179 lines
21 KiB
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179 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5b2a81dd-d9c7-4fb8-b370-de5ccd8e868d" ID-PMC="PMC4714327" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-543-1" ID-PubMed="26798286" ID-ZBK="4E2375F0A3824F3CB7A4DCC5148A67B0" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-543-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 543" ModsDocTitle="Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution" checkinTime="1451243644414" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Sarnat, Eli M., Fischer, Georg, Guenard, Benoit & Economo, Evan P." docDate="2015" docId="00B3E1BF609BB512110653C565F3B443" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 543: 1-109" docOrigin="ZooKeys 543" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" docTitle="Pheidole proxima Mayr" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="46" masterDocId="FFA8D443FFA05A6960070473FFDEFF83" masterDocTitle="Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution" masterLastPageNumber="109" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="46" updateTime="1668162291239" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Sarnat, Eli M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Fischer, Georg</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Guenard, Benoit</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Economo, Evan P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>543</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>109</mods:end>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-543-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">4E2375F0A3824F3CB7A4DCC5148A67B0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">4E2375F0A3824F3CB7A4DCC5148A67B0</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127872352" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:00B3E1BF609BB512110653C565F3B443" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/00B3E1BF609BB512110653C565F3B443" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Taxon classification Animalia Hymenoptera Formicidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName authority="Mayr" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole proxima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="proxima">Pheidole proxima Mayr</taxonomicName>
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Fig. 84, 88L
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="proxima" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" rank="species" species="proxima">proxima</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole proxima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="proxima">Pheidole proxima</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Mayr, G" journalOrPublisher="Journal des Museum Godeffroy" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="56 - 115" title="Die australischen Formiciden." volume="12" year="1876">Mayr 1876</bibRefCitation>
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: 104 (s.w.) AUSTRALIA, Peak Downs, Queensland [NHMW, examined]. Current subspecies: nominal plus
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<taxonomicName lsidName="bombalensis" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" rank="species" species="bombalensis">bombalensis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="transversa" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" rank="species" species="transversa">transversa</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="diagnosis among introduced">
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<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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Diagnosis among introduced
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Reddish brown. MajorHW 0.95-1.05, HL 1.04-1.21, SL 0.44-0.50, CI 87-92, SI 42-52 (n=4). Head subquadrate (Fig. 7). Posterolateral lobes lacking sculpture (including foveolate ground sculpture, carinae and rugae) posterior to maximum extent of antennal scapes in repose (Fig. 9). Head glossy, lacking foveolate ground sculpture. Hypostomal bridge with a small median tooth in addition to a pair of larger inner teeth (Fig. 18). Promesonotum in profile forming a single dome (Fig. 4), lacking a distinct mound or prominence on the posterior slope. Promesonotal dorsum glossy, lacking foveolate ground sculpture or striae. Pronotal striae in dorsal view mostly absent (Fig. 23). Metapleuron with moderate rugulae and some weak punctation (Fig. 16). Petiolar node strongly punctate (Fig. 16). Postpetiole not swollen relative to petiole (Fig. 3). MinorHW 0.46, HL 0.52, SL 0.40, CI 90, SI 86 (n=1). Head predominantly glossy (Fig. 36), lacking punctation and or rugae above eye level. Posterior head margin weakly convex (Fig. 45) to weakly concave (Fig. 46) in full-face view. Antennal scapes reach but do not surpass posterior head margin (Fig. 41). Mesopleuron entirely punctate (Fig. 52a). Promesonotum in profile forming a single dome (Fig. 42), lacking a distinct mound or prominence on the posterior slope. Propodeal spines moderately produced and spiniform (Fig. 52b). Petiole distinctly sculptured except for apical portion of node. Postpetiole not swollen relative to petiole (Fig. 3).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="identification, taxonomy and systematics">
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<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Identification, taxonomy and systematics.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole proxima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="proxima">Pheidole proxima</taxonomicName>
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is a relatively small, brownish yellow, short-limbed species with a strongly shining integument. The phylogenetic placement of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole proxima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="proxima">Pheidole proxima</taxonomicName>
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is unknown, but it almost certainly clusters within an Old World clade that has radiated across Australia and New Guinea. The species is slightly smaller than
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
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, but both have workers with almost entirely glossy faces. The postpetiole of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole proxima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="proxima">Pheidole proxima</taxonomicName>
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is not swollen relative to the petiole (Fig. 3), as it is in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 1). The head of the major is subquadrate (Fig. 7), while that of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
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is more heart-shaped (Fig. 6). The antennal scapes of the minor do not surpass the posterior head margin (Fig. 41), as they do in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 40). The other two
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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species established in New Zealand are
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole rugosula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosula">Pheidole rugosula</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole vigilans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vigilans">Pheidole vigilans</taxonomicName>
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. The glossy face of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole proxima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="proxima">Pheidole proxima</taxonomicName>
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easily separates both worker castes of from those of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole rugosula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosula">Pheidole rugosula</taxonomicName>
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. In addition to being significantly smaller (major HW <1.0 mm, minor HW <0.48 mm) than
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole vigilans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vigilans">Pheidole vigilans</taxonomicName>
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(major HW> 1.2 mm, minor HW> 0.52 mm), the major of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole proxima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="proxima">Pheidole proxima</taxonomicName>
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is more sculptured (Fig. 16 vs. Fig. 17), and the hypostomal bridge has a distinct median tooth (Fig. 18 vs. Fig. 19). The minors of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole proxima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="proxima">Pheidole proxima</taxonomicName>
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are separated from those of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole vigilans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vigilans">Pheidole vigilans</taxonomicName>
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by the shorter scapes (Fig. 41 vs. Fig. 40), more sculptured mesopleuron (Fig. 52a vs. Fig. 51a), and more robust propodeal spines (Fig. 52b vs. Fig. 51b). Additional taxonomy of these species is discussed in (
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<bibRefCitation author="Berry, JA" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Zoology" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="25 - 33" title="Species of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) established in New Zealand." url="10.1080/03014223.1997.9518103" volume="24" year="1997">Berry et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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Comparison of the
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole proxima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="proxima">Pheidole proxima</taxonomicName>
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Mayr type series and images of the two subspecies suggests that all three taxa are heterospecific. There is some reason to believe, however, that the name
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole proxima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="proxima">Pheidole proxima</taxonomicName>
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Mayr does not apply perfectly to the species recently introduced to New Zealand. The specimens examined from New Zealand conflict with
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Mayr’s">Mayr's</normalizedToken>
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original description and type specimens on several points. The pronotal dorsum of the type major worker is transversely rugose whereas that of the New Zealand specimens are completely glossy. Although we were unable to examine minors from the type series, Mayr described the head of the minor worker as coriaceous and striate-rugose with scapes that barely exceed the posterior margin. In contrast the minor workers from New Zealand have heads that are completely glossy and scapes that do not exceed the posterior head margin. Forel, in his description of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subsp." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole proxima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="proxima" subspecies="bombalenis">Pheidole proxima subsp. bombalenis</taxonomicName>
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, describes the minor worker as identical to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole proxima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="proxima">Pheidole proxima</taxonomicName>
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Mayr with the exception of having longer propodeal spines. The specimen images of the
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bombalensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bombalensis">Pheidole bombalensis</taxonomicName>
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syntype minor show a strongly sculptured face, similar to the pattern described by Mayr. The major workers from the type series are larger than the New Zealand specimen we measured (HW 1.03-1.05 mm vs.HW 0.95 mm), have relatively narrower heads (CI 87-89 vs.CI 92), and relatively shorter antennal scapes (SI 42-46 vs.SI 52). While a more exhaustive survey of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Australia’s">Australia's</normalizedToken>
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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may reveal the New Zealand population to be more closely related to another species from that fauna, we follow
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<bibRefCitation author="Berry, JA" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Zoology" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="25 - 33" title="Species of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) established in New Zealand." url="10.1080/03014223.1997.9518103" volume="24" year="1997">Berry et al. (1997)</bibRefCitation>
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in using
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole proxima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="proxima">Pheidole proxima</taxonomicName>
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Mayr.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="biology">
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<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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The only natural history published for
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole proxima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="proxima">Pheidole proxima</taxonomicName>
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was recorded by
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<bibRefCitation author="Green, OR" journalOrPublisher="The Weta" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="7 - 11" title="Establishment and spread of another exotic ant Pheidoleproxima Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in New Zealand." volume="26" year="2006">Green and Gunawardana (2006)</bibRefCitation>
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from their work with the New Zealand incursion. They reported that
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole proxima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="proxima">Pheidole proxima</taxonomicName>
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produced large nests recognizable by tiny conical mounds of sandy or grainy material above the ground near the entrance. The size of the mounds varies with soil type, with mounds as small as 5 mm high by 200-300 mm in diameter. They are tolerant to disturbance and capable of invading structures. The minor and major workers are both active foragers and were observed recruiting to both sweet and savory baits in high numbers.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole proxima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="proxima">Pheidole proxima</taxonomicName>
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Mayr is native to Queensland, Australia. The sparse records of the species are scattered from Cape York at the northernmost tip of the continent down to the Gold Coast. The species is introduced to New Zealand and was first detected during a 2004 survey of the Port of Napier following an incursion of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solenopsis invicta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invicta">Solenopsis invicta</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Green, OR" journalOrPublisher="The Weta" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="7 - 11" title="Establishment and spread of another exotic ant Pheidoleproxima Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in New Zealand." volume="26" year="2006">Green and Gunawardana 2006</bibRefCitation>
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). The species is now widespread across the North Island from the Napier-Hastings area to Auckland.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="risk statement">
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<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Risk statement.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole proxima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="proxima">Pheidole proxima</taxonomicName>
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is at most considered a nuisance species in New Zealand on account of its ability to infest structures. However, very little is known about the species, including its impact on agricultural systems and native ecosystems. There is little reason to believe that it will become globally or regionally widespread.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |