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<document id="3035A5AA48C3BD1A82522A025003B626" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5360.4.5" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10084656" ID-ZooBank="EA1BE6F9-88E2-4357-895E-8ED415206592" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1698932936510" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Boxshall, Geoffrey A. &amp; Bernot, James P." docDate="2023" docId="03AFA377FFB2FFE9FF7A9276F205FC37" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5360.4.5.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5360 (4)" docSource="https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5360.4.5/52133" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Caligus engraulidis Barnard 1948" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="549" masterDocId="FF96DB0FFFB1FFEDFFED9318F146FFDA" masterDocTitle="Resolving taxonomic and nomenclatural problems in the genus Caligus O. F. Müller, 1785 (Copepoda: Caligidae)" masterLastPageNumber="567" masterPageNumber="545" pageNumber="548" updateTime="1699467176205" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="EFED5B94A1DB5E39D233735BF4AD0C57">Resolving taxonomic and nomenclatural problems in the genus Caligus O. F. Müller, 1785 (Copepoda: Caligidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="27E9485BD4432C853BECC02999B17A1C">Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, 20560, USA Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<paragraph id="8BB91261FFB2FFEEFF7A9276F307FE52" blockId="3.[151,577,366,393]" box="[151,577,366,393]" pageId="3" pageNumber="548">
<heading id="D0F1A50DFFB2FFEEFF7A9276F307FE52" bold="true" box="[151,577,366,393]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="548" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFB2FFEEFF7A9276F307FE52" ID-CoL="PKC7" authority="Barnard, 1948" authorityName="Barnard" authorityYear="1948" box="[151,577,366,393]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="3" pageNumber="548" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="engraulidis">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFB2FFEEFF7A9276F307FE52" bold="true" box="[151,577,366,393]" pageId="3" pageNumber="548">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFB2FFEEFF7A9276F0C2FE53" bold="true" box="[151,388,366,393]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="548">Caligus engraulidis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFB2FFEEFE619277F307FE52" author="Barnard, K. H." box="[396,577,366,393]" pageId="3" pageNumber="548" pagination="242 - 254" refId="ref13203" refString="Barnard, K. H. (1948) New records and descriptions of new species of parasitic Copepoda from South Africa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 12, 1 (4), 242 - 254. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222934808653905" type="journal article" year="1948">Barnard, 1948</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31C41EAFFB2FFE9FF7A92AFF205FC37" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="549" pageId="3" pageNumber="548" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BB91261FFB2FFEEFF7A92AFF246FDC3" blockId="3.[151,1437,439,537]" pageId="3" pageNumber="548">
Material examined by
<collectionCode id="ED178AA4FFB2FFEEFE7A92AFF0EBFE0B" box="[407,429,439,465]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="3" pageNumber="548">R</collectionCode>
. F. Cressey:
<typeStatus id="54BDACC3FFB2FFEEFDD092AFF3E3FE0B" box="[573,677,439,465]" pageId="3" pageNumber="548" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
female from
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFB2FFEEFCD292AFF5BBFE0B" authority="(Boulenger, 1900)" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[831,1277,439,465]" family="Engraulidae" genus="Stolephorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="548" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="holodon">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFB2FFEEFCD292AFF56FFE0B" box="[831,1065,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="548">Stolephorus holodon</emphasis>
(Boulenger, 1900)
</taxonomicName>
(as
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFB2FFEEFAC392AFF0D4FE2F" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1900" family="Engraulidae" genus="Engraulis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="548" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="holodon" subGenus="Anchoviella">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFB2FFEEFAC392AFF4DAFE0B" box="[1326,1436,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="548">Engraulis</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFB2FFEEFF4C92C3F061FE2F" box="[161,295,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="548">Anchoviella</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFB2FFEEFEDB92C3F0D4FE2F" box="[310,402,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="548">holodon</emphasis>
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) caught in the Zwartkops river, Algoa Bay,
<collectingCountry id="F31152F1FFB2FFEEFC9592C3F5D7FE2F" box="[888,1169,475,501]" name="South Africa" pageId="3" pageNumber="548">Republic of South Africa</collectingCountry>
, loaned to
<collectionCode id="ED178AA4FFB2FFEEFAE492C3F459FE2F" box="[1289,1311,475,501]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="3" pageNumber="548">R</collectionCode>
. F. Cressey by the Iziko South African Museum (Reg. No. A6520).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7942E9FFB2FFEEFF759471F318F813" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10084660" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10084660" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10084660/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="548" startId="3.[152,255,1897,1921]" targetBox="[159,1429,571,1863]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BB91261FFB2FFEEFF759471F318F813" blockId="3.[151,1437,1897,1993]" pageId="3" pageNumber="548">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFB2FFEEFF759471F05EF85B" bold="true" box="[152,280,1897,1921]" pageId="3" pageNumber="548">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFB2FFEEFEF29471F339F85B" authority="Barnard, 1948" authorityName="Barnard" authorityYear="1948" box="[287,639,1897,1921]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="3" pageNumber="548" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="engraulidis">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFB2FFEEFEF29471F0A1F85B" box="[287,487,1897,1921]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="548">Caligus engraulidis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFB2FFEEFE009471F339F85B" author="Barnard, K. H." box="[493,639,1897,1921]" pageId="3" pageNumber="548" pagination="242 - 254" refId="ref13203" refString="Barnard, K. H. (1948) New records and descriptions of new species of parasitic Copepoda from South Africa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 12, 1 (4), 242 - 254. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222934808653905" type="journal article" year="1948">Barnard, 1948</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
adult female (body length 3.5 mm). A, caudal ramus; B, antenna, postantennal process and maxillule
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFB2FFEEFE6D9495F086F87E" box="[384,448,1933,1956]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="548">in situ</emphasis>
, ventral; C, sternal furca; D, leg 1; E, leg 2 (with some setae missing on endopod); F, first and second exopodal segments of leg 3; G, leg 4.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB91261FFB5FFE9FF2A938FF4C5FD73" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="549">
Supplementary Description: Caudal rami (
<figureCitation id="133D0EE4FFB5FFE9FD4F938FF3BDFF6B" box="[674,763,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[152,255,1897,1921]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,571,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-141@3.[151,1436,561,1873]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Caligus engraulidis Barnard, 1948 adult female (body length 3.5 mm). A, caudal ramus; B, antenna, postantennal process and maxillule in situ, ventral; C, sternal furca; D, leg 1; E, leg 2 (with some setae missing on endopod); F, first and second exopodal segments of leg 3; G, leg 4." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10084660" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10084660/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="549">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
) about twice as long as wide, ornamented with short setules along medial margin and armed with 6 setae as typical for genus. Antenna (
<figureCitation id="133D0EE4FFB5FFE9FBE093A3F520FF0F" box="[1037,1126,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[152,255,1897,1921]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,571,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-141@3.[151,1436,561,1873]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Caligus engraulidis Barnard, 1948 adult female (body length 3.5 mm). A, caudal ramus; B, antenna, postantennal process and maxillule in situ, ventral; C, sternal furca; D, leg 1; E, leg 2 (with some setae missing on endopod); F, first and second exopodal segments of leg 3; G, leg 4." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10084660" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10084660/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="549">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
) with spatulate process on posterior margin of proximal segment and armed with short seta proximally on subchela. Postantennal process (
<figureCitation id="133D0EE4FFB5FFE9FA8293C7F1FFFEC7" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[152,255,1897,1921]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,571,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-141@3.[151,1436,561,1873]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Caligus engraulidis Barnard, 1948 adult female (body length 3.5 mm). A, caudal ramus; B, antenna, postantennal process and maxillule in situ, ventral; C, sternal furca; D, leg 1; E, leg 2 (with some setae missing on endopod); F, first and second exopodal segments of leg 3; G, leg 4." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10084660" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10084660/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="549">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
) strongly curved and ornamented with bisensillate papillae. Maxillule (
<figureCitation id="133D0EE4FFB5FFE9FC0F921BF57FFEC7" box="[994,1081,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[152,255,1897,1921]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,571,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-141@3.[151,1436,561,1873]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Caligus engraulidis Barnard, 1948 adult female (body length 3.5 mm). A, caudal ramus; B, antenna, postantennal process and maxillule in situ, ventral; C, sternal furca; D, leg 1; E, leg 2 (with some setae missing on endopod); F, first and second exopodal segments of leg 3; G, leg 4." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10084660" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10084660/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="549">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
) with simple tapering posterior process. Sternal furca (
<figureCitation id="133D0EE4FFB5FFE9FE77923FF0B6FE9B" box="[410,496,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[152,255,1897,1921]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,571,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-141@3.[151,1436,561,1873]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Caligus engraulidis Barnard, 1948 adult female (body length 3.5 mm). A, caudal ramus; B, antenna, postantennal process and maxillule in situ, ventral; C, sternal furca; D, leg 1; E, leg 2 (with some setae missing on endopod); F, first and second exopodal segments of leg 3; G, leg 4." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10084660" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10084660/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="549">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
) with very broad, blunt-tipped and slightly divergent tines. Leg 1 (
<figureCitation id="133D0EE4FFB5FFE9FB0F923FF47CFE9B" box="[1250,1338,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[152,255,1897,1921]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,571,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-141@3.[151,1436,561,1873]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Caligus engraulidis Barnard, 1948 adult female (body length 3.5 mm). A, caudal ramus; B, antenna, postantennal process and maxillule in situ, ventral; C, sternal furca; D, leg 1; E, leg 2 (with some setae missing on endopod); F, first and second exopodal segments of leg 3; G, leg 4." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10084660" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10084660/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="549">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
) lacking spinular ornamentation on surface of protopod but bearing single sensilla close to outer protopodal seta; distal exopodal segment armed with 3 plumose setae on posterior margin; distal margin with spines 1 to 3 all subsimilar in length and all lacking accessory process, seta 4 shorter than spines. Leg 2 (
<figureCitation id="133D0EE4FFB5FFE9FC03928BF507FE77" box="[1006,1089,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[152,255,1897,1921]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,571,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-141@3.[151,1436,561,1873]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Caligus engraulidis Barnard, 1948 adult female (body length 3.5 mm). A, caudal ramus; B, antenna, postantennal process and maxillule in situ, ventral; C, sternal furca; D, leg 1; E, leg 2 (with some setae missing on endopod); F, first and second exopodal segments of leg 3; G, leg 4." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10084660" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10084660/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="549">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
) with setular ornamentation on outer margin of endopodal segment 2 extending slightly over onto surface of segment; outer spine on first exopodal segment large, aligned more closely with outer margin rather than positioned obliquely across ramus; third exopodal segment apparently with II, I, 4 setal formula. First exopodal segment of leg 3 (
<figureCitation id="133D0EE4FFB5FFE9FBF192E7F537FDC3" box="[1052,1137,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[152,255,1897,1921]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,571,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-141@3.[151,1436,561,1873]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Caligus engraulidis Barnard, 1948 adult female (body length 3.5 mm). A, caudal ramus; B, antenna, postantennal process and maxillule in situ, ventral; C, sternal furca; D, leg 1; E, leg 2 (with some setae missing on endopod); F, first and second exopodal segments of leg 3; G, leg 4." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10084660" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10084660/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="549">Fig. 2F</figureCitation>
) lacking inner seta, armed with short outer spine and with outer margin produced into additional spinous process. Leg 4 (
<figureCitation id="133D0EE4FFB5FFE9FB4F913BF5BEFDE7" box="[1186,1272,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[152,255,1897,1921]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,571,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-141@3.[151,1436,561,1873]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Caligus engraulidis Barnard, 1948 adult female (body length 3.5 mm). A, caudal ramus; B, antenna, postantennal process and maxillule in situ, ventral; C, sternal furca; D, leg 1; E, leg 2 (with some setae missing on endopod); F, first and second exopodal segments of leg 3; G, leg 4." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10084660" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10084660/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="549">Fig. 2G</figureCitation>
) 2-segmented, comprising protopodal segment bearing outer plumose seta and compound exopodal segment armed with naked spine near middle of outer margin and 3 spines on distal margin—1 long inner terminal spine ornamented bilaterally with strong denticles, shorter middle spine ornamented with setules bilaterally, and very short naked outer spine.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB91261FFB5FFE9FF2A91ABF205FC37" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="549">
Remarks: The original description by
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFB5FFE9FD9691ABF26EFD17" author="Barnard, K. H." box="[635,808,691,717]" pageId="4" pageNumber="549" pagination="242 - 254" refId="ref13203" refString="Barnard, K. H. (1948) New records and descriptions of new species of parasitic Copepoda from South Africa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 12, 1 (4), 242 - 254. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222934808653905" type="journal article" year="1948">Barnard (1948)</bibRefCitation>
was ultra-brief and was supported only by a sketch of the female genital complex and abdomen, plus the sternal furca and details of the 2 spines he observed on the apex of leg 4. Although no habitus drawing was possible due to damage to the
<typeStatus id="54BDACC3FFB5FFE9FC1791E3F519FCCF" box="[1018,1119,763,789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="549" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, the re-examination reveals important details of the structure and armature of the antennae, maxillules, sternal furca, legs 1 to 4 and caudal rami. The most significant of these are: the lack of accessory processes on spines 2 and 3 of the distal exopodal segment of leg 1, the presence of an additional spinous process on the outer margin of the first exopodal segment of leg 3, and the 1-segmented state of the exopod of leg 4 which is armed with 1 outer spine and 3 apical spines.
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFB5FFE9FAC29093F1A4FC13" author="Barnard, K. H." pageId="4" pageNumber="549" pagination="242 - 254" refId="ref13203" refString="Barnard, K. H. (1948) New records and descriptions of new species of parasitic Copepoda from South Africa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 12, 1 (4), 242 - 254. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222934808653905" type="journal article" year="1948">Barnards (1948)</bibRefCitation>
original description referred to the presence of only 2 apical spines on the exopod and the segmentation of this taxonomically important limb was depicted inaccurately.
</paragraph>
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