200 lines
22 KiB
XML
200 lines
22 KiB
XML
<document id="8166FD6775AA341F52666EA2FD99D3E1" ID-CLB-Dataset="298900" ID-DOI="10.1643/ci-18-055" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4919bfd6-3d35-48b9-9421-c852fa35abab" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12536069" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="julia" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="julia" IM.metadata_approvedBy="julia" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="julia" IM.treatments_approvedBy="julia" checkinTime="1719340789171" checkinUser="julia" docAuthor="Ma, Ka Yan & Craig, Matthew T." docDate="2018" docId="03FEC024E12EDF39FCB83C1B6CE1FF13" docLanguage="en" docName="copeia.106.3.443-456.pdf" docOrigin="Copeia 106 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/ci-18-055" docTitle="Plectropomus Oken 1817" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="452" masterDocId="FFC7B85CE126DF33FFE33B236D19FFA4" masterDocTitle="An Inconvenient Monophyly: An Update on the Taxonomy of the Groupers (Epinephelidae)" masterLastPageNumber="456" masterPageNumber="443" pageNumber="451" updateTime="1719854615312" updateUser="julia">
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<mods:mods id="B3DD212845C024D126FCE01A20AD511F" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="AE53C304422A43B386873E48629A34C3">
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<mods:title id="A86A68C5C6F277400AA6EDF3F761C535">An Inconvenient Monophyly: An Update on the Taxonomy of the Groupers (Epinephelidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="9C7F8DA62FC663A576658C243F35AB92" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="8723648B579EB51D10C5E7334A36B00A">
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<mods:roleTerm id="06038B8FF9168A01EB83A39A5856CB90">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="5E9CB46E39C380CB18F20631AB71C641">Ma, Ka Yan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F4337370DC3A66B7872C2FC206CB5641">Simon F. S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, 999077, Hong Kong SAR.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="DBEE1CFEAD82C3B311ECEFFFA469B6F3" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="8D03D801C42588D05FCD38533E0CFCD0">
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<mods:roleTerm id="A259D1A8102EF6704ACE212404B8FE35">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="421DCD3D8CB067D4E7466669071085F9">Craig, Matthew T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="071321261CAF11C5B7B63ABA93F6A8A2">2 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, California 92037</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="36B1903CBE8BEA873F2452389C338178" type="email">matthew.craig@noaa.gov.</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="A64F550D4A39E150EEDD10EFF31150ED">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="8677D5828653B107E3299BE9BA30E073">
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<mods:title id="AC470B38B76E3F3CB7F1C794C257968A">Copeia</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="BE9FE214C73B8E75A12F2C112034DBD3">
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<mods:date id="E140AACA1CEA54F228173898CD69BC9F">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="D825D98337422005813B9FDD881AC382">2018-10-31</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="4B6D03D7DC780A691474B03F15F35894" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="5B4DBA8A422C0E33E9924B749A3DBA61">106</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="0C2E88BB46BD1FDD4EC3D8675A78B909" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="DE1EF8C93A236346CD8CBD541329C1CB">3</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent id="B0698ECD40B9CDC1B8203E4D0976C0CE" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="ADCBDD4F0B22E8A041C15343D93519BD">443</mods:start>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:location id="00BDF04C1F2EE20DFAD9FFA722390530">
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<mods:url id="D9570B95CCE81AB5BB98EF0DCB6FB2C2">http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/ci-18-055</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification id="F9B115AEE9BB20E4405914376236EC28">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="1028B2B89ED945A051DE02B8372013BF" type="CLB-Dataset">298900</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="F391566E4CDC4E5A7F725F955D00654E" type="DOI">10.1643/ci-18-055</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="AAFBC776F550C62A62BB1EC448051004" type="Zenodo-Dep">12536069</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03FEC024E12EDF39FCB83C1B6CE1FF13" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12536324" ID-GBIF-Taxon="233767945" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12536324" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FEC024E12EDF39FCB83C1B6CE1FF13" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FEC024E12EDF39FCB83C1B6CE1FF13" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="452" pageId="8" pageNumber="451">
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<subSubSection id="C34D22B9E12EDF3BFCB83C1B6986F8EB" box="[859,1183,1848,1871]" pageId="8" pageNumber="451" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE87132E12EDF3BFCB83C1B6986F8EB" blockId="8.[859,1530,1848,2024]" box="[859,1183,1848,1871]" pageId="8" pageNumber="451">
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E12EDF3BFCB83C1B6EECF8EB" ID-CoL="6SD4" authority="Oken, 1817" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1817" box="[859,1013,1848,1871]" family="Epinephelidae" genus="Plectropomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E12EDF3BFCB83C1B6EECF8EB" box="[859,1013,1848,1871]" pageId="8" pageNumber="451">Plectropomus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E12EDF3BFBE73C1B6986F8EB" box="[1028,1183,1848,1871]" pageId="8" pageNumber="451">and Its Allies.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34D22B9E12EDF39FB7C3C1B6CE1FF13" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="453" pageId="8" pageNumber="451" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE87132E12EDF3AFB7C3C1B6CAAF829" blockId="8.[859,1530,1848,2024]" lastBlockId="9.[103,773,1522,2024]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="452" pageId="8" pageNumber="451">
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—The genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E12EDF3BFAD83C1B68DBF8EA" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1817" box="[1339,1474,1848,1870]" family="Serranidae" genus="Plectropomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E12EDF3BFAD83C1B68DBF8EA" box="[1339,1474,1848,1870]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="451">Plectropomus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was recovered as monophyletic; however, both the monotypic
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E12EDF3BFCB83C566EFEF82F" box="[859,999,1909,1931]" family="Serranidae" genus="Gonioplectrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E12EDF3BFCB83C566EFEF82F" box="[859,999,1909,1931]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="451">Gonioplectrus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E12EDF3BFBC23C56696AF82F" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1964" box="[1057,1139,1909,1931]" family="Serranidae" genus="Saloptia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E12EDF3BFBC23C56696AF82F" box="[1057,1139,1909,1931]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="451">Saloptia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are included in a larger monophyletic clade. All three genera share a relatively low dorsal-fin spine count (7–8 vs. 9–11 in the remaining grouper genera). Smith (1964), Leis (1986), and Heemstra and Randall (1993) hypothesized a close relationship between
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E12FDF3AFD953ED16FD3F9AC" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1964" box="[630,714,1522,1544]" family="Serranidae" genus="Saloptia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E12FDF3AFD953ED16FD3F9AC" box="[630,714,1522,1544]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="452">Saloptia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E12FDF3AFF843D336DF7F982" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1817" box="[103,238,1552,1574]" family="Serranidae" genus="Plectropomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E12FDF3AFF843D336DF7F982" box="[103,238,1552,1574]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="452">Plectropomus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Species in these genera are the only groupers with a single supraneural bone, low dorsal-fin spine count, three large antrorse spines on the lower edge of the preopercle, and only 13 branched caudal-fin rays.
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E12FDF3AFD513D496E1DF924" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1964" box="[690,772,1642,1664]" family="Serranidae" genus="Saloptia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E12FDF3AFD513D496E1DF924" box="[690,772,1642,1664]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="452">Saloptia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has been treated as a monotypic genus on the basis of the relative strength of the median fin spines (‘‘strong’’ in
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E12FDF3AFF843DE76DA0F97E" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1964" box="[103,185,1732,1754]" family="Serranidae" genus="Saloptia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E12FDF3AFF843DE76DA0F97E" box="[103,185,1732,1754]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="452">Saloptia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and ‘‘weak’’ in
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E12FDF3AFE8C3DE76CEFF97E" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1817" box="[367,502,1732,1754]" family="Serranidae" genus="Plectropomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E12FDF3AFE8C3DE76CEFF97E" box="[367,502,1732,1754]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="452">Plectropomus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; Heemstra and Randall, 1993) and an absence of enlarged canine teeth on the lower jaw. Given the numerous synapomorphies shared by these genera, the argument for retaining
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E12FDF3AFE0C3C3D6F48F897" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1964" box="[495,593,1821,1843]" family="Serranidae" genus="Saloptia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="powelli">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E12FDF3AFE0C3C3D6F48F897" box="[495,593,1821,1843]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="452">S. powelli</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in a monotypic genus is relatively weak. The loss of canine teeth appears to be an autapomorphic character and is insufficient to exclude the species from
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E12FDF3AFEC63C546CB5F829" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1817" box="[293,428,1911,1933]" family="Serranidae" genus="Plectropomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E12FDF3AFEC63C546CB5F829" box="[293,428,1911,1933]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="452">Plectropomus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF2821BAE12FDF3AFB903E40684CFA08" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12536102" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12536102" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12536102/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="452" startId="9.[1139,1167,1379,1399]" targetBox="[103,1090,131,1446]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="8BE87132E12FDF3AFB903E40684CFA08" blockId="9.[1139,1490,1378,1452]" pageId="9" pageNumber="452">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E12FDF3AFB903E4069ABFA08" bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="452">
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FIG. 7.
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E12FDF3AFB5C3E416898FAD2" baseAuthorityName="Valenciennes" baseAuthorityYear="1828" box="[1215,1409,1378,1398]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altivelis">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E12FDF3AFB5C3E416898FAD2" bold="true" box="[1215,1409,1378,1398]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="452">Epinephelus altivelis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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juvenile (top) and adult (bottom). Photographs
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</emphasis>
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©
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E12FDF3AFB323EBB684CFA08" authority="Myers." authorityName="Myers." box="[1233,1365,1432,1452]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Robert" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="452" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Robert Myers.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BE87132E12FDF3AFF9C3CB56912F8A3" blockId="9.[103,773,1522,2024]" lastBlockId="9.[820,1491,1522,2024]" pageId="9" pageNumber="452">
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The monotypic genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E12FDF3AFE9D3CB56F13F808" box="[382,522,1942,1964]" family="Serranidae" genus="Gonioplectrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E12FDF3AFE9D3CB56F13F808" box="[382,522,1942,1964]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="452">Gonioplectrus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is also present in this clade (clade A,
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<figureCitation id="136C6DB7E12FDF3AFEEC3C976C4CF86D" box="[271,341,1972,1994]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="3.[103,131,1851,1871]" captionTargetBox="[217,1376,130,1821]" captionTargetId="figure-1@3.[217,1376,130,1821]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIG. 1. Majority rule consensus cladogram of maximum likelihood analysis, reconstructed using RAxML with 1000 bootstrap replicates following Ma et al. (2016). Numbers at nodes represent bootstrap support values (%)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12536076" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12536076/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="452">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="136C6DB7E12FDF3AFE873C906C6DF86E" box="[356,372,1971,1994]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[142,170,1851,1871]" captionTargetBox="[213,1458,130,1821]" captionTargetId="figure-0@4.[213,1458,130,1821]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 2. Bayesian inference phylogram reconstructed using MrBayes following Ma et al. (2016). Numbers on branches represent posterior probabilities." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12536081" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12536081/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="452">2</figureCitation>
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). This is not entirely surprising as it shares the low number of dorsal-fin spines (8) with species of
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E12FDF3AFCD73ED16947F9AC" box="[820,1118,1522,1544]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="452">
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E12FDF3AFCD73ED16EA6F9AC" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1817" box="[820,959,1522,1544]" family="Serranidae" genus="Plectropomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Plectropomus</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E12FDF3AFC313ED16947F9AC" box="[978,1118,1522,1544]" family="Serranidae" genus="Gonioplectrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gonioplectrus</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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has two well-developed supraneurals (versus only one in
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E12FDF3AFB9C3D31681FF98C" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1817" box="[1151,1286,1554,1576]" family="Serranidae" genus="Plectropomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E12FDF3AFB9C3D31681FF98C" box="[1151,1286,1554,1576]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="452">Plectropomus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E12FDF3AFAAA3D316882F98C" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1964" box="[1353,1435,1554,1576]" family="Serranidae" genus="Saloptia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E12FDF3AFAAA3D316882F98C" box="[1353,1435,1554,1576]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="452">Saloptia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), 15 branched caudal-fin rays (versus 13 in
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E12FDF3AFAF23D116881F9EC" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1817" box="[1297,1432,1586,1608]" family="Serranidae" genus="Plectropomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B923AD20E12FDF3AFAF23D116881F9EC" box="[1297,1432,1586,1608]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="452">Plectropomus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E12FDF3AFCD73D716E9FF9CC" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1964" box="[820,902,1618,1640]" family="Serranidae" genus="Saloptia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E12FDF3AFCD73D716E9FF9CC" box="[820,902,1618,1640]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="452">Saloptia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), a prominent knob on the lower corner of the maxilla (absent in
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E12FDF3AFBE93D51682AF92C" authority=", Plectropomus" authorityName="Plectropomus" box="[1034,1331,1650,1672]" family="Serranidae" genus="Cephalopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E12FDF3AFBE93D516982F92C" box="[1034,1179,1650,1672]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="452">Cephalopholis</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E12FDF3AFB4F3D51682AF92C" box="[1196,1331,1650,1672]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="452">Plectropomus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E12FDF3AFA943D5168D0F92C" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1964" box="[1399,1481,1650,1672]" family="Serranidae" genus="Saloptia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923AD20E12FDF3AFA943D5168D0F92C" box="[1399,1481,1650,1672]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="452">Saloptia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and unique cranial morphology (Heemstra and Randall, 1993). Given these differences,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E12FDF3AFB763D926838F963" box="[1173,1313,1713,1735]" family="Serranidae" genus="Gonioplectrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923AD20E12FDF3AFB763D926838F963" box="[1173,1313,1713,1735]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="452">Gonioplectrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be a related, but distinct genus and is retained for the single species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E12FDF3AFC6B3DD1691CF8A3" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1828" box="[904,1029,1777,1799]" family="Serranidae" genus="Gonioplectrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hispanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923AD20E12FDF3AFC6B3DD1691CF8A3" box="[904,1029,1777,1799]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="452">G. hispanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE87132E12FDF39FCAF3C316CE1FF13" blockId="9.[820,1491,1522,2024]" lastBlockId="10.[142,812,131,183]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="453" pageId="9" pageNumber="452">
|
||
Also included in the monophyletic clade A (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C6DB7E12FDF3AFAB93C316882F88D" box="[1370,1435,1810,1833]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="3.[103,131,1851,1871]" captionTargetBox="[217,1376,130,1821]" captionTargetId="figure-1@3.[217,1376,130,1821]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIG. 1. Majority rule consensus cladogram of maximum likelihood analysis, reconstructed using RAxML with 1000 bootstrap replicates following Ma et al. (2016). Numbers at nodes represent bootstrap support values (%)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12536076" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12536076/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="452">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
) are members of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E12FDF3AFBD83C11699CF8EC" authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1839" box="[1083,1157,1842,1864]" family="Serranidae" genus="Variola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923AD20E12FDF3AFBD83C11699CF8EC" box="[1083,1157,1842,1864]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="452">Variola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. With nine dorsal-fin spines, this genus would seem to be closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E12FDF3AFAD93C7168D2F8CC" box="[1338,1483,1874,1896]" family="Serranidae" genus="Cephalopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923AD20E12FDF3AFAD93C7168D2F8CC" box="[1338,1483,1874,1896]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="452">Cephalopholis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; however, it is clear from the analyses that this is not the case. Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E12FDF3AFC583CB1691FF80C" authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1839" box="[955,1030,1938,1960]" family="Serranidae" genus="Variola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923AD20E12FDF3AFC583CB1691FF80C" box="[955,1030,1938,1960]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="452">Variola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are the only grouper species with a pronounced, lunate tail. While closely allied with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E12FDF3AFA8D3C926E46F843" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1817" family="Serranidae" genus="Plectropomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923AD20E12FDF3AFA8D3C926E46F843" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="452">Plectropomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E12FDF3AFC473CF26929F843" box="[932,1072,2001,2023]" family="Serranidae" genus="Gonioplectrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923AD20E12FDF3AFC473CF26929F843" box="[932,1072,2001,2023]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="452">Gonioplectrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E12FDF3AFB203CF26814F843" authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1839" box="[1219,1293,2001,2023]" family="Serranidae" genus="Variola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923AD20E12FDF3AFB203CF26814F843" box="[1219,1293,2001,2023]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="452">Variola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be a distinct group among the groupers with low dorsal-fin spine counts and is therefore retained.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |