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117 lines
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<mods:title id="48BF15AFBE3AE51057F3C1EFC637AE1C">Key to sessile gnesiotrochan rotifers: Families, monospecific species in Flosculariidae, species of Atrochidae, Conochilidae, and Limnias</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B021079B7AB54E2E2407EB4E29237182">Davies, Natalie</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B37226DCF63D9CA70B3CE15667082B09">Department of Biology, Ripon College, Ripon, WI, 54971, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="26E4657496F5386BEDA6630A10EAFF79">Lafleur, Alexandre</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="971BB1FA531F0B374534734664EC26BA">Department of Biology, Ripon College, Ripon, WI, 54971, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="8DD5468CE1FF85FC4959D3CAD0977BAF">Hochberg, Rick</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="EB35FD0F236D725E6A93B554BB9F6EE5">University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="EBCDF7C5E2C12B548442509BF8C69343">Walsh, Elizabeth J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4866B71D3829FABEFD7D0FCB8EADB8A5">Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="B35FC69B38F2E445B44163D592AFC024">Wallace, Robert L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="660E88AF6BFF14B03151D02A264AA72C">Department of Biology, Ripon College, Ripon, WI, 54971, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="DB85B130947CFFB97AF0EDA81164BCE8">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="F016F7A003DC33B46819FFD502BB6EA8">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="51EEC0E144DFFC184B34333229249929">2024-01-08</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="948A10A38632D4BD1AB5CC41D646BFE0">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="A311E1CC02EF5EBA12E6BE79C6E52D3B" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5397.4.3</mods:identifier>
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<heading id="F44C8400416CFFAEFF7DD64EFD6FB75F" bold="true" box="[151,736,1050,1077]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E416CFFAEFF7DD64EFD6FB75F" bold="true" box="[151,736,1050,1077]" pageId="2" pageNumber="499">
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Superorder
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<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF416CFFAEFEC4D64EFD6FB75F" authority="de Beauchamp, 1965" authorityName="de Beauchamp" authorityYear="1965" box="[302,736,1050,1077]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" rank="superOrder" superOrder="Gnesiotrocha">Gnesiotrocha de Beauchamp, 1965</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="AF04336C416CFFAEFF7DD637FCCCB6F6" blockId="2.[151,1437,1123,1437]" pageId="2" pageNumber="499">
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Within the diversity exhibited by rotifers, superorder
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<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF416CFFAEFD0FD637FCF5B716" authorityName="de Beauchamp" authorityYear="1965" box="[741,890,1123,1149]" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" rank="superOrder" superOrder="Gnesiotrocha">Gnesiotrocha</taxonomicName>
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are distinct from superorder
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<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF416CFFAEFB51D637FADDB716" box="[1211,1362,1123,1149]" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" rank="superOrder" superOrder="Pseudotrocha">Pseudotrocha</taxonomicName>
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(order
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<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF416CFFAEFF7DD6D3FF67B7CA" box="[151,232,1159,1185]" class="Eurotatoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" phylum="Rotifera" rank="order">Ploima</taxonomicName>
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) in that all gnesiotrochans (1) possess a foot that lack toes, (2) their anterior end is either a funnel-shaped structure or possesses ciliated lobes, and (3) their trophi are either malleoramate or uncinate (
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<bibRefCitation id="CB2A4E9D416CFFAEFB21D6FFFA18B7AE" author="Edmondson, W. T." box="[1227,1431,1194,1221]" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" pagination="420 - 494" refId="ref13350" refString="Edmondson, W. T. (1959) Rotifera. In: Edmondson, W. T. (Ed.), Freshwater Biology. 2 nd Ediiton. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, New York, pp. 420 - 494." type="book chapter" year="1959">Edmondson 1959</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="CB2A4E9D416CFFAEFF7DD69BFE93B782" author="Koste, W." box="[151,284,1231,1257]" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" refId="ref14818" refString="Koste, W. (1978) Rotatoria. Die Radertiere Mitteleuropas. 2 Vols. Gebruder Borntraeger, Stuttgart, 673 pp. (text), Tafel 234 pp. (tafel) [in German]" type="book" year="1978">Koste 1978</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="CB2A4E9D416CFFAEFEC2D69BFDAEB782" author="Ruttner-Kolisko, A." box="[296,545,1231,1257]" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" pagination="1 - 146" refId="ref16485" refString="Ruttner-Kolisko, A. (1974) Planktonic rotifers: biology and taxonomy. Die Binnengewasser Supplement, 26, 1 - 146." type="journal article" year="1974">Ruttner-Kolisko 1974</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="CB2A4E9D416CFFAEFDC7D69BFCA5B782" author="Wallace, R. L. & Snell, T. W." box="[557,810,1231,1257]" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" pagination="173 - 235" refId="ref17844" refString="Wallace, R. L. & Snell, T. W. (2010) Rotifera. In: Thorp, J. & Covich, A. (Eds.) Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates. 3 rd Edition. Elsevier, Inc, Amsterdam, pp. 173 - 235. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 374855 - 3.00008 - X" type="book chapter" year="2010">Wallace & Snell 2010</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="CB2A4E9D416CFFAEFCDFD69BFB9AB782" author="Wallace, R. L. & Snell, T. W. & Ricci, C. & Nogrady, T" box="[821,1045,1231,1257]" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" refId="ref17923" refString="Wallace, R. L., Snell, T. W., Ricci, C. & Nogrady, T (2006) Rotifera. Vol. 1. Biology, Ecology and Systematics. 2 nd Edition. Guides to the Identification of the Microinvertebrates of the Continental Waters of the World. No. 23. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 299 pp." type="book" year="2006">
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Wallace
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<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E416CFFAEFC7DD69BFC5FB782" box="[919,976,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="499">et al.</emphasis>
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2006
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Ploimids may lack a foot, and, if present, may possess toes; their anterior end and trophi do not resemble that of the sessile taxa. Uncinate trophi possess few teeth: usually one or more large, pincer-like teeth and a few smaller teeth (
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<figureCitation id="37802FE9416CFFAEFBA5D743FB27B65A" box="[1103,1192,1303,1329]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,768,792]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,744]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[151,1436,181,744]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Schematic view comparing uncinate (A) and malleoramate trophi (B). Trophi are not drawn to the same scale. Symbols = F = fulcrum; M = manubrium; R – ramus; U = unci. Compare these schematics to the variation of trophi form shown in figures 13.10 and 13.11 in Wallace et al. (2015)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10469057" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10469057/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="499">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
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); malleoramate trophi possess crescent-shaped manubria and unci with numerous club-shaped teeth (
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<figureCitation id="37802FE9416CFFAEFBE0D76FFBEDB63E" box="[1034,1122,1339,1365]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,768,792]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,744]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[151,1436,181,744]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Schematic view comparing uncinate (A) and malleoramate trophi (B). Trophi are not drawn to the same scale. Symbols = F = fulcrum; M = manubrium; R – ramus; U = unci. Compare these schematics to the variation of trophi form shown in figures 13.10 and 13.11 in Wallace et al. (2015)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10469057" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10469057/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="499">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
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). Teeth close to the fulcrum are usually larger than those more distant. Trophi in the
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<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF416CFFAEFCC1D70BFC56B612" authorityName="Harring" authorityYear="1913" box="[811,985,1375,1401]" class="Eurotatoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" phylum="Rotifera" rank="order">Flosculariaceae</taxonomicName>
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characteristically exhibit a grinding or pounding-like action, which is not seen in the
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<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF416CFFAEFD76D7D7FCB1B6F6" authorityName="Harring" authorityYear="1913" box="[668,830,1411,1437]" class="Eurotatoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Collothecacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" phylum="Rotifera" rank="order">Collothecacea</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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