1269,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aspera">L. aspera</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFA05FB131161FACA" authorityName=": Maschwitz &amp; Muhlenberg" authorityYear="1975" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="binghami">L. binghami</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFE8EFAFF11E8FACA" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1900" box="[270,397,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birmana">L. birmana</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFE46FAFF124CFACA" box="[454,553,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFE46FAFF1240FACA" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[454,549,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kitteli">L. kitteli</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and provides interesting observations of termite raiding by some other species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6212C7CFF47FADA118BF86F" blockId="94.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
Several
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFEA3FADB119EFAAF" box="[291,507,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFEA3FADB11C6FAAE" box="[291,419,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Leptogenys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
have done away with the use of scouts altogether, instead employing swarm raids akin to those of the true army ants. For example, workers of the African species
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFBA1FA8714DDFA82" authorityName=": Duncan &amp; Crewe" authorityYear="1994" box="[1057,1208,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFBA1FA8714DDFA82" box="[1057,1208,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">L. intermedia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
form foraging trails from which groups of workers (approximately 30 to 100) cooperatively search for and retrieve leaf litter arthropods (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFF1EFA4111CAFA3A" author="Duncan, F. D. &amp; Crewe, R. M." box="[158,431,1447,1472]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="372 - 378" refId="ref140094" refString="Duncan, F. D. &amp; Crewe, R. M. (1993) A comparison of the energetics of foraging of three species of Leptogenys (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Physiological Entomology, 18, 372 - 378. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3032.1993. tb 00610. x" type="journal article" year="1993">Duncan &amp; Crewe, 1993</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFE3AFA411260FA3A" author="Duncan, F. D. &amp; Crewe, R. M." box="[442,517,1447,1472]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="118 - 123" refId="ref140212" refString="Duncan, F. D. &amp; Crewe, R. M. (1994 b) Group hunting in a ponerine ant, Leptogenys nitida Smith. Oecologia, 97, 118 - 123. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00317915" type="journal article" year="1994">1994b</bibRefCitation>
). Members of the Southeast Asian
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFC0EFA4F1428FA3A" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[910,1101,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="processionalis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFC0EFA4F1428FA3A" box="[910,1101,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">L. processionalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group have increased the scale of this swarm raiding, hunting in massive groups of up to 40,000 workers (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFBDEFA2A1490FA1F" author="Jerdon, T. C." box="[1118,1269,1484,1509]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="103 - 127" refId="ref148048" refString="Jerdon, T. C. (1851) A catalogue of the species of ants found in Southern India. Madras Journal of Literature and Science, 17, 103 - 127." type="journal article" year="1851">Jerdon, 1851</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFA83FA2A110EF9F2" author="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Muhlenberg, M." pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="65 - 83" refId="ref153983" refString="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Muhlenberg, M. (1975) The strategy of predation in some Oriental Leptogenys species (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Oecologia, 20, 65 - 83. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00364322" type="journal article" year="1975">Maschwitz &amp; Mühlenberg, 1975</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFEF9FA09137AF9F2" author="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Steghaus-Kovac, S." box="[377,799,1519,1544]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="103 - 113" refId="ref154175" refString="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Steghaus-Kovac, S. (1991) Individualism versus cooperation - conflicting hunting and recruiting strategies among tropical ponerine ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Naturwissenschaften, 78 (3), 103 - 113. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01131484" type="journal article" year="1991">Maschwitz &amp; Steghaus-Kovac, 1991</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFCAEFA091439F9F2" author="Witte, V. &amp; Maschwitz, U." box="[814,1116,1519,1544]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="76 - 83" refId="ref169006" refString="Witte, V. &amp; Maschwitz, U. (2000) Raiding and emigration dynamics in the ponerine army ant Leptogenys distinguenda (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux, 47, 76 - 83. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 000400050012" type="journal article" year="2000">Witte &amp; Maschwitz, 2000</bibRefCitation>
). The foraging behaviors of three species in the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFEF8F9F31252F9D7" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[376,567,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="processionalis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFEF8F9F31252F9D7" box="[376,567,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">L. processionalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group have been studied to date, and while there are many basic similarities among these species, there are also some interesting differences.
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFC04F9DF1421F9AA" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[900,1092,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="processionalis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFC04F9DF1421F9AA" box="[900,1092,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">L. processionalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
itself is a crepuscular forager which preys predominantly on termites, though it also takes other arthropods and annelids (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFB2DF9BA15F5F98F" author="Shivashankar, T." box="[1197,1424,1628,1653]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refId="ref162089" refString="Shivashankar, T. (1985) Studies on the ecology and foraging behavior of Leptogenys processionalis Jerdon (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). MSc (Agri) thesis, University of Agricultural Science, Bangalore, 97 pp." type="book" year="1985">Shivashankar, 1985</bibRefCitation>
). Foraging workers utilize permanent branching trails radiating from the nest, and successful foragers recruit nestmates from the trail to harvest prey, which is collectively dispatched and dismembered but individually retrieved (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFE8FF92112F1F91A" author="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Muhlenberg, M." box="[271,660,1735,1760]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="65 - 83" refId="ref153983" refString="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Muhlenberg, M. (1975) The strategy of predation in some Oriental Leptogenys species (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Oecologia, 20, 65 - 83. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00364322" type="journal article" year="1975">Maschwitz &amp; Mühlenberg, 1975</bibRefCitation>
). Unlike some other members of the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFBDEF92F1546F91A" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[1118,1315,1735,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="processionalis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFBDEF92F1546F91A" box="[1118,1315,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">L. processionalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFA05F92F115DF8FF" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1851" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="processionalis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFA05F92F115DF8FF" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">L. processionalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not emigrate frequently, but instead may persist at a nest site and utilize the same trails for up to several months; emigration is initiated by environmental factors (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFC12F8E91563F8D2" author="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Muhlenberg, M." box="[914,1286,1807,1832]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="65 - 83" refId="ref153983" refString="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Muhlenberg, M. (1975) The strategy of predation in some Oriental Leptogenys species (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Oecologia, 20, 65 - 83. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00364322" type="journal article" year="1975">Maschwitz &amp; Mühlenberg, 1975</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFA99F8E91129F8B7" author="Ganeshaiah, K. N. &amp; Veena, T." pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="263 - 270" refId="ref143849" refString="Ganeshaiah, K. N. &amp; Veena, T. (1991) Topology of the foraging trails of Leptogenys processionalis - why are they branched? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 29, 263 - 270. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00163983" type="journal article" year="1991">Ganeshaiah &amp; Veena (1991)</bibRefCitation>
studied the formation and topology of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFC8EF8D313ABF8B7" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[782,974,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="processionalis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFC8EF8D313ABF8B7" box="[782,974,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">L. processionalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
foraging trails and found that they were constructed to maximize travel and prey retrieval efficiency. The flow of individuals in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFBECF8BF154EF88A" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[1132,1323,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="processionalis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFBECF8BF154EF88A" box="[1132,1323,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">L. processionalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
trails was modeled by
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7CFEA1F89A118FF86F" author="John, A. &amp; Schadschneider, A. &amp; Chowdhury, D. &amp; Nishinari, K." box="[289,490,1916,1941]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="25 - 41" refId="ref148301" refString="John, A., Schadschneider, A., Chowdhury, D. &amp; Nishinari, K. (2008) Characteristics of ant-inspired traffic flow: applying the social insect metaphor to traffic models. Swarm Intelligence, 2, 25 - 41. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11721 - 008 - 0010 - 8" type="journal article" year="2008">
John
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFEDDF89B11F0F86F" box="[349,405,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">et al.</emphasis>
(2008)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6212C7DFF47F846110CFEBA" blockId="94.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="95.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="95" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
One of the best studied members of the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFD2AF8471308F843" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[682,877,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="processionalis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFD2AF8471308F843" box="[682,877,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">L. processionalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group is
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6212C7CFC63F84714F3F843" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[995,1174,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distinguenda">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6212C7CFC63F84714F3F843" box="[995,1174,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">L. distinguenda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is a generalist predator and will take anything from arthropods and other invertebrates to small vertebrates (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6212C7DFB36F82210B1FF4A" author="Witte, V. &amp; Maschwitz, U." lastPageId="95" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="76 - 83" refId="ref169006" refString="Witte, V. &amp; Maschwitz, U. (2000) Raiding and emigration dynamics in the ponerine army ant Leptogenys distinguenda (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux, 47, 76 - 83. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 000400050012" type="journal article" year="2000">Witte &amp; Maschwitz, 2000</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFF6AFF7F11F8FF4A" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[234,413,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distinguenda">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFF6AFF7F11F8FF4A" box="[234,413,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">L. distinguenda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has taken the army ant lifestyle even further than has
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFBA6FF7F148DFF4A" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[1062,1256,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="processionalis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFBA6FF7F148DFF4A" box="[1062,1256,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">L. processionalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as its massive colonies are even larger than those of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFDE9FF5B1348FF2F" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[617,813,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="processionalis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFDE9FF5B1348FF2F" box="[617,813,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">L. processionalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(nearly 50,000 versus 16,000 workers, respectively:
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFF17FF391262FF02" author="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Muhlenberg, M." box="[151,519,223,248]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="65 - 83" refId="ref153983" refString="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Muhlenberg, M. (1975) The strategy of predation in some Oriental Leptogenys species (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Oecologia, 20, 65 - 83. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00364322" type="journal article" year="1975">Maschwitz &amp; Mühlenberg, 1975</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFD93FF39135EFF02" author="Witte, V. &amp; Maschwitz, U." box="[531,827,223,248]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="76 - 83" refId="ref169006" refString="Witte, V. &amp; Maschwitz, U. (2000) Raiding and emigration dynamics in the ponerine army ant Leptogenys distinguenda (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux, 47, 76 - 83. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 000400050012" type="journal article" year="2000">Witte &amp; Maschwitz, 2000</bibRefCitation>
). More importantly,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFBA0FF0714ABFF02" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[1056,1230,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distinguenda">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFBA0FF0714ABFF02" box="[1056,1230,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">L. distinguenda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
colonies emigrate frequently, with emigrations initiated when suitable nest sites are discovered in the course of a raid (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFABCFEE21138FEBA" author="Witte, V. &amp; Maschwitz, U." pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="76 - 83" refId="ref169006" refString="Witte, V. &amp; Maschwitz, U. (2000) Raiding and emigration dynamics in the ponerine army ant Leptogenys distinguenda (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux, 47, 76 - 83. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 000400050012" type="journal article" year="2000">Witte &amp; Maschwitz, 2000</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6202C7DFF47FEAA147CFDC7" blockId="95.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
Finally, an undescribed species closely related to
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFC88FEAB13F4FE9F" box="[776,913,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mutabilis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFC88FEAB13F4FE9F" box="[776,913,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">L. mutabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was studied by
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFBD3FEAA150CFE9F" author="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Steghaus-Kovac, S. &amp; Gaube, R. &amp; Hanel, H." box="[1107,1385,332,357]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="305 - 316" refId="ref154230" refString="Maschwitz, U., Steghaus-Kovac, S., Gaube, R. &amp; Hanel, H. (1989) A South East Asian ponerine ant of the genus Leptogenys (Hym., Form.) with army ant life habits. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 24, 305 - 316. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00290907" type="journal article" year="1989">
Maschwitz
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFB59FEAB1571FE9F" box="[1241,1300,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al.</emphasis>
(1989)
</bibRefCitation>
and found to have the largest colonies of any ponerine (over 50,000 workers). These generalist predators forage nocturnally in massive swarms of up to 40,000 workers and capture and retrieve their prey cooperatively. Like
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFA05FE73114DFE2A" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1890" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distinguenda">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFA05FE73114DFE2A" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">L. distinguenda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, this species emigrates to new bivouac sites frequently, from every several hours to every 10 days. The combination of obligate collective foraging and nomadism in this and related
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFBB5FE3B1568FE0F" box="[1077,1293,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFBB5FE3B14D0FE0E" box="[1077,1205,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Leptogenys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
makes them quite close to embracing a full army ant lifestyle (
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFD48FDE71363FDE2" box="[712,774,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFC8DFE1913FCFDE2" author="Brady, S. G." box="[781,921,511,536]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="6575 - 6579" refId="ref134048" refString="Brady, S. G. (2003) Evolution of the army ant syndrome: The origin and long-term evolutionary stasis of a complex of behavioral and reproductive adaptations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 100 (11), 6575 - 6579. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 1137809100" type="journal article" year="2003">Brady, 2003</bibRefCitation>
), with the main differences being that they do not display dichthadiigyny or pulsed brood production (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFC87FDC21468FDC7" author="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Steghaus-Kovac, S. &amp; Gaube, R. &amp; Hanel, H." box="[775,1037,548,573]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="305 - 316" refId="ref154230" refString="Maschwitz, U., Steghaus-Kovac, S., Gaube, R. &amp; Hanel, H. (1989) A South East Asian ponerine ant of the genus Leptogenys (Hym., Form.) with army ant life habits. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 24, 305 - 316. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00290907" type="journal article" year="1989">
Maschwitz
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFC0BFDC313A6FDC7" box="[907,963,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al.</emphasis>
, 1989
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6202C7DFF47FDA1127CFBF5" blockId="95.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
Chemical communication has been studied in several
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFCA4FDAF139BFD9A" box="[804,1022,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFCA4FDAF13C6FD9A" box="[804,931,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Leptogenys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
, especially those which exhibit mass raiding behavior.
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFEDDFD8A125CFD7F" author="Jessen, K. &amp; Maschwitz, U. &amp; Hahn, M." box="[349,569,620,645]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="49 - 66" refId="ref148258" refString="Jessen, K., Maschwitz, U. &amp; Hahn, M. (1979) Neue abdominaldrusen bei ameisen. Zoomorphologie, 94, 49 - 66. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00994056" type="journal article" year="1979">
Jessen
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFE2DFD8B1183FD7F" box="[429,486,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al.</emphasis>
(1979)
</bibRefCitation>
characterized the abdominal glands of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFC77FD8B14D3FD7F" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[1015,1206,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="processionalis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFC77FD8B14D3FD7F" box="[1015,1206,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">L. processionalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFB6FFD8B1510FD7F" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[1263,1397,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chinensis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFB6FFD8B1510FD7F" box="[1263,1397,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">L. chinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In both species, recruitment pheromones are produced in both the venom and pygidial glands (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFB7BFD69113EFD37" author="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Schonegge, P." pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="589 - 590" refId="ref154086" refString="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Schonegge, P. (1977) Recruitment gland of Leptogenys chinensis. Naturwissenschaften, 64, 589 - 590. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00450650" type="journal article" year="1977">Maschwitz &amp; Schönegge, 1977</bibRefCitation>
, 1983;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFE2FFD5212A8FD37" author="Duncan, F. D. &amp; Crewe, R. M." box="[431,717,692,717]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="118 - 123" refId="ref140212" refString="Duncan, F. D. &amp; Crewe, R. M. (1994 b) Group hunting in a ponerine ant, Leptogenys nitida Smith. Oecologia, 97, 118 - 123. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00317915" type="journal article" year="1994">Duncan &amp; Crewe, 1994b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFD59FD521467FD37" author="Witte, V. &amp; Maschwitz, U." box="[729,1026,692,717]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="195 - 217" refId="ref169057" refString="Witte, V. &amp; Maschwitz, U. (2002) Coordination of raiding and emigration in the ponerine army ant Leptogenys distinguenda (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) a signal analysis. Journal of Insect Behavior, 15 (2), 195 - 217. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 000400050012" type="journal article" year="2002">Witte &amp; Maschwitz, 2002</bibRefCitation>
). In
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFBB4FD531496FD37" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[1076,1267,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="processionalis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFBB4FD531496FD37" box="[1076,1267,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">L. processionalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the secretions of these glands act as orientation pheromones, maintaining the cohesiveness of groups of workers, and are utilized in both foraging and emigrations. Due to differences in chemical composition, workers are able to distinguish between raiding and emigration trails (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFDC5FCF91309FCC2" author="Witte, V. &amp; Maschwitz, U." box="[581,876,799,824]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="195 - 217" refId="ref169057" refString="Witte, V. &amp; Maschwitz, U. (2002) Coordination of raiding and emigration in the ponerine army ant Leptogenys distinguenda (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) a signal analysis. Journal of Insect Behavior, 15 (2), 195 - 217. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 000400050012" type="journal article" year="2002">Witte &amp; Maschwitz, 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFCFDFCC7139BFCC2" box="[893,1022,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diminuta">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFCFDFCC7139BFCC2" box="[893,1022,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">L. diminuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
produces recruitment pheromones in the pygidial gland (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFEEEFCA2123BFCA7" author="Attygalle, A. B. &amp; Vostrowsky, O. &amp; Bestmann, H. J." box="[366,606,836,861]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="315 - 317" refId="ref131936" refString="Attygalle, A. B., Vostrowsky, O. &amp; Bestmann, H. J. (1988) (3 R, 4 S) - 4 - Methyl- 3 - heptanol, the trail pheromone of the ant Leptogenys diminuta. Naturwissenschaften, 75, 315 - 317. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00367327" type="journal article" year="1988">
Attygalle
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFE5EFCA31273FCA7" box="[478,534,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al.</emphasis>
, 1988
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFDE9FCA212C1FCA7" author="Attygalle, A. B. &amp; Steghaus-Kovac, S. &amp; Ahmad, V. U. &amp; Maschwitz, U. &amp; Vostrowsky, O. &amp; Bestmann, H. J." box="[617,676,836,861]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="90 - 92" refId="ref131866" refString="Attygalle, A. B., Steghaus-Kovac, S., Ahmad, V. U., Maschwitz, U., Vostrowsky, O. &amp; Bestmann, H. J. (1991) cis-Isogeraniol, a recruitment pheromone of the ant Leptogenys diminuta. Naturwissenschaften, 78, 90 - 92. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01206267" type="journal article" year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFD2FFCA21388FCA7" author="Steghaus-Kovac, S. &amp; Maschwitz, U. &amp; Attygalle, A. B. &amp; Frighetto, R. T. S. &amp; Frighetto, N. &amp; Vostrowsky, O. &amp; Bestmann, H. J." box="[687,1005,836,861]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="690 - 694" refId="ref163412" refString="Steghaus-Kovac, S., Maschwitz, U., Attygalle, A. B., Frighetto, R. T. S., Frighetto, N., Vostrowsky, O. &amp; Bestmann, H. J. (1992) Trail-following responses of Leptogenys diminuta to stereoisomers of 4 - methyl- 3 - heptanol. Experientia, 48, 690 - 694. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02118321" type="journal article" year="1992">
Steghaus-Kovac
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFCECFCA313C1FCA7" box="[876,932,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al.</emphasis>
, 1992
</bibRefCitation>
), and also produces pheromones in the venom and Dufour glands (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFE4AFC8112F2FC7A" author="Maile, R. &amp; Jungnickel, H. &amp; Morgan, E. D. &amp; Ito, F. &amp; Billen, J." box="[458,663,871,896]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="2497 - 2506" refId="ref152942" refString="Maile, R., Jungnickel, H., Morgan, E. D., Ito, F. &amp; Billen, J. (2000) Secretion of venom and Dufour glands in the ant Leptogenys diminuta. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 26 (11), 2497 - 2506." type="journal article" year="2000">
Maile
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFD94FC8F1229FC7A" box="[532,588,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al.</emphasis>
, 2000
</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFD29FC8E13A2FC7A" author="Kern, F. &amp; Bestmann, H. J." box="[681,967,871,896]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="424 - 427" refId="ref149381" refString="Kern, F. &amp; Bestmann, H. J. (1993) Antennal electrophysiological responsiveness of the ponerine ant Leptogenys diminuta to trail and recruitment pheromones and its structure analogs. Naturwissenschaften, 80, 424 - 427. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01168340" type="journal article" year="1993">Kern &amp; Bestmann (1993)</bibRefCitation>
studied the electrophysiological response of the antennae of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFEF5FC6B119EFC5F" box="[373,507,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diminuta">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFEF5FC6B119EFC5F" box="[373,507,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">L. diminuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
workers to trail and recruitment pheromones.
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFB9BFC6B14C3FC5F" authorityName=": Maschwitz &amp; Muhlenberg" authorityYear="1975" box="[1051,1190,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="binghami">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFB9BFC6B14C3FC5F" box="[1051,1190,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">L. binghami</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also produces a trail pheromone, but it is primarily utilized during emigrations (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFCADFC4914C4FC32" author="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Muhlenberg, M." box="[813,1185,943,968]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="65 - 83" refId="ref153983" refString="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Muhlenberg, M. (1975) The strategy of predation in some Oriental Leptogenys species (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Oecologia, 20, 65 - 83. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00364322" type="journal article" year="1975">Maschwitz &amp; Mühlenberg, 1975</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFB35FC5615F9FC32" author="Janssen, E. &amp; Ubler, E. &amp; Bauriegel, L. &amp; Kern, F. &amp; Bestmann, H. J." box="[1205,1436,943,968]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="122 - 125" refId="ref147977" refString="Janssen, E., Ubler, E., Bauriegel, L., Kern, F. &amp; Bestmann, H. J. (1997) Trail pheromone of the ponerine ant Leptogenys peuqueti (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): a multicomponent mixture of related compounds. Naturwissenschaften, 84, 122 - 125. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 001140050360" type="journal article" year="1997">
Janssen
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFA92FC57152FFC32" box="[1298,1354,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al.</emphasis>
(1997)
</bibRefCitation>
characterized the trail pheromone of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFDBBFC3312DFFC16" baseAuthorityName="Andre" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[571,698,981,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peuqueti">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFDBBFC3312DFFC16" box="[571,698,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">L. peuqueti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is produced in the venom gland and is the most complex trail pheromone known in any ant.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6202C7DFF47FBFA118EFA67" blockId="95.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
The diversity of foraging strategies and recruitment pheromones in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFC39FBFB145DFBCE" box="[953,1080,1053,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFC39FBFB145DFBCE" box="[953,1080,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
make it an excellent system for understanding the evolutionary origins of cooperative foraging (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFC11FBD9156DFBA2" author="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Schonegge, P." box="[913,1288,1087,1112]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="175 - 182" refId="ref154125" refString="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Schonegge, P. (1983) Forage communication, nest moving recruitment, and prey specialization in the oriental ponerine Leptogenys chinensis. Oecologia, 57, 175 - 182. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00379578" type="journal article" year="1983">Maschwitz &amp; Schönegge, 1983</bibRefCitation>
), as well as chemical communication and prey specialization. Most likely, the ancestral
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFB91FB8314F4FB86" box="[1041,1169,1125,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFB91FB8314F4FB86" box="[1041,1169,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was a solitary forager (though perhaps with limited recruitment) which specialized at least partially on isopods. Mass raiding species probably arose from this ancestral archetype, through stages with progressively greater emphasis on collective foraging. This progression is illustrated well by extant species of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFCECFB37138EFB12" box="[876,1003,1233,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFCECFB37138EFB12" box="[876,1003,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. While
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFBC4FB291560FB12" author="Schmidt, C." box="[1092,1285,1231,1256]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt’s (2013)</bibRefCitation>
phylogenetic data for
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFF7EFB131118FAF6" box="[254,381,1269,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFF7EFB131118FAF6" box="[254,381,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are limited, it appears that the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFD7BFB1313DBFAF7" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[763,958,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="processionalis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFD7BFB1313DBFAF7" box="[763,958,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">L. processionalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group may form the sister group to the remainder of the genus.
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFE2CFAFF1255FACA" box="[428,560,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diminuta">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFE2CFAFF1255FACA" box="[428,560,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">L. diminuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFDE9FAFF1297FACA" box="[617,754,1305,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="attenuata">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFDE9FAFF1297FACA" box="[617,754,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">L. attenuata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, both species which exhibit at least limited recruitment, are closely related to each other and to species not known to engage in much recruitment. Greater taxon sampling and natural history observations of more species will be required in order to reconstruct the evolutionary history of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFF17FA631172FA66" box="[151,279,1413,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFF17FA631172FA66" box="[151,279,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
foraging behavior.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6202C7DFF47FA411261F947" blockId="95.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
Reproduction in nearly all
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFE73FA4F12AFFA3A" box="[499,714,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFE73FA4F1217FA3A" box="[499,626,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Leptogenys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
is performed by ergatoid queens. Exceptions to this general rule include one species with fully winged queens (
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFD3CFA2B13B8FA1F" authority=": Wheeler, 1923 a" authorityName=": Wheeler" authorityYear="1923" box="[700,989,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="langi">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFD3CFA2B1370FA1F" box="[700,789,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">L. langi</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFCA8FA2A13B8FA1F" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[808,989,1484,1509]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="3 - 9" refId="ref167869" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1923 a) Report on the ants collected by the Barbados-Antigua Expedition from the University of Iowa in 1918. Studies in Natural History, Iowa University, 10 (3), 3 - 9." type="journal article" year="1923">Wheeler, 1923a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) and one species with queens that are flightless but have other characteristics typical of normal alate queens (
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFC51FA17155EF9F2" authority=": Wheeler, 1922 b" authorityName=": Wheeler" authorityYear="1922" box="[977,1339,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ergatogyna">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFC51FA17141DF9F2" box="[977,1144,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">L. ergatogyna:</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFB03FA09155EF9F2" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[1155,1339,1519,1544]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="631 - 710" refId="ref167817" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1922 b) Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VII. Keys to the genera and subgenera of ants. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 45, 631 - 710." type="journal article" year="1922">Wheeler, 1922b</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFAC9FA0910BAF9D7" author="Bolton, B." pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="235 - 305" refId="ref133229" refString="Bolton, B. (1975 a) A revision of the ant genus Leptogenys Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Ethiopian region with a review of the Malagasy species. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 31, 235 - 305." type="journal article" year="1975">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6202C7DFAC9FA0915FDF9F2" box="[1353,1432,1519,1544]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Bolton</collectingRegion>
, 1975a
</bibRefCitation>
). Finally, a few species have completely lost the queen caste and instead reproduce via gamergate workers (
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFF20F9DF1198F9AA" authority=": Davies et al., 1994" authorityName="Davies" authorityYear="1994" box="[160,509,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schwabi">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFF20F9DF117CF9AA" box="[160,281,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">L. schwabi</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFEA8F9D11198F9AA" author="Davies, S. J. &amp; Villet, M. H. &amp; Blomefield, T. M. &amp; Crewe, R. M." box="[296,509,1591,1616]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="507 - 517" refId="ref136910" refString="Davies, S. J., Villet, M. H., Blomefield, T. M. &amp; Crewe, R. M. (1994) Reproduction and division of labour in Leptogenys schwabi Forel (Hymenoptera Formicidae), a polygynous, queenless ponerine ant. Ethology Ecology and Evolution, 6, 507 - 517. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 08927014.1994.9522975" type="journal article" year="1994">
Davies
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFEFCF9DF11D0F9AA" box="[380,437,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al.</emphasis>
, 1994
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFD89F9DE12D4F9AA" author="Peeters, C." box="[521,689,1591,1616]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref158848" refString="Peeters, C. (1991 b) Ergatoid queens and intercastes in ants - 2 distinct adult forms which look morphologically intermediate between workers and winged queens. Insectes Sociaux, 38 (1), 1 - 15. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01242708" type="journal article" year="1991">Peeters, 1991b</bibRefCitation>
;
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFD3CF9DF135FF9B5" baseAuthorityName="Andre" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[700,826,1592,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peuqueti">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFD3CF9DF135FF9B5" box="[700,826,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">L. peuqueti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and three undescribed species:
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFB1DF9DE1560F9AA" author="Ito, F." box="[1181,1285,1591,1616]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="335 - 343" refId="ref147438" refString="Ito, F. (1997) Colony composition and morphological caste differentiation between ergatoid queens and workers in the ponerine ant genus Leptogenys in the Oriental tropics. Ethology Ecology and Evolution, 9 (4), 335 - 343. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 08927014.1997.9522876" type="journal article" year="1997">Ito, 1997</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFA90F9D110B1F98F" author="Gobin, B. &amp; Ito, F. &amp; Billen, J. &amp; Peeters, C." pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="1041 - 1048" refId="ref144116" refString="Gobin, B., Ito, F., Billen, J. &amp; Peeters, C. (2008) Degeneration of sperm reservoir and the loss of mating ability in worker ants. Naturwissenschaften, 95 (11), 1041 - 1048. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00114 - 008 - 0420 - x" type="journal article" year="2008">
Gobin
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFADDF9DF15F0F9AA" box="[1373,1429,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al.</emphasis>
, 2008
</bibRefCitation>
). The near universality of flightlessness in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFD4EF9BB1328F98E" box="[718,845,1629,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFD4EF9BB1328F98E" box="[718,845,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
queens is probably a major cause of the immense species diversity of the genus, as their poor dispersal ability undoubtedly contributes to reproductive isolation and subsequent allopatric speciation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6202C42FF47F92E152EFE57" blockId="95.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="96.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="96" lastPageNumber="97" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
Most
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFE8CF92F118CF91A" box="[268,489,1735,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFE8CF92F11E9F91A" box="[268,396,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Leptogenys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
which have been examined are monogynous (
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFB93F92F1427F91A" box="[1043,1090,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">e.g.,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFBCFF92F1510F91A" authority=": Arnold, 1915" authorityName="Arnold" authorityYear="1915" box="[1103,1397,1735,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnoldi">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFBCFF92F14A6F91A" box="[1103,1219,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">L. arnoldi</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFB57F9211510F91A" author="Arnold, G." box="[1239,1397,1735,1760]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref131610" refString="Arnold, G. (1915) A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part I. Ponerinae; Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum, 14, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1915">Arnold, 1915</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFA05F92F1164F8FE" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="attenuata">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFA05F92F1164F8FE" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">L. attenuata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFEBAF90B12FDF8FF" authority=": Villet et al., 1991" authorityName="Villet" authorityYear="1991" box="[314,664,1772,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFEBAF90B11D8F8FE" box="[314,445,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">L. castanea</emphasis>
: Villet
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFD94F90B122BF8FF" box="[532,590,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al.</emphasis>
, 1991
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFD25F90B1423F8FE" box="[677,1094,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFD25F90B134FF8FF" box="[677,810,1772,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diminuta">L. diminuta</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFCB8F90B13AEF8FF" authorityName=": Steghaus-Kovac &amp; Maschwitz" authorityYear="1993" box="[824,971,1772,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kraepelini">L. kraepelini</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFC58F90B1427F8FE" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[984,1090,1773,1796]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anochetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="myops">L. myops</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and five undescribed species:
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFF17F8F6109BF8D2" author="Ito, F." box="[151,254,1807,1832]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="335 - 343" refId="ref147438" refString="Ito, F. (1997) Colony composition and morphological caste differentiation between ergatoid queens and workers in the ponerine ant genus Leptogenys in the Oriental tropics. Ethology Ecology and Evolution, 9 (4), 335 - 343. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 08927014.1997.9522876" type="journal article" year="1997">Ito, 1997</bibRefCitation>
;
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFE89F8F712A2F8D2" authority=": Duncan &amp; Crewe, 1994 b" authorityName=": Duncan &amp; Crewe" authorityYear="1994" box="[265,711,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFE89F8F711FAF8D2" box="[265,415,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">L. intermedia</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFE2EF8F612A2F8D2" author="Duncan, F. D. &amp; Crewe, R. M." box="[430,711,1807,1832]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="118 - 123" refId="ref140212" refString="Duncan, F. D. &amp; Crewe, R. M. (1994 b) Group hunting in a ponerine ant, Leptogenys nitida Smith. Oecologia, 97, 118 - 123. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00317915" type="journal article" year="1994">Duncan &amp; Crewe, 1994b</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFD52F8F7128DF8D2" box="[722,744,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">L.</emphasis>
sp. nr.
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFCB8F8E91531F8D2" authority=": Steghaus-Kovac &amp; Maschwitz, 1993" authorityName=": Steghaus-Kovac &amp; Maschwitz" authorityYear="1993" box="[824,1364,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kraepelini">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFCB8F8E913CFF8D2" box="[824,938,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">kraepelini</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFC37F8E91531F8D2" author="Steghaus-Kovac, S. &amp; Maschwitz, U." box="[951,1364,1807,1832]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="337 - 340" refId="ref163360" refString="Steghaus-Kovac, S. &amp; Maschwitz, U. (1993) Predation on earwigs: a novel diet specialization within the genus Leptogenys (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Insectes Sociaux, 40, 337 - 340. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01242370" type="journal article" year="1993">Steghaus-Kovac &amp; Maschwitz, 1993</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFADFF8F71513F8D2" box="[1375,1398,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">L.</emphasis>
sp. nr.
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFF40F8D2122BF8B7" authority=": Maschwitz et al., 1989" authorityName="Maschwitz" authorityYear="1989" box="[192,590,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mutabilis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFF40F8D2114DF8B7" box="[192,296,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">mutabilis</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFEBCF8D2122BF8B7" author="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Steghaus-Kovac, S. &amp; Gaube, R. &amp; Hanel, H." box="[316,590,1844,1869]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="305 - 316" refId="ref154230" refString="Maschwitz, U., Steghaus-Kovac, S., Gaube, R. &amp; Hanel, H. (1989) A South East Asian ponerine ant of the genus Leptogenys (Hym., Form.) with army ant life habits. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 24, 305 - 316. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00290907" type="journal article" year="1989">
Maschwitz
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFE43F8D31265F8B7" box="[451,512,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al.</emphasis>
, 1989
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFDDFF8D312BAF8B6" box="[607,735,1845,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFDDFF8D312BAF8B6" box="[607,735,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in general:
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFCF3F8D2144BF8B7" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[883,1070,1844,1869]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="631 - 710" refId="ref167817" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1922 b) Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VII. Keys to the genera and subgenera of ants. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 45, 631 - 710." type="journal article" year="1922">Wheeler, 1922b</bibRefCitation>
). Among species with ergatoid queens, polygyny has only been observed in a single Neotropical species (K. Okhawara &amp; S. Higashi, pers. comm. cited in
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6202C7DFF74F89A113AF86F" author="Ito, F." box="[244,351,1916,1941]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="335 - 343" refId="ref147438" refString="Ito, F. (1997) Colony composition and morphological caste differentiation between ergatoid queens and workers in the ponerine ant genus Leptogenys in the Oriental tropics. Ethology Ecology and Evolution, 9 (4), 335 - 343. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 08927014.1997.9522876" type="journal article" year="1997">Ito, 1997</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6202C7DFEF4F89B1192F86F" box="[372,503,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diminuta">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6202C7DFEF4F89B1192F86F" box="[372,503,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">L. diminuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its relatives are unusual in that their colonies contain a single mated ergatoid queen but also additional unmated ergatoids which perform the same activities as workers; interestingly, the morphological distinction between queens and workers is even less pronounced in this species group than in other
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FF17FF7F1220FF4A" authority="(Ito &amp; Ohkawara, 2000)" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[151,581,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FF17FF7F1172FF4A" box="[151,279,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Leptogenys</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61F2C42FEAAFF711258FF4A" author="Ito, F. &amp; Ohkawara, K." box="[298,573,151,176]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="869 - 873" refId="ref147632" refString="Ito, F. &amp; Ohkawara, K. (2000) Production and behavior of ergatoid queens in two species of the Indonesian ponerine ant genus Leptogenys (diminuta - group) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 93 (4), 869 - 873. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1603 / 0013 - 8746 (2000) 093 [0869: paboeq] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2000">Ito &amp; Ohkawara, 2000</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. All known
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FD5DFF7F13DFFF4A" box="[733,954,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FD5DFF7F1338FF4A" box="[733,861,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Leptogenys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
with gamergate workers are polygynous (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61F2C42FF1EFF5A111FFF2F" author="Davies, S. J. &amp; Villet, M. H. &amp; Blomefield, T. M. &amp; Crewe, R. M." box="[158,378,188,213]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="507 - 517" refId="ref136910" refString="Davies, S. J., Villet, M. H., Blomefield, T. M. &amp; Crewe, R. M. (1994) Reproduction and division of labour in Leptogenys schwabi Forel (Hymenoptera Formicidae), a polygynous, queenless ponerine ant. Ethology Ecology and Evolution, 6, 507 - 517. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 08927014.1994.9522975" type="journal article" year="1994">
Davies
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FF76FF5B1155FF2F" box="[246,304,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">et al.</emphasis>
, 1994
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61F2C42FE07FF5A1195FF2F" author="Ito, F." box="[391,496,188,213]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="335 - 343" refId="ref147438" refString="Ito, F. (1997) Colony composition and morphological caste differentiation between ergatoid queens and workers in the ponerine ant genus Leptogenys in the Oriental tropics. Ethology Ecology and Evolution, 9 (4), 335 - 343. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 08927014.1997.9522876" type="journal article" year="1997">Ito, 1997</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61F2C42FE7DFF5A137CFF2F" author="Monnin, T. &amp; Peeters, C." box="[509,793,188,213]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="109 - 116" refId="ref156256" refString="Monnin, T. &amp; Peeters, C. (2008) How many gamergates is an ant queen worth? Naturwissenschaften, 95, 109 - 116. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00114 - 007 - 0297 - 0" type="journal article" year="2008">Monnin &amp; Peeters, 2008</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61F2C42FCADFF5A146AFF2F" author="Davies, S. J. &amp; Villet, M. H. &amp; Blomefield, T. M. &amp; Crewe, R. M." box="[813,1039,188,213]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="507 - 517" refId="ref136910" refString="Davies, S. J., Villet, M. H., Blomefield, T. M. &amp; Crewe, R. M. (1994) Reproduction and division of labour in Leptogenys schwabi Forel (Hymenoptera Formicidae), a polygynous, queenless ponerine ant. Ethology Ecology and Evolution, 6, 507 - 517. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 08927014.1994.9522975" type="journal article" year="1994">
Davies
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FC03FF5B13D9FF2F" box="[899,956,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">et al.</emphasis>
(1994)
</bibRefCitation>
found that mated gamergates in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FA05FF5B1096FF02" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schwabi">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FA05FF5B1096FF02" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">L. schwabi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pheromonally inhibit reproduction by unmated workers; this study also includes one of the only examinations of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FED2FEE311B4FEE6" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[338,465,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FED2FEE311B4FEE6" box="[338,465,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
division of labor. Asexual reproduction by
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FC3BFEE3145EFEE6" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[955,1083,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FC3BFEE3145EFEE6" box="[955,1083,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
workers presumably occurs, as it does in many other ponerines, but to our knowledge this has not been documented. While workers of those species with gamergates are obviously sexually reproductive, the workers of several
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FB04FEAB1504FE9F" box="[1156,1377,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FB04FEAB1566FE9E" box="[1156,1283,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Leptogenys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
lack ovaries and are completely sterile (
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FDA3FE971297FE72" box="[547,754,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FDDBFE971297FE72" authorityName=": Duncan &amp; Crewe" authorityYear="1994" box="[603,754,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intermedia">L. intermedia</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FC81FE9713ECFE72" box="[769,905,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FC81FE9713E0FE72" box="[769,901,369,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">L. castanea</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FC42FE97142FFE72" box="[962,1098,369,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="attenuata">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FC42FE97142FFE72" box="[962,1098,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">L. attenuata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; Villet
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FB1FFE9714BDFE72" box="[1183,1240,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">et al.</emphasis>
, 1991). Probably not coincidentally, queens in these species have an unusually large number of ovarioles (Villet
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FB3DFE731490FE57" box="[1213,1269,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">et al.</emphasis>
, 1991).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A61F2C42FF47FE511379FD0A" blockId="96.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
As with foraging behavior, the diversity of reproductive systems in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FC48FE5F142DFE2A" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[968,1096,441,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FC48FE5F142DFE2A" box="[968,1096,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
makes the genus an excellent model system for understanding the evolution of flightlessness in queens, the loss of reproductive ability in workers, and the loss of the queen caste (Villet
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FD2CFDE71281FDE2" box="[684,740,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">et al.</emphasis>
, 1991). While
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FC0DFDE71468FDE2" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[909,1037,513,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FC0DFDE71468FDE2" box="[909,1037,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is almost certainly descended from an ancestor with winged queens, the almost complete absence of winged queens in extant
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FB11FDC31575FDC6" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[1169,1296,549,572]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FB11FDC31575FDC6" box="[1169,1296,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
implies that ergatoid queens are plesiomorphic within the genus. The phylogenetic placement of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FBF7FDAF14B6FD9A" authorityName=": Wheeler" authorityYear="1923" box="[1143,1235,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="langi">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FBF7FDAF14B6FD9A" box="[1143,1235,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">L. langi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(which has alate queens) and
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FEB0FD8B11B4FD7E" authorityName=": Wheeler" authorityYear="1922" box="[304,465,621,644]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ergatogyna">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FEB0FD8B11B4FD7E" box="[304,465,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">L. ergatogyna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(with queens intermediate between alates and ergatoids) are unknown but are of particular interest as these species may represent a sister group (or groups) to the rest of the genus. Alternatively, they may represent reversals from ancestors with ergatoid queens. Also of great interest are the phylogenetic placements of species with gamergates or sterile workers.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A61F2C42FF47FD1A1317FBA2" blockId="96.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
Virtually nothing is known about
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FDBCFD1B12DEFCEE" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[572,699,765,788]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FDBCFD1B12DEFCEE" box="[572,699,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mating behavior, but since queens of most
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FB1DFD1B1511FCEF" box="[1181,1396,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FB1DFD1B1579FCEE" box="[1181,1308,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Leptogenys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
are flightless, mating may occur in the natal nest of the unmated queen, with the males finding the nest through chemical means. Alternatively, males may locate emigrating colonies and mate en route. Hölldobler &amp; Engel- Siegel (1982) examined the abdominal glands of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FD4BFC8F132BFC7A" box="[715,846,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diminuta">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FD4BFC8F132BFC7A" box="[715,846,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">L. diminuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
males and discovered that they have a huge sternal gland. They speculated that the secretions of this gland might mimic queen pheromones, enabling the males to enter foreign nests and thus mate with virgin queens. In
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FCA2FC571386FC32" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[802,995,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="processionalis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FCA2FC571386FC32" box="[802,995,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">L. processionalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FB9DFC5714C0FC32" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[1053,1189,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chinensis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FB9DFC5714C0FC32" box="[1053,1189,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">L. chinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, males fly from their natal nest and then land and search for recruitment trails laid by conspecific workers. Once located, the males follow these trails, and could mate with ergatoid queens on the trails (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61F2C42FC23FC111570FBEA" author="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Muhlenberg, M." box="[931,1301,1015,1040]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="65 - 83" refId="ref153983" refString="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Muhlenberg, M. (1975) The strategy of predation in some Oriental Leptogenys species (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Oecologia, 20, 65 - 83. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00364322" type="journal article" year="1975">Maschwitz &amp; Mühlenberg, 1975</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61F2C42FAA1FC111112FBCF" author="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Schonegge, P." pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="175 - 182" refId="ref154125" refString="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Schonegge, P. (1983) Forage communication, nest moving recruitment, and prey specialization in the oriental ponerine Leptogenys chinensis. Oecologia, 57, 175 - 182. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00379578" type="journal article" year="1983">Maschwitz &amp; Schonegge, 1983</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61F2C42FE02FBFA124CFBCF" author="Peeters, C." box="[386,553,1052,1077]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="141 - 152" refId="ref158818" refString="Peeters, C. (1991 a) The occurrence of sexual reproduction among ant workers. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 44, 141 - 152." type="journal article" year="1991">Peeters, 1991a</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61F2C42FDBCFBFA1323FBCF" author="Maschwitz, U. &amp; Steghaus-Kovac, S. &amp; Gaube, R. &amp; Hanel, H." box="[572,838,1052,1077]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="305 - 316" refId="ref154230" refString="Maschwitz, U., Steghaus-Kovac, S., Gaube, R. &amp; Hanel, H. (1989) A South East Asian ponerine ant of the genus Leptogenys (Hym., Form.) with army ant life habits. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 24, 305 - 316. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00290907" type="journal article" year="1989">
Maschwitz
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FD3DFBFB1290FBCF" box="[701,757,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">et al.</emphasis>
(1989)
</bibRefCitation>
reported that males of an undescribed species closely related to
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FE87FBA711E9FBA2" box="[263,396,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mutabilis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FE87FBA711E9FBA2" box="[263,396,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">L. mutabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are carried by workers during emigrations.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A61F2C42FF47FB821320FACA" blockId="96.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
As is true for most ponerines, the myrmecophile fauna associated with
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FB98FB8314FDFB86" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[1048,1176,1125,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FB98FB8314FDFB86" box="[1048,1176,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is virtually unknown, perhaps reflecting a true scarcity of such associations. In this regard
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FC1AFB6F142CFB5A" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[922,1097,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distinguenda">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FC1AFB6F142CFB5A" box="[922,1097,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">L. distinguenda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is exceptional, as it has a rich assemblage of myrmecophiles, including mites, isopods, bristletails, silverfish, phorid flies, springtails, spiders, various beetles, and even the only known myrmecophilous gastropod (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61F2C42FC29FB2914E7FB12" author="Ferrara, F. &amp; Maschwitz, U. &amp; Steghaus-Kovac, S. &amp; Taiti, S." box="[937,1154,1231,1256]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="43 - 46" refId="ref141878" refString="Ferrara, F., Maschwitz, U., Steghaus-Kovac, S. &amp; Taiti, S. (1987) The genus Exalloniscus Stebbing, 1911 (Crustacea, Oniscidea) and its relationship with social insects. Pubblicazioni dell'Instituto entomol. Universita di Pavia, 36, 43 - 46." type="journal article" year="1987">
Ferrara
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FB82FB37145FFB12" box="[1026,1082,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">et al.</emphasis>
, 1987
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61F2C42FB0EFB291534FB12" author="Witte, V. &amp; Hanel, H. &amp; Weissflog, A. &amp; Rosli, H. &amp; Maschwitz, U." box="[1166,1361,1231,1256]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="145 - 159" refId="ref168866" refString="Witte, V., Hanel, H., Weissflog, A., Rosli, H. &amp; Maschwitz, U. (1999) Social integration of the myrmecophilous spider Gamasomorpha maschwitzi (Araneae: Oonopidae) in colonies of the South East Asian army ant, Leptogenys distinguenda (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Sociobiology, 34 (1), 145 - 159." type="journal article" year="1999">
Witte
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FB51FB37156CFB12" box="[1233,1289,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">et al.</emphasis>
, 1999
</bibRefCitation>
, 2002;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61F2C42FF17FB121119FAF7" author="Kistner, D. H. &amp; Witte, V. &amp; Maschwitz, U." box="[151,380,1268,1293]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="381 - 389" refId="ref149637" refString="Kistner, D. H., Witte, V. &amp; Maschwitz, U. (2003) A new species of Trachydonia (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae) from Malaysia with some notes on its behavior as a guest of Leptogenys (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology, 42 (2), 381 - 389." type="journal article" year="2003">
Kistner
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FF73FB13114BFAF7" box="[243,302,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">et al.</emphasis>
, 2003
</bibRefCitation>
). It is probably not a coincidence that the other ponerine species with a rich myrmecophile fauna (
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FF65FAFF11DAFACA" baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[229,447,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Megaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="analis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FF65FAFF11DAFACA" box="[229,447,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Megaponera analis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) also has relatively large colonies.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A61F2C42FF47FADA1549F9AA" blockId="96.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FF47FADA12B1FAAF" bold="true" box="[199,724,1340,1365]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Phylogenetic and taxonomic considerations.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FD5CFADB133EFAAE" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[732,859,1341,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FD5CFADB133EFAAE" box="[732,859,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was erected by
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61F2C42FB93FADA14CCFAAF" author="Roger, J." box="[1043,1193,1340,1365]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="1 - 54" refId="ref160915" refString="Roger, J. (1861) Die Ponera-artigen Ameisen (Schluss). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 5, 1 - 54." type="journal article" year="1861">Roger (1861)</bibRefCitation>
to house three newly described species as well as
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FE62FA871385FA82" authority="F. Smith. Bingham (1903)" authorityName="F. Smith. Bingham" authorityYear="1903" box="[482,992,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maxillosa">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FE62FA8712CEFA82" box="[482,683,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Ponera maxillosa</emphasis>
F. Smith.
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61F2C42FCA5FAB91385FA82" author="Bingham, C. T." box="[805,992,1375,1400]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="ref132962" refString="Bingham, C. T. (1903) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps. Taylor and Francis, London, 506 pp." type="book" year="1903">Bingham (1903)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
later designated the first of these new species,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FF76FA63111CFA67" baseAuthorityName="Kirschenbaum &amp; Grace" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[246,377,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="falcigera">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FF76FA63111CFA67" box="[246,377,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">L. falcigera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as the
<typeStatus id="546556B2A61F2C42FE4FFA62119AFA66" box="[463,511,1412,1436]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">type</typeStatus>
species of the genus. Subsequent authors placed
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FBAAFA6314CCFA66" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[1066,1193,1413,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FBAAFA6314CCFA66" box="[1066,1193,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
variously in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FABDFA6215F9FA67" box="[1341,1436,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FF20FA4F10AAFA3A" box="[160,207,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">e.g.,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61F2C42FF56FA4E1116FA3A" author="Emery, C." box="[214,371,1447,1472]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="685 - 778" refId="ref140973" refString="Emery, C. (1895 d) Die Gattung Dorylus Fab. und die systematische Eintheilung der Formiciden. Zoologische Jahrbucher. Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 8, 685 - 778." type="journal article" year="1895">Emery, 1895d</bibRefCitation>
) or in its own tribe,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FDD5FA41128FFA3A" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1893" box="[597,746,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Leptogenyini">Leptogenyini</taxonomicName>
(starting with
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61F2C42FC0DFA411478FA3A" author="Forel, A." box="[909,1053,1447,1472]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="161 - 167" refId="ref142534" refString="Forel, A. (1893 a) Sur la classification de la famille des Formicides, avec remarques synonymiques. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 37, 161 - 167." type="journal article" year="1893">Forel, 1893a</bibRefCitation>
; also called Leptogenysii by some authors).
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61F2C42FE82FA2A11FBFA1F" author="Emery, C." box="[258,414,1484,1509]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref141346" refString="Emery, C. (1911) Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum, 118, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1911">Emery (1911)</bibRefCitation>
retained
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FD89FA2B12ECFA1E" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[521,649,1485,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FD89FA2B12ECFA1E" box="[521,649,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FD2FFA2A1321FA1F" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1893" box="[687,836,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Leptogenyini">Leptogenyini</taxonomicName>
based on the shape of the mandibles, the gaster, and the pectination of the tarsal claws.
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61F2C42FDA4FA1612A6F9F2" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[548,707,1519,1544]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref134560" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1963) Characters and synonymies among the genera of ants. Part III. Some members of the tribe Ponerini (Ponerinae, Formicidae). Breviora, 190, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1963">Brown (1963)</bibRefCitation>
argued that the pectination of the tarsal claws (which isn’t even universal in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FEA3F9F311C6F9D6" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[291,419,1557,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FEA3F9F311C6F9D6" box="[291,419,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) was a weak character to base a tribe on, and moved
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FB85F9F314E0F9D6" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[1029,1157,1557,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FB85F9F314E0F9D6" box="[1029,1157,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
into
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FB41F9F21541F9D7" box="[1217,1316,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61F2C42FAAFF9F21084F9AA" author="Schmidt, C." pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt's (2013)</bibRefCitation>
molecular phylogeny of the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FDA4F9D112F1F9AA" box="[548,660,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
confirms that
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FCB6F9DF13D0F9AA" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[822,949,1593,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FCB6F9DF13D0F9AA" box="[822,949,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is indeed nested within
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FB46F9D1154CF9AA" box="[1222,1321,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A61F2C42FF47F9BA151AF895" blockId="96.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
The genus-level taxonomy of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FD9AF9BB12FCF98E" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[538,665,1629,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FD9AF9BB12FCF98E" box="[538,665,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has also been complex, due to its numerous junior synonyms.
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61F2C42FADFF9BA1084F962" author="Mayr, G." pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="649 - 776" refId="ref155085" refString="Mayr, G. (1862) Myrmecologische Studien. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 12, 649 - 776." type="journal article" year="1862">Mayr (1862)</bibRefCitation>
erected the genus
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FE40F9991257F962" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" box="[448,562,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lobopelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FE40F9991257F962" box="[448,562,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Lobopelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and noted its close similarity to
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FC38F9671452F962" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[952,1079,1665,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FC38F9671452F962" box="[952,1079,1665,1688]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, basing his generic distinction mainly on differences in the mandibular and clypeal structure. Most subsequent authors considered
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FA94F94215E3F947" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" box="[1300,1414,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lobopelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FA94F94215E3F947" box="[1300,1414,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Lobopelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a valid genus, though some treated it as a subgenus or junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FC69F92F140DF91A" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[1001,1128,1737,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FC69F92F140DF91A" box="[1001,1128,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FBFCF92F14CEF91A" box="[1148,1195,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">e.g.,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61F2C42FB36F9211558F91A" author="Forel, A." box="[1206,1341,1735,1760]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="516 - 535" refId="ref142496" refString="Forel, A. (1892) Nouvelles especes de Formicides de Madagascar (recoltees par M. Sikora). Premiere serie. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 36, 516 - 535." type="journal article" year="1892">Forel, 1892</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61F2C42FACCF92E10B6F8FF" author="Emery, C." pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="172 - 189" refId="ref141012" refString="Emery, C. (1896) Clef analytique des genres de la famille des Formicides, pour la determination des neutres. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 40, 172 - 189." type="journal article" year="1896">Emery, 1896</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FF6BF90A1139F8FF" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" box="[235,348,1772,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lobopelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FF6BF90A1139F8FF" box="[235,348,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Lobopelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
eventually came to hold the majority of the species now included in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FB1CF90B157EF8FE" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[1180,1307,1773,1796]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FB1CF90B157EF8FE" box="[1180,1307,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61F2C42FAAFF90A1084F8D2" author="Schmidt, C." pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt's (2013)</bibRefCitation>
molecular phylogeny of the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FDA8F8E912FDF8D2" box="[552,664,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
includes several species formerly placed in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FB0DF8E9149AF8D2" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" box="[1165,1279,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lobopelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FB0DF8E9149AF8D2" box="[1165,1279,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Lobopelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(including its
<typeStatus id="546556B2A61F2C42FF17F8D210A2F8B6" box="[151,199,1844,1868]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">type</typeStatus>
species,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FEB3F8D311DDF8B7" box="[307,440,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diminuta">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FEB3F8D311DDF8B7" box="[307,440,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">L. diminuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), as well as the
<typeStatus id="546556B2A61F2C42FDFCF8D212C9F8B6" box="[636,684,1844,1868]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">type</typeStatus>
species of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FCB2F8D313D4F8B6" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[818,945,1845,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FCB2F8D313D4F8B6" box="[818,945,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FC43F8D3142CF8B7" baseAuthorityName="Kirschenbaum &amp; Grace" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[963,1097,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="falcigera">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FC43F8D3142CF8B7" box="[963,1097,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">L. falcigera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which clearly emerges from within a non-monophyletic
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FE4DF8B1125AF88A" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" box="[461,575,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lobopelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FE4DF8B1125AF88A" box="[461,575,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Lobopelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We are therefore retaining
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FCF8F8B1138FF88A" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" box="[888,1002,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lobopelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FCF8F8B1138FF88A" box="[888,1002,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Lobopelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FB78F8BF151DF88A" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[1272,1400,1881,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FB78F8BF151DF88A" box="[1272,1400,1881,1904]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A61F2C43FF47F89A14F1FEE7" blockId="96.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="97.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="97" lastPageNumber="98" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61F2C42FF47F89A111DF86F" author="Emery, C." box="[199,376,1916,1941]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="257 - 360" refId="ref140863" refString="Emery, C. (1895 a) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der nordamerikanischen Ameisenfauna. (Schluss). Zoologische Jahrbucher. Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 8, 257 - 360." type="journal article" year="1895">Emery (1895a)</bibRefCitation>
erected the genus
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FDECF89B129CF86E" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1895" box="[620,761,1917,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Prionogenys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FDECF89B129CF86E" box="[620,761,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Prionogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on its unusually long mandibles.
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61F2C42FB79F89A15F9F86F" author="Taylor, R. W." box="[1273,1436,1916,1941]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="33 - 37" refId="ref163935" refString="Taylor, R. W. (1988) The nomenclature and distribution of some Australian and New Caledonian ants of the genus Leptogenys Roger (= Prionogenys Emery, n. syn.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). General and Applied Entomology, 20, 33 - 37." type="journal article" year="1988">Taylor (1988)</bibRefCitation>
convincingly argued for the junior synonymy of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FD6FF8471318F842" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1895" box="[751,893,1953,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Prionogenys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FD6FF8471318F842" box="[751,893,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Prionogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
under
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FC5AF8471404F842" box="[986,1121,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FC5AF8471438F842" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[986,1117,1953,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Leptogenys</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
pointing out that derived mandibular structure (and other cephalic characters) is a common occurrence in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61F2C42FB9CF82314FEF826" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[1052,1179,1989,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61F2C42FB9CF82314FEF826" box="[1052,1179,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, presumably related to adaptation to different
<typeStatus id="546556B2A61E2C43FE16FF7E11B4FF4A" box="[406,465,152,176]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">types</typeStatus>
of prey. He also suggested that the species formerly placed in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FB0BFF7E157DFF55" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1895" box="[1163,1304,152,175]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Prionogenys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FB0BFF7E157DFF55" box="[1163,1304,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Prionogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may not be sisters, rather that their unusually long mandibles may be convergently derived. Though
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61E2C43FB11FF5A1527FF2F" author="Schmidt, C." box="[1169,1346,188,213]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt (2013)</bibRefCitation>
did not sample either species in his molecular phylogeny, we are maintaining
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FC67FF061410FF0D" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1895" box="[999,1141,224,247]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Prionogenys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FC67FF061410FF0D" box="[999,1141,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Prionogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FF17FEE31172FEE6" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[151,279,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FF17FEE31172FEE6" box="[151,279,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
given the lack of any compelling morphological evidence that they are distinct.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A61E2C43FF47FECE14EBFDC1" blockId="97.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61E2C43FF47FECE1104FEBA" author="Emery, C." box="[199,353,295,320]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref141346" refString="Emery, C. (1911) Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum, 118, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1911">Emery (1911)</bibRefCitation>
erected
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FE3FFEC11214FEBA" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1911" box="[447,625,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Machaerogenys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FE3FFEC11214FEBA" box="[447,625,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Machaerogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a subgenus of
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FCB4FECF13DFFEBA" box="[820,954,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FCB4FECF13D3FEBA" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[820,950,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Leptogenys</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
again based on supposed differences in the mandibles and clypeus.
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61E2C43FE36FEAA123FFE9F" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[438,602,332,357]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" pagination="161 - 185" refId="ref134603" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1973) A comparison of the Hylean and Congo-West African rain forest ant faunas. In: Meggers, B. J., Ayensu, E. S. &amp; Duckworth, W. D. (Eds.), Tropical forest ecosystems in Africa and South America: a comparative review. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., pp. 161 - 185." type="book chapter" year="1973">Brown (1973)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61E2C43FD1DFEAA1328FE9F" author="Bolton, B." box="[669,845,332,357]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" pagination="235 - 305" refId="ref133229" refString="Bolton, B. (1975 a) A revision of the ant genus Leptogenys Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Ethiopian region with a review of the Malagasy species. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 31, 235 - 305." type="journal article" year="1975">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A61E2C43FD1DFEAA128CFE9F" box="[669,745,332,357]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Bolton</collectingRegion>
(1975a)
</bibRefCitation>
provisionally synonymized
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FB1DFEAA152AFE9F" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1911" box="[1181,1359,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Machaerogenys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FB1DFEAA152AFE9F" box="[1181,1359,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Machaerogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
under
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FF17FE971172FE72" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[151,279,369,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FF17FE971172FE72" box="[151,279,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, without any explanation. Though
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61E2C43FD25FE891330FE72" author="Schmidt, C." box="[677,853,367,392]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt (2013)</bibRefCitation>
did not sample any former
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FB11FE8915F9FE72" box="[1169,1436,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Machaerogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FB11FE891526FE72" box="[1169,1347,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Machaerogenys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
in his molecular phylogeny, we do not see any argument for resurrecting it as a valid subgeneric name, and in fact it appears to us to be very closely related to
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FD02FE5F1361FE2A" baseAuthorityName="Kirschenbaum &amp; Grace" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[642,772,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="falcigera">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FD02FE5F1361FE2A" box="[642,772,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">L. falcigera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the
<typeStatus id="546556B2A61E2C43FCBBFE5E130EFE2A" box="[827,875,440,464]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">type</typeStatus>
species of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FC68FE5F1402FE2A" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[1000,1127,441,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FC68FE5F1402FE2A" box="[1000,1127,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61E2C43FBF5FE5E1575FE2A" author="Emery, C." box="[1141,1296,439,464]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref141346" refString="Emery, C. (1911) Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum, 118, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1911">Emery (1911)</bibRefCitation>
also created the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FEB2FE3A11DBFE0F" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1911" box="[306,446,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontopelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FEB2FE3A11DBFE0F" box="[306,446,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Odontopelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which he differentiated from typical
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FCEEFE3B138BFE0E" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[878,1006,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FCEEFE3B138BFE0E" box="[878,1006,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on the mandibles, clypeus, and the petiole. As with
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FE01FE191256FDE2" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1911" box="[385,563,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Machaerogenys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FE01FE191256FDE2" box="[385,563,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Machaerogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we have seen no evidence to suggest that it is nothing more than a derived
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FF17FDC31172FDC6" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[151,279,549,572]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FF17FDC31172FDC6" box="[151,279,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and we follow
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61E2C43FE4CFDC2120CFDC7" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[460,617,548,573]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" pagination="161 - 185" refId="ref134603" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1973) A comparison of the Hylean and Congo-West African rain forest ant faunas. In: Meggers, B. J., Ayensu, E. S. &amp; Duckworth, W. D. (Eds.), Tropical forest ecosystems in Africa and South America: a comparative review. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., pp. 161 - 185." type="book chapter" year="1973">Brown (1973)</bibRefCitation>
in treating it as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FB88FDC314EDFDC6" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[1032,1160,549,572]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FB88FDC314EDFDC6" box="[1032,1160,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A61E2C43FF47FDA11105FB65" blockId="97.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
The most unusual junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FDF2FDAF1297FD9A" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[626,754,585,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FDF2FDAF1297FD9A" box="[626,754,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FC95FDA1142FFD9A" authority="(Forel, 1915 b)" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[789,1098,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylozelus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FC95FDA113F9FD9A" box="[789,924,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Dorylozelus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61E2C43FC2CFDA11427FD9A" author="Forel, A." box="[940,1090,583,608]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" pagination="1 - 119" refId="ref143154" refString="Forel, A. (1915 b) Results of Dr. E. Mjobergs Swedish Scientific Expeditions to Australia 1910 - 13. 2. Ameisen. Arkiv for Zoologi, 9 (1) 16, 1 - 119." type="journal article" year="1915">Forel, 1915b</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The single species originally in this genus,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FEC9FD8B11B3FD7F" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1915" box="[329,470,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylozelus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mjobergi">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FEC9FD8B11B3FD7F" box="[329,470,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">D. mjobergi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(now
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FDADFD8B136CFD7E" authorityName="Taylor" authorityYear="1969" box="[557,777,621,644]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricosa">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FDADFD8B136CFD7E" box="[557,777,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Leptogenys tricosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), is morphologically interesting in that it superficially resembles a cross between a ponerine and the army ant genus
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FCFCFD6913B3FD52" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" box="[892,982,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FCFCFD6913B3FD52" box="[892,982,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Dorylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(hence the genus name;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61E2C43FA81FD6915FDFD52" author="Forel, A." box="[1281,1432,655,680]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" pagination="1 - 119" refId="ref143154" refString="Forel, A. (1915 b) Results of Dr. E. Mjobergs Swedish Scientific Expeditions to Australia 1910 - 13. 2. Ameisen. Arkiv for Zoologi, 9 (1) 16, 1 - 119." type="journal article" year="1915">Forel, 1915b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61E2C43FF17FD52114BFD37" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[151,302,692,717]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" pagination="145 - 230" refId="ref134516" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1960) Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. III. Tribe Amblyoponini (Hymenoptera). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 122 (4), 145 - 230." type="journal article" year="1960">Brown, 1960</bibRefCitation>
). It is apparently adapted to a hypogeic lifestyle, with greatly reduced eyes, flattened scapes, a very smooth cuticle, and short robust legs (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61E2C43FDD5FD311289FD0A" author="Taylor, R. W." box="[597,748,727,752]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" pagination="131 - 133" refId="ref163880" refString="Taylor, R. W. (1969) The identity of Dorylozelus mjobergi Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 8, 131 - 133. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 6055.1969. tb 00746. x" type="journal article" year="1969">Taylor, 1969</bibRefCitation>
). The taxonomic placement of this species was unclear for decades after its description, with authors variously placing it in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FCF0FD1A140BFCEF" authority="(Forel, 1917)" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[880,1134,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">
Ponerini (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61E2C43FC5FFD1A1400FCEF" author="Forel, A." box="[991,1125,764,789]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" pagination="229 - 253" refId="ref143196" refString="Forel, A. (1917) Cadre synoptique actuel de la faune universelle des fourmis. Bulletin de la Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, 51, 229 - 253." type="journal article" year="1917">Forel, 1917</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, its own tribe
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FA8FFD1A15F9FCEF" authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1922" box="[1295,1436,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Dorylozelini">Dorylozelini</taxonomicName>
(also spelled Dorylozeli;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61E2C43FE36FCF91208FCC2" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[438,621,799,824]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" pagination="631 - 710" refId="ref167817" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1922 b) Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VII. Keys to the genera and subgenera of ants. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 45, 631 - 710." type="journal article" year="1922">Wheeler, 1922b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61E2C43FDFAFCF91338FCC2" author="Donisthorpe, H." box="[634,861,799,824]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" pagination="617 - 688" refId="ref139691" refString="Donisthorpe, H. (1943 b) A list of the type-species of the genera and subgenera of the Formicidae. [part]. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 11 (10), 617 - 688." type="journal article" year="1943">Donisthorpe, 1943b</bibRefCitation>
), or even
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FC50FCC61409FCC2" box="[976,1132,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">incertae sedis</emphasis>
in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FB13FCF910BEFCA7" authority="(Brown, 1960)" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1960" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Amblyoponini">
Amblyoponini (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61E2C43FAC7FCF910B6FCA7" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." pageId="97" pageNumber="98" pagination="145 - 230" refId="ref134516" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1960) Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. III. Tribe Amblyoponini (Hymenoptera). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 122 (4), 145 - 230." type="journal article" year="1960">Brown, 1960</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61E2C43FF66FCA211E5FCA7" author="Taylor, R. W." box="[230,384,836,861]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" pagination="131 - 133" refId="ref163880" refString="Taylor, R. W. (1969) The identity of Dorylozelus mjobergi Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 8, 131 - 133. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 6055.1969. tb 00746. x" type="journal article" year="1969">Taylor (1969)</bibRefCitation>
re-examined the
<typeStatus id="546556B2A61E2C43FDC2FCA21217FCA6" box="[578,626,836,860]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">type</typeStatus>
specimen (the only specimen of the species ever collected) and deduced that it was in fact a
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FEF0FC8F1195FC7A" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[368,496,873,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FEF0FC8F1195FC7A" box="[368,496,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, given its pectinate tarsal claws. He also suggested that
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FBE2FC8F14A8FC85" authorityName="Taylor" authorityYear="1969" box="[1122,1229,872,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricosa">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FBE2FC8F14A8FC85" box="[1122,1229,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">L. tricosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as he renamed it) is likely a member of the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FE47FC6B12ECFC5F" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[455,649,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="processionalis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FE47FC6B12ECFC5F" box="[455,649,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">L. processionalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group, a hypothesis that we find plausible, as the relatively broad head and wide mandibles of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FDC3FC5712D6FC3D" authorityName="Taylor" authorityYear="1969" box="[579,691,944,968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricosa">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FDC3FC5712D6FC3D" box="[579,691,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">L. tricosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are reminiscent of that group. If true, this would suggest the possibility of a hypogeic army ant lifestyle similar to many
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FC13FC321388FC17" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" box="[915,1005,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FC13FC321388FC17" box="[915,1005,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Dorylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, perhaps explaining the superficial morphological convergence between these taxa. An alternative hypothesis is that
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FBB1FC1114DDFBEA" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[1073,1208,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylozelus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FBB1FC1114DDFBEA" box="[1073,1208,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Dorylozelus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is closely related to the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FF40FBFA114EFBCF" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1913" box="[192,299,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bequaerti">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FF40FBFA114EFBCF" box="[192,299,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">bequaerti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FE71FBFA12F3FBC9" box="[497,662,1052,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FE71FBFA12F3FBC9" box="[497,662,1052,1075]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with which it bears a remarkable superficial resemblance. The large number of significant morphological differences between them makes it more likely that this is a simple case of convergence, but without corroborating molecular evidence the possibility remains that
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FBEDFB821491FB87" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[1133,1268,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylozelus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FBEDFB821491FB87" box="[1133,1268,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Dorylozelus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is in fact close to
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FF34FB6E113CFB65" box="[180,345,1160,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FF34FB6E113CFB65" box="[180,345,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A61E2C43FF47FB4A1570FAA9" blockId="97.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
The final junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FD87FB4B12E2FB3E" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[519,647,1197,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FD87FB4B12E2FB3E" box="[519,647,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FD27FB4A1350FB3F" authorityName="Donisthorpe" authorityYear="1948" box="[679,821,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Microbolbos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FD27FB4A1350FB3F" box="[679,821,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Microbolbos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61E2C43FC0DFB4A140CFB3F" author="Donisthorpe, H." box="[909,1129,1196,1221]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" pagination="170 - 171" refId="ref139776" refString="Donisthorpe, H. (1948) Microbolbos testaceus, a new genus and species of ponerine ant. Entomologist, 81, 170 - 171." type="journal article" year="1948">Donisthorpe (1948)</bibRefCitation>
described to house a single species,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FF77FB3711E0FB12" authorityName="Donisthorpe" authorityYear="1948" box="[247,389,1233,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Microbolbos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="testaceus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FF77FB3711E0FB12" box="[247,389,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">M. testaceus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(now
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FE4FFB3712D7FB12" baseAuthorityName="Donisthorpe" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[463,690,1233,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="testacea">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FE4FFB3712D7FB12" box="[463,690,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Leptogenys testacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61E2C43FD4BFB291319FB12" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[715,892,1231,1256]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" pagination="136" refId="ref168536" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1955 b) The status of the ant genus Microbolbos Donisthorpe. Psyche (Camb.), 62, 136." type="journal article" year="1955">Wilson (1955b)</bibRefCitation>
re-examined the
<typeStatus id="546556B2A61E2C43FBC3FB2914C0FB12" box="[1091,1189,1231,1256]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and concluded that it was in fact a member of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FE2DFB131249FAF6" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[429,556,1269,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FE2DFB131249FAF6" box="[429,556,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The species is morphologically unusual in that its tarsal claws are simple and it has multiple mandibular teeth, but
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61E2C43FDB0FAF112BAFACA" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[560,735,1303,1328]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" pagination="136" refId="ref168536" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1955 b) The status of the ant genus Microbolbos Donisthorpe. Psyche (Camb.), 62, 136." type="journal article" year="1955">Wilson (1955b)</bibRefCitation>
points out that other
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FC4BFAFF14C7FACA" box="[971,1186,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FC4BFAFF142EFACA" box="[971,1099,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Leptogenys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
have these characters. We see no reason to disagree with his assessment that
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FD76FADA13E1FAAF" authorityName="Donisthorpe" authorityYear="1948" box="[758,900,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Microbolbos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FD76FADA13E1FAAF" box="[758,900,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Microbolbos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FB0EFADB156BFAAE" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[1166,1294,1341,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FB0EFADB156BFAAE" box="[1166,1294,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A61E2C43FF47FA87110CF962" blockId="97.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FF47FA871122FA82" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[199,327,1377,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FF47FA871122FA82" box="[199,327,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a member of the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FDAFFAB912BCFA82" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[559,729,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FDAFFAB912BCFA82" box="[559,729,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Odontomachus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, and along with its probable sister group
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FA81FA861504FA8D" box="[1281,1377,1376,1399]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FA81FA861504FA8D" box="[1281,1377,1376,1399]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Myopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(and possibly
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FF7BFA6311E2FA66" box="[251,391,1413,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FF7BFA6311E2FA66" box="[251,391,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Mesoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) it apparently forms the sister group to the rest of the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FC66FA6214EAFA67" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[998,1167,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FC66FA6214EAFA67" box="[998,1167,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Odontomachus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61E2C43FB66FA6215F5FA67" author="Schmidt, C." box="[1254,1424,1412,1437]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt, 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FF17FA4F1172FA3A" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[151,279,1449,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FF17FA4F1172FA3A" box="[151,279,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is morphologically most similar to
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FD48FA4E134DFA45" box="[712,808,1448,1471]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FD48FA4E134DFA45" box="[712,808,1448,1471]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Myopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with both genera typically having linear or at least subtriangular mandibles, round propodeal spiracles, a nodiform petiole, a strong constriction between A3 and A4, a prominent sting, and relatively smooth and shiny cuticle. Of these, the only character that is likely to be truly synapomorphic for these genera is the non-triangular mandible shape, and possibly the prominent sting, with most of the other characters likely to be plesiomorphies. Round propodeal spiracles are lacking in most other members of the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FF61F9BA11EFF98F" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[225,394,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FF61F9BA11EFF98F" box="[225,394,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Odontomachus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group except
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FDAEF9BA12ABF98F" box="[558,718,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FDAEF9BA12ABF98F" box="[558,718,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Brachyponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and many
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FCCEF9BB13BFF98E" box="[846,986,1629,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FCCEF9BB13BFF98E" box="[846,986,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Mesoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the plesiomorphic condition in the group is uncertain.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A61E2C40FF47F942122DFF02" blockId="97.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="98.[151,1437,151,248]" lastPageId="98" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
Except for the small sampling of species in
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61E2C43FD2EF942130AF947" author="Schmidt, C." box="[686,879,1700,1725]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt’s (2013)</bibRefCitation>
molecular phylogeny of the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FB30F9421546F947" box="[1200,1315,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
, nothing is known about the internal phylogeny of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FDE2F92F1284F91A" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[610,737,1737,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FDE2F92F1284F91A" box="[610,737,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Schmidt's phylogeny suggests an early split between the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FA05F92F115DF8FF" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1851" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="processionalis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FA05F92F115DF8FF" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">L. processionalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group and the remainder of the genus. Given this fact, as well as their divergent morphological structures and behavior, the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FD13F8F71333F8D2" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[659,854,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="processionalis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FD13F8F71333F8D2" box="[659,854,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">L. processionalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group could arguably be split off into a separate genus, though we are not going to take that step. The
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FD7EF8D313E7F8B7" baseAuthorityName="Kirschenbaum &amp; Grace" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[766,898,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="falcigera">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FD7EF8D313E7F8B7" box="[766,898,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">L. falcigera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FC5EF8D31491F8B6" box="[990,1268,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FC5EF8D31438F8B6" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[990,1117,1845,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Leptogenys</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2998979A61E2C43FBE6F8D31491F8B6" box="[1126,1268,1845,1868]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
), with its very thin and curved mandibles, has clearly emerged from within a non-monophyletic “
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FBEBF8B114B8F88A" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" box="[1131,1245,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lobopelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FBEBF8B114B8F88A" box="[1131,1245,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Lobopelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”. The historical biogeography of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FEDFF89B11BBF86E" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[351,478,1917,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FEDFF89B11BBF86E" box="[351,478,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is likely to be complex, with much migration between Africa and Asia/
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A61E2C43FAB6F89A15F9F86F" box="[1334,1436,1916,1941]" name="Australia" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A61E2C43FF1FF8461127F843" author="Bolton, B." box="[159,322,1952,1977]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" pagination="235 - 305" refId="ref133229" refString="Bolton, B. (1975 a) A revision of the ant genus Leptogenys Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Ethiopian region with a review of the Malagasy species. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 31, 235 - 305." type="journal article" year="1975">Bolton, 1975a</bibRefCitation>
) and probably at least two separate invasions of the New World (including once by relatives of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FA05F8471099F827" baseAuthorityName="Kirschenbaum &amp; Grace" baseAuthorityYear="2007" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="falcigera">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FA05F8471099F827" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">L. falcigera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Given the potential utility of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61E2C43FDE0F8231285F826" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[608,736,1989,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61E2C43FDE0F8231285F826" box="[608,736,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a model system for studying the evolution of foraging and reproductive behavior, as well as historical biogeography, a detailed species-level phylogeny of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61D2C40FB4FFF7F152BFF4A" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[1231,1358,153,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A61D2C40FB4FFF7F152BFF4A" box="[1231,1358,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would be extremely valuable. In fact, there is probably no better target for such work within the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A61D2C40FB0BFF5A149BFF2F" box="[1163,1278,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
, and it should be made a priority for near-term study.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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