187 lines
19 KiB
XML
187 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-08-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6870843" approvalRequired="304" approvalRequired_for_illustrations="45" approvalRequired_for_matCits="75" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="40" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="75" approvalRequired_for_treatments="69" checkinTime="1658335596803" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson" docDate="2018" docId="3D474A54A02A8746FF0FA9121499FE19" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_8_Soricidae_0332.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Sorex alpinus Schinz 1837" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="395" masterDocId="C17E322CA0288744FF8DAB47125EFFF9" masterDocTitle="Soricidae" masterLastPageNumber="551" masterPageNumber="332" pageNumber="395" updateTime="1658350298165" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Soricidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2018</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2018-07-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>332</mods:start>
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<mods:end>551</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-08-4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6870843</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6869571" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6869571" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D474A54A02A8746FF0FA9121499FE19" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A02A8746FF0FA9121499FE19" lastPageNumber="395" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">
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<heading pageId="2" pageNumber="395">
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<subSubSection box="[130,159,597,643]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[127,956,597,682]" box="[130,159,597,643]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">
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<figureCitation box="[130,159,597,643]" captionStart="Plate 15: Soricidae" captionStartId="2.[139,168,3219,3244]" captionTargetBox="[12,2756,14,3635]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="0. Radde’s Shrew (Sorex raddei), 1. Alpine Shrew (Sorex alpinus), 2. Ussuri Shrew (Sorex mwrabilis), 3. Chinese Highland Shrew (Sorex excelsus), 4. Greater Striped Shrew (Sorex cylindricauda), 5. Lesser Striped Shrew (Sorex bedfordiae), 7. Flat-skulled Shrew (Sorex roboratus), 8. Eurasian Least Shrew (Sorex munutissimus), 9. Azumi Shrew (Sorex hosonoi), 10. Slender Shrew (Sorex gracillimus), 11. Laxmann’s Shrew (Sorex caecutiens), 12. Shinto Shrew (Sorex shinto), 13. Taiga Shrew (Sorex isodon), 14. Long-clawed Shrew (Sorex unguiculatus), 15. Chinese Shrew (Sorex sinalis), 16. Common Shrew (Sorex araneus), 17. Iberian Shrew (Sorex granarius), 18. Valais Shrew (Sorex antinorn), 19. Crowned Shrew (Sorex coronatus), 20. Caucasian Shrew (Sorex satunin), 21. Siberian Large-toothed Shrew (Sorex daphaenodon), 22. Gansu Shrew (Sorex cansulus), 23. Tundra Shrew (Sorex tundrensis), 24. Tian Shan Shrew (Sorex asper), 25. Apennine Shrew (Sorex samniticus), 26. Arctic Shrew (Sorex arcticus), 27. Maritime Shrew (Sorex maritimensis), 28. Eurasian Pygmy Shrew (Sorex minutus), 29. Caucasian Pygmy Shrew (Sorex volnuchini), 30. Buchara Shrew (Sorex buchariensis), 31. Tibetan Shrew (Sorex thibetanus), 32. Kashmir Shrew (Sorex planiceps), 33. Trowbridge’s Shrew (Sorex trowbridgu), 34. Arizona Shrew (Sorex arizonae), 35. Merriam’s Shrew (Sorex merriami), 36. Alto Shrew (Sorex altoensis), 37. Jalisco Shrew (Sorex mediopua), 38. Saussure’s Shrew (Sorex saussurei), 39. San Cristobal Shrew (Sorex cristobalensis), 40. McCarthy's Shrew (Sorex mccarthyi), 41. Salvin’s Shrew (Sorex salvini), 42. Sclater’s Shrew (Sorex sclateri), 43. Pale-toothed Shrew (Sorex stizodon)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870999" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6870999/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">1.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[173,455,597,643]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[127,956,597,682]" box="[173,455,597,643]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">
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<vernacularName box="[173,455,597,643]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">Alpine Shrew</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[508,760,597,643]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[127,956,597,682]" box="[508,760,597,643]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schinz" authorityYear="1837" box="[508,760,597,643]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alpinus">
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<emphasis box="[508,760,597,643]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">Sorex alpinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[127,956,661,682]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[127,956,597,682]" box="[127,956,661,682]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[127,202,661,682]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[212,394,661,682]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">Musaraigne alpine</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[415,505,661,682]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[513,672,661,682]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">Alpenspitzmaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[693,785,661,682]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[795,956,661,682]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">Musarana alpina</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection box="[738,1281,725,758]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[738,1334,725,1152]" box="[738,1281,725,758]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[738,894,725,758]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Schinz, 1837" authorityName="Schinz" authorityYear="1837" box="[910,1276,725,758]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alpinus">Sorex alpinus Schinz, 1837</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="395" type="materials_examined">
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<materialsCitation country="Switzerland" location="St. Gotthard Pass" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Canton Uri">
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D474A54A02A8746FF0FA9121499FE19:B031AD99A02A8746FA9DA99211F6FCE7" country="Switzerland" name="St. Gotthard Pass" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" stateProvince="Canton Uri">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[738,1334,725,1152]" box="[1296,1328,725,758]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">St.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[738,1334,725,1152]" box="[740,1298,769,798]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">
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Gotthard Pass,
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<collectingRegion box="[952,1113,769,798]" country="Switzerland" name="Uri" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">Canton Uri</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1130,1294,769,798]" name="Switzerland" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</location>
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</materialsCitation>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="395" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[738,1334,725,1152]" lastBlockId="2.[129,1342,1166,3122]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">
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Structural specifics of nDNA and mtDNA indicate that
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schinz" authorityYear="1837" box="[937,1071,844,877]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alpinus">S. alpinus</taxonomicName>
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lacks related species and is an ancient relict species.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Ognev" authorityYear="1937" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mirabilis">Sorex mirabilis</taxonomicName>
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, which is another relict Palearctic species, is the closest to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schinz" authorityYear="1837" box="[1096,1229,962,995]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alpinus">S. alpinus</taxonomicName>
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by several morphological characteristics including structure of glans penis.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schinz" authorityYear="1837" box="[1137,1305,1041,1074]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alpinus">Sorex alpinus</taxonomicName>
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is isolated in a separate subgenus, Homalurus named by E. Schulze in 1890, but some researchers question this. Three subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="395" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870851" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6870851" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6870851/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" targetBox="[125,716,739,1152]" targetPageId="2">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[129,1342,1166,3122]" box="[129,529,1202,1235]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[129,529,1202,1235]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[129,1342,1166,3122]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">
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<taxonomicName authority="Schinz, 1837" authorityName="Schinz" authorityYear="1837" box="[131,478,1239,1272]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="alpinus" subSpecies="alpinus">S.a.alpinusSchinz,1837—SEFrance,Switzerland,NItaly,C&SGermany,SWCzechRepublic,Austria,Slovenia,NWHungary,Croatia,BosniaandHerzegovina,Serbia,Montenegro,andNAlbania.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[129,1342,1166,3122]" box="[132,1114,1358,1391]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">
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<taxonomicName authority="G. S. Miller, 1909" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1909" box="[132,573,1358,1391]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="alpinus" subSpecies="hercynicus">S.a.hercynicusG.S.Miller,1909—NGermany(Harz);possiblyextinct.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[129,1342,1166,3122]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">
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<taxonomicName authority="Kratochvil & Rosicky, 1952" authorityName="Kratochvil & Rosicky" authorityYear="1952" box="[132,668,1397,1430]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="alpinus" subSpecies="tatricus">S. a. tatricus Kratochvil & Rosicky, 1952</taxonomicName>
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— N & E Czech Republic, Slovakia, S Poland, W Ukraine, NE Hungary, and Romania.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="395" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[129,1342,1166,3122]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[130,376,1480,1509]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 62-77 mm, tail 60-75 mm, hindfoot 12-17 mm; weight 5-5—11-5 g (immatures 5-5-7-7 g). The Alpine Shrew is physically similar to the Common Shrew (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[309,441,1559,1588]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="araneus">S. araneus</taxonomicName>
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) and the Eurasian Pygmy Shrew (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[905,1047,1559,1588]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutus">S. minutus</taxonomicName>
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), but its long tail and darker fur make it distinguishable from them. Pelage color is monotonous from dark gray, sometimes with weak brown shade, to ash-black; color of dorsal, lateral, and ventral sides of body is practically the same. Tail length is 100% of head-body length, and tail is covered with short hard hairs that do not
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<taxonomicName box="[702,857,1712,1745]" form="brush" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" rank="form">form brush</taxonomicName>
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at tip oftail. Tail is sharply bicolored, color of dorsum above and on sides and almost white below. Back surface of paws is very light, contrasting sharply with dark color of body. In sexually mature individuals,tail losesits hairs and becomes practically naked. Dental formula for all species of
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<taxonomicName box="[1224,1288,1830,1863]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sorex</taxonomicName>
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is 1 3/2,C1/0,P3/1,M 3/3 (x2) = 32. Chromosomal complementof the Alpine Shrew has 2n = 56 (more rarely 54 or 58) and FN = 68, with 10 metacentric and 44 acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosomeis large submetacentric, and Y-chromosome is small acrocentric.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="395" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[129,1342,1166,3122]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[132,243,1987,2020]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Usually highlands with sparse tree and shrub vegetation but also forested slopes with stony places orat least separately lying stones used as shelters. The Alpine Shrew is less common in cluttered forests, where it uses trunks offallen trees and other woody debris to hide. It sometimes inhabits man-made stonewalls, up to 1m high, built to demarcate fields. It only occurs in habitats with high or moderate humidity, but xeromorphic biotopes are avoided even in the presence of stony places.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="395" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[129,1342,1166,3122]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[133,392,2223,2256]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Diet of the Alpine Shrew includes various invertebrates, dominated by species of relatively large sizes. Earthworms, mollusks, and myriapods are consumed as food more often than insects. Insects such as carabid beetles, earwigs, and dipteran larvae are also eaten.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="395" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[129,1342,1166,3122]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[134,268,2381,2414]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Breeding of the Alpine Shrew occurs in May—October. Overwintering individuals are usually involved in reproduction and then die, being incapable of surviving another winter. Female young-of-the-year sometimes reproduce. Litters usually have 4-7 young. Meanlitter size was 4-7 young in Austria and 5-8 young in Czech Republic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="395" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[129,1342,1166,3122]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[133,384,2538,2571]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Daily activity pattern has not been specially studied in the Alpine Shrew, but it probably is multiphasic, like in other species of
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<taxonomicName box="[1114,1183,2577,2610]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sorex</taxonomicName>
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. Relatively short sleeping periods alternate with activity periods; the latter are longer at night than in the daytime. The Alpine Shrew is terrestrial and well adapted for dwelling among stones. Its tail is very long. Captive individuals have been observed climbing while using their tail as support, allowing them to climb higher than other species of
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<taxonomicName box="[177,246,2781,2810]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sorex</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="395" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[129,1342,1166,3122]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[137,847,2814,2847]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Territorial behavior of the Alpine Shrew has not been studied, but indirect evidence suggests it is territorial and solitary.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="395" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[129,1342,1166,3122]" lastBlockId="2.[1399,2605,286,483]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[138,494,2892,2925]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Alpine Shrew is a European endemic and relict species, a conclusion supported by lack of genetically related forms among existing shrews. Strict habitat selectivity leads to fragmentation ofits distribution (e.g. Dinaric Alpine region is isolated from Tatra Carpathian region). Isolation primarily involves marginal populations and facilitates their extinction. Isolated populations in the Pyrenees (Spain) and a population of the Harz (Germany) are presumably extinct. Last records of Pyrenean and Harz populations date back to the beginning and the second one-half of the 20" century, respectively.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="395" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[1399,2605,286,483]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1401,1554,375,400]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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Benes (1970), Cabrera (1914), Dolgov (1985), Klenovéek et al. (2013), Kuvikova (1986), Lapini (2009), Murariu & Benedek (2005), Schulze (1890), Spitzenberger (1978, 1990a), Starcova et al. (2016), Zaitsev et al. (2014), Zima et al. (1998).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |