319 lines
41 KiB
XML
319 lines
41 KiB
XML
<document id="96E09CB9FFB552E7EE61E7B182F2B4C8" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6391684" ID-ISSN="1942-1354" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6391684" ID-ZooBank="CBD29188-143B-44DF-BE21-1654D50D8621" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1648501406612" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Phillips, Robert A." docDate="2022" docId="E8511E53FFCBEF646A8AFC24FA8CFBFD" docLanguage="en" docName="InsectaMundi.2022.0907.1-214.pdf" docOrigin="Insecta Mundi 2022 (907)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F9976E9B7F8A094D890004515A7A0592.3:InsectaMundi.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="F9976E9B7F8A094D890004515A7A0592" docStyleName="InsectaMundi.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Leptoconops (Holoconops) foulki Clastrier and Wirth" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="23" masterDocId="1468662BFFDCEF7C6A4AFFC3FFCCFFE4" masterDocTitle="Culicoides Latreille and Leptoconops Skuse biting midges of the southwestern United States with emphasis on the Canyonlands of southeastern Utah (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)" masterLastPageNumber="214" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="22" updateTime="1699308763882" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-3.0">
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<mods:mods id="E041D668833860EB5D94F5F4FFD45B78" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="791B21680BF04F7492EC2A1A5331BF13">
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<mods:title id="BEF7094E4DB62CE60F4682D0A3B2B2BB">Culicoides Latreille and Leptoconops Skuse biting midges of the southwestern United States with emphasis on the Canyonlands of southeastern Utah (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="47E2ABBB84C75FD93BDD6F88CE028B23" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="916175B1097F21811025D4C9B83AD17F">
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<mods:roleTerm id="B86D1E120A3F9D24235FA37587689A11">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="6DC4A2F213327964A6D8CACCCD734371">Phillips, Robert A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4BCD72D53FFAAAF94028E5DEFA868ED7">2962 Desert Road Moab, UT 84532 USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="59893438A39EFBC9852EA26CD18000F0">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="10A2746A80723270E7B216C1D75F83AC">
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<mods:title id="FF7D646E785AF53DA276EE937AD468BD">Insecta Mundi</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="AE10167C6CAA5E1F04A924CF55B68D04">
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<mods:date id="21383FA2F45D8A16C0D34D74A41ACF88">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="C695E716D1C0AE7D6B670285E697730E" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="92395C871406C15F7D200D36911D3EDA">2022-01-28</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="C67A6C865AA3827735171556D158095B" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="F1A2A0A321023D0BA072A431EA561D6F">2022</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="A38EB20D7974B60A27DCF55EE75F7A67" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="DB6E96E5E660FD1D251A253EF42E25FC">907</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:start id="647A0A4EF55A670FEF4BEA2155344514">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="BCAF5E34BB0EB64EBDB48DBF8755DEFF">214</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="ED32DC6BDB561F1B2291E3031DDFF43E">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="83687C4E644E48F21FB40418281B0D16" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6391684</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="3BE7B4A8222C18851535F7FD7ACDC740" type="ISSN">1942-1354</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="7D89DF58373E90E09FAA7202309EA2DB" type="Zenodo-Dep">6391684</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0FC1657333B981D2228B29BDBA88209B" type="ZooBank">CBD29188-143B-44DF-BE21-1654D50D8621</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="E8511E53FFCBEF646A8AFC24FA8CFBFD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391728" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6391728" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E8511E53FFCBEF646A8AFC24FA8CFBFD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8511E53FFCBEF646A8AFC24FA8CFBFD" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
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<subSubSection id="28E2FCCEFFCBEF6B6A8AFC24FCADFBE7" box="[192,865,998,1027]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="6047AF45FFCBEF6B6A8AFC24FCADFBE7" blockId="23.[192,865,998,1061]" box="[192,865,998,1027]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
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<heading id="3B0F1829FFCBEF6B6A8AFC24FCADFBE7" box="[192,865,998,1027]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" reason="2">
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||
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFCBEF6B6A8AFC24FCADFBE7" ID-CoL="8CHTH" authority="Clastrier and Wirth" authorityName="Clastrier and Wirth" box="[192,865,998,1027]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Leptoconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foulki" subGenus="Holoconops">
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||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCBEF6B6A8AFC24FCADFBE7" bold="true" box="[192,865,998,1027]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
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||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCBEF6B6A8AFC24FE91FBE7" bold="true" box="[192,349,999,1027]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Leptoconops</emphasis>
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||
(
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<emphasis id="528C7357FFCBEF6B6B24FC25FDCCFBE7" bold="true" box="[366,512,998,1027]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Holoconops</emphasis>
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||
)
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<emphasis id="528C7357FFCBEF6B685BFC25FD96FBE7" bold="true" box="[529,602,998,1027]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">foulki</emphasis>
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Clastrier and Wirth
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="28E2FCCEFFCBEF6B6A8AFBC8FE2DFBC1" box="[192,481,1035,1061]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" type="description">
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<paragraph id="6047AF45FFCBEF6B6A8AFBC8FE2DFBC1" blockId="23.[192,865,998,1061]" box="[192,481,1035,1061]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
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||
(
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<figureCitation id="F8C3B3C0FFCBEF6B6A82FBC8FE47FBC1" box="[200,395,1035,1061]" captionStart="Figures 20–26. 20" captionStartId="166.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[266,1365,214,1767]" captionTargetId="figure-87@166.[194,1442,214,1769]" captionTargetPageId="166" captionText="Figures 20–26. 20) Leptoconops knowltoni male genitalia, ventral view, aedeagus (A), parameres (P), tergite 9 ventro-posterior setae (s), apicolateral processes (T9alp), gonostylus apical lamelliform expansion (Gsle). 21) L. foulki male genitalia, ventral view. 22) L. knowltoni gonostylus, ventral setae (vs). 23 L. foulki gonostylus. 24) L. foulki parameres (P), proximal tooth (t). Male tarsomere 5, basal seta (bS). 25) L. knowltoni. 26) L. foulki." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391696" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391696/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Fig. 21, 23, 24, 26</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="F8C3B3C0FFCBEF6B6BDCFBC8FE15FBC1" box="[406,473,1035,1061]" captionStart="Figures 27–32" captionStartId="167.[192,279,1833,1859]" captionTargetBox="[266,1363,216,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-71@167.[192,1440,216,1770]" captionTargetPageId="167" captionText="Figures 27–32. Female Leptoconops. 27) L. knowltoni flagellomeres 9–11, median black seta (s). Spermathecae (sp), diverticulum (d), neck (spn). 28) L. foulki. 29) L. americanus. 30) L. sublettei flagellomeres 3–6, flagellomere 4 seta bases (sb), hyaline sensory seta (hss). Palpal segment 3. 31) L. sublettei. 32) L. foulki." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391698" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391698/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">28, 32</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="28E2FCCEFFCBEF6B6AAAFBF7FBB7FB02" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="6047AF45FFCBEF6B6AAAFBF7FD2CFB8E" blockId="23.[224,1441,1075,1254]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="40E8886BFFCBEF6B6AAAFBF7FD2CFB8E" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
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<treatmentCitation id="E1598954FFCBEF6B6AAAFBF7FCAFFBA8" author="Clastrier J & Wirth WW" box="[224,867,1075,1100]" page="38" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" year="1978">
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<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFCBEF6B6AAAFBF7FCAFFBA8" ID-CoL="8CHTH" authority="Clastrier and Wirth, 1978: 38" authorityName="Clastrier and Wirth" authorityPageNumber="38" authorityYear="1978" box="[224,867,1075,1100]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Leptoconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foulki" subGenus="Holoconops">
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||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCBEF6B6AAAFBF7FE91FBAF" box="[224,349,1076,1099]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Leptoconops</emphasis>
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||
(
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<emphasis id="528C7357FFCBEF6B6B26FBF0FE2DFBAF" box="[364,481,1075,1099]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Holoconops</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="528C7357FFCBEF6B6BBBFBF0FDE7FBAF" box="[497,555,1075,1099]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">foulki</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="0469D2B4FFCBEF6B6878FBF0FCAFFBA8" author="Clastrier J & Wirth WW" box="[562,867,1075,1100]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 58" refId="ref128879" refString="Clastrier J, Wirth WW. 1978. The Leptoconops kerteszi complex in North America (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 1573: 1 - 58." type="journal article" year="1978">Clastrier and Wirth, 1978: 38</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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(key; female, male; fig. antenna, palpus, spermathecae, male genitalia, gonostylus, palpus;
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<collectingRegion id="A23C61A7FFCBEF6B6822FB91FD19FB8E" box="[616,725,1106,1130]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">California</collectingRegion>
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).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6047AF45FFCBEF6B6AAAFBB1FBB7FB02" blockId="23.[224,1441,1075,1254]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
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<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFCBEF6B6AAAFBB1FDF3FB6D" ID-CoL="8CHTL" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1908" box="[224,575,1137,1161]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Leptoconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kerteszi" subGenus="Holoconops">
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<emphasis id="528C7357FFCBEF6B6AAAFBB1FE91FB6D" box="[224,349,1138,1161]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Leptoconops</emphasis>
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||
(
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<emphasis id="528C7357FFCBEF6B6B27FBB2FE2EFB6D" box="[365,482,1137,1161]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Holoconops</emphasis>
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||
)
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<emphasis id="528C7357FFCBEF6B6BBBFBB2FDF3FB6D" box="[497,575,1137,1161]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">kerteszi</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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, misidentified:
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<bibRefCitation id="0469D2B4FFCBEF6B68ABFBB2FC58FB6D" author="Wirth WW" box="[737,916,1137,1161]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" pagination="95 - 266" refId="ref142682" refString="Wirth WW. 1952 a. The Heleidae of California. University of California Publications in Entomology 9: 95 - 266." type="journal article" year="1952">Wirth 1952a: 113</bibRefCitation>
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(in part; key; female; male genitalia; biology).
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<bibRefCitation id="0469D2B4FFCBEF6B6F30FBB1FEAEFB4C" author="Fox I." pageId="23" pageNumber="22" pagination="214 - 285" refId="ref130377" refString="Fox I. 1955. A catalogue of the bloodsucking midges of the Americas (Culicoides, Leptoconops and Lasiohelea) with keys to the subgenera and Nearctic species, a geographic index, and bibliography. Journal of Agriculture of University of Puerto Rico 39: 214 - 285." type="journal article" year="1955">Fox 1955: 263</bibRefCitation>
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(key; taxonomy).
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<bibRefCitation id="0469D2B4FFCBEF6B6854FB53FD7AFB4C" author="Ryckman RE" box="[542,694,1168,1192]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" pagination="405" refId="ref139488" refString="Ryckman RE. 1961. Parasitic Ceratopogonidae and Simuliidae (Diptera) from Imperial County, California. Journal of Parasitology 47: 405." type="journal article" year="1961">Ryckman 1961</bibRefCitation>
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(jackrabbit host).
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<bibRefCitation id="0469D2B4FFCBEF6B693EFB53FC2BFB4C" author="Foulk JD" box="[884,999,1168,1192]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" pagination="424" refId="ref130225" refString="Foulk JD. 1967. Blood meal size of Leptoconops kerteszi (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Mosquito News 27: 424." type="journal article" year="1967">Foulk 1967</bibRefCitation>
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(blood meal size).
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<bibRefCitation id="0469D2B4FFCBEF6B6EE6FB53FA6DFB4C" author="Sjogren RD & Foulk JD" box="[1196,1441,1168,1192]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" pagination="394 - 397" refId="ref140380" refString="Sjogren RD, Foulk JD. 1967. Colonization studies of Leptoconops kerteszi, biting gnats. Mosquito News 27: 394 - 397." type="journal article" year="1967">Sjogren and Foulk 1967</bibRefCitation>
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(biology).
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<bibRefCitation id="0469D2B4FFCBEF6B6B23FB6CFE10FB23" author="Foulk JD" box="[361,476,1199,1223]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" pagination="223 - 229" refId="ref130248" refString="Foulk JD. 1968. The resting behavior of the desert ceratopogonid, Leptoconops kerteszi. Journal of Medical Entomology 5: 223 - 229." type="journal article" year="1968">Foulk 1968</bibRefCitation>
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(biology).
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<bibRefCitation id="0469D2B4FFCBEF6B6800FB6CFCA9FB23" author="Wirth WW & Atchley WR" box="[586,869,1199,1223]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 57" refId="ref142906" refString="Wirth WW, Atchley WR. 1973. A review of the North American Leptoconops (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Graduate Studies Texas Tech University 5: 1 - 57." type="journal article" year="1973">Wirth and Atchley 1973: 45</bibRefCitation>
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(in part; key; female, male; fig. female wing, head, genitalia, spermathecae, hind tibial comb, fore tarsomeres 1 and 2, male genitalia; biology).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="28E2FCCEFFCBEF6B6A8AFB35FB13F94D" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="6047AF45FFCBEF6B6A8AFB35FB13F94D" blockId="23.[192,1442,1270,1706]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
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<emphasis id="528C7357FFCBEF6B6A8AFB35FEF1FAF4" bold="true" box="[192,317,1270,1296]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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||
(
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<tableCitation id="2D7A9AFEFFCBEF6B6B06FB35FE61FAF4" box="[332,429,1270,1296]" captionStart="Table 13" captionStartId="150.[192,255,781,809]" captionText="Table 13.Quantitative characters of Leptoconops. Data in () are variations. Measurements and ratios are expressed as means. T9alp = male tergite9 apicolateral processes. f13/f12 = length of flagellomere13 divided by the length of flagellomere12. Wing, proboscis, teeth, setae, and spine data are compiled from Clastrier and Wirth (1978) for the Kerteszi group species and Wirth and Atchley (1973) for the others. Species marked (r) were not examined." pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Table 13</tableCitation>
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) Body blackish brown, femora and tibiae dark brown, fore tibiae slightly pale at tip, mid and hind tarsomeres 1 and all tarsomeres 2 pale brown; clypeus with four setae, median pair ≥0.8 as far apart from each other as from corresponding lateral setae and out-of-line distad of lateral setae by <0.3 their distance apart (as in
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<figureCitation id="F8C3B3C0FFCBEF6B6B0EFA9FFE6EFA92" box="[324,418,1372,1399]" captionStart="Figures 9–15. 9" captionStartId="164.[192,279,1765,1791]" captionTargetBox="[196,1431,251,1723]" captionTargetId="figure-103@164.[192,1440,251,1730]" captionTargetPageId="164" captionText="Figures 9–15. 9) Leptoconops americanus female clypeus, setae (s). 10) L. knowltoni female clypeus. 11) L. knowltoni female palpal segment 3. 12) L. carteri female palpal segment 3 (Yolo County, CA). 13) L. werneri female tarsomeres 4–5 and claw (paratype, Imperial County, CA [UCRC]). 14) L. werneri male genitalia, ventral view, tergite 9 apicolateral processes (T9alp), meso-posterior lobe setae (s) (Riverside County, CA [UCRC]). 15) L. belkini male genitalia, ventral view, tergite 9 sclerotized lobe (L) (Riverside County, CA [UCRC])." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391690" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391690/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
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Fig.
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<specimenCount id="76FE64CCFFCBEF6B6B39FA9EFE6EFA92" box="[371,418,1373,1399]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" type="generic">
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||
10
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||
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFCBEF6B6BD9FA9EFE6EFA92" box="[403,418,1373,1398]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Leptoconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="knowltoni">
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||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCBEF6B6BD9FA9EFE6EFA92" box="[403,418,1373,1398]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">L</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</specimenCount>
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||
</figureCitation>
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||
.
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||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCBEF6B6BE5FA9FFDD2FA92" box="[431,542,1372,1398]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">knowltoni</emphasis>
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); palpal segment 3 sensory pit as deep as wide, broadening internally on female; mid tarsomere 1 without submedian spine. Female: stigma triangular, pointed; antenna with 11 flagellomeres; flagellomere 11 without submedian black seta; flagellomere 4 hyaline sensory seta laterad of long black seta, in axial alignment with corresponding sensory setae on flagellomeres 5–10; palpal segment 3 sensory pit opening a third the diameter of the interior; hind tarsomere 3 ~1.7× longer than 5; spermathecae with caplike diverticulum; cerci>3× longer than wide (
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||
<figureCitation id="F8C3B3C0FFCBEF6B6825F9C4FD63F9C5" box="[623,687,1543,1569]" captionStart="Figures 1–2" captionStartId="162.[192,279,1866,1892]" captionTargetBox="[491,1142,213,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-38@162.[194,1442,213,1806]" captionTargetPageId="162" captionText="Figures 1–2. Female lateral habitus (in alcohol). 1) Leptoconops (Holoconops) Kerteszi group. 2) Culicoides (Monoculicoides) sonorensis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391686" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391686/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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). Male: tergite 9 with distal shoulders abruptly narrowed to base of adjacent apicolateral processes, without dorsal process, ventro-posterior setae separated by ~2× as much as separation of apicolateral processes (as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="F8C3B3C0FFCBEF6B68E8F988FCC9F981" box="[674,773,1611,1637]" captionStart="Figures 20–26. 20" captionStartId="166.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[266,1365,214,1767]" captionTargetId="figure-87@166.[194,1442,214,1769]" captionTargetPageId="166" captionText="Figures 20–26. 20) Leptoconops knowltoni male genitalia, ventral view, aedeagus (A), parameres (P), tergite 9 ventro-posterior setae (s), apicolateral processes (T9alp), gonostylus apical lamelliform expansion (Gsle). 21) L. foulki male genitalia, ventral view. 22) L. knowltoni gonostylus, ventral setae (vs). 23 L. foulki gonostylus. 24) L. foulki parameres (P), proximal tooth (t). Male tarsomere 5, basal seta (bS). 25) L. knowltoni. 26) L. foulki." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391696" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391696/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<specimenCount id="76FE64CCFFCBEF6B689EF988FCC9F981" box="[724,773,1611,1637]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" type="generic">
|
||
20
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFCBEF6B68BDF98FFCC9F981" box="[759,773,1612,1637]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Leptoconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="knowltoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCBEF6B68BDF98FFCC9F981" box="[759,773,1612,1637]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">L</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCBEF6B6959F988FC4EF981" box="[787,898,1611,1637]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">knowltoni</emphasis>
|
||
); gonostylus with three ventral setae all within 0.4–0.6 of gonostylus length, apical lamelliform expansion only partly covering apical tooth; apical dilation of paramere with proximal tooth narrow, thumblike; tarsomere 5 basal seta short, erect, curved.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="28E2FCCEFFCBEF646A8AF97AFAB4FC2A" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="6047AF45FFCBEF6B6A8AF97AFC54F913" blockId="23.[192,1440,1721,1783]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCBEF6B6A8AF97AFE90F937" bold="true" box="[192,348,1721,1747]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="A23C61A7FFCBEF6B6B2EF979FE70F930" box="[356,444,1722,1748]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Oregon</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="A23C61A7FFCBEF6B6B82F979FDFDF930" box="[456,561,1722,1748]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Montana</collectingRegion>
|
||
, south to
|
||
<collectingRegion id="A23C61A7FFCBEF6B68EEF97AFCD7F937" box="[676,795,1721,1747]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="A23C61A7FFCBEF6B696DF97AFCB3F937" box="[807,895,1721,1747]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="A23C61A7FFCBEF6B69C6F97AFC09F937" box="[908,965,1721,1747]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Utah</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Carbon, Garfield, Juab, Kane, Salt Lake,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="A23C61A7FFCBEF6B6A88F91FFEE4F912" box="[194,296,1756,1782]" country="Trinidad and Tobago" name="San Juan/Laventille" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">San Juan</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Tooele, Uintah,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="A23C61A7FFCBEF6B6BADF91FFDB8F912" box="[487,628,1756,1782]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Washington</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Wayne, Weber counties).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6047AF45FFCBEF6B6A8AF8C5FEFAF863" blockId="23.[192,1442,1798,1927]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCBEF6B6A8AF8C5FEBBF8C4" bold="true" box="[192,375,1798,1824]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Larval ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
A larval habitat near the Salton Sea in Southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="A23C61A7FFCBEF6B698BF8C5FBFAF8C4" box="[961,1078,1798,1824]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
was characterized by alkali or saline soil dominated by iodinebush (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFCBEF6B683CF8EBFCB1F8A6" box="[630,893,1832,1858]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Allenrolfea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCBEF6B683CF8EBFCB1F8A6" box="[630,893,1832,1858]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Allenrolfea occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and desert holly (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFCBEF6B6E11F8EBFE94F880" authority="Torrey ex S. Watson" authorityName="S. Watson" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Atriplex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hymenelytra">
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCBEF6B6E11F8EBFA80F8A6" box="[1115,1356,1832,1858]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Atriplex hymenelytra</emphasis>
|
||
Torrey ex S. Watson
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFCBEF6B6B2EF889FDD6F881" box="[356,538,1866,1893]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Amaranthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0469D2B4FFCBEF6B687BF889FD7AF881" author="Foulk JD" box="[561,694,1866,1893]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" pagination="112 - 116" refId="ref130274" refString="Foulk JD. 1969. Attack activity of two species of gnats in Southern California. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 62: 112 - 116." type="journal article" year="1969">Foulk 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0469D2B4FFCBEF6B6882F889FC73F880" author="Brenner RJ & Wargo MJ & Mulla MS" box="[712,959,1866,1892]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" pagination="447 - 459" refId="ref128271" refString="Brenner RJ, Wargo MJ, Mulla MS. 1984 a. Bionomics and vector potential of Leptoconops foulki and L. knowltoni (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the lower desert of Southern California, USA. Journal of Medical Entomology 21: 447 - 459." type="journal article" year="1984">Brenner et al. (1984a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
clarified that the habitat also produced
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFCBEF6B6FC0F888FEFCF862" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Leptoconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="knowltoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCBEF6B6FC0F888FA55F880" box="[1418,1433,1867,1892]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCBEF6B6A8AF8AFFEFCF862" box="[192,304,1900,1926]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">knowltoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6047AF45FFC4EF646A8AFF16FE66FEB2" blockId="24.[192,1440,213,342]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFC4EF646A8AFF16FEF9FF14" bold="true" box="[192,309,213,240]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Life cycle.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0469D2B4FFC4EF646B77FF15FD90FF15" author="Sjogren RD & Foulk JD" box="[317,604,214,241]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" pagination="394 - 397" refId="ref140380" refString="Sjogren RD, Foulk JD. 1967. Colonization studies of Leptoconops kerteszi, biting gnats. Mosquito News 27: 394 - 397." type="journal article" year="1967">Sjogren and Foulk (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that, in the laboratory, undisturbed blood-feeding lasted 7–8 minutes; oviposition began ~88 h later; 70–
|
||
<specimenCount id="76FE64CCFFC4EF6468C3FF3BFD11FEF6" box="[649,733,248,275]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="egg">75 eggs</specimenCount>
|
||
were usually laid, which hatched in 2.5 d at ~32°C; and first generation adults emerged in ~24 d;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="D090A518FFC4EF64681DFED9FE6AFEB2" location="March - May in Southern" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="California">
|
||
and, in the wild, a generation was completed in <8 weeks in
|
||
<location id="6527F99EFFC4EF646EB2FED9FEE4FEB2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E8511E53FFCBEF646A8AFC24FA8CFBFD:6527F99EFFC4EF646EB2FED9FEE4FEB2" name="March - May in Southern" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" stateProvince="California">March–May in Southern</location>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="A23C61A7FFC4EF646B64FEFFFE6AFEB2" box="[302,422,316,342]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6047AF45FFC4EF646A8AFEA5FC36FDEE" blockId="24.[191,1441,358,863]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFC4EF646A8AFEA5FDBEFE64" bold="true" box="[192,626,358,385]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Adult behavior and vector potential.</emphasis>
|
||
Known wild hosts are human (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0469D2B4FFC4EF646994FEA5FACCFE65" author="Clastrier J & Wirth WW" box="[990,1280,358,385]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 58" refId="ref128879" refString="Clastrier J, Wirth WW. 1978. The Leptoconops kerteszi complex in North America (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 1573: 1 - 58." type="journal article" year="1978">Clastrier and Wirth 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and jackrabbit (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFC4EF646ABAFE4AFE30FE47" authority="Gray" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1837" box="[240,508,392,419]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="californicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFC4EF646ABAFE4AFE77FE46" box="[240,443,392,418]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Lepus californicus</emphasis>
|
||
Gray
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFC4EF646843FE4BFDB0FE47" authorityName="Fischer" authorityYear="1817" box="[521,636,392,419]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Leporidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0469D2B4FFC4EF6468DEFE4BFC8CFE47" author="Ryckman RE" box="[660,832,392,419]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" pagination="405" refId="ref139488" refString="Ryckman RE. 1961. Parasitic Ceratopogonidae and Simuliidae (Diptera) from Imperial County, California. Journal of Parasitology 47: 405." type="journal article" year="1961">Ryckman 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Laboratory hosts include rabbits, mice, chicks, and humans (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0469D2B4FFC4EF646B60FE68FDF7FE22" author="Sjogren RD & Foulk JD" box="[298,571,427,454]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" pagination="394 - 397" refId="ref140380" refString="Sjogren RD, Foulk JD. 1967. Colonization studies of Leptoconops kerteszi, biting gnats. Mosquito News 27: 394 - 397." type="journal article" year="1967">Sjogren and Foulk 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0469D2B4FFC4EF646806FE68FCBBFE21" author="Mullens BA & Dada CE" box="[588,887,427,453]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" pagination="476 - 480" refId="ref136458" refString="Mullens BA, Dada CE. 1992 a. Insects feeding on desert bighorn sheep, domestic rabbits, and Japanese quail in the Santa Rosa Mountains of Southern California. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 28: 476 - 480." type="journal article" year="1992">Mullens and Dada (1992a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
collected
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFC4EF6469A0FE6FFB8AFE21" box="[1002,1094,427,453]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Leptoconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foulki">
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFC4EF6469A0FE6FFC35FE21" box="[1002,1017,428,453]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFC4EF646E4CFE68FB8AFE21" box="[1030,1094,427,453]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">foulki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from domestic rabbit (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFC4EF646F00FE68FEA5FE03" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Oryctolagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuniculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFC4EF646F00FE68FEA5FE03" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Oryctolagus cuniculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Japanese quail (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFC4EF646864FE0EFD3BFE03" box="[558,759,461,487]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Coturnix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFC4EF646864FE0EFD3BFE03" box="[558,759,461,487]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Coturnix japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and bighorn sheep (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFC4EF6469A0FE0EFB3DFE03" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1897" box="[1002,1265,461,487]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="canadensis" subSpecies="nelsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFC4EF6469A0FE0EFB3DFE03" box="[1002,1265,461,487]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Ovis canadensis nelsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Furthermore,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0469D2B4FFC4EF646AF5FE2CFE82FDEE" author="Foulk JD" box="[191,334,495,522]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" pagination="424" refId="ref130225" refString="Foulk JD. 1967. Blood meal size of Leptoconops kerteszi (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Mosquito News 27: 424." type="journal article" year="1967">Foulk (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found the average replete blood meal to be
|
||
<quantity id="A70002A0FFC4EF64697DFE2CFC5CFDEE" box="[823,912,495,522]" metricMagnitude="-7" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.1" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" unit="mg" value="0.21">0.21 mg</quantity>
|
||
(0.20 μl).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6047AF45FFC4EF646B4AFDD2FC39FD76" blockId="24.[191,1441,358,863]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Adults have been observed to alight on sunlit sand when its temperature drops to ~41 °C in late afternoon, rest within the top
|
||
<quantity id="A70002A0FFC4EF646BD1FDF7FE12FDAA" box="[411,478,564,590]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
of dry sand through the night and return to the surface when the temperature rises to ~18 °C in the morning (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0469D2B4FFC4EF646BA4FD96FDBDFD94" author="Foulk JD" box="[494,625,597,624]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" pagination="223 - 229" refId="ref130248" refString="Foulk JD. 1968. The resting behavior of the desert ceratopogonid, Leptoconops kerteszi. Journal of Medical Entomology 5: 223 - 229." type="journal article" year="1968">Foulk 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). I collected a female biting my ear midday on
|
||
<date id="14468985FFC4EF646ECFFD95FAECFD94" box="[1157,1312,597,624]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" value="2000-04-23">
|
||
23 April
|
||
<quantity id="A70002A0FFC4EF646EA3FD95FAECFD94" box="[1257,1312,598,624]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" unit="in" value="2000.0">2000</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
in Spanish Valley, Grand County (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="05CCC982FFC4EF646B8FFDBBFDF5FD77" box="[453,569,632,659]" degrees="38.5274" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" precision="5" value="38.5274">38.5274°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="05CCC982FFC4EF64680AFDBBFD01FD76" box="[576,717,632,658]" degrees="109.4997" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" precision="5" value="-109.4997">109.4997°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<quantity id="A70002A0FFC4EF646895FDBBFCD5FD76" box="[735,793,632,658]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" unit="km" value="7.0">7 km</quantity>
|
||
southeast of Moab.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6047AF45FFC4EF646B4AFD59FDE8FCBB" blockId="24.[191,1441,358,863]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0469D2B4FFC4EF646B4AFD59FE39FD50" author="Brenner RJ & Wargo MJ & Mulla MS" box="[256,501,666,692]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" pagination="447 - 459" refId="ref128271" refString="Brenner RJ, Wargo MJ, Mulla MS. 1984 a. Bionomics and vector potential of Leptoconops foulki and L. knowltoni (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the lower desert of Southern California, USA. Journal of Medical Entomology 21: 447 - 459." type="journal article" year="1984">Brenner et al. (1984a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported host-seeking activity March–June, and females CO
|
||
<subScript id="FC7CAD00FFC4EF646EE3FD6AFB7DFD53" attach="left" box="[1193,1201,681,695]" fontSize="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">2</subScript>
|
||
-trapped in the same area in May had high parity rates (up to ~90%), suggesting a high vector potential. It is worth noting, however, that parity profiles are best interpreted along with knowledge of how prevalent autogeny is in the study population. We know little about the details of autogeny in biting midges, but it is quite possible that certain species have obligate autogeny, while others (or even populations within a species) express it at varying levels, based on aspects such as larval nutrition.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6047AF45FFC4EF646A8AFCACFAB4FC2A" blockId="24.[191,1440,879,974]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFC4EF646A8AFCACFE8FFC6D" bold="true" box="[192,323,879,905]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Symbionts.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFC4EF646B02FCB3FDDBFC6D" box="[328,535,879,905]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Leptoconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foulki">
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFC4EF646B02FCB3FDDBFC6D" box="[328,535,879,905]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Leptoconops foulki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’s propensity to alight on and harbor within the top layer of sandy soil can explain
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0469D2B4FFC4EF646AF5FC52FE92FC48" author="Foulk JD" box="[191,350,913,940]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" pagination="223 - 229" refId="ref130248" refString="Foulk JD. 1968. The resting behavior of the desert ceratopogonid, Leptoconops kerteszi. Journal of Medical Entomology 5: 223 - 229." type="journal article" year="1968">Foulk’s (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observation of adults being preyed upon by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFC4EF64691AFC52FB01FC4F" authority="De Geer" authorityName="De Geer" authorityYear="1773" box="[848,1229,913,940]" class="Insecta" family="Myrmeleontidae" genus="Myrmeleon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="immaculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFC4EF64691AFC52FBA6FC4F" box="[848,1130,913,939]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Myrmeleon immaculatus</emphasis>
|
||
De Geer
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
antlions (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFC4EF646F77FC52FF23FC2A" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Neuroptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFC4EF646AB2FC70FE78FC2A" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[248,436,947,974]" class="Insecta" family="Myrmeleontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Myrmeleontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and parasitized by larval
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFC4EF646895FC70FC6BFC29" authorityName="Haller" authorityYear="1882" box="[735,935,947,973]" class="Arachnida" family="Microtrombidiidae" genus="Microtrombidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFC4EF646895FC70FC6BFC29" box="[735,935,947,973]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Microtrombidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mites (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFC4EF6469B3FC70FB44FC29" authorityName="P.Kramer" authorityYear="1877" box="[1017,1160,947,973]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Prostigmata" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Prostigmata</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFC4EF646EDBFC70FAA1FC2A" authorityName="Thor" authorityYear="1935" box="[1169,1389,947,974]" class="Arachnida" family="Microtrombidiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Microtrombidiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="28E2FCCEFFC4EF646A8AFC1EFA8CFBFD" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="6047AF45FFC4EF646A8AFC1EFA8CFBFD" blockId="24.[192,1440,989,1050]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFC4EF646A8AFC1EFEFCFC13" bold="true" box="[192,304,989,1015]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0469D2B4FFC4EF646B7DFC1DFDE5FC13" author="Brenner RJ & Wargo MJ & Mulla MS" box="[311,553,989,1016]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" pagination="447 - 459" refId="ref128271" refString="Brenner RJ, Wargo MJ, Mulla MS. 1984 a. Bionomics and vector potential of Leptoconops foulki and L. knowltoni (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the lower desert of Southern California, USA. Journal of Medical Entomology 21: 447 - 459." type="journal article" year="1984">Brenner et al. (1984a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
discussed the difficulty distinguishing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFC4EF6469A2FC1DFBB8FC13" box="[1000,1140,989,1016]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Leptoconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="knowltoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFC4EF6469A2FC1DFC3BFC13" box="[1000,1015,990,1015]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFC4EF646E4FFC1EFBB8FC13" box="[1029,1140,989,1015]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">knowltoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFC4EF646EF0FC1DFADAFC13" box="[1210,1302,989,1016]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Leptoconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foulki">
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFC4EF646EF0FC1DFB05FC13" box="[1210,1225,990,1015]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFC4EF646E9CFC1EFADAFC13" box="[1238,1302,989,1015]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">foulki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because the color of the submedian black seta on flagellomere 11 of female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFC4EF646935FBC3FBC7FBFD" box="[895,1035,1023,1050]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Leptoconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="knowltoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFC4EF646935FBC3FC42FBFD" box="[895,910,1024,1049]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFC4EF6469D6FC3CFBC7FBFD" box="[924,1035,1023,1049]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">knowltoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is often difficult to discern.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |