1712 lines
180 KiB
XML
1712 lines
180 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.31.4335" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182249152" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-31-119" ID-Pensoft-UUID="632BFFBC244FFF88656EFFBEFF8DFFA7" ID-Zenodo-Dep="574808" ID-ZooBank="10404A9C126A44C8BD485DB72CD3E3FF" ModsDocID="1314-2607-31-119" checkinTime="1621552913932" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Lenhart, Paul A., Dash, Shawn T. & Mackay, William P." docDate="2013" docId="3763770B077E8C47C09E21CA2694F21D" docLanguage="en" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 31" docPubDate="2013-03-20" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.31.4335" docTitle="Dinoponera Roger 1861" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="632BFFBC244FFF88656EFFBEFF8DFFA7" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="132" masterDocId="632BFFBC244FFF88656EFFBEFF8DFFA7" masterDocTitle="A revision of the giant Amazonian ants of the genus Dinoponera (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" masterLastPageNumber="164" masterPageNumber="119" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" updateTime="1643538942448" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A revision of the giant Amazonian ants of the genus Dinoponera (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Lenhart, Paul A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, Texas USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Dash, Shawn T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mackay, William P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2013-03-20</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>31</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>119</mods:start>
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<mods:end>164</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.31.4335</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.31.4335</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2607-31-119</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182249152" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3763770B077E8C47C09E21CA2694F21D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3763770B077E8C47C09E21CA2694F21D" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="132" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="123" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="123">
|
||
Genus
|
||
<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Dinoponera" authority="Roger, 1861" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dinoponera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dinoponera Roger, 1861</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="123" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="123">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Perty, M" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Entomologia" pageId="40" pageNumber="159" refId="B55" refString="Perty, M, 1833. Delectus animalium articulatorum, quae in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Joseph I Bavariae regis augustisssimi peracto, collegerunt Dr. J.B. de Spix et Dr. C.F.Ph. Martius. Monachii. 125-224 pp." title="Delectus animalium articulatorum, quae in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Joseph I Bavariae regis augustisssimi peracto, collegerunt Dr. J. B. de Spix et Dr. C. F. Ph. Martius. Monachii. 125 - 224 pp." year="1833">Perty (1833)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Perty" authorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Ponera gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Defined as a genus by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Roger, J" journalOrPublisher="Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="40" pageNumber="159" pagination="1 - 54" refId="B56" refString="Roger, J, 1861. Die Ponera-artigen Ameisen (Schluss). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 5: 1 - 54" title="Die Ponera-artigen Ameisen (Schluss)." volume="5" year="1861">Roger (1861)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(Type species:
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Dinoponera gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="123" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="123">
|
||
Size (TBL> 2.5cm) can easily distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from other worker ants. Two laterally projecting clypeal teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Features of Dinoponera workers. A Head, frontal view B-C Occiput of head, oblique antero-lateral view D-E Pronotum, lateral view F-H Petiole, lateral view. A-B Dinoponera longipes C Dinoponera hispida D Dinoponera gigantea. E-F Dinoponera mutica G Dinoponera hispida H Dinoponera lucida." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11662" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
) and rows of spines on the pygidium and hypopygidium will further distinguish this genus. The gamergates of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not distinct from workers in their external morphology (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Haskins, CP" journalOrPublisher="Psyche" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="1 - 11" refId="B23" refString="Haskins, CP, Zahl, PA, 1971. The reproductive pattern of Dinoponera grandis Roger (Hymenoptera, Ponerinae) with notes on the ethology of the species. Psyche 78: 1 - 11" title="The reproductive pattern of Dinoponera grandis Roger (Hymenoptera, Ponerinae) with notes on the ethology of the species." volume="78" year="1971">Haskins and Zahl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Araujo, CZ" journalOrPublisher="Behavioural Processes" pageId="37" pageNumber="156" pagination="101 - 111" publicationUrl="10.1016/0376-6357(90)90011-4" refId="B2" refString="Araujo, CZ, Lachaud, JP, Fresneau, D, 1990. Le systeme reproductif chez une ponerine sans reine: Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi. Behavioural Processes 22: 101 - 111, 10.1016/0376-6357(90)90011-4" title="Le systeme reproductif chez une ponerine sans reine: Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi." url="10.1016/0376-6357(90)90011-4" volume="22" year="1990">Araujo et al. 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Paiva, RVS" journalOrPublisher="Ethology Ecology and Evolution" pageId="39" pageNumber="158" pagination="297 - 312" publicationUrl="10.1080/08927014.1995.9522938" refId="B52" refString="Paiva, RVS, Brandao, CRF, 1995. Nests, worker population and reproductive status of workers, in the giant queenless ponerine ant Dinoponera Roger(Hymenoptera Formicidae). Ethology Ecology and Evolution 7: 297 - 312, 10.1080/08927014.1995.9522938" title="Nests, worker population and reproductive status of workers, in the giant queenless ponerine ant Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera Formicidae)." url="10.1080/08927014.1995.9522938" volume="7" year="1995">
|
||
Paiva and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Brandão">Brandao</normalizedToken>
|
||
1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Monnin, T" journalOrPublisher="Naturwissenschaften" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" publicationUrl="10.1006/anbe.1997.0601" refId="B37" refString="Monnin, T, Peeters, C, 1998. Monogyny and regulation of worker mating in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps. Animal Behaviour 55, 299-306. ., 10.1006/anbe.1997.0601" title="Monogyny and regulation of worker mating in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps. Animal Behaviour 55, 299 - 306." url="10.1006/anbe.1997.0601" year="1998">Monnin and Peeters 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). True gynes have not been found in this genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11662" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="123">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Figure 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Features of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">A</emphasis>
|
||
Head, frontal view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">B-C</emphasis>
|
||
Occiput of head, oblique antero-lateral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">D-E</emphasis>
|
||
Pronotum, lateral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">F-H</emphasis>
|
||
Petiole, lateral view.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">A-B</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Dinoponera longipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">C</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lenhart & Dash & Mackay" authorityYear="2013" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hispida">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Dinoponera hispida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">D</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Dinoponera gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">E-F</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mutica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Dinoponera mutica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">G</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lenhart & Dash & Mackay" authorityYear="2013" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hispida">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Dinoponera hispida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">H</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucida">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Dinoponera lucida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Description of the worker.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">
|
||
Abundant setae; black integument, ranges from smooth and shiny with no microsculpturing, to finely micropunctate or scaled depending on species (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12. " captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Worker head, oblique antero-lateral view illustrating microsculpturing difference. A Dinoponera mutica (this smooth integument type is also found in Dinoponera lucida, Dinoponera longipes and Dinoponera hispida) B Dinoponera quadriceps (this rough integument type is also found in Dinoponera gigantea and Dinoponera australis)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11673" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). Head: Mandibles long and curved posteriorly in side view; seven large teeth; erect setae on dorsum. Ventral surface of head with sparse decumbent and subdecumbent setae; may have fine striations depending on species; Papal formula 4, 4; large bilobed labrum. Clypeus with two laterally projecting teeth on anterior edge, clypeus bulging medially, extending posteriorly between frontal lobes, anterior edge with row of long setae; sparse appressed setae from distal edges to medial area of clypeus. Area posterior to clypeus with varying amounts of striation. Tentorial pits apparent. Frontal lobes raised and conspicuous, with striations at posterior constriction. Antennae: geniculate, 12 segments, all with flagellate setae; scape long, extending past posterior border of head; funiculus covered in minute appressed pubescence. Gena depressed medially of eye; dense appressed setae on the antero-lateral sides of the head; covered in conflected punctulate sculpturing. Eyes large, elliptical with slight depression (ocular ring) around circumference. Frons with large pads of long flagellate pubescence (lost in older or poorly curated specimens). Median furrow running from posterior termination of clypeus, between frontal lobes to center of frons, terminates in shallow pit in most specimens. Entire head covered in long flagellate subdecumbent setae (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Features of Dinoponera workers. A Head, frontal view B-C Occiput of head, oblique antero-lateral view D-E Pronotum, lateral view F-H Petiole, lateral view. A-B Dinoponera longipes C Dinoponera hispida D Dinoponera gigantea. E-F Dinoponera mutica G Dinoponera hispida H Dinoponera lucida." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11662" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mesosoma: in lateral view weakly convex; covered in long subdecumbent to erect flagellate pilosity and dense pubescence; pronotal disc with slight bulges; promesonotal suture distinct, suture between mesopleuron and propodeum distinct; mesonotum fused with propodeum and episternum, separated by slight furrows; basilar sclerite large, ovaloid; propodeum with broadly rounded dorsal outline, dorsal surface gradually curves into posterior face (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Dinoponera hispida worker. Head in full frontal view; body in lateral view." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11663" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
); propodeal spiracle forms nearly vertical slit; sulcus running from center of propodeum along lower edge of propodeal spiracle to posterior edge of propodeum at dorsal edge of bulla, patches of short white pubescence at curved posterior border of pronotum and basilar sclerite. Legs long, covered in long setae with short, stiff pubescence. One well-developed, antennae cleaning, comb-like spur on foreleg; one spine-like appendage and one less
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="124" start="start">developed</pageBreakToken>
|
||
denticular comb on mesothoracic tibia; one spine and one comb-like spur on hind tibia. Posterior side of fore leg basitarsus with dense pads of golden setae; tarsal claws bidentate. Petiole: node large and tabular in lateral view, narrow attachments at base to propodeum and gaster; in dorsal view largest width less than propodeum and gaster, varies from ovate rectangular to ovate triangular in outline; covered in long subdecumbent to erect flagellate pilosity; pubescence on anterior face and ridges of subpetiolar process; subpetiolar process reduced, slightly variable between species. Gaster: typical of ponerines; covered with flagellate setae with short pubescence; small protuberance at articulation of gastric sternite III and the petiole; stridulatory file of
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="125" start="start">varying</pageBreakToken>
|
||
size on acrotergite of gastral tergum II; posterior edges of the pygidium and hypopygidium with characteristic rows of minute spines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="126" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Description of the male.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="126" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">
|
||
Integument: smooth and nitid; reddish to dark brown/black. Head: Mandibles greatly reduced, rounded, spoon shaped, lacking teeth; palps elongated, maxillary palps 4 segmented, labial palps 3 segmented; labrum reduced, rounded to truncate, emarginated distal margin in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lenhart & Dash & Mackay" authorityYear="2013" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="snellingi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Dinoponera snellingi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Dinoponera longipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
covered with setae. Clypeus large, triangular, bulging medially; anterior tentorial pits large; frontal lobes absent; antennal sockets almost touching, located at posterior apex of clypeus. Antennae: geniculate, 13-segmented, pilosity varies from fine pubescence to long setae in different species; scape shorter than second funicular segment, but shorter than 1st, 1st funicular segment reduced. Compound eyes large, along lateral side of head, deeply emarginated medially. Three ocelli at posterior margin of head, bulging beyond margin of head in all species except
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Dinoponera australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Entire head immaculate, covered in fine pubescence and long erect setae (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Dinoponera longipes male. Head in full frontal view; body in lateral view with wings not shown." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11664" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mesosoma: pronotum triangular, exposed narrowly dorsally anterior to scutum; scutum large, bulging antero-dorsally,
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="126" start="start">with</pageBreakToken>
|
||
3 longitudinal carina; small tegula over insertion of forewing; scutellum domed, side with vertical carina, dorsal surface smooth; basilar sclerite under hind wing reduced; fused mesopleuron, separated by furrow into anepisternum and katepisternum; metanotum exposed between scutellum and propodeum, reduced; dorsal face of propodeum shorter than posterior face, rounded into posterior face; coxa large, conical (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Dinoponera longipes male. Head in full frontal view; body in lateral view with wings not shown." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11664" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Wings: covered in minute pubescence, venation as shown in
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Wings of known males. A Dinoponera quadriceps B Dinoponera snellingi C Dinoponera gigantea D Dinoponera australis E Dinoponera longipes." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11666" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Figure 5</figureCitation>
|
||
. Legs: one well-developed, antennae cleaning, pectinate spur on foreleg; one spine-like and one less developed denticular comb on mesothoracic tibia; one spine and one comb-like spur on hind tibia. Posterior side of fore basitarsus with dense pads of golden setae; tarsal claws bidentate. Petiole: narrow attachments at base to propodeum and gaster; petiolar node humped dorsally, subpetiolar process anteriorly triangular. Gaster: large, cylindrical, covered in fine silvery pubescence; pygidium terminating in spine posteriorly, with short cerci; hypopygidium with long fine erect setae, tabular subgenital plate with posterior end truncated, often emarginated. Genitalia (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Schematic drawing of generalized Dinoponera male genitalia in situ; genitalia capsule and disarticulated aedeagus, volsella and parameres." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11667" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Figs 6</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Dinoponera rightpenis valves from the aedeagus of known males. A Dinoponera quadriceps B Dinoponera snellingi C Dinoponera gigantea D Dinoponera australis E Dinoponera longipes." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11672" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">-11</figureCitation>
|
||
): basal ring with dorso-anterior loop structures; parameres long, rounded, with emarginated ventro-basal edge (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Dinoponera rightbasiparamere / paramere of known males, lateral view. A Dinoponera quadriceps B Dinoponera snellingi C Dinoponera gigantea D Dinoponera australis E Dinoponera longipes." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11670" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
); volsella articulated with basiparamere along ventral edge, lateral finger-like cuspis volsellaris, medial digitus volsellaris with distal wide toothed cusp, basal medial lobe with tooth-like structures varying with species (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Dinoponera rightvolsella of known males, lateral view. A Dinoponera quadriceps B Dinoponera snellingi C Dinoponera gigantea D Dinoponera australis E Dinoponera longipes." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11671" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
); penis valve of aedeagus roughly triangular and rounded, aedeagal apodeme curved horn-like antero-lateral arm structure arising from mid-valve ridge, terminating at interior surface of basiparamere (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Dinoponera rightpenis valves from the aedeagus of known males. A Dinoponera quadriceps B Dinoponera snellingi C Dinoponera gigantea D Dinoponera australis E Dinoponera longipes." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11672" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11663" pageId="7" pageNumber="126" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="126">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lenhart & Dash & Mackay" authorityYear="2013" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hispida">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Dinoponera hispida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
worker. Head in full frontal view; body in lateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11664" pageId="7" pageNumber="126" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="126">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Dinoponera longipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male. Head in full frontal view; body in lateral view with wings not shown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="126" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Description of the larvae.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="126">
|
||
A basic description of the larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kempf" authorityYear="1971" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadriceps">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Dinoponera quadriceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(cited as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="grandis" subSpecies="mutica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Dinoponera grandis mutica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) is present in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mann, WM" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="399 - 490" refId="B30" refString="Mann, WM, 1916. The Stanford expedition to Brazil, 1911. John C. Branner, director. The ants of Brazil. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 60: 399 - 490" title="The Stanford expedition to Brazil, 1911. John C. Branner, director. The ants of Brazil." volume="60" year="1916">Mann (1916)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. A detailed description of the egg and all larval stages of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Dinoponera gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are present in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wheeler, GC" journalOrPublisher="Psyche" pageId="40" pageNumber="159" pagination="387 - 392" refId="B69" refString="Wheeler, GC, Wheeler, J, 1985. The larva of Dinoponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Psyche 92: 387 - 392" title="The larva of Dinoponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae)." volume="92" year="1985">Wheeler and Wheeler (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The following generic description of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae is from their work:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="126">
|
||
"
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Profile pogonomyrmecoid (i.e., diameter greatest near the middle of abdomen, decreasing gradually toward anterior end and more rapidly toward posterior end, which is rounded; thorax more slender than abdomen and forming a neck, which is curved ventrally). Body with numerous (114-160) mammiform tubercles, each with 2-25 short simple hairs; body hairs lacking elsewhere. Cranial hairs lacking. Mandible dinoponeroid (i.e. narrowly subtriangular in anterior view; anterior portion curved posteriorly; with or without medial teeth.)</emphasis>
|
||
"
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="127" pageId="7" pageNumber="126" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="127" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
's status as a genus is validated as several characters differentiate it from other genera. Size (TBL>2.3cm) is the most obvious character distinguishing
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The only other ants with a worker caste approaching this size are
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Paraponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="126" phylum="? arthropoda" rank="species" species="clavata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Paraponera clavata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fabricius)and the larger
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="F. Smith" authorityYear="1858" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="126" phylum="? arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
such as
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="126" phylum="? arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassinoda">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Pachycondyla crassinoda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Latreille, PA" journalOrPublisher="Studia Entomologica" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" publicationUrl="10.5962/bhl.title.11138" refId="B28" refString="Latreille, PA, 1802. Histoire Naturelle de Fourmis, et recueil de memoires et d'observations sur les abeilles, les araignees, les faucheurs, et autres insects. Paris 445 pp. ., 10.5962/bhl.title.11138" title="Histoire Naturelle de Fourmis, et recueil de memoires et d'observations sur les abeilles, les araignees, les faucheurs, et autres insects. Paris 445 pp." url="10.5962/bhl.title.11138" year="1802">Latreille 1802</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Roger" baseAuthorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="126" phylum="? arthropoda" rank="species" species="impressa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Pachycondyla impressa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Roger, J" journalOrPublisher="Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="40" pageNumber="159" pagination="1 - 54" refId="B56" refString="Roger, J, 1861. Die Ponera-artigen Ameisen (Schluss). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 5: 1 - 54" title="Die Ponera-artigen Ameisen (Schluss)." volume="5" year="1861">Roger 1861</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1804" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="126" phylum="? arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Pachycondyla villosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fabricius, JC" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Entomology" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" refId="B17" refString="Fabricius, JC, 1804. Systema Piezatorum secundum ordines, genera, species, adjectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Brunswick: C. Reichard, xiv + 15-439 + 30 pp." title="Systema Piezatorum secundum ordines, genera, species, adjectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Brunswick: C. Reichard, xiv + 15 - 439 + 30 pp." year="1804">Fabricius 1804</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Paraponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="126" phylum="? arthropoda" rank="species" species="clavata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Paraponera clavata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is easily separated by its anvil shaped petiole with a spine on the ventral surface, highly sculptured body and deep antennal scrobes.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="F. Smith" authorityYear="1858" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="126" phylum="? arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is regarded as the sister taxa to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kempf, WW" journalOrPublisher="Studia Entomologica" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="369 - 394" refId="B26" refString="Kempf, WW, 1971. A preliminary review of the ponerine ant genus Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Studia Entomologica 14: 369 - 394" title="A preliminary review of the ponerine ant genus Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="14" year="1971">Kempf 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt, CA" journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="40" pageNumber="159" refId="B59" refString="Schmidt, CA, 2010. Molecular philogenetics and taxonomic revision of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae), Ph.D. thesis, University of Arizona (Tucson)." title="Molecular philogenetics and taxonomic revision of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae), Ph. D. thesis, University of Arizona (Tucson)." year="2010">Schmidt 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in addition to their size, are distinguishable from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="F. Smith" authorityYear="1858" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="126" phylum="? arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the presence of two laterally projecting clypeal teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Features of Dinoponera workers. A Head, frontal view B-C Occiput of head, oblique antero-lateral view D-E Pronotum, lateral view F-H Petiole, lateral view. A-B Dinoponera longipes C Dinoponera hispida D Dinoponera gigantea. E-F Dinoponera mutica G Dinoponera hispida H Dinoponera lucida." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11662" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
) and rows of spines on the pygidium and hypopygidium. Several (n=6) specimens have been observed to have a single ocelli in the pit at the termination of
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="127" start="start">the</pageBreakToken>
|
||
median furrow. These anomalous specimens were previously thought to be queens (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Borgmeier, T" journalOrPublisher="Archivos do Instituto de Biologia Vegetal" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="217 - 255" refId="B6" refString="Borgmeier, T, 1937. Formigas novas ou pouco conhecidas da America do Sul e Central, principalmente do Brazil. Archivos do Instituto de Biologia Vegetal 3: 217 - 255" title="Formigas novas ou pouco conhecidas da America do Sul e Central, principalmente do Brazil." volume="3" year="1937">Borgmeier 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but as it has been shown that
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks queens, the presence of the ocelli is hypothesized to be the result of a
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Adenophorea" family="Mermithidae" genus="Mermis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Mermithida" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Mermis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Dujardin 1842 nematode parasite (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kempf, WW" journalOrPublisher="Studia Entomologica" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="369 - 394" refId="B26" refString="Kempf, WW, 1971. A preliminary review of the ponerine ant genus Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Studia Entomologica 14: 369 - 394" title="A preliminary review of the ponerine ant genus Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="14" year="1971">Kempf 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="130" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" type="dinoponera biology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="127">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
biology.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="127">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is one of the roughly 10 ponerine genera in which some species have secondarily lost the typical morphologically specialized queen caste for a reproductive worker known as a gamergate (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Haskins, CP" journalOrPublisher="Psyche" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="1 - 11" refId="B23" refString="Haskins, CP, Zahl, PA, 1971. The reproductive pattern of Dinoponera grandis Roger (Hymenoptera, Ponerinae) with notes on the ethology of the species. Psyche 78: 1 - 11" title="The reproductive pattern of Dinoponera grandis Roger (Hymenoptera, Ponerinae) with notes on the ethology of the species." volume="78" year="1971">Haskins and Zahl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Araujo, CZ" journalOrPublisher="Behavioural Processes" pageId="37" pageNumber="156" pagination="101 - 111" publicationUrl="10.1016/0376-6357(90)90011-4" refId="B2" refString="Araujo, CZ, Lachaud, JP, Fresneau, D, 1990. Le systeme reproductif chez une ponerine sans reine: Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi. Behavioural Processes 22: 101 - 111, 10.1016/0376-6357(90)90011-4" title="Le systeme reproductif chez une ponerine sans reine: Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi." url="10.1016/0376-6357(90)90011-4" volume="22" year="1990">Araujo et al. 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Paiva, RVS" journalOrPublisher="Ethology Ecology and Evolution" pageId="39" pageNumber="158" pagination="297 - 312" publicationUrl="10.1080/08927014.1995.9522938" refId="B52" refString="Paiva, RVS, Brandao, CRF, 1995. Nests, worker population and reproductive status of workers, in the giant queenless ponerine ant Dinoponera Roger(Hymenoptera Formicidae). Ethology Ecology and Evolution 7: 297 - 312, 10.1080/08927014.1995.9522938" title="Nests, worker population and reproductive status of workers, in the giant queenless ponerine ant Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera Formicidae)." url="10.1080/08927014.1995.9522938" volume="7" year="1995">
|
||
Paiva and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Brandão">Brandao</normalizedToken>
|
||
1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Monnin, T" journalOrPublisher="Naturwissenschaften" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" publicationUrl="10.1006/anbe.1997.0601" refId="B37" refString="Monnin, T, Peeters, C, 1998. Monogyny and regulation of worker mating in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps. Animal Behaviour 55, 299-306. ., 10.1006/anbe.1997.0601" title="Monogyny and regulation of worker mating in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps. Animal Behaviour 55, 299 - 306." url="10.1006/anbe.1997.0601" year="1998">Monnin and Peeters 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Peixoto, AV" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Entomologia" pageId="39" pageNumber="158" pagination="88 - 94" publicationUrl="10.1590/S0085-56262008000100016" refId="B54" refString="Peixoto, AV, Campiolo, S, Lemes, TN, Delabie, JHC, Hora, RR, 2008. Comportamento e estrutura reprodutiva da formiga Dinoponera lucida Emery (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 52: 88 - 94, 10.1590/S0085-56262008000100016" title="Comportamento e estrutura reprodutiva da formiga Dinoponera lucida Emery (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." url="10.1590/S0085-56262008000100016" volume="52" year="2008">Peixoto et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Conflict over dominance is intense in colonies with younger workers usually joining a linear hierarchy of one to five workers depending on colony size. The gamergate, or alpha female has the highest ranking (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Monnin, T" journalOrPublisher="Behavioral Ecology" pageId="39" pageNumber="158" publicationUrl="10.1007/s002650050637" refId="B39" refString="Monnin, T, Ratnieks, FLW, 1999. Reproduction versus work in queenless ants: when to join a hierarchy of hopeful reproductives? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 46: 413-422. ., 10.1007/s002650050637" title="Reproduction versus work in queenless ants: when to join a hierarchy of hopeful reproductives? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 46: 413 - 422." url="10.1007/s002650050637" year="1999">Monnin and Ratnieks 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Monnin, T" journalOrPublisher="Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology" pageId="39" pageNumber="158" pagination="71 - 79" publicationUrl="10.1007/s00265-003-0600-9" refId="B41" refString="Monnin, T, Ratnieks, FLW, Brandao, CRF, 2003. Reproductive conflict in animal societies: hierarchy length increases with colony size in queenless ponerine ants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 54: 71 - 79, 10.1007/s00265-003-0600-9" title="Reproductive conflict in animal societies: hierarchy length increases with colony size in queenless ponerine ants." url="10.1007/s00265-003-0600-9" volume="54" year="2003">Monnin et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The alpha female mates with non-nestmate males at night at the entrance of the nest (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Monnin, T" journalOrPublisher="Naturwissenschaften" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" publicationUrl="10.1006/anbe.1997.0601" refId="B37" refString="Monnin, T, Peeters, C, 1998. Monogyny and regulation of worker mating in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps. Animal Behaviour 55, 299-306. ., 10.1006/anbe.1997.0601" title="Monogyny and regulation of worker mating in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps. Animal Behaviour 55, 299 - 306." url="10.1006/anbe.1997.0601" year="1998">Monnin and Peeters 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Monnin, T" journalOrPublisher="Behavioral Ecology" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="323 - 332" publicationUrl="10.1093/beheco/10.3.323" refId="B38" refString="Monnin, T, Peeters, C, 1999. Dominance hierarchy and reproductive conflicts among subordinates in a monogynous queenless ant. Behavioral Ecology 10: 323 - 332, 10.1093/beheco/10.3.323" title="Dominance hierarchy and reproductive conflicts among subordinates in a monogynous queenless ant." url="10.1093/beheco/10.3.323" volume="10" year="1999">Monnin and Peeters 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). After copulation the female bites through the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="male’s">male's</normalizedToken>
|
||
gaster to release herself and pulls out the genital capsule which acts as a temporary sperm plug (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Monnin, T" journalOrPublisher="Naturwissenschaften" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" publicationUrl="10.1006/anbe.1997.0601" refId="B37" refString="Monnin, T, Peeters, C, 1998. Monogyny and regulation of worker mating in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps. Animal Behaviour 55, 299-306. ., 10.1006/anbe.1997.0601" title="Monogyny and regulation of worker mating in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps. Animal Behaviour 55, 299 - 306." url="10.1006/anbe.1997.0601" year="1998">Monnin and Peeters 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). After mating the female is unreceptive to other males and remains monandrous (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Monnin, T" journalOrPublisher="Naturwissenschaften" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" publicationUrl="10.1006/anbe.1997.0601" refId="B37" refString="Monnin, T, Peeters, C, 1998. Monogyny and regulation of worker mating in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps. Animal Behaviour 55, 299-306. ., 10.1006/anbe.1997.0601" title="Monogyny and regulation of worker mating in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps. Animal Behaviour 55, 299 - 306." url="10.1006/anbe.1997.0601" year="1998">Monnin and Peeters 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The gamergate maintains dominance with ritualized behaviors such as antennal boxing and biting,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘blocking’">'blocking'</normalizedToken>
|
||
, as well as gaster rubbing and curling (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Monnin, T" journalOrPublisher="Behavioral Ecology" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="323 - 332" publicationUrl="10.1093/beheco/10.3.323" refId="B38" refString="Monnin, T, Peeters, C, 1999. Dominance hierarchy and reproductive conflicts among subordinates in a monogynous queenless ant. Behavioral Ecology 10: 323 - 332, 10.1093/beheco/10.3.323" title="Dominance hierarchy and reproductive conflicts among subordinates in a monogynous queenless ant." url="10.1093/beheco/10.3.323" volume="10" year="1999">Monnin and Peeters 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Lipid stores within
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Dinoponera australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
females were found to be strongly related to foraging activity and reproductive status within the colony, ranging from 1-39% of an
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="individual’s">individual's</normalizedToken>
|
||
dry mass (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, CR" journalOrPublisher="Microscopy Research and Technique" pageId="40" pageNumber="159" publicationUrl="10.1371/journal.pone.0024011" refId="B64" refString="Smith, CR, Suarez, AV, Tsutsui, ND, Wittman, SE, Edmonds, B, Freauff, A, Tillberg, CV, 2011. Nutritional asymmetries are related to division of labor in a queenless ant. PLoS ONE 6: e24011. ., 10.1371/journal.pone.0024011" title="Nutritional asymmetries are related to division of labor in a queenless ant. PLoS ONE 6: e 24011." url="10.1371/journal.pone.0024011" year="2011">Smith et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is uncertain, however, whether nutritional differences between females is a cause or consequence of rank. Gamergate females possess a higher concentration of a cuticular hydrocarbon (9-hentriacontene, 9-C31:1) that indicates rank and is passed onto gamergate-laid egg cuticles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Monnin, T" journalOrPublisher="Naturwissenschaften" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="499 - 502" publicationUrl="10.1007/s001140050433" refId="B36" refString="Monnin, T, Peeters, C, 1997. Cannibalism of subordinates' eggs in the monogynous queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps. Naturwissenschaften 84: 499 - 502, 10.1007/s001140050433" title="Cannibalism of subordinates' eggs in the monogynous queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps." url="10.1007/s001140050433" volume="84" year="1997">Monnin and Peeters 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Monnin, T" journalOrPublisher="Naturwissenschaften" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" publicationUrl="10.1006/anbe.1997.0601" refId="B37" refString="Monnin, T, Peeters, C, 1998. Monogyny and regulation of worker mating in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps. Animal Behaviour 55, 299-306. ., 10.1006/anbe.1997.0601" title="Monogyny and regulation of worker mating in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps. Animal Behaviour 55, 299 - 306." url="10.1006/anbe.1997.0601" year="1998">Monnin et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Peeters, C" journalOrPublisher="Series B" pageId="39" pageNumber="158" pagination="1323 - 1327" publicationUrl="10.1098/rspb.1999.0782" refId="B53" refString="Peeters, C, Monnin, T, Malosse, C, 1999. Cuticular hydrocarbons correlated with reproductive status in a queenless ant. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B 1426: 1323 - 1327, 10.1098/rspb.1999.0782" title="Cuticular hydrocarbons correlated with reproductive status in a queenless ant. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London." url="10.1098/rspb.1999.0782" volume="1426" year="1999">Peeters et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Additionally, alpha females may 'sting
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="smear’">smear'</normalizedToken>
|
||
a competing female with secretions from the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dufour’s">Dufour's</normalizedToken>
|
||
gland, triggering the lower ranking workers to immobilize the marked female (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Monnin, T" journalOrPublisher="Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology" pageId="39" pageNumber="158" pagination="97 - 108" publicationUrl="10.1007/s002650100351" refId="B40" refString="Monnin, T, Ratnieks, FLW, 2001. Policing in queenless ponerine ants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 50: 97 - 108, 10.1007/s002650100351" title="Policing in queenless ponerine ants." url="10.1007/s002650100351" volume="50" year="2001">Monnin and Ratnieks 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Subordinate females (beta, gamma, or delta) may produce unfertilized eggs but these are usually consumed by the alpha female in a form of "queen policing" (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Monnin, T" journalOrPublisher="Naturwissenschaften" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="499 - 502" publicationUrl="10.1007/s001140050433" refId="B36" refString="Monnin, T, Peeters, C, 1997. Cannibalism of subordinates' eggs in the monogynous queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps. Naturwissenschaften 84: 499 - 502, 10.1007/s001140050433" title="Cannibalism of subordinates' eggs in the monogynous queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps." url="10.1007/s001140050433" volume="84" year="1997">Monnin and Peeters 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Egg recognition in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kempf" authorityYear="1971" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadriceps">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Dinoponera quadriceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found to be due to differences in cuticular hydrocarbons, and only workers engaged in brood care could distinguish non-nestmate eggs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tannure-Nascimento, IC" journalOrPublisher="Naturwissenschaften" pageId="40" pageNumber="159" pagination="857 - 861" publicationUrl="10.1007/s00114-009-0535-8" refId="B66" refString="Tannure-Nascimento, IC, Nascimento, FS, Dantes, JO, Zucchi, R, 2009. Decision rules for egg recognition are related to functional roles and chemical cues in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps. Naturwissenschaften 96: 857 - 861, 10.1007/s00114-009-0535-8" title="Decision rules for egg recognition are related to functional roles and chemical cues in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps." url="10.1007/s00114-009-0535-8" volume="96" year="2009">Tannure-Nascimento et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Cuticular hydrocarbons are also used to distinguish adult nestmates from non-nestmates, however, this is only effective with non-nestmate foragers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nascimento, FS" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="39" pageNumber="158" pagination="31 - 32" refId="B47" refString="Nascimento, FS, Souza, DISA, Tannure-Nascimento, IC, Dantas, JO, 2012. Social facilitation and food partitioning in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Natural History 46: 31 - 32" title="Social facilitation and food partitioning in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="46" year="2012">Nascimento et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nascimento, FS" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="39" pageNumber="158" pagination="31 - 32" refId="B47" refString="Nascimento, FS, Souza, DISA, Tannure-Nascimento, IC, Dantas, JO, 2012. Social facilitation and food partitioning in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Natural History 46: 31 - 32" title="Social facilitation and food partitioning in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="46" year="2012">Nascimento et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that brood-caring workers from different colonies had very similar hydrocarbon profiles and were more often accepted into alien colonies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="127">
|
||
Males are born throughout most of the year in tropical species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Araujo, CZ" journalOrPublisher="Actes des Colloques Insectes Sociaux" pageId="37" pageNumber="156" pagination="79 - 88" refId="B3" refString="Araujo, CZ, Jaisson, P, 1994. Modes de fondation des colonies chez la fourmi sans reine Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae). Actes des Colloques Insectes Sociaux 9: 79 - 88" title="Modes de fondation des colonies chez la fourmi sans reine Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae)." volume="9" year="1994">Araujo and Jaisson 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Monnin, T" journalOrPublisher="Naturwissenschaften" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" publicationUrl="10.1006/anbe.1997.0601" refId="B37" refString="Monnin, T, Peeters, C, 1998. Monogyny and regulation of worker mating in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps. Animal Behaviour 55, 299-306. ., 10.1006/anbe.1997.0601" title="Monogyny and regulation of worker mating in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps. Animal Behaviour 55, 299 - 306." url="10.1006/anbe.1997.0601" year="1998">Monnin and Peeters 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), however
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Dinoponera australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which lives in the more temperate south was found to only produce males in May-July (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Paiva, RVS" journalOrPublisher="Ethology Ecology and Evolution" pageId="39" pageNumber="158" pagination="297 - 312" publicationUrl="10.1080/08927014.1995.9522938" refId="B52" refString="Paiva, RVS, Brandao, CRF, 1995. Nests, worker population and reproductive status of workers, in the giant queenless ponerine ant Dinoponera Roger(Hymenoptera Formicidae). Ethology Ecology and Evolution 7: 297 - 312, 10.1080/08927014.1995.9522938" title="Nests, worker population and reproductive status of workers, in the giant queenless ponerine ant Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera Formicidae)." url="10.1080/08927014.1995.9522938" volume="7" year="1995">
|
||
Paiva and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Brandão">Brandao</normalizedToken>
|
||
1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). When the alpha declines reproductively or dies, she is replaced by a high-ranking worker (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Monnin, T" journalOrPublisher="Behavioral Ecology" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="323 - 332" publicationUrl="10.1093/beheco/10.3.323" refId="B38" refString="Monnin, T, Peeters, C, 1999. Dominance hierarchy and reproductive conflicts among subordinates in a monogynous queenless ant. Behavioral Ecology 10: 323 - 332, 10.1093/beheco/10.3.323" title="Dominance hierarchy and reproductive conflicts among subordinates in a monogynous queenless ant." url="10.1093/beheco/10.3.323" volume="10" year="1999">Monnin and Peeters 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="128" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">
|
||
New colonies are founded by fission, a process in which a beta female is fertilized in the natal nest (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Monnin, T" journalOrPublisher="Naturwissenschaften" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" publicationUrl="10.1006/anbe.1997.0601" refId="B37" refString="Monnin, T, Peeters, C, 1998. Monogyny and regulation of worker mating in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps. Animal Behaviour 55, 299-306. ., 10.1006/anbe.1997.0601" title="Monogyny and regulation of worker mating in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps. Animal Behaviour 55, 299 - 306." url="10.1006/anbe.1997.0601" year="1998">Monnin and Peeters 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This new alpha female then leaves the
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="128" start="start">nest</pageBreakToken>
|
||
with a cohort of workers to found an incipient colony, sometimes employing tandem running (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Overal, WL" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society" pageId="39" pageNumber="158" pagination="466 - 469" refId="B51" refString="Overal, WL, 1980. Observations on colony founding and migration of Dinoponera gigantea. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 15: 466 - 469" title="Observations on colony founding and migration of Dinoponera gigantea." volume="15" year="1980">Overal 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="128">
|
||
Colonies vary in size depending upon species.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Dinoponera australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonies have an average of 14 workers (range 3-37) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Paiva, RVS" journalOrPublisher="Ethology Ecology and Evolution" pageId="39" pageNumber="158" pagination="297 - 312" publicationUrl="10.1080/08927014.1995.9522938" refId="B52" refString="Paiva, RVS, Brandao, CRF, 1995. Nests, worker population and reproductive status of workers, in the giant queenless ponerine ant Dinoponera Roger(Hymenoptera Formicidae). Ethology Ecology and Evolution 7: 297 - 312, 10.1080/08927014.1995.9522938" title="Nests, worker population and reproductive status of workers, in the giant queenless ponerine ant Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera Formicidae)." url="10.1080/08927014.1995.9522938" volume="7" year="1995">
|
||
Paiva and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Brandão">Brandao</normalizedToken>
|
||
1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Monnin, T" journalOrPublisher="Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology" pageId="39" pageNumber="158" pagination="71 - 79" publicationUrl="10.1007/s00265-003-0600-9" refId="B41" refString="Monnin, T, Ratnieks, FLW, Brandao, CRF, 2003. Reproductive conflict in animal societies: hierarchy length increases with colony size in queenless ponerine ants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 54: 71 - 79, 10.1007/s00265-003-0600-9" title="Reproductive conflict in animal societies: hierarchy length increases with colony size in queenless ponerine ants." url="10.1007/s00265-003-0600-9" volume="54" year="2003">Monnin et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Dinoponera gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
average 41 workers (range~30-96) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Overal, WL" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society" pageId="39" pageNumber="158" pagination="466 - 469" refId="B51" refString="Overal, WL, 1980. Observations on colony founding and migration of Dinoponera gigantea. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 15: 466 - 469" title="Observations on colony founding and migration of Dinoponera gigantea." volume="15" year="1980">Overal 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fourcassie, V" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="2211 - 2227" publicationUrl="10.1080/00222930110097149" refId="B19" refString="Fourcassie, V, Oliveira, PS, 2002. Foraging ecology of the giant Amazonian ant Dinoponera gigantea (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae): activity schedule, diet and spatial foraging patterns. Journal of Natural History 36: 2211 - 2227, 10.1080/00222930110097149" title="Foraging ecology of the giant Amazonian ant Dinoponera gigantea (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae): activity schedule, diet and spatial foraging patterns." url="10.1080/00222930110097149" volume="36" year="2002">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fourcassié">Fourcassie</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Oliviera 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Monnin, T" journalOrPublisher="Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology" pageId="39" pageNumber="158" pagination="71 - 79" publicationUrl="10.1007/s00265-003-0600-9" refId="B41" refString="Monnin, T, Ratnieks, FLW, Brandao, CRF, 2003. Reproductive conflict in animal societies: hierarchy length increases with colony size in queenless ponerine ants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 54: 71 - 79, 10.1007/s00265-003-0600-9" title="Reproductive conflict in animal societies: hierarchy length increases with colony size in queenless ponerine ants." url="10.1007/s00265-003-0600-9" volume="54" year="2003">Monnin et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kempf" authorityYear="1971" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadriceps">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Dinoponera quadriceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has the largest colonies with an average of 80 workers (range 26-238) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Monnin, T" journalOrPublisher="Behavioral Ecology" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="323 - 332" publicationUrl="10.1093/beheco/10.3.323" refId="B38" refString="Monnin, T, Peeters, C, 1999. Dominance hierarchy and reproductive conflicts among subordinates in a monogynous queenless ant. Behavioral Ecology 10: 323 - 332, 10.1093/beheco/10.3.323" title="Dominance hierarchy and reproductive conflicts among subordinates in a monogynous queenless ant." url="10.1093/beheco/10.3.323" volume="10" year="1999">Monnin and Peeters 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Monnin, T" journalOrPublisher="Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology" pageId="39" pageNumber="158" pagination="97 - 108" publicationUrl="10.1007/s002650100351" refId="B40" refString="Monnin, T, Ratnieks, FLW, 2001. Policing in queenless ponerine ants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 50: 97 - 108, 10.1007/s002650100351" title="Policing in queenless ponerine ants." url="10.1007/s002650100351" volume="50" year="2001">Monnin and Ratnieks 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Morgan, RC" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="39" pageNumber="158" refId="B45" refString="Morgan, RC, 1993. Natural history notes and husbandry of the Peruvian giant ant Dinoponera longipes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Invertebrates in Captivity Conference SASI-ITAG Available from: http://www.sasionline.org/antsfiles/pages/dino/Husbandry.html [accessed at 27/08/2007]." title="Natural history notes and husbandry of the Peruvian giant ant Dinoponera longipes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Invertebrates in Captivity Conference SASI-ITAG Available from: http: // www. sasionline. org / antsfiles / pages / dino / Husbandry. html [accessed at 27 / 08 / 2007]" year="1993">Morgan (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
excavated two
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Dinoponera longipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nests, a possible incipient colony with 7 workers and another mature colony of 120 workers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="128">
|
||
The nest consists of large chambers and tunnels in the soil possibly with an earthen mound and can be 0.10-1.2m deep (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Araujo, CZ" journalOrPublisher="Behavioural Processes" pageId="37" pageNumber="156" pagination="101 - 111" publicationUrl="10.1016/0376-6357(90)90011-4" refId="B2" refString="Araujo, CZ, Lachaud, JP, Fresneau, D, 1990. Le systeme reproductif chez une ponerine sans reine: Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi. Behavioural Processes 22: 101 - 111, 10.1016/0376-6357(90)90011-4" title="Le systeme reproductif chez une ponerine sans reine: Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi." url="10.1016/0376-6357(90)90011-4" volume="22" year="1990">Araujo et al. 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Morgan, RC" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="39" pageNumber="158" refId="B45" refString="Morgan, RC, 1993. Natural history notes and husbandry of the Peruvian giant ant Dinoponera longipes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Invertebrates in Captivity Conference SASI-ITAG Available from: http://www.sasionline.org/antsfiles/pages/dino/Husbandry.html [accessed at 27/08/2007]." title="Natural history notes and husbandry of the Peruvian giant ant Dinoponera longipes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Invertebrates in Captivity Conference SASI-ITAG Available from: http: // www. sasionline. org / antsfiles / pages / dino / Husbandry. html [accessed at 27 / 08 / 2007]" year="1993">Morgan 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fourcassie, V" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="2211 - 2227" publicationUrl="10.1080/00222930110097149" refId="B19" refString="Fourcassie, V, Oliveira, PS, 2002. Foraging ecology of the giant Amazonian ant Dinoponera gigantea (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae): activity schedule, diet and spatial foraging patterns. Journal of Natural History 36: 2211 - 2227, 10.1080/00222930110097149" title="Foraging ecology of the giant Amazonian ant Dinoponera gigantea (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae): activity schedule, diet and spatial foraging patterns." url="10.1080/00222930110097149" volume="36" year="2002">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fourcassié">Fourcassie</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Oliviera 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vasconcellos, A" journalOrPublisher="Brazilian Journal of Biology" pageId="40" pageNumber="159" pagination="357 - 362" publicationUrl="10.1590/S1519-69842004000200022" refId="B67" refString="Vasconcellos, A, Santana, GG, Souza, AK, 2004. Nest spacing and architecture and swarming of males of Dinoponera quadriceps (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in a remnant of the Atlantic Forest in Northeast Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology 64: 357 - 362, 10.1590/S1519-69842004000200022" title="Nest spacing and architecture and swarming of males of Dinoponera quadriceps (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in a remnant of the Atlantic Forest in Northeast Brazil." url="10.1590/S1519-69842004000200022" volume="64" year="2004">Vasconcellos et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nests are deeper in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Dinoponera australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kempf" authorityYear="1971" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadriceps">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Dinoponera quadriceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Dinoponera gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Monnin, T" journalOrPublisher="Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology" pageId="39" pageNumber="158" pagination="71 - 79" publicationUrl="10.1007/s00265-003-0600-9" refId="B41" refString="Monnin, T, Ratnieks, FLW, Brandao, CRF, 2003. Reproductive conflict in animal societies: hierarchy length increases with colony size in queenless ponerine ants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 54: 71 - 79, 10.1007/s00265-003-0600-9" title="Reproductive conflict in animal societies: hierarchy length increases with colony size in queenless ponerine ants." url="10.1007/s00265-003-0600-9" volume="54" year="2003">Monnin et al. (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggests that deeper nests are a possible adaptation to seasons and aridity.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Dinoponera gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nests may have up to eight entrances and can be weakly polydomous (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fourcassie, V" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="2211 - 2227" publicationUrl="10.1080/00222930110097149" refId="B19" refString="Fourcassie, V, Oliveira, PS, 2002. Foraging ecology of the giant Amazonian ant Dinoponera gigantea (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae): activity schedule, diet and spatial foraging patterns. Journal of Natural History 36: 2211 - 2227, 10.1080/00222930110097149" title="Foraging ecology of the giant Amazonian ant Dinoponera gigantea (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae): activity schedule, diet and spatial foraging patterns." url="10.1080/00222930110097149" volume="36" year="2002">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fourcassié">Fourcassie</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Oliviera 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), whereas 1-30 openings with an average of 11 were recorded for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Dinoponera longipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Morgan, RC" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="39" pageNumber="158" refId="B45" refString="Morgan, RC, 1993. Natural history notes and husbandry of the Peruvian giant ant Dinoponera longipes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Invertebrates in Captivity Conference SASI-ITAG Available from: http://www.sasionline.org/antsfiles/pages/dino/Husbandry.html [accessed at 27/08/2007]." title="Natural history notes and husbandry of the Peruvian giant ant Dinoponera longipes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Invertebrates in Captivity Conference SASI-ITAG Available from: http: // www. sasionline. org / antsfiles / pages / dino / Husbandry. html [accessed at 27 / 08 / 2007]" year="1993">Morgan 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nesting density and spatial distribution varies depending on habitat (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fowler, HG" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Entomologia" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="443 - 447" refId="B20" refString="Fowler, HG, 1985. Populations, foraging and territoriality in Dinoponera australis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 29: 443 - 447" title="Populations, foraging and territoriality in Dinoponera australis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." volume="29" year="1985">Fowler 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vasconcellos, A" journalOrPublisher="Brazilian Journal of Biology" pageId="40" pageNumber="159" pagination="357 - 362" publicationUrl="10.1590/S1519-69842004000200022" refId="B67" refString="Vasconcellos, A, Santana, GG, Souza, AK, 2004. Nest spacing and architecture and swarming of males of Dinoponera quadriceps (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in a remnant of the Atlantic Forest in Northeast Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology 64: 357 - 362, 10.1590/S1519-69842004000200022" title="Nest spacing and architecture and swarming of males of Dinoponera quadriceps (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in a remnant of the Atlantic Forest in Northeast Brazil." url="10.1590/S1519-69842004000200022" volume="64" year="2004">Vasconcellos et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Density ranges from 15-40 nests per ha-1 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vasconcellos, A" journalOrPublisher="Brazilian Journal of Biology" pageId="40" pageNumber="159" pagination="357 - 362" publicationUrl="10.1590/S1519-69842004000200022" refId="B67" refString="Vasconcellos, A, Santana, GG, Souza, AK, 2004. Nest spacing and architecture and swarming of males of Dinoponera quadriceps (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in a remnant of the Atlantic Forest in Northeast Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology 64: 357 - 362, 10.1590/S1519-69842004000200022" title="Nest spacing and architecture and swarming of males of Dinoponera quadriceps (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in a remnant of the Atlantic Forest in Northeast Brazil." url="10.1590/S1519-69842004000200022" volume="64" year="2004">Vasconcellos et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) to 80 nests per ha-1 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Paiva, RVS" journalOrPublisher="Ethology Ecology and Evolution" pageId="39" pageNumber="158" pagination="297 - 312" publicationUrl="10.1080/08927014.1995.9522938" refId="B52" refString="Paiva, RVS, Brandao, CRF, 1995. Nests, worker population and reproductive status of workers, in the giant queenless ponerine ant Dinoponera Roger(Hymenoptera Formicidae). Ethology Ecology and Evolution 7: 297 - 312, 10.1080/08927014.1995.9522938" title="Nests, worker population and reproductive status of workers, in the giant queenless ponerine ant Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera Formicidae)." url="10.1080/08927014.1995.9522938" volume="7" year="1995">
|
||
Paiva and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Brandão">Brandao</normalizedToken>
|
||
1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Morgan, RC" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="39" pageNumber="158" refId="B45" refString="Morgan, RC, 1993. Natural history notes and husbandry of the Peruvian giant ant Dinoponera longipes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Invertebrates in Captivity Conference SASI-ITAG Available from: http://www.sasionline.org/antsfiles/pages/dino/Husbandry.html [accessed at 27/08/2007]." title="Natural history notes and husbandry of the Peruvian giant ant Dinoponera longipes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Invertebrates in Captivity Conference SASI-ITAG Available from: http: // www. sasionline. org / antsfiles / pages / dino / Husbandry. html [accessed at 27 / 08 / 2007]" year="1993">Morgan (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
measured a spacing between nests for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Dinoponera longipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with a median of 35m (n=22, range 14-69.5m).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Dinoponera australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Dinoponera gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
usually nest at the base of trees (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Paiva, RVS" journalOrPublisher="Ethology Ecology and Evolution" pageId="39" pageNumber="158" pagination="297 - 312" publicationUrl="10.1080/08927014.1995.9522938" refId="B52" refString="Paiva, RVS, Brandao, CRF, 1995. Nests, worker population and reproductive status of workers, in the giant queenless ponerine ant Dinoponera Roger(Hymenoptera Formicidae). Ethology Ecology and Evolution 7: 297 - 312, 10.1080/08927014.1995.9522938" title="Nests, worker population and reproductive status of workers, in the giant queenless ponerine ant Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera Formicidae)." url="10.1080/08927014.1995.9522938" volume="7" year="1995">
|
||
Paiva and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Brandão">Brandao</normalizedToken>
|
||
1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fourcassie, V" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="2211 - 2227" publicationUrl="10.1080/00222930110097149" refId="B19" refString="Fourcassie, V, Oliveira, PS, 2002. Foraging ecology of the giant Amazonian ant Dinoponera gigantea (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae): activity schedule, diet and spatial foraging patterns. Journal of Natural History 36: 2211 - 2227, 10.1080/00222930110097149" title="Foraging ecology of the giant Amazonian ant Dinoponera gigantea (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae): activity schedule, diet and spatial foraging patterns." url="10.1080/00222930110097149" volume="36" year="2002">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fourcassié">Fourcassie</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Oliviera 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Observations of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kempf" authorityYear="1971" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadriceps">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Dinoponera quadriceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nests show that in more arid Caatinga and Cerrado habitats, nests are predominantly constructed under trees, whereas in Atlantic forest 60% of nests were 3m away from any tree (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vasconcellos, A" journalOrPublisher="Brazilian Journal of Biology" pageId="40" pageNumber="159" pagination="357 - 362" publicationUrl="10.1590/S1519-69842004000200022" refId="B67" refString="Vasconcellos, A, Santana, GG, Souza, AK, 2004. Nest spacing and architecture and swarming of males of Dinoponera quadriceps (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in a remnant of the Atlantic Forest in Northeast Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology 64: 357 - 362, 10.1590/S1519-69842004000200022" title="Nest spacing and architecture and swarming of males of Dinoponera quadriceps (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in a remnant of the Atlantic Forest in Northeast Brazil." url="10.1590/S1519-69842004000200022" volume="64" year="2004">Vasconcellos et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="129" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">
|
||
Workers lower in the hierarchy forage individually for food items on the substrate and do not recruit other nestmates to assist with food transport (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fowler, HG" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Entomologia" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="443 - 447" refId="B20" refString="Fowler, HG, 1985. Populations, foraging and territoriality in Dinoponera australis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 29: 443 - 447" title="Populations, foraging and territoriality in Dinoponera australis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." volume="29" year="1985">Fowler 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fourcassie, V" journalOrPublisher="Sociobiology" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="505 - 524" refId="B18" refString="Fourcassie, V, Henriques, A, Fontella, C, 1999. Route fidelity and spatial orientation in the ant Dinoponera gigantea (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in a primary forest: a preliminary study. Sociobiology 34: 505 - 524" title="Route fidelity and spatial orientation in the ant Dinoponera gigantea (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in a primary forest: a preliminary study." volume="34" year="1999">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fourcassié">Fourcassie</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fourcassie, V" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="2211 - 2227" publicationUrl="10.1080/00222930110097149" refId="B19" refString="Fourcassie, V, Oliveira, PS, 2002. Foraging ecology of the giant Amazonian ant Dinoponera gigantea (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae): activity schedule, diet and spatial foraging patterns. Journal of Natural History 36: 2211 - 2227, 10.1080/00222930110097149" title="Foraging ecology of the giant Amazonian ant Dinoponera gigantea (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae): activity schedule, diet and spatial foraging patterns." url="10.1080/00222930110097149" volume="36" year="2002">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fourcassié">Fourcassie</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Oliviera 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Araujo, A" journalOrPublisher="Neotropical Entomology" pageId="37" pageNumber="156" pagination="159 - 164" publicationUrl="10.1590/S1519-566X2006000200002" refId="B1" refString="Araujo, A, Rodriques, Z, 2006. Foraging behavior of the queen less ant Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Neotropical Entomology 35: 159 - 164, 10.1590/S1519-566X2006000200002" title="Foraging behavior of the queen less ant Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." url="10.1590/S1519-566X2006000200002" volume="35" year="2006">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Araújo">Araujo</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Rodrigues 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although foraging workers do not recruit nestmates,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nascimento, FS" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="39" pageNumber="158" pagination="31 - 32" refId="B47" refString="Nascimento, FS, Souza, DISA, Tannure-Nascimento, IC, Dantas, JO, 2012. Social facilitation and food partitioning in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Natural History 46: 31 - 32" title="Social facilitation and food partitioning in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="46" year="2012">Nascimento et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found a positive feedback between incoming food and stimulation of new foragers as well as task partitioning once food was brought into the nest. Lower ranking females processed protein resources while higher ranking females handled small food pieces and distributed them to the larvae.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fourcassie, V" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="2211 - 2227" publicationUrl="10.1080/00222930110097149" refId="B19" refString="Fourcassie, V, Oliveira, PS, 2002. Foraging ecology of the giant Amazonian ant Dinoponera gigantea (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae): activity schedule, diet and spatial foraging patterns. Journal of Natural History 36: 2211 - 2227, 10.1080/00222930110097149" title="Foraging ecology of the giant Amazonian ant Dinoponera gigantea (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae): activity schedule, diet and spatial foraging patterns." url="10.1080/00222930110097149" volume="36" year="2002">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fourcassié">Fourcassie</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Oliviera (2002)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Dinoponera gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
foraging to be concentrated in the early morning and afternoon but did not sample at night.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Morgan, RC" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="39" pageNumber="158" refId="B45" refString="Morgan, RC, 1993. Natural history notes and husbandry of the Peruvian giant ant Dinoponera longipes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Invertebrates in Captivity Conference SASI-ITAG Available from: http://www.sasionline.org/antsfiles/pages/dino/Husbandry.html [accessed at 27/08/2007]." title="Natural history notes and husbandry of the Peruvian giant ant Dinoponera longipes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Invertebrates in Captivity Conference SASI-ITAG Available from: http: // www. sasionline. org / antsfiles / pages / dino / Husbandry. html [accessed at 27 / 08 / 2007]" year="1993">Morgan (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed the highest activity at night in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Dinoponera longipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kempf" authorityYear="1971" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadriceps">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Dinoponera quadriceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a marked seasonal pattern in activity. It is most active in May-August, the late rainy season to early dry season in the semiarid Caatinga (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Medeiros, J" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Entomologia" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="81 - 85" publicationUrl="10.1590/S0085-56262012000100013" refId="B35" refString="Medeiros, J, Araujo, A, Araujo, HFP, Queiroz, JPC, Vasconcellos, A, 2012. Seasonal activity of Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi (Formicidae, Ponerinae) in the semi-arid Caatinga of northeastern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 56: 81 - 85, 10.1590/S0085-56262012000100013" title="Seasonal activity of Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi (Formicidae, Ponerinae) in the semi-arid Caatinga of northeastern Brazil." url="10.1590/S0085-56262012000100013" volume="56" year="2012">Medeiros et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Activity was strongly negatively correlated to temperature and positively correlated to prey abundance (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Medeiros, J" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Entomologia" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="81 - 85" publicationUrl="10.1590/S0085-56262012000100013" refId="B35" refString="Medeiros, J, Araujo, A, Araujo, HFP, Queiroz, JPC, Vasconcellos, A, 2012. Seasonal activity of Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi (Formicidae, Ponerinae) in the semi-arid Caatinga of northeastern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 56: 81 - 85, 10.1590/S0085-56262012000100013" title="Seasonal activity of Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi (Formicidae, Ponerinae) in the semi-arid Caatinga of northeastern Brazil." url="10.1590/S0085-56262012000100013" volume="56" year="2012">Medeiros et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The diets of both
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Dinoponera gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kempf" authorityYear="1971" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadriceps">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Dinoponera quadriceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been shown to be predominantly scavenged invertebrates, but include live prey, seeds and fruits (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zahl, PA" journalOrPublisher="Psyche" pageId="40" pageNumber="159" refId="B70" refString="Zahl, PA, 1959. "Giant Insects of the Amazon," National Geographic (May 1959) 632-669." title="" Giant Insects of the Amazon, " National Geographic (May 1959) 632 - 669." year="1959">Zahl 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fourcassie, V" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="2211 - 2227" publicationUrl="10.1080/00222930110097149" refId="B19" refString="Fourcassie, V, Oliveira, PS, 2002. Foraging ecology of the giant Amazonian ant Dinoponera gigantea (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae): activity schedule, diet and spatial foraging patterns. Journal of Natural History 36: 2211 - 2227, 10.1080/00222930110097149" title="Foraging ecology of the giant Amazonian ant Dinoponera gigantea (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae): activity schedule, diet and spatial foraging patterns." url="10.1080/00222930110097149" volume="36" year="2002">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fourcassié">Fourcassie</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Oliviera 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Araujo, A" journalOrPublisher="Neotropical Entomology" pageId="37" pageNumber="156" pagination="159 - 164" publicationUrl="10.1590/S1519-566X2006000200002" refId="B1" refString="Araujo, A, Rodriques, Z, 2006. Foraging behavior of the queen less ant Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Neotropical Entomology 35: 159 - 164, 10.1590/S1519-566X2006000200002" title="Foraging behavior of the queen less ant Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." url="10.1590/S1519-566X2006000200002" volume="35" year="2006">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Araújo">Araujo</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Rodrigues 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Araujo, A" journalOrPublisher="Neotropical Entomology" pageId="37" pageNumber="156" pagination="159 - 164" publicationUrl="10.1590/S1519-566X2006000200002" refId="B1" refString="Araujo, A, Rodriques, Z, 2006. Foraging behavior of the queen less ant Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Neotropical Entomology 35: 159 - 164, 10.1590/S1519-566X2006000200002" title="Foraging behavior of the queen less ant Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." url="10.1590/S1519-566X2006000200002" volume="35" year="2006">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Araújo">Araujo</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Rodrigues (2006)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
state that the taxonomic diversity of prey is comparable to other tropical ponerines, but has an optimal prey size of 2-3
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="129" start="start">cm</pageBreakToken>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Diet seems to be very similar across the genus, regardless of habitat (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Araujo, A" journalOrPublisher="Neotropical Entomology" pageId="37" pageNumber="156" pagination="159 - 164" publicationUrl="10.1590/S1519-566X2006000200002" refId="B1" refString="Araujo, A, Rodriques, Z, 2006. Foraging behavior of the queen less ant Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Neotropical Entomology 35: 159 - 164, 10.1590/S1519-566X2006000200002" title="Foraging behavior of the queen less ant Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." url="10.1590/S1519-566X2006000200002" volume="35" year="2006">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Araújo">Araujo</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Rodrigues 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="129">
|
||
Despite their large size and strong venom,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are likely preyed on by many vertebrate and invertebrate species across South America. Like many other ant species,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be infected by the entomopathogenic fungi
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Codyceps" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">Codyceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Evans, HC" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Entomology" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="47 - 60" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1365-2311.1982.tb00643.x" refId="B15" refString="Evans, HC, 1982. Entomogenous fungi in tropical forest ecosystems: an appraisal. Ecological Entomology 7: 47 - 60, 10.1111/j.1365-2311.1982.tb00643.x" title="Entomogenous fungi in tropical forest ecosystems: an appraisal." url="10.1111/j.1365-2311.1982.tb00643.x" volume="7" year="1982">Evans 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Buys, SC" journalOrPublisher="Tropical Zoology" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="29 - 34" refId="B7" refString="Buys, SC, Cassaro, R, Salomon, D, 2010. Biological observations on Kapala Cameron 1884 (Hymenoptera Eucharitidae) in parasitic association with Dinoponera lucida Emery 1901 (Hymenoptera Formicidae) in Brazil. Tropical Zoology 23: 29 - 34" title="Biological observations on Kapala Cameron 1884 (Hymenoptera Eucharitidae) in parasitic association with Dinoponera lucida Emery 1901 (Hymenoptera Formicidae) in Brazil." volume="23" year="2010">Buys et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
discovered a
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Kapala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">Kapala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. eucharitid wasp emerging from the puparia of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucida">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">Dinoponera lucida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="129">
|
||
Anatomy has been described several times.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Marques-Silva, S" journalOrPublisher="Microscopy Research and Technique" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="885 - 890" publicationUrl="10.1002/jemt.20356" refId="B34" refString="Marques-Silva, S, Matiello-Guss, CP, Delabie, JHC, Mariano, CSF, Zanuncio, JC, Serrao, JE, 2006. Sensilla and secretory glands in the antennae of a primitive ant: Dinoponera lucida (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Microscopy Research and Technique 69: 885 - 890, 10.1002/jemt.20356" title="Sensilla and secretory glands in the antennae of a primitive ant: Dinoponera lucida (Formicidae: Ponerinae)." url="10.1002/jemt.20356" volume="69" year="2006">Marques-Silva et al. (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
studied of the sensilla and glands of the antennae. Anatomy of the venom apparatus and mandibular glands of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">Dinoponera gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is presented in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hermann, HR" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="272 - 179" refId="B24" refString="Hermann, HR, Blum, MS, Wheeler, JW, Overal, WL, Schmidt, JO, Jung-Tai, C, 1984. Comparative anatomy and chemistry of the venom apparatus and mandibular glands in Dinoponera grandis (Guerin) and Paraponera clavata (F.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 77: 272 - 179" title="Comparative anatomy and chemistry of the venom apparatus and mandibular glands in Dinoponera grandis (Guerin) and Paraponera clavata (F.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae)." volume="77" year="1984">Hermann et al. (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Further studies of the mandibular glands and its contents were presented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Oldham, NJ" journalOrPublisher="Perkin transactions I," pageId="39" pageNumber="158" pagination="2713 - 2716" refId="B49" refString="Oldham, NJ, Morgan, ED, 1993. Structures of the pyrazines from the mandibular gland secretion of the ponerine ant Dinoponera australis. Journal of the Chemical Society. Perkin transactions I, 1993: 2713 - 2716" title="Structures of the pyrazines from the mandibular gland secretion of the ponerine ant Dinoponera australis. Journal of the Chemical Society." volume="1993" year="1993">Oldham and Morgan (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Oldham, NJ" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society America" pageId="39" pageNumber="158" pagination="272 - 279" refId="B50" refString="Oldham, NJ, Keegans, SJ, Morgan, ED, Paiva, RVS, Brandao, CRF, Schoeters, E, Billen, JPJ, 1994. Mandibular gland contents of a colony of the Queenless ponerine ant, Dinoponera australis. Annals of the Entomological Society America 77: 272 - 279" title="Mandibular gland contents of a colony of the Queenless ponerine ant, Dinoponera australis." volume="77" year="1994">Oldham et al. (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Oldham, NJ" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society America" pageId="39" pageNumber="158" pagination="272 - 279" refId="B50" refString="Oldham, NJ, Keegans, SJ, Morgan, ED, Paiva, RVS, Brandao, CRF, Schoeters, E, Billen, JPJ, 1994. Mandibular gland contents of a colony of the Queenless ponerine ant, Dinoponera australis. Annals of the Entomological Society America 77: 272 - 279" title="Mandibular gland contents of a colony of the Queenless ponerine ant, Dinoponera australis." volume="77" year="1994">Oldham et al. (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that the mandibular gland secretions of workers differed greatly from those of gamergates, which were 98% dimethylalkylpyrazine and lacked the four other pyrazines and 50 times more volatiles than those found in worker secretions. The post-pharyngeal gland morphology was examined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schoeters, E" journalOrPublisher="International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology" pageId="40" pageNumber="159" pagination="443 - 447" publicationUrl="10.1016/S0020-7322(96)00016-5" refId="B61" refString="Schoeters, E, Billen, J, 1997. The post-pharyngeal gland in Dinoponera ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Unusual morphology and changes during the secretory process. International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 25: 443 - 447, 10.1016/S0020-7322(96)00016-5" title="The post-pharyngeal gland in Dinoponera ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Unusual morphology and changes during the secretory process." url="10.1016/S0020-7322(96)00016-5" volume="25" year="1997">Schoeters and Billen (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The cuticular hydrocarbons used in nestmate recognition may be produced by epidermal glands which
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Serrao, JE" journalOrPublisher="Microscopy Research and Technique" pageId="40" pageNumber="159" pagination="28 - 31" publicationUrl="10.1002/jemt.20641" refId="B62" refString="Serrao, JE, Castro, RCA, Zanuncio, JC, Mariano, CSF, Delabie, JHC, 2009. Epidermal glands in the abdomen of a basal ant Dinoponera lucida (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Microscopy Research and Technique 72: 28 - 31, 10.1002/jemt.20641" title="Epidermal glands in the abdomen of a basal ant Dinoponera lucida (Formicidae: Ponerinae)." url="10.1002/jemt.20641" volume="72" year="2009">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Serrão">Serrao</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. (2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found in the epidermis of abdominal sternites in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucida">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">Dinoponera lucida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="129">
|
||
For subduing large live prey and defense (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Morgan, RC" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="39" pageNumber="158" refId="B45" refString="Morgan, RC, 1993. Natural history notes and husbandry of the Peruvian giant ant Dinoponera longipes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Invertebrates in Captivity Conference SASI-ITAG Available from: http://www.sasionline.org/antsfiles/pages/dino/Husbandry.html [accessed at 27/08/2007]." title="Natural history notes and husbandry of the Peruvian giant ant Dinoponera longipes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Invertebrates in Captivity Conference SASI-ITAG Available from: http: // www. sasionline. org / antsfiles / pages / dino / Husbandry. html [accessed at 27 / 08 / 2007]" year="1993">Morgan 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), workers possess a sting that has been known to cause severe pain lasting up to 48 hours, lymphaedenopathy, edema, tachycardia and fresh blood to appear in human victim feces are common symptoms (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Haddad Junior, V" journalOrPublisher="Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="235 - 238" publicationUrl="10.1590/S0036-46652005000400012" refId="B22" refString="Haddad Junior, V, Cardoso, JLC, Moraes, RHP, 2005. Description of an injury in a human caused by a false tocandira (Dinoponera gigantea, Perty, 1833) with a revision on folkloric, pharmacological and clinical aspects of the giant ants of the genera Paraponera and Dinoponera (sub-family Ponerinae). Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo 47: 235 - 238, 10.1590/S0036-46652005000400012" title="Description of an injury in a human caused by a false tocandira (Dinoponera gigantea, Perty, 1833) with a revision on folkloric, pharmacological and clinical aspects of the giant ants of the genera Paraponera and Dinoponera (sub-family Ponerinae)." url="10.1590/S0036-46652005000400012" volume="47" year="2005">Haddad et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In gamergates the venom sac is empty (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Monnin, T" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="39" pageNumber="158" pagination="61 - 65" publicationUrl="10.1038/nature00932" refId="B43" refString="Monnin, T, Ratnieks, FLW, Jones, G, Beard, R, 2002. Pretender punishment induced by chemical signalling in a queenless ant. Nature 419: 61 - 65, 10.1038/nature00932" title="Pretender punishment induced by chemical signalling in a queenless ant." url="10.1038/nature00932" volume="419" year="2002">Monnin et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Workers may have 60-75 unique proteinaceous components in the venom (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Morgan, ED" journalOrPublisher="Journal Chemical Ecology" pageId="39" pageNumber="158" pagination="95 - 114" publicationUrl="10.1023/A:1021928630441" refId="B46" refString="Morgan, ED, Jungnickel, H, Keegans, SJ, Do, Nascimento RR, Billen, J, Gobin, B, Ito, F, 2003. Comparative survey of abdominal gland secretions of the ant subfamily ponerinae. Journal Chemical Ecology 29: 95 - 114, 10.1023/A:1021928630441" title="Comparative survey of abdominal gland secretions of the ant subfamily ponerinae." url="10.1023/A:1021928630441" volume="29" year="2003">Morgan et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Johnson, SR" journalOrPublisher="Toxicon" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="702 - 710" publicationUrl="10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.10.021" refId="B25" refString="Johnson, SR, Copello, JA, Steven Evans, M, Suarez, AV, 2010. A biochemical characterization of the major peptides from the Venom of the giant Neotropical hunting ant Dinoponera australis. Toxicon 55: 702 - 710, 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.10.021" title="A biochemical characterization of the major peptides from the Venom of the giant Neotropical hunting ant Dinoponera australis." url="10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.10.021" volume="55" year="2010">Johnson et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The convoluted gland within the venom system of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">Dinoponera australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been found to possess close similarities to those of vespine wasps (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schoeters, E" journalOrPublisher="International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology" pageId="40" pageNumber="159" pagination="323 - 332" publicationUrl="10.1016/0020-7322(94)00024-K" refId="B60" refString="Schoeters, E, Billen, J, 1995. Morphology and ultrastructure of the convoluted gland in the ant Dinoponera australis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 24: 323 - 332, 10.1016/0020-7322(94)00024-K" title="Morphology and ultrastructure of the convoluted gland in the ant Dinoponera australis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." url="10.1016/0020-7322(94)00024-K" volume="24" year="1995">Schoeters and Billen 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The contents of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">Dinoponera australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
venom have been found to be similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="F. Smith" authorityYear="1858" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="? arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cruz Lopez, L" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" refId="B10" refString="Cruz Lopez, L, 1994. Chemical investigations of possible sources of pheromones in some Hymenoptera and Diptera insects. Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom." title="Chemical investigations of possible sources of pheromones in some Hymenoptera and Diptera insects. Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom." year="1994">
|
||
Cruz
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="López">Lopez</normalizedToken>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Johnson, SR" journalOrPublisher="Toxicon" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="702 - 710" publicationUrl="10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.10.021" refId="B25" refString="Johnson, SR, Copello, JA, Steven Evans, M, Suarez, AV, 2010. A biochemical characterization of the major peptides from the Venom of the giant Neotropical hunting ant Dinoponera australis. Toxicon 55: 702 - 710, 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.10.021" title="A biochemical characterization of the major peptides from the Venom of the giant Neotropical hunting ant Dinoponera australis." url="10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.10.021" volume="55" year="2010">Johnson et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Billen, J" journalOrPublisher="Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="209 - 216" refId="B5" refString="Billen, J, Brandao, CRF, Paiva, RVS, 1995. Morphology and ultrastructure of the pygidial gland of the ant Dinoponera australis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia 39: 209 - 216" title="Morphology and ultrastructure of the pygidial gland of the ant Dinoponera australis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." volume="39" year="1995">Billen et al. (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
studied the morphology and ultrastructure of the pygidial gland of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">Dinoponera australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Due to the high diversity of compounds and systemic effects found by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Haddad Junior, V" journalOrPublisher="Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="235 - 238" publicationUrl="10.1590/S0036-46652005000400012" refId="B22" refString="Haddad Junior, V, Cardoso, JLC, Moraes, RHP, 2005. Description of an injury in a human caused by a false tocandira (Dinoponera gigantea, Perty, 1833) with a revision on folkloric, pharmacological and clinical aspects of the giant ants of the genera Paraponera and Dinoponera (sub-family Ponerinae). Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo 47: 235 - 238, 10.1590/S0036-46652005000400012" title="Description of an injury in a human caused by a false tocandira (Dinoponera gigantea, Perty, 1833) with a revision on folkloric, pharmacological and clinical aspects of the giant ants of the genera Paraponera and Dinoponera (sub-family Ponerinae)." url="10.1590/S0036-46652005000400012" volume="47" year="2005">Haddad et al. (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, venom of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be of use to the pharmaceutical industry. For instance,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sousa, PL" journalOrPublisher="Microscopy Research and Technique" pageId="40" pageNumber="159" refId="B65" refString="Sousa, PL, Quinet, YP, Ponte, EL, do, Vale JF, Torres, AFC, Pereira, MG, Assreuy, AMS, 2012. Venom's antinociceptive property in the primitive ant Dinoponera quadriceps. Journal of Ethnoparmacology." title="Venom's antinociceptive property in the primitive ant Dinoponera quadriceps. Journal of Ethnoparmacology." year="2012">Sousa et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
demonstrated in mice that venom from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kempf" authorityYear="1971" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadriceps">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">Dinoponera quadriceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had antinociceptive properties. The authors note that the local population of northeast Brazil uses dry crushed
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kempf" authorityYear="1971" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadriceps">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">Dinoponera quadriceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ants to treat earaches, and the stings of live ants are administered for back pain and rheumatism.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="130" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">
|
||
Several studies of the cytogenetics of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species have been conducted.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucida">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">Dinoponera lucida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may have the highest number of chromosomes within the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hymenoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
however the karyotype is variable between populations (2n=106-120) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mariano, CSF" journalOrPublisher="Naturwissenschaften" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="182 - 185" publicationUrl="10.1007/s00114-004-0514-z" refId="B31" refString="Mariano, CSF, Delabie, JHC, Ramos, LS, Lacau, S, Pompolo, SG, 2004. Dinoponera lucida Emery (Formicidae: Ponerinae): the highest number of chromosomes known in Hymenoptera. Naturwissenschaften 91: 182 - 185, 10.1007/s00114-004-0514-z" title="Dinoponera lucida Emery (Formicidae: Ponerinae): the highest number of chromosomes known in Hymenoptera." url="10.1007/s00114-004-0514-z" volume="91" year="2004">Mariano et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mariano, CSF" journalOrPublisher="Insect Conservation and Diversity" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="161 - 168" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1752-4598.2008.00022.x" refId="B32" refString="Mariano, CSF, Pompolo, SDG, Campos Barros, LA, Mariano-Neto, E, Campiolo, S, Delabie, JHC, 2008. A biogeographical study of the threatened ant Dinoponera lucida Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) using a cytogenetic approach. Insect Conservation and Diversity 1: 161 - 168, 10.1111/j.1752-4598.2008.00022.x" title="A biogeographical study of the threatened ant Dinoponera lucida Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) using a cytogenetic approach." url="10.1111/j.1752-4598.2008.00022.x" volume="1" year="2008">Mariano et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barros, LAC" journalOrPublisher="Comparative Cytogenetics" pageId="37" pageNumber="156" pagination="97 - 102" publicationUrl="10.3897/compcytogen.v3i2.16" refId="B4" refString="Barros, LAC, Mariano, CSF, Pompolo, SG, Delabie, JHC, 2009. Hsc-FA and NOR bandings on chromosomes of the giant ant Dinoponera lucida Emery, 1901 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Comparative Cytogenetics 3: 97 - 102, 10.3897/compcytogen.v3i2.16" title="Hsc-FA and NOR bandings on chromosomes of the giant ant Dinoponera lucida Emery, 1901 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." url="10.3897/compcytogen.v3i2.16" volume="3" year="2009">Barros et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mariano, CSF" journalOrPublisher="Insect Conservation and Diversity" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="161 - 168" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1752-4598.2008.00022.x" refId="B32" refString="Mariano, CSF, Pompolo, SDG, Campos Barros, LA, Mariano-Neto, E, Campiolo, S, Delabie, JHC, 2008. A biogeographical study of the threatened ant Dinoponera lucida Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) using a cytogenetic approach. Insect Conservation and Diversity 1: 161 - 168, 10.1111/j.1752-4598.2008.00022.x" title="A biogeographical study of the threatened ant Dinoponera lucida Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) using a cytogenetic approach." url="10.1111/j.1752-4598.2008.00022.x" volume="1" year="2008">Mariano et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
interpreted the karyotype differences between populations as being due to a division of the species into allopatric populations during the Quaternary. Variability in the karyotype within a described species has been found in the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="F. Smith" authorityYear="1858" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="? arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as well, and may represent cryp
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="130" start="start">tic</pageBreakToken>
|
||
species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mariano, CSF" journalOrPublisher="Psyche" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="1 - 9" refId="B33" refString="Mariano, CSF, Pompolo, SG, Silva, JG, Delabie, JHC, 2012. Contribution of cytogenetics to the debate on the paraphyly of Pachycondyla spp. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae). Psyche 2012: 1 - 9" title="Contribution of cytogenetics to the debate on the paraphyly of Pachycondyla spp. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae)." volume="2012" year="2012">Mariano et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Descriptions of the banding patterns on
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
chromosomes are provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barros, LAC" journalOrPublisher="Comparative Cytogenetics" pageId="37" pageNumber="156" pagination="97 - 102" publicationUrl="10.3897/compcytogen.v3i2.16" refId="B4" refString="Barros, LAC, Mariano, CSF, Pompolo, SG, Delabie, JHC, 2009. Hsc-FA and NOR bandings on chromosomes of the giant ant Dinoponera lucida Emery, 1901 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Comparative Cytogenetics 3: 97 - 102, 10.3897/compcytogen.v3i2.16" title="Hsc-FA and NOR bandings on chromosomes of the giant ant Dinoponera lucida Emery, 1901 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." url="10.3897/compcytogen.v3i2.16" volume="3" year="2009">Barros et al. (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="de Aguiar, HJAC" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" refId="B11" refString="de Aguiar, HJAC, Barros, LAC, dos Santos Ferreira Mariano, C, Delabie, JHC, das, Gracas Pompolo S, 2011. 45S rDNA localization for the giant ant Dinoponera gigantea with evolutionary inferences for the Dinoponera genus (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Sociobiology 57: 607." title="45 S rDNA localization for the giant ant Dinoponera gigantea with evolutionary inferences for the Dinoponera genus (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Sociobiology 57: 607." year="2011">de Aguiar et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belongs to the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The evolutionary position of the genus within
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
was resolved by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt, CA" journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="40" pageNumber="159" refId="B59" refString="Schmidt, CA, 2010. Molecular philogenetics and taxonomic revision of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae), Ph.D. thesis, University of Arizona (Tucson)." title="Molecular philogenetics and taxonomic revision of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae), Ph. D. thesis, University of Arizona (Tucson)." year="2010">Schmidt (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt, CA" journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="40" pageNumber="159" refId="B59" refString="Schmidt, CA, 2010. Molecular philogenetics and taxonomic revision of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae), Ph.D. thesis, University of Arizona (Tucson)." title="Molecular philogenetics and taxonomic revision of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae), Ph. D. thesis, University of Arizona (Tucson)." year="2010">Schmidt (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and karyotype analysis by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mariano, CSF" journalOrPublisher="Psyche" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="1 - 9" refId="B33" refString="Mariano, CSF, Pompolo, SG, Silva, JG, Delabie, JHC, 2012. Contribution of cytogenetics to the debate on the paraphyly of Pachycondyla spp. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae). Psyche 2012: 1 - 9" title="Contribution of cytogenetics to the debate on the paraphyly of Pachycondyla spp. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae)." volume="2012" year="2012">Mariano et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
's closest living relatives are in the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="F. Smith" authorityYear="1858" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="? arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group consisting of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="? arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassinoda">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Pachycondyla crassinoda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1804" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="? arthropoda" rank="species" species="harpax">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Pachycondyla harpax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fabricius, JC" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Entomology" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" refId="B17" refString="Fabricius, JC, 1804. Systema Piezatorum secundum ordines, genera, species, adjectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Brunswick: C. Reichard, xiv + 15-439 + 30 pp." title="Systema Piezatorum secundum ordines, genera, species, adjectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Brunswick: C. Reichard, xiv + 15 - 439 + 30 pp." year="1804">Fabricius 1804</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Roger" baseAuthorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="? arthropoda" rank="species" species="impressa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Pachycondyla impressa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Luederwaldt" authorityYear="1918" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="? arthropoda" rank="species" species="metanotalis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Pachycondyla metanotalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Luederwaldt, H" journalOrPublisher="Revista do Museu Paulista" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="29 - 64" refId="B29" refString="Luederwaldt, H, 1918. Notas myrmecologicas. Revista do Museu Paulista 10: 29 - 64" title="Notas myrmecologicas." volume="10" year="1918">Luederwaldt 1918</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="? arthropoda" rank="species" species="striata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Pachycondyla striata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, F" journalOrPublisher="Microscopy Research and Technique" pageId="40" pageNumber="159" refId="B63" refString="Smith, F, 1858. Catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. 6 Formicidae: 216 pp. London." title="Catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. 6 Formicidae: 216 pp. London." year="1858">Smith 1858</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Prior to the generation of well supported phylogenies other associations had been proposed.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carpenter, FM" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College" pageId="38" pageNumber="157" pagination="1 - 66" refId="B9" refString="Carpenter, FM, 1930. The fossil ants of North America. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 70: 1 - 66" title="The fossil ants of North America." volume="70" year="1930">Carpenter (1930)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that the fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1930" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Archiponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wheeleri">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Archiponera wheeleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Carpenter from the Miocene Florissant shale of Colorado may be an ancestor of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1858" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aethiopicus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Streblognathus aethiopicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, F" journalOrPublisher="Microscopy Research and Technique" pageId="40" pageNumber="159" refId="B63" refString="Smith, F, 1858. Catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. 6 Formicidae: 216 pp. London." title="Catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. 6 Formicidae: 216 pp. London." year="1858">Smith 1858</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Molecular data has shown that
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Carpenter’s">Carpenter's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1930) hypothesis is false (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt, CA" journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="40" pageNumber="159" refId="B59" refString="Schmidt, CA, 2010. Molecular philogenetics and taxonomic revision of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae), Ph.D. thesis, University of Arizona (Tucson)." title="Molecular philogenetics and taxonomic revision of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae), Ph. D. thesis, University of Arizona (Tucson)." year="2010">Schmidt 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Streblognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and its morphological similarity is purely convergence. The placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1930" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Archiponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wheeleri">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Archiponera wheeleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is still questionable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="130" type="key to the workers of dinoponera">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
Key to the workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<table inLine="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">1</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">Antero-inferior corner of pronotum with distinct tooth-like process (Fig. 1D)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">Antero-inferior corner of pronotum without tooth-like process (Fig. 1E)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">2</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">Head (Fig. 12B), sides of petiole and terga 1 and 2 of gaster smooth and polished, integument with bluish luster (Fig. 12A); southeastern coast of Brazil</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Dinoponera lucida</emphasis>
|
||
Emery
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">Head, lateral sides of the petiole and terga 1 and 2 of gaster finely micro-punctate/scaled (Fig. 12B)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">3</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">Total body length under 3 cm; Bolivia, Paraguay, northern Argentina and southern Brazil</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Dinoponera australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Emery
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">Total body length over 3 cm; Brazil, Peru, and Guyana</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Dinoponera gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Perty)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">4</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">
|
||
Body covered in bristle-like setae which are not flagellate (Fig. 1C);
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pará">Para</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Brazil
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lenhart & Dash & Mackay" authorityYear="2013" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hispida">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Dinoponera hispida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">Body covered in fine and flagellate setae (Fig. 1B)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">5</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">
|
||
Appressed golden yellow pubescence present on frons (Fig. 1A); Colombia south to
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Perú">Peru</normalizedToken>
|
||
to northern Brazil
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Dinoponera longipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Emery
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">Pubescence absent from frons or not golden yellow</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">6</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">Sides of head, lateral sides of the petiole and terga 1 and 2 of gaster finely micro-punctate/scaled (Fig. 12B); in profile antero-dorsal edge of petiole bulging (Fig. 1G); northeast Brazil</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kempf" authorityYear="1971" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadriceps">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Dinoponera quadriceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Santschi
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">Sides of head, sides of the petiole and terga 1 and 2 of gaster smooth, shiny and polished with no microsculpturing, integument with bluish luster (Fig. 12A); in profile petiole with even dorsal corners (Fig. 1F); eastern Bolivia, northern Paraguay and southwestern Brazil</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mutica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Dinoponera mutica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Emery
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="130" type="key to the known males of dinoponera">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
Key to the known males of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
(couplets 1 and 2 are included to easily separate males of other genera which are likely confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<table inLine="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">1</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">Total body length less than 15 mm</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="F. Smith" authorityYear="1858" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="? arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other poneroids
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">Total body length greater than 15 mm</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">2</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">Subpetiolar process in form of spine; pronotum heavily sculptured; palp formula 5:3</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="F.Smith" authorityYear="1858" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Paraponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="? arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Paraponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">Subpetiolar process without spine; pronotum shiny, microsculptured; palp formula 4:3</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">3</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">Ocelli protruding on occipital margin of head (Fig. 4A-D)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">Ocelli not protruding on occipital margin of head (Fig. 4E); Bolivia, Paraguay, northern Argentina and southern Brazil</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Dinoponera australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Emery
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">4</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">Setae on funiculus long and erect (Fig. 4F, G)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">Setae on funiculus short, stiff and subdecumbent, or minute pubescence present (Fig. 4H, I, J)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">5</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">Digitus volsellaris with toothless lobe at distal end (Fig. 10C); Brazil, Peru, and Guyana</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Dinoponera gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Perty)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">Digitus volsellaris without lobe at distal end (Fig. 10A); northeast Brazil</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kempf" authorityYear="1971" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadriceps">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Dinoponera quadriceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Santschi
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">6</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">
|
||
Pygidium terminating in narrow, elongate spine (Fig. 4M); penis valve of aedeagus wedge-shaped in lateral view (Fig. 11E); Colombia south to
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Perú">Peru</normalizedToken>
|
||
to north western Brazil
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Dinoponera longipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Emery
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">Pygidium terminating in short, broad, triangular angle (Fig. 4N); penis valve of aedeagus with distal flange and triangular ventral lobe (Fig. 11B); Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lenhart & Dash & Mackay" authorityYear="2013" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="snellingi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Dinoponera snellingi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="131" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" type="clave para la identificación de las obreras de dinoponera">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
Clave para la
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="identificación">identificacion</normalizedToken>
|
||
de las obreras de
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="131" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<table inLine="true" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="131" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">1</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">Esquina antero-inferior del pronoto con proceso en forma de diente distinto (Fig. 1D)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">Esquina antero-inferior del pronoto sin proceso en forma de diente (Fig. 1E)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">2</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">
|
||
Cabeza, lados laterales del
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="pecíolo">peciolo</normalizedToken>
|
||
, y tergos 1 y 2 del
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="gáster">gaster</normalizedToken>
|
||
lisos y brillantes, con reflexiones azules (Fig. 12A)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucida">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Dinoponera lucida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Emery
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">
|
||
Cabeza, lados laterales del
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="pecíolo">peciolo</normalizedToken>
|
||
, y las tergos 1 y 2 del
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="gáster">gaster</normalizedToken>
|
||
finamente punteados o con escamas finas (Fig. 12B), a veces con reflexiones azules
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">3</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">Largo total menos de 3 cms</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Dinoponera australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Emery
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">
|
||
Largo total
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="más">mas</normalizedToken>
|
||
de 3cms
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Dinoponera gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Perty)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">4</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">Cuerpo cubierto con pelos gruesos, no flagelados (Fig. 1C)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lenhart & Dash & Mackay" authorityYear="2013" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hispida">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="130">Dinoponera hispida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="12" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="12" pageNumber="131" start="start">-</pageBreakToken>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">Cuerpo cubierto con pelos finos y flagelados (Fig. 1B)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="12" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">5</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">Frente con pubescencia recostada y amarillo-dorada (Fig. 1A)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="131">Dinoponera longipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Emery
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="12" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">Frente sin pubescencia recostada y amarilla</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="12" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">6</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">
|
||
Lados de la cabeza, lados del
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="pecíolo">peciolo</normalizedToken>
|
||
y tergos 1 y 2 del
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="gáster">gaster</normalizedToken>
|
||
finamente punteados o con escamas finas (Fig. 12B);
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="pecíolo">peciolo</normalizedToken>
|
||
(en perfil) con el borde anterior-dorsal hinchado (Fig. 1G)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kempf" authorityYear="1971" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadriceps">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="131">Dinoponera quadriceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Santschi
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="12" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">
|
||
Lados de la cabeza, lados del
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="pecíolo">peciolo</normalizedToken>
|
||
y tergos 1 y 2 del
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="gáster">gaster</normalizedToken>
|
||
lisos, y brillantes, sin escultura fina, con reflexiones azules (Fig. 12A);
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="pecíolo">peciolo</normalizedToken>
|
||
(en perfil) con esquinas dorsales al mismo nivel (Fig. 1F)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mutica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="131">Dinoponera mutica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Emery
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="131" type="clave para la identificación de los machos conocidos de dinoponera">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="131">
|
||
Clave para la
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="identificación">identificacion</normalizedToken>
|
||
de los machos conocidos de
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="131">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<table inLine="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<tr pageId="12" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">1</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">Largo total menos de 15 mm</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="F. Smith" authorityYear="1858" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" phylum="? arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="131">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
y otros poneroides
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="12" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">
|
||
Largo total
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="más">mas</normalizedToken>
|
||
de 15 mm
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="12" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">2</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">Proceso subpetiolar en forma de espina; pronoto fuertemente esculturado; formula palpal 5:3</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="F.Smith" authorityYear="1858" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Paraponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" phylum="? arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="131">Paraponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="12" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">Proceso subpetiolar no en forma de espina; pronoto liso, microesculturado; formula palpal 4:3</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="12" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">3</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">Ocelos muy hinchados en el margen occipital de la cabeza (Fig. 4A-D)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="12" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">Ocelos no muy hinchados en el margen occipital de la cabeza (Fig. 4E)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="131">Dinoponera australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Emery
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="12" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">4</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Funículo">Funiculo</normalizedToken>
|
||
con pelos alargados y rectos (Fig. 4F, G)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="12" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Funículo">Funiculo</normalizedToken>
|
||
con pelos cortos,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="rígidos">rigidos</normalizedToken>
|
||
, y subdecumbentes, o con pubescencia diminuta (Fig. 4H, I, J)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="12" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">5</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lóbulo">Lobulo</normalizedToken>
|
||
del digito del volsela sin dientes en el
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="ápice">apice</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Fig. 10C)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="131">Dinoponera gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Perty)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="12" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">
|
||
Digito del volsela sin
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="lóbulo">lobulo</normalizedToken>
|
||
en el
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="ápice">apice</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Fig. 10A)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kempf" authorityYear="1971" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadriceps">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="131">Dinoponera quadriceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Santschi
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="12" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">6</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">
|
||
Pigidio terminando en un espina, alargada y delgada (Fig. 4M);
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="válvula">valvula</normalizedToken>
|
||
peneal del aedeago en forma de
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="cuña">cuna</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Visto en perfil) (Fig. 11E)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="131">Dinoponera longipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Emery
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="12" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">
|
||
Pigidio terminando en una espina corta y ancha, en forma de
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="triángulo">triangulo</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Fig. 4N);
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="válvula">valvula</normalizedToken>
|
||
peneal del aedeago con una reborde distal y un
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="lóbulo">lobulo</normalizedToken>
|
||
triangular ventral (Fig. 11B)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lenhart & Dash & Mackay" authorityYear="2013" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="snellingi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="131">Dinoponera snellingi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="132" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" type="chave para identificação de operários de dinoponera">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="131">
|
||
Chave para
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="identificação">identificacao</normalizedToken>
|
||
de
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="operários">operarios</normalizedToken>
|
||
de
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="131">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="132" pageId="12" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<table inLine="true" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="132" pageId="12" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<tr pageId="12" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">1</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">Esquina antero-inferior do pronoto com processo em forma de dente distinto (Fig. 1D)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="12" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">Esquina antero-inferior do pronoto sem processo em forma de dente (Fig. 1E)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="131" rowspan="1">4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="13" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="13" pageNumber="132" start="start">2</pageBreakToken>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cabeça">Cabeca</normalizedToken>
|
||
, lados laterais do
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="pecíolo">peciolo</normalizedToken>
|
||
, e tergas 1 e 2 do
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="gáster">gaster</normalizedToken>
|
||
lisos e brilhantes, com
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="reflexões">reflexoes</normalizedToken>
|
||
azuis (Fig. 12A)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucida">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="132">Dinoponera lucida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Emery
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="13" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
|
||
Cabeza, lados laterais do
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="pecíolo">peciolo</normalizedToken>
|
||
, e tergas 1 e 2 do
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="gáster">gaster</normalizedToken>
|
||
finamente ponteado ou com escamas finas (Fig. 12B)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="13" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">3</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">Comprido total menos 3 cms</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="132">Dinoponera australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Emery
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="13" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">Comprido total mais de 3 cms</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="132">Dinoponera gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Perty)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="13" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">4</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
|
||
Corpo cobrido com cogumelos em forma de cerdas, que
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="não">nao</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="são">sao</normalizedToken>
|
||
flagelados (Fig. 1C)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lenhart & Dash & Mackay" authorityYear="2013" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hispida">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="132">Dinoponera hispida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="13" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">Corpo cobrido com cogumelos finos e flagelados (Fig. 1B)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="13" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">5</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">Frons com pubescencia prendida e amarela-dourada (Fig. 1A)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="132">Dinoponera longipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Emery
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="13" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">Frons sem pubescencia amarelo prendido</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="13" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">6</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
|
||
Lados da
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="cabeça">cabeca</normalizedToken>
|
||
, lados do
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="pecíolo">peciolo</normalizedToken>
|
||
e tergas 1 e 2 do
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="gáster">gaster</normalizedToken>
|
||
finamente ponteados ou com escamas finas (Fig. 12B);
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="pecíolo">peciolo</normalizedToken>
|
||
(em perfil) com o margem anterior-dorsal hinchado (Fig. 1G)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kempf" authorityYear="1971" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadriceps">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="132">Dinoponera quadriceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Santschi
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="13" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
|
||
Lados da
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="cabeça">cabeca</normalizedToken>
|
||
, lados do
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="pecíolo">peciolo</normalizedToken>
|
||
e tergas 1 e 2 do
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="gáster">gaster</normalizedToken>
|
||
lisos e brilhantes, sem escultura fina, com
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="reflexões">reflexoes</normalizedToken>
|
||
azuis (Fig. 12A);
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="pecíolo">peciolo</normalizedToken>
|
||
(em perfil) com esquinas dorsais ao mesmo
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="nível">nivel</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Fig. 1F)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mutica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="132">Dinoponera mutica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Emery
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="132" type="chave para identificação de machos de dinoponera">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="132">
|
||
Chave para
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="identificação">identificacao</normalizedToken>
|
||
de machos de
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="132">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<table inLine="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<tr pageId="13" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">1</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">Comprido total menos de 15mm</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="F. Smith" authorityYear="1858" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" phylum="? arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="132">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
e outro poneromorfos
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="13" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">Comprido total mais de 15 mm</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="13" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">2</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">Proceso subpetiolar em forma de espinha; pronoto fortemente esculturado; formula palpular 5:3</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="F.Smith" authorityYear="1858" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Paraponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" phylum="? arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="132">Paraponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="13" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
|
||
Processo subpetiolar
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="não">nao</normalizedToken>
|
||
em forma de espinha; pronoto liso, microesculturado; formula para palpular 4:3
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="13" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">3</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
|
||
Ocelos na margem occipital da
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="cabeça">cabeca</normalizedToken>
|
||
muito inchados (Fig. 4A-D)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="13" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
|
||
Ocelos na margem occipital da
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="cabeça">cabeca</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="não">nao</normalizedToken>
|
||
muito inchados (Fig. 4E)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="132">Dinoponera australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Emery
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="13" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">4</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Funículo">Funiculo</normalizedToken>
|
||
com cogumelos alongados e retos (Fig. 4F, G)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="13" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Funículo">Funiculo</normalizedToken>
|
||
com cogumelos curtos,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="rígidos">rigidos</normalizedToken>
|
||
, e subdecumbentes, ou com pubescencia minuta (Fig. 4H, I, J)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="13" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">5</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lóbulo">Lobulo</normalizedToken>
|
||
do
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="dígito">digito</normalizedToken>
|
||
do volsela sem dentes no
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="ápice">apice</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Fig. 10C)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="132">Dinoponera gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Perty)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="13" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dígito">Digito</normalizedToken>
|
||
do volsela sem
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="lóbulo">lobulo</normalizedToken>
|
||
no
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="ápice">apice</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Fig. 10A)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kempf" authorityYear="1971" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadriceps">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="132">Dinoponera quadriceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Santschi
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="13" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">6</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
|
||
Pigidio acabado numa espinha, alongada e delgada (Fig. 4M);
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="válvula">valvula</normalizedToken>
|
||
penal do aedeago em forma de cunha (visto em perfil) (Fig. 11 E)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="132">Dinoponera longipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Emery
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="13" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
|
||
Pigidio acabado numa espinha apara e alarga, em forma de
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="triângulo">triangulo</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Fig. 4N);
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="válvula">valvula</normalizedToken>
|
||
penal do aedeago com um reborde distal e um
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="lóbulo">lobulo</normalizedToken>
|
||
triangular ventral (Fig. 11B)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lenhart & Dash & Mackay" authorityYear="2013" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="snellingi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="132">Dinoponera snellingi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |