treatments-xml/data/03/DC/09/03DC095CFFD53313CAD8E68B84A5FDCB.xml

<document id="826769DA6BB2919013B0F1C6D827F1E4" ID-ISSN="1175­5334" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629678646461" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Melika, George, Pujade-Villar, Juli, Abe, Yoshihisa, Tang, Chang-Ti, Nicholls, James, Wachi, Nakatada, Ide, Tatsuya, Yang, Man-Miao, Pénzes, Zsolt, Csóka, György &amp; Stone, Graham N." docDate="2010" docId="03DC095CFFD53313CAD8E68B84A5FDCB" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02470p079.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2470" docStyle="DocumentStyle:D239614CE4198176A422035174489AB1.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.monograph" docStyleId="D239614CE4198176A422035174489AB1" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.monograph" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Pseudoneuroterus nichollsi Melika &amp; Pujade-Villar &amp; Abe &amp; Tang &amp; Nicholls &amp; Wachi &amp; Ide &amp; Yang &amp; Pénzes &amp; Csóka &amp; Stone 2010, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="18" masterDocId="FFE57124FFDA3302CA4FE53C8719FF89" masterDocTitle="2470" masterLastPageNumber="79" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="16" updateTime="1699094741932" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<paragraph id="8BCAB84AFFD5330DCAD8E68B8452FC58" blockId="15.[151,843,951,1012]" box="[151,843,951,977]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<heading id="D0820F26FFD5330DCAD8E68B8452FC58" bold="true" box="[151,843,951,977]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C75C3C9FFD5330DCAD8E68B85B7FC58" authority="Melika &amp; Stone" authorityName="Melika &amp; Pujade-Villar &amp; Abe &amp; Tang &amp; Nicholls &amp; Wachi &amp; Ide &amp; Yang &amp; Pénzes &amp; Csóka &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2010" box="[151,686,951,977]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Pseudoneuroterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nichollsi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9016458FFD5330DCAD8E68B86FBFC58" bold="true" box="[151,482,951,977]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pseudoneuroterus nichollsi</emphasis>
Melika &amp; Stone
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, 
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<paragraph id="8BCAB84AFFD5330DCAD8E6E686E4FC7D" blockId="15.[151,843,951,1012]" box="[151,509,986,1012]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<figureCitation id="134EA4CFFFD5330DCAD8E6E68604FC7D" box="[151,285,986,1012]" captionStart="FIGURES 91–96" captionStartId="54.[151,269,1486,1510]" captionTargetBox="[165,1418,223,1435]" captionTargetId="figure-45@54.[151,1436,194,1462]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURES 91–96. Pseudoneuroterus nichollsi, new species, asexual female: 91, head, anterior view; 92, clypeus; 93, head, posterior view; 94, head, dorsal view; 95, antenna; 96, forewing." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 91–96</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="134EA4CFFFD5330DCB66E6E6869AFC7D" box="[297,387,986,1012]" captionStart="FIGURES 97–101" captionStartId="55.[151,269,1824,1848]" captionTargetBox="[169,1405,222,1781]" captionTargetId="figure-52@55.[151,1436,194,1800]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="FIGURES 97–101. Pseudoneuroterus nichollsi, new species, asexual female: 97, mesosoma, dorsal view, 98, mesosoma, lateral view; 99, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view; 100, metasoma, lateral view; 101, ventral spine of hypopygium, lateral view." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">97–101</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="134EA4CFFFD5330DCBC0E6E686E0FC7D" box="[399,505,986,1012]" captionStart="FIGURES 102–105" captionStartId="56.[151,269,1426,1450]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1402]" captionTargetId="figure-32@56.[151,1436,194,1402]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURES 102–105. Pseudoneuroterus nichollsi, new species, asexual female, gall (photos by M. Tavakoli)." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">102–105</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCAB84AFFD5330DCAD8E1168446FB35" blockId="15.[151,1437,1066,2012]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B9016458FFD5330DCAD8E1168655FBCD" bold="true" box="[151,332,1066,1092]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Type material.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B1DB217FFD5330DCB1CE1168611FBE5" collectingDate="2008-09" collectorName="M. Tavakoli" country="Iran" location="Lorestan" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Lorestan" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="54CE06E8FFD5330DCB1CE11686F7FBCD" box="[339,494,1066,1092]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
female: 
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, 
<collectingRegion id="49B176A8FFD5330DC8E6E116840BFBCD" box="[681,786,1066,1092]" country="Iran" name="Lorestan" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Lorestan</collectingRegion>
, Kaka-Sharaf, ex 
<taxonomicName id="4C75C3C9FFD5330DC9ADE116834CFBCA" box="[994,1109,1066,1091]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brantii">
<emphasis id="B9016458FFD5330DC9ADE116834CFBCA" box="[994,1109,1066,1091]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Q. brantii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; coll. 
<collectorName id="2680DD9CFFD5330DCED1E1168236FBCD" box="[1182,1327,1066,1092]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. Tavakoli</collectorName>
, 
<date id="FFCB9E8AFFD5330DCF75E1168611FBE5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2008-09">
<collectingDate id="EF8F6762FFD5330DCF75E1168611FBE5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2008-09">September 2008</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
. 
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: 
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: 
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with the same label as the 
<typeStatus id="54CE06E8FFD5330DCE0CE16E83B4FBE5" box="[1091,1197,1106,1132]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
; 
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<specimenCount id="9D7373C3FFD5330DCEF0E16E8222FBE5" box="[1215,1339,1106,1132]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="female">5 females</specimenCount>
: 
<collectingCountry id="F362F8DAFFD5330DCF02E16E8281FBE5" box="[1357,1432,1106,1132]" name="Iran" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">IRAN</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49B176A8FFD5330DCAD8E1468619FB1D" box="[151,256,1146,1172]" country="Iran" name="Lorestan" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Lorestan</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BAE2230FFD5330DCB42E1468672FB1D" box="[269,363,1146,1172]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ghelaie</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location id="8EAAEE91FFD5330DCB36E14686BCFB1D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DC095CFFD53313CAD8E68B84A5FDCB:8EAAEE91FFD5330DCB36E14686BCFB1D" box="[377,421,1146,1172]" country="Iran" municipality="Ghelaie" name="Lor" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" stateProvince="Lorestan">Lor</location>
456, ex 
<taxonomicName id="4C75C3C9FFD5330DC84BE1478563FB1D" box="[516,634,1147,1172]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brantii">
<emphasis id="B9016458FFD5330DC84BE1478563FB1D" box="[516,634,1147,1172]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Q. brantii</emphasis>
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; coll. 
<collectorName id="2680DD9CFFD5330DC888E1468443FB1D" box="[711,858,1146,1172]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. Tavakoli</collectorName>
, 
<date id="FFCB9E8AFFD5330DC927E1468335FB1D" box="[872,1068,1146,1172]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2008-09">
<collectingDate id="EF8F6762FFD5330DC927E1468335FB1D" box="[872,1068,1146,1172]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2008-09">September 2008</collectingDate>
</date>
. 
<collectorName id="2680DD9CFFD5330DCE76E146837FFB1D" box="[1081,1126,1146,1172]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">The</collectorName>
<typeStatus id="54CE06E8FFD5330DCE20E14683CFFB1D" box="[1135,1238,1146,1172]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and
</materialsCitation>
<specimenCount id="9D7373C3FFD5330DCF5DE14687EBFB35" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="female" typeStatus="paratype">11 paratype females</specimenCount>
are deposited in PDL, 
<materialsCitation id="3B1DB217FFD5330DC84FE19E8442FB35" box="[512,859,1186,1212]" collectionCode="USNM" country="Iran" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2" stateProvince="Lorestan" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="9D7373C3FFD5330DC84FE19E85C4FB35" box="[512,733,1186,1212]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="female" typeStatus="paratype">2 paratype females</specimenCount>
in 
<collectionCode id="ED64208FFFD5330DC94CE19E8442FB35" box="[771,859,1186,1212]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BCAB84AFFD5330DCA8AE1F68391FA85" blockId="15.[151,1437,1066,2012]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B9016458FFD5330DCA8AE1F68648FB6D" bold="true" box="[197,337,1226,1252]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Etymology.</emphasis>
In recognition of the continuing contribution of Dr. James Nicholls (Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of 
<collectingRegion id="49B176A8FFD5330DCBEAE1CE853AFA85" box="[421,547,1266,1292]" country="United Kingdom" name="City of Edinburgh" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Edinburgh</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49B176A8FFD5330DC861E1CE85B5FA85" box="[558,684,1266,1292]" country="United Kingdom" name="City of Edinburgh" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Edinburgh</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F362F8DAFFD5330DC8F7E1CE8439FA85" box="[696,800,1266,1292]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Scotland</collectingCountry>
) to research on oak gallwasps.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36FEBC1FFD5330DCA8AE0268424F9FD" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BCAB84AFFD5330DCA8AE0268424F9FD" blockId="15.[151,1437,1066,2012]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B9016458FFD5330DCA8AE026865DFABD" bold="true" box="[197,324,1306,1332]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Most closely resembles 
<taxonomicName id="4C75C3C9FFD5330DC82AE027840CFABD" authorityName="Pujade-Villar et al." authorityYear="2004" baseAuthorityName="Hartig" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[613,789,1307,1332]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Pseudoneuroterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macropterus">
<emphasis id="B9016458FFD5330DC82AE027840CFABD" box="[613,789,1307,1332]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P.macropterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, however, in 
<taxonomicName id="4C75C3C9FFD5330DC9FBE0278342FABD" authority="Rs" authorityName="Melika &amp; Pujade-Villar &amp; Abe &amp; Tang &amp; Nicholls &amp; Wachi &amp; Ide &amp; Yang &amp; Pénzes &amp; Csóka &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2010" box="[948,1115,1306,1332]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Pseudoneuroterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nichollsi">
<emphasis id="B9016458FFD5330DC9FBE027832FFABD" box="[948,1078,1307,1332]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. nichollsi</emphasis>
Rs
</taxonomicName>
+M distinct, reaching basalis in lower 1/3, veins around the areolet with smoky dark stripes; the metasoma is nearly 2.0 times as high as long, the prominent part of the ventral spine of the hypopygium is very short, as long as broad, while in 
<taxonomicName id="4C75C3C9FFD5330DCFC9E0578648FA25" authority="Rs" authorityName="Rs" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Pseudoneuroterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macropterus">
<emphasis id="B9016458FFD5330DCFC9E0578633FA25" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. macropterus</emphasis>
Rs
</taxonomicName>
+M indistinct, never reach basalis, its projection pointed into lower half of the basalis, veins around the areolet without smoky dark stripes; the metasoma definitely less than 2.0 times higher than long, as the prominent part of the ventral spine of the hypopygium is longer, at least 3.0 times as long as broad. The galls are somewhat reminiscent of those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C75C3C9FFD5330DC8DEE3378384F9AD" authority="Melika, Tavakoli &amp; Sadeghi" authorityName="Melika, Tavakoli &amp; Sadeghi" box="[657,1181,1546,1572]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stonei">
<emphasis id="B9016458FFD5330DC8DEE3378451F9AD" box="[657,840,1547,1572]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Andricus stonei</emphasis>
Melika, Tavakoli &amp; Sadeghi
</taxonomicName>
, however, the latter is found on the section 
<taxonomicName id="4C75C3C9FFD5330DCBC3E30E86F4F9C5" box="[396,493,1586,1612]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Quercus</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9016458FFD5330DCBBAE30F8591F9C5" box="[501,648,1587,1612]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A232D923FFD5330DCBBAE30F8591F9C5" box="[501,648,1587,1612]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
oak 
<taxonomicName id="4C75C3C9FFD5330DC88EE30F84A8F9C5" authority="Olivier" authorityName="Olivier" box="[705,945,1586,1612]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="infectoria">
<emphasis id="B9016458FFD5330DC88EE30F844EF9C5" box="[705,855,1587,1612]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Q. infectoria</emphasis>
Olivier
</taxonomicName>
and never with the section Cerris oaks 
<taxonomicName id="4C75C3C9FFD5330DCF30E30F862CF9FD" authority="Lindl." authorityName="Lindl." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brantii">
<emphasis id="B9016458FFD5330DCF30E30F87FEF9FD" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Q. brantii</emphasis>
Lindl.
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="4C75C3C9FFD5330DCB13E3678420F9FD" authority="Olivier (Azizkhani et al. 2006)" box="[348,825,1626,1652]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="libani">
<emphasis id="B9016458FFD5330DCB13E36786DDF9FD" box="[348,452,1627,1652]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Q. libani</emphasis>
Olivier (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE4C5BBFFD5330DC862E3668428F9FD" author="Azizkhani, E. &amp; Rasoulian, G. - R. &amp; Kharazi-Pardel, A. &amp; Tavakoli, M. &amp; Sadeghi, S. E. &amp; Melika, G. &amp; Stone, G. N. &amp; Atkinson, R." box="[557,817,1626,1652]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="161 - 197" refId="ref31808" refString="Azizkhani, E., Rasoulian, G. - R., Kharazi-Pardel, A., Tavakoli, M., Sadeghi, S. E., Melika, G., Stone, G. N. &amp; Atkinson, R. (2006) New species of oak gall wasps from Zagross Mountains of Iran (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini). Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 67, 161 - 197." type="journal article" year="2006">
Azizkhani 
<emphasis id="B9016458FFD5330DC8E0E36785F3F9FD" box="[687,746,1627,1652]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36FEBC1FFD53313CA8AE3BE8562FEDB" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BCAB84AFFD5330DCA8AE3BE8222F94D" blockId="15.[151,1437,1066,2012]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B9016458FFD5330DCA8AE3BE8644F915" bold="true" box="[197,349,1666,1692]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Description.</emphasis>
ASEXUAL FEMALE (
<typeStatus id="54CE06E8FFD5330DC837E3BE85FCF915" box="[632,741,1666,1692]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
). Body and antenna black, femurs black in basal 2/3, brown in distal 1/3; tibiae and tarsi dark brown. Head and mesosoma with uniformly dense long white setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCAB84AFFD53312CA8AE3EE827FFD1B" blockId="15.[151,1437,1066,2012]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1437,152,2020]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Head delicately coriaceous, 2.1 times as broad as long from above; 1.4 times as broad as high in anterior view and equal or very slightly broader than width of mesosoma. Gena delicately micropunctate, broadened behind eye, well visible in anterior view behind eye, 2.0 times narrower than cross diameter of eye. Malar space delicately micropunctate, with dense setae, without striae and malar sulcus, 0.3 times as long as height of eye. POL 1.5 times as long as OOL; OOL 3.0 times as long as diameter of lateral ocellus, 4.2 times as long as LOL; ocelli slightly ovate, equal in size and shape. Transfacial distance 1.3 times as long as height of eye and 1.9 times as long as height of lower face (distance between antennal rim and ventral margin of clypeus); diameter of antennal socket equal to distance between sockets, distance between socket and eye margin very slightly shorter than diameter of socket. Lower face coriaceous, with strongly elevated median area and dense setae. Clypeus rectangular, more than 2.0 times as broad as high, delicately coriaceous, with elevated central area, with deep anterior tentorial pits, distinct epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line; ventrally broadly emarginate, without median incision. Frons coriaceous, with deep smooth and shiny impression below median ocellus; vertex and occiput coriaceous; interocellar area slightly elevated. Postocciput around occipital foramen impressed, with numerous delicate striae extending to level of gula; posterior tentorial pits large, deep, elongate; hypostomal bridge at least 2.0 times as high as broad, lower part narrowed down, but gular sulci running separately, not fused, hypostomal carina emarginate; occipital foramen slightly shorter than height of hypostomal bridge, and around 2/3 of height of oral foramen. Antenna with 12 flagellomeres, longer than head+mesosoma; pedicel nearly 2.0 times as long as broad, F1 2.3 times as long as pedicel, slightly longer than F2, F2 1.2 times as long as F3, F4 slightly shorter than F3, subsequent flagellomeres shorter; F12 1.6 times as long as F11; placodeal sensilla on F4–F12, in numerous rows, absent on F1–F3.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCAB84AFFCA3312CA8AE79C8505F9A5" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2020]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Mesosoma longer than high in lateral view, with uniform dense white setae. Pronotum uniformly alutaceous, with piliferous points; with uniform dense white setae. Anterior rim of pronotum narrow, emarginate; propleuron alutaceous, with piliferous points and white setae, strongly concave in mediocentral part. Mesoscutum delicately alutaceous or smooth, shiny; longer than broad (width measured across basis of tegulae); notaulus absent, indicated by rows of denser setae only; median mesoscutal line absent; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines indicated by broad, smooth and shiny area, without setae. Transscutal articulation absent, posterolateral sides of mesoscutum emarginate and elevated above dorsoaxillar areas. Mesoscutellum slightly longer than broad, flattened, trapezoid, with broader part in distal end, 1.8 times shorter than length of mesoscutum, uniformly alutaceous, overhanging metanotum; without scutellar foveae, with transverse, deeply impressed shiny, smooth area anteriorly. Mesopleuron, including speculum, delicately coriaceous, shiny, with dense white setae, narrowly impressed along posterior edge; mesopleural triangle rugose, with dense white setae. Metapleural sulcus indistinct, invisible, delimiting matte area with micropunctures; preaxilla coriaceous; lateral axillar area with parallel wrinkles, without setae; axillar carina broad, smooth, shiny without longitudinal striae; axillula slightly ovate, smooth, with dense white setae and punctures; subaxillular bar smooth, shiny, with parallel sides, in most posterior end narrower than height of metanotal trough. Metascutellum smooth, matte, without sculpture, slightly higher than height of smooth, shiny ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shiny, without setae. Lateral propodeal carinae absent, central propodeal area smooth, shiny, delimited only by setae; lateral propodeal area uniformly coriaceous, with dense white setae; nucha very short, with few delicate longitudinal sulci dorsally and dorsolaterally. Forewing longer than body, with dark brown veins and dark stripes along 2r and dark spot both sides of Cu 
<subScript id="17F1BA0FFFCA3312CE78E0948326FA3F" attach="left" box="[1079,1087,1448,1462]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">1</subScript>
vein, margin with long dense cilia; radial cell 4.4 times as long as broad, R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; Rs+M distinct, reaching basalis in lower 1/3, veins around large, triangular, well-delimited areolet, with smoky dark stripes. Tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCAB84AFFCA3312CA8AE30687C5F97D" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2020]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Metasoma not longer than head+mesosoma (however, dorsally pointed backwards and seems to be much longer than head+mesosoma), 2.0 times as high as long in lateral view, smooth, matte, without setae; 2nd tergite extending to half length of metasoma; prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium extremely short, as long as broad ventrally, with dense very short white setae, which only slightly extending beyond apex of spine.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCAB84AFFCA3312CA8AE23E8551F895" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2020]" box="[197,584,1794,1820]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Body length 
<quantity id="4C8D15AFFFCA3312CB13E23E86F1F895" box="[348,488,1794,1820]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.05" metricValueMax="4.3" metricValueMin="3.8" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="4.05" valueMax="4.3" valueMin="3.8">
3.8 
<emphasis id="B9016458FFCA3312CBCEE23E8689F895" bold="true" box="[385,400,1794,1820]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">–</emphasis>
4.3 mm
</quantity>
(n=14).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCAB84AFFCA3313CA8AE2168562FEDB" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2020]" lastBlockId="17.[151,1436,151,578]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B9016458FFCA3312CA8AE21687E2F8CD" bold="true" box="[197,251,1834,1860]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Gall</emphasis>
. A subterranean gall in clusters of 6 
<emphasis id="B9016458FFCA3312C8E8E21685AFF8CD" bold="true" box="[679,694,1834,1860]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">–</emphasis>
18. Commonly in a crowded mass clustered around the base of young shoots, at or only slightly above ground level (
<figureCitation id="134EA4CFFFCA3312C955E26E84D8F8E5" box="[794,961,1874,1900]" captionStart="FIGURES 102–105" captionStartId="56.[151,269,1426,1450]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1402]" captionTargetId="figure-32@56.[151,1436,194,1402]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURES 102–105. Pseudoneuroterus nichollsi, new species, asexual female, gall (photos by M. Tavakoli)." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Figs 102 
<emphasis id="B9016458FFCA3312C9CCE26E848BF8E5" bold="true" box="[899,914,1874,1900]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">–</emphasis>
105
</figureCitation>
). Sometimes 3-4 clusters grow together and encircle the young shoot. Unilocular. The gall cluster is usually globular, 
<quantity id="4C8D15AFFFCA3312CE66E24683B0F81D" box="[1065,1193,1914,1940]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="17.5" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="10.0">
10 
<emphasis id="B9016458FFCA3312CE08E246834FF81D" bold="true" box="[1095,1110,1914,1940]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">–</emphasis>
25 mm
</quantity>
in diameter, with 6 
<emphasis id="B9016458FFCA3312CFC2E2468285F81D" bold="true" box="[1421,1436,1914,1940]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">–</emphasis>
18 galls in one cluster. Young galls are pale yellow, later turning reddish-green and then brown or blackbrown as they mature. Individual galls are elongate, resembling pine-cone seeds, while those in groups may become cuboid due to crowding. Individual galls are 
<quantity id="4C8D15AFFFCB3313C94BE5A4846BFF3B" box="[772,882,151,178]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="10.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="8.0">
8 
<emphasis id="B9016458FFCB3313C95DE5AB8439FF38" bold="true" box="[786,800,151,177]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">–</emphasis>
12 mm
</quantity>
long, and 5 
<emphasis id="B9016458FFCB3313C9B3E5AB8312FF38" bold="true" box="[1020,1035,151,177]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">–</emphasis>
10 x 
<quantity id="4C8D15AFFFCB3313CE0BE5A483BDFF3B" box="[1092,1188,151,178]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="5.0" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="4.0">
4 
<emphasis id="B9016458FFCB3313CE1CE5AB8378FF38" bold="true" box="[1107,1121,151,177]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">–</emphasis>
6 mm
</quantity>
at their broadest apical part, narrowing continually towards the base by which they are attached to the twig. A crater or a scar on the bark marks the position occupied by the gall on the twig. The gall wall is thin, 
<quantity id="4C8D15AFFFCB3313CE16E5D483D6FE8B" box="[1113,1231,231,258]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="1.75" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.5">
1.5 
<emphasis id="B9016458FFCB3313CE32E5DB8395FE88" bold="true" box="[1149,1164,231,257]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">–</emphasis>
2 mm
</quantity>
thick, not woody and hard, and the mature gall can easily be cut. The gall parenchyma is juicy and soft when the gall is young, becoming slightly lignified when mature.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36FEBC1FFCB3313CA8AE463866DFE43" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BCAB84AFFCB3313CA8AE463866DFE43" blockId="17.[151,1436,151,578]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B9016458FFCB3313CA8AE4638630FEF0" bold="true" box="[197,297,351,377]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Biology.</emphasis>
Only the asexual generation is known to induce subterranean galls on 
<taxonomicName id="4C75C3C9FFCB3313CE28E45C8238FEF0" box="[1127,1313,352,377]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brantii">
<emphasis id="B9016458FFCB3313CE28E45C8238FEF0" box="[1127,1313,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Quercus brantii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The galls start to develop from mid-summer and mature in October-November. Adults emerge by the end of winter of the following year.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36FEBC1FFCB3313CA8AE4EB83DCFE7B" box="[197,1221,471,498]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BCAB84AFFCB3313CA8AE4EB83DCFE7B" blockId="17.[151,1436,151,578]" box="[197,1221,471,498]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B9016458FFCB3313CA8AE4EB8647FE78" bold="true" box="[197,350,471,497]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Distribution</emphasis>
. Currently known from 
<collectingCountry id="F362F8DAFFCB3313C833E4E485B2FE7B" box="[636,683,472,498]" name="Iran" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Iran</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="49B176A8FFCB3313C8F5E4E4848AFE7B" box="[698,915,472,498]" country="Iran" name="Lorestan" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Lorestan province</collectingRegion>
, Kaka-Sharaf &amp; Ghelaie).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36FEBC1FFCB3313CA8AE4C384A5FDCB" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BCAB84AFFCB3313CA8AE4C384A5FDCB" blockId="17.[151,1436,151,578]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B9016458FFCB3313CA8AE4C3864AFD90" bold="true" box="[197,339,511,537]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Comments.</emphasis>
This is the first root or subterranean gall found on the oak section Cerris, and the first known species in 
<taxonomicName id="4C75C3C9FFCB3313CB5EE71486CAFDC8" authorityName="Melika &amp; Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2010" box="[273,467,552,577]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Cerroneuroterus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9016458FFCB3313CB5EE71486CAFDC8" box="[273,467,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Cerroneuroterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C75C3C9FFCB3313C843E7148596FDC8" baseAuthorityName="Kinsey" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[524,655,552,577]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Neuroterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9016458FFCB3313C843E7148596FDC8" box="[524,655,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Neuroterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which induces root galls.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>