190 lines
21 KiB
XML
190 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-08-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6870843" approvalRequired="304" approvalRequired_for_illustrations="45" approvalRequired_for_matCits="75" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="40" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="75" approvalRequired_for_treatments="69" checkinTime="1658335596803" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson" docDate="2018" docId="3D474A54A0A787CBFF28A9391B0EFDF3" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_8_Soricidae_0332.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Crocidura caliginea Hollister 1916" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="540" masterDocId="C17E322CA0288744FF8DAB47125EFFF9" masterDocTitle="Soricidae" masterLastPageNumber="551" masterPageNumber="332" pageNumber="540" updateTime="1658350298165" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Soricidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2018</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2018-07-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>332</mods:start>
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<mods:end>551</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-08-4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6870843</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870500" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6870500" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D474A54A0A787CBFF28A9391B0EFDF3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A787CBFF28A9391B0EFDF3" lastPageNumber="540" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">
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<heading pageId="143" pageNumber="540">
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<subSubSection box="[165,248,638,684]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="143.[163,1306,638,807]" box="[165,248,638,684]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">
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<figureCitation box="[165,248,638,684]" captionStart="Plate 24: Soricidae" captionStartId="134.[120,150,3141,3166]" captionTargetBox="[12,2738,15,3635]" captionTargetPageId="133" captionText="386. Nimba Giant White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura maombasilvanus), 387. Doucet’s White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura douceti), 388. West African White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura muricauda), 389. Lamotte’s White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura lamottei), 390. Greater Red White-toothed (Shrew Crociduraflavescens), 391. Lesser Red White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura hirta), 392. Heather White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura erica), 393. Blackish White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura nigricans), 394. Goliath White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura goliath), 395. Somali White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura somalica), 396. African Giant White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura olivieri), 397. Savanna Path White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura viaria), 398. Savanna White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura fulvastra), 399. Ugandan White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura mutesae), 400. Smallfooted White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura parvipes), 401. Cinderella White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura cinderella), 402. Voi White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura vor), 403. Yankari White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura yankariensis), 404. Kahuzi White-toothed Swamp Shrew (Crocidura stenocephala), 405. Tarella White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura tarella), 406. Jackson's White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura jacksoni), 407. Kivu Long-haired White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura lanosa), 408. Dramatic White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura ludia), 409. Long-tailed White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura dolichura), 410. Savanna White-toothed Swamp Shrew (Crocidura longipes), 411. Cameroon White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura picea), 412. Manenguba White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura manengubae), 413. Fisentraut’s White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura eisentraut), 414. Upemba White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura zimmer), 415. Misotshi-Kabogo White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura lwiroensis), 416. African Dusky White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura caliginea), 417. Congo White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura congobelgica), 418. Latona’s White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura latona), 419. Polia’s White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura polia), 420. Ansell’s White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura ansellorum), 421. Pitman’s White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura pitmani), 422. Makwassie White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura maquassiensis), 423. Turbo White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura turba)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6871929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6871929/files/figure.png" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">416.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[262,1013,638,684]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="143.[163,1306,638,807]" box="[262,1013,638,684]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">
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<vernacularName box="[262,1013,638,684]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">African Dusky White-toothed Shrew</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[170,534,678,724]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="143.[163,1306,638,807]" box="[170,534,678,724]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hollister" authorityYear="1916" box="[170,534,678,724]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="143" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caliginea">
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<emphasis box="[170,534,678,724]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">Crocidura caliginea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="143" pageNumber="540" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="143.[163,1306,638,807]" box="[165,1304,741,762]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[165,241,741,762]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[250,447,741,762]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">Crocidure de Medje</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[468,559,741,762]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[569,916,741,762]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">Dunkle Kongo-Weil3zahnspitzmaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[937,1029,741,762]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1039,1304,741,762]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">Musarana de Africa oscura</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="143.[163,1306,638,807]" box="[165,852,781,802]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[165,412,781,802]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[420,631,781,802]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">African Dusky Shrew</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[643,852,781,802]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">African Foggy Shrew</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection pageId="143" pageNumber="540" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="143.[778,1372,855,1274]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[778,933,855,880]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Hollister, 1916" authorityName="Hollister" authorityYear="1916" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="143" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caliginea">Crocidura caliginea Hollister, 1916</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[864,1123,894,919]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="143.[778,1372,855,1274]" box="[864,1123,894,919]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">
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<materialsCitation box="[864,1123,894,919]" country="Democratic Republic of the Congo" location="Medje" pageId="143" pageNumber="540" specimenCount="1">
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D474A54A0A787CBFF28A9391B0EFDF3:B031AD99A0A787CBFCEDA83911E7FC6E" box="[864,953,894,919]" country="Democratic Republic of the Congo" name="Medje" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">Medje</location>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[969,1119,894,919]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="143" pageNumber="540" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="143.[778,1372,855,1274]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hollister" authorityYear="1916" box="[782,1034,925,958]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="143" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caliginea">Crocidura caliginea</taxonomicName>
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shares several unusual characteristics with
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Heim de Balsac" authorityYear="1956" box="[1082,1262,965,998]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Paracrocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="143" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Paracrocidura</taxonomicName>
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schout- edeni, another endemic of the Central African rainforest. Distribution of either species is allopatric, and it is probable that both occupy Py similar ecological8 niches.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hollister" authorityYear="1916" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="143" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caliginea">Crocidura caliginea</taxonomicName>
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has not been included in any phylogenetic studies. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="143" pageNumber="540" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6871833" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6871833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6871833/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="540" targetBox="[164,755,858,1272]" targetPageId="143">
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<paragraph blockId="143.[778,1372,855,1274]" lastBlockId="143.[166,1376,1281,3480]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[780,955,1224,1274]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">Distribution.</emphasis>
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NE DR Congo; until 1990, recorded only from type locality and Masako Forest, near Kisangani. Since then, it has been recorded in various forests in vicinity of Kisangani. Also, found 2 km W of Epulu Forest and on Kungulu I. Its distribution still appears to be very limited.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="143" pageNumber="540" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="143.[166,1376,1281,3480]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[167,417,1403,1432]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 69-6 + 4-4 mm, tail 48-7 + 3-7 mm, ear 7-1 + 0-3 mm, hindfoot 11-7 + 0-5 mm; weight 8-3 + 1-3 g (all measurements mean + SD). Mean condylo-incisive length is 21-8 + 0-5 mm. An additional cusp on I* in significantly more males than females suggests partial sexual dimorphism, which would be relatively unusual in the family
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<taxonomicName authorityName="G. Fischer" authorityYear="1814" box="[488,621,1557,1590]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="143" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Soricidae</taxonomicName>
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. The African Dusky White-toothed Shrew is a small to medium-sized, dark brown, and small-footed, with skull characteristics resembling the Yankari White-toothed Shrew (C.
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<taxonomicName box="[694,853,1640,1669]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="143" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yankariensis">yankariensis</taxonomicName>
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) and sharing unusual characteristics with the Lesser Large-headed Shrew (
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<taxonomicName box="[692,1034,1675,1708]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Paracrocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="143" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schoutedeni">Paracrocidura schoutedeni</taxonomicName>
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). Dorsal and ventral pelage (body hairs 3-5 mm on back) is dark brown. Upperparts are slightly brighter or brownish, less smoky, than venter. There is no distinct demarcation between dorsum and venter. Snout, ears, hands, and feet are lighter in color, covered by very short white hairs, giving them a “naked” appearance, which sharply contrasts against uniformly dark fur. Ears are small relative to head, pale covering only one-half the height of head. Hindfeet are relatively short and have bare soles, similar to species of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Heim de Balsac" authorityYear="1956" box="[1185,1366,1911,1944]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Paracrocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="143" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Paracrocidura</taxonomicName>
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. Brown tail of the African Dusky White-toothed Shrew is ¢.70% of head-body length, and it appears almost naked exceptfor a few longer bristles at its base and some more scattered over its entire length; however, these bristles are extremely short and difficult to detect (pilosity 20-30%). The African Dusky White-toothed Shrew and species of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Heim de Balsac" authorityYear="1956" box="[169,349,2108,2141]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Paracrocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="143" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Paracrocidura</taxonomicName>
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are very similar: uniformly dark color, contrasting against small pale ears, fleshy snout, short limbs, and tail; however, there are differences in ear conch size, bristle hair configuration of tail, and rostral length (longer in species of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Heim de Balsac" authorityYear="1956" box="[1172,1358,2187,2220]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Paracrocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="143" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Paracrocidura</taxonomicName>
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). Skull deviates from the general type of
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<taxonomicName box="[742,865,2226,2259]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="143" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Crocidura</taxonomicName>
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by its rectangular braincase, broad maxillary region, and narrow interorbital region. In this respect, it resembles some savanna species such the Yankari White-toothed Shrew. Teeth are comparatively large and well developed. I' is long and hooked. I* (= first unicuspid) is most unusual by being twice as large as second and third upper unicuspids and by having (mostly in males) a secondary cusp. Upper molars are large. Molar teeth of mandible are very well developed.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="143" pageNumber="540" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="143.[166,1376,1281,3480]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[170,281,2502,2535]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Primary forest on lowland plateau at an elevation of ¢.750 m. In Masako Forest, most African Dusky White-toothed Shrews have been found in secondary forest (40year-old regrowth), surrounded by primary forest (mono-dominant forest of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="J.Leonard" authorityYear="1952" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Gilbertiodendron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="143" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Gilbertiodendron</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[359,494,2621,2654]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="143" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
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). Some have been found in secondary forests, fallow land, and moist areas along creeks. In recent surveys near Kisangani, it also has been found in primary forests.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="143" pageNumber="540" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="143.[166,1376,1281,3480]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[171,436,2739,2772]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The African Dusky White-toothed Shrew eats a wide range of invertebrates, primarily arthropods. Stomach analyses from rainforest in Masako Forest showed that species of
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<taxonomicName box="[496,655,2818,2851]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
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were major prey items (in 100% of stomachs), followed by Isoptera (60%),
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<taxonomicName box="[549,665,2861,2890]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="143" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Araneae</taxonomicName>
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(60%), adult
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<taxonomicName box="[877,1033,2861,2890]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
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(55%), and Diplopoda (45%). Body lengths of invertebrate prey were 3-20 mm, with 85% less than 20 mm. Large heavy teeth of the African Dusky White-toothed Shrew are particularly well adapted for crushing tough, chitinous exoskeletons of arthropods.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[171,544,3015,3048]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="143.[166,1376,1281,3480]" box="[171,544,3015,3048]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[171,306,3015,3048]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">Breeding.</emphasis>
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No information.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="143" pageNumber="540" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="143.[166,1376,1281,3480]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[170,408,3054,3087]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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External characteristics of the African Dusky White-toothed Shrew suggestit is terrestrial, with some modifications toward a semi-fossorial life.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="143" pageNumber="540" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="143.[166,1376,1281,3480]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[172,881,3132,3165]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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The African Dusky White-toothed Shrew is considered rare but might be locally abundant. Numerically, it was the most common species during three years of trapping in Masako Forest where it comprised 47% of shrews in secondary forest (n = 36; eight species) and 33% of shrew captures in all habitats (n = 72, nine species).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="143" pageNumber="540" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="143.[166,1376,1281,3480]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[173,524,3329,3362]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The African Dusky White-toothed Shrew has a wider distribution than was previously known and presumably a large overall population. Nevertheless, it occurs in an area affected by some habitat loss, but it is currently unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="143.[1438,2644,291,526]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">for listing in a threatened category. At present, it does not face any major threats. The African Dusky White-toothed Shrew occurs in Ituri Forest. Additional studies are needed clarify its current distribution.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="143" pageNumber="540" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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||
<paragraph blockId="143.[1438,2644,291,526]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1440,1593,418,443]" pageId="143" pageNumber="540">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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Churchfield et al. (2013a), Dudu et al. (2005), Gambalemoke, Mukinzi, Amundala, Gembu et al. (2008), Gambalemoke, Mukinzi, Amundala, Katuala et al. (2008), Hutterer (1986d, 2005b, 2016h), Hutterer & Dudu (1990), Hutterer & Jenkins (1983), Mukinzi et al. (2005), Nicoll & Rathbun (1990).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
</treatment>
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</document> |