745 lines
74 KiB
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745 lines
74 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.80.57024" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d39bad72-3c52-4c03-95e6-b6547aec2198" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-80-49" ID-Pensoft-UUID="962285645F3B5E70BA09CA520A5F52DD" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4420612" ID-ZooBank="6DE3A894CDFC4D3C946E25E492C4C851" ModsDocID="1314-2607-80-49" checkinTime="1609325118081" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Ganjisaffar, Fatemeh, Talamas, Elijah J., Bon, Marie Claude & Perring, Thomas M." docDate="2020" docId="F79E4032CE465575AE3021F71C244800" docLanguage="en" docName="JourHymenoptRes 80: 49-70" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 80" docPubDate="2020-12-29" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.80.57024" docTitle="Trissolcus utahensis Ashmead 1893" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="962285645F3B5E70BA09CA520A5F52DD" lastPageNumber="49" masterDocId="962285645F3B5E70BA09CA520A5F52DD" masterDocTitle="First report and integrated analysis of two native Trissolcus species utilizing Bagrada hilaris eggs in California" masterLastPageNumber="70" masterPageNumber="49" pageNumber="49" updateTime="1678754883373" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>First report and integrated analysis of two native Trissolcus species utilizing Bagrada hilaris eggs in California</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Ganjisaffar, Fatemeh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1491-8122</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside CA 92521, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Talamas, Elijah J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1048-6345</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">billy.jenkins@GMAIL.COM</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Bon, Marie Claude</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5914-1682</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>USDA-ARS European Biological Control Laboratory, 810 Avenue du Campus Agropolis, 34980 Montferrier le Lez, France</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Perring, Thomas M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside CA 92521, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:title>Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2020-12-29</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>80</mods:number>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>49</mods:start>
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<mods:end>70</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.80.57024</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.80.57024</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2607-80-49</mods:identifier>
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<subSection pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="results">
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="176345174" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F79E4032CE465575AE3021F71C244800" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F79E4032CE465575AE3021F71C244800" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName LSID="F79E4032-CE46-5575-AE30-21F71C244800" authority="(Ashmead)" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1893" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" baseAuthorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Trissolcus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trissolcus utahensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="utahensis">Trissolcus utahensis (Ashmead)</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
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The concept of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1893" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" baseAuthorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Trissolcus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trissolcus utahensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="utahensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Trissolcus utahensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was most recently treated in a revisionary context by
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent117431-4" author="Johnson, NF" journalOrPublisher="The Canadian Entomologist" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" pagination="431 - 445" refId="B14" refString="Johnson, NF, 1985. Systematics of New World Trissolcus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae): species related to T. basalis. The Canadian Entomologist 117: 431 - 445, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent117431-4" title="Systematics of New World Trissolcus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae): species related to T. basalis." url="https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent117431-4" volume="117" year="1985">Johnson (1985)</bibRefCitation>
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. This treatment separated
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. utahensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="utahensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">T. utahensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. cosmopeplae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cosmopeplae">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">T. cosmopeplae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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based on the length of the anteroventral extension of the metapleuron, the absence of a genal carina, the shape of the gena in lateral view, and if notauli could be distinguished from the surface sculpture of the posterior mesoscutum. These characters were used again in the key to Nearctic
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Trissolcus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trissolcus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Trissolcus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.43.8560" author="Talamas, EJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Hymenoptera Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" pagination="45 - 110" refId="B38" refString="Talamas, EJ, Johnson, NF, Buffington, M, 2015. Key to Nearctic species of Trissolcus Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae), natural enemies of native and invasive stink bugs (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 43: 45 - 110, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.43.8560" title="Key to Nearctic species of Trissolcus Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae), natural enemies of native and invasive stink bugs (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.43.8560" volume="43" year="2015">Talamas et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
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, with the addition of the form of the mesoscutal humeral sulcus, which was treated as variable within
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. cosmopeplae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cosmopeplae">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">T. cosmopeplae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.43.8560" author="Talamas, EJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Hymenoptera Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" pagination="45 - 110" refId="B38" refString="Talamas, EJ, Johnson, NF, Buffington, M, 2015. Key to Nearctic species of Trissolcus Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae), natural enemies of native and invasive stink bugs (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 43: 45 - 110, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.43.8560" title="Key to Nearctic species of Trissolcus Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae), natural enemies of native and invasive stink bugs (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.43.8560" volume="43" year="2015">Talamas et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
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also treated the anteroventral extension of the metapleuron as variable within
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. cosmopeplae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cosmopeplae">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">T. cosmopeplae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and emphasized the shape of the gena in lateral view to separate these species. This modification to the key sought to reconcile variability in the shape of the gena with other, seemingly variable characters. The shape of the gena has proven to be one of the more difficult characters to interpret because there is not a discrete boundary between
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“narrow”">"narrow"</normalizedToken>
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and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“bulging”">"bulging"</normalizedToken>
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. Because the variation in these characters does not correspond to clades in our phylogeny, we treat them as intraspecifically variable and the
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. utahensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="utahensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">T. utahensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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clade as a single species (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. The Bayesian 50 % majority rule consensus tree inferred from the 56 CO 1 sequences of the six Trissolcus species including T. hullensis and T. utahensis. Only posterior probabilities> 90 % are indicated on the nodes. The tree is rooted with the outgroup Trissolcus thyantae (GenBank MN 615574). The scale bar corresponds to 0.1 estimated substitutions per site." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490273" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">2</figureCitation>
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). Based on the morphological analysis provided below we propose the following replacement for couplet 14 in
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.43.8560" author="Talamas, EJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Hymenoptera Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" pagination="45 - 110" refId="B38" refString="Talamas, EJ, Johnson, NF, Buffington, M, 2015. Key to Nearctic species of Trissolcus Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae), natural enemies of native and invasive stink bugs (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 43: 45 - 110, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.43.8560" title="Key to Nearctic species of Trissolcus Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae), natural enemies of native and invasive stink bugs (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.43.8560" volume="43" year="2015">Talamas et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
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:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
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<table inLine="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
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<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">14</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">
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Anteroventral extension of the metapleuron long, extending to base of mesocoxa (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 6–7" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 6 - 7. Trissolcus cosmopeplae, holotype female (USNMENT 00989096) 6 head and mesosoma, lateral view 7 head and mesosoma, dorsal view. Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures6-7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490276" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">6</figureCitation>
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); mesoscutal humeral sulcus comprised of cells (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 6–7" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 6 - 7. Trissolcus cosmopeplae, holotype female (USNMENT 00989096) 6 head and mesosoma, lateral view 7 head and mesosoma, dorsal view. Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures6-7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490276" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">6-7</figureCitation>
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)
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</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. cosmopeplae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cosmopeplae">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">T. cosmopeplae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Gahan)
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</emphasis>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">-</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">
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Anteroventral extension of the metapleuron short, not approaching base of mesocoxa (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 12–15" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 12 - 15. Trissolcus utahensis, head and mesosoma, lateral view 12 DPI _ FSCA 00033239 (ex. B. hilaris) 13 FSCA 00033041 (ex. P. maculiventris) 14 FSCA 00000302 (ex. P. maculiventris) 15 FSCA 00033040 (ex. P. maculiventris). Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures12-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490278" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">12</figureCitation>
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-
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 16–19" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figures 16 - 19. Trissolcus utahensis, head and mesosoma, ventrolateral view 16 DPI _ FSCA 00033239 (ex. B. hilaris) 17 FSCA 00033041 (ex. P. maculiventris) 18 FSCA 00000302 (ex. P. maculiventris) 19 FSCA 00033040 (e. P. maculiventris). Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures16-19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490279" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">19</figureCitation>
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); mesoscutal humeral sulcus indicated by a smooth furrow (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 20–22" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figures 20 - 22. Trissolcus utahensis 20 FSCA 00033239 (ex. B. hilaris), head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsal view 21 FSCA 00033041 (ex. P. maculiventris), head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsolateral view 22 FSCA 00033040 (ex. P. maculiventris), head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsal view. Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures20-22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490280" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">20-22</figureCitation>
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)
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</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. utahensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="utahensis">
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">T. utahensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Ashmead)</emphasis>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</paragraph>
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<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="4420626" doi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures6-7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490276" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" start="Figures 6–7" startId="F5">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Figures 6-7.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gahan" baseAuthorityYear="1926" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Trissolcus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trissolcus cosmopeplae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cosmopeplae">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Trissolcus cosmopeplae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, holotype female (USNMENT00989096)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">6</emphasis>
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head and mesosoma, lateral view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">7</emphasis>
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head and mesosoma, dorsal view. Scale bars in millimeters.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="sculpture of the dorsal frons">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Sculpture of the dorsal frons.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
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Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–11" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 8 - 11. Trissolcus utahensis, head, anterior view 8 DPI _ FSCA 00033239 (ex. B. hilaris) 9 FSCA 00033041 (ex. P. maculiventris) 10 FSCA 00000302 (ex. P. maculiventris) 11 FSCA 00033040 (Ex. P. maculiventris). Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures8-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490277" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">8-11</figureCitation>
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illustrate variation in the size of the smooth area directly below the preocellar pit, and the striation that radiates from the antennal scrobe. Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–11" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 8 - 11. Trissolcus utahensis, head, anterior view 8 DPI _ FSCA 00033239 (ex. B. hilaris) 9 FSCA 00033041 (ex. P. maculiventris) 10 FSCA 00000302 (ex. P. maculiventris) 11 FSCA 00033040 (Ex. P. maculiventris). Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures8-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490277" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">8</figureCitation>
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illustrates a specimen that emerged from a
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<taxonomicName lsidName="B. hilaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="hilaris">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">B. hilaris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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egg. As was found in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. basalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basalis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">T. basalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, specimens that developed in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="B. hilaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="hilaris">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">B. hilaris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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eggs have reduced sculpture relative to those that developed in other hosts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.65.25620" author="Ganjisaffar, F" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Hymenoptera Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" pagination="111 - 130" refId="B9" refString="Ganjisaffar, F, Talamas, EJ, Bon, MC, Gonzalez, L, Brown, BV, Perring, TM, 2018. Trissolcus hyalinipennis Rajmohana & Narendran (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae), a parasitoid of Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae), emerges in North America. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 65: 111 - 130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.65.25620" title="Trissolcus hyalinipennis Rajmohana & Narendran (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae), a parasitoid of Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae), emerges in North America." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.65.25620" volume="65" year="2018">Ganjisaffar et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The specimens in Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–11" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 8 - 11. Trissolcus utahensis, head, anterior view 8 DPI _ FSCA 00033239 (ex. B. hilaris) 9 FSCA 00033041 (ex. P. maculiventris) 10 FSCA 00000302 (ex. P. maculiventris) 11 FSCA 00033040 (Ex. P. maculiventris). Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures8-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490277" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">9</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–11" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 8 - 11. Trissolcus utahensis, head, anterior view 8 DPI _ FSCA 00033239 (ex. B. hilaris) 9 FSCA 00033041 (ex. P. maculiventris) 10 FSCA 00000302 (ex. P. maculiventris) 11 FSCA 00033040 (Ex. P. maculiventris). Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures8-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490277" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">11</figureCitation>
|
||
were both reared from the eggs of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. maculiventris" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="maculiventris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">P. maculiventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in British Columbia, and have identical
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">COI</emphasis>
|
||
barcode sequences, yet the size of smooth area on the dorsal frons differs between them. The specimen in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–11" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 8 - 11. Trissolcus utahensis, head, anterior view 8 DPI _ FSCA 00033239 (ex. B. hilaris) 9 FSCA 00033041 (ex. P. maculiventris) 10 FSCA 00000302 (ex. P. maculiventris) 11 FSCA 00033040 (Ex. P. maculiventris). Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures8-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490277" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">11</figureCitation>
|
||
is the largest (1.35 mm) among these, and the specimen in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–11" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 8 - 11. Trissolcus utahensis, head, anterior view 8 DPI _ FSCA 00033239 (ex. B. hilaris) 9 FSCA 00033041 (ex. P. maculiventris) 10 FSCA 00000302 (ex. P. maculiventris) 11 FSCA 00033040 (Ex. P. maculiventris). Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures8-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490277" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">8</figureCitation>
|
||
is the smallest (0.93 mm). The specimens in Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–11" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 8 - 11. Trissolcus utahensis, head, anterior view 8 DPI _ FSCA 00033239 (ex. B. hilaris) 9 FSCA 00033041 (ex. P. maculiventris) 10 FSCA 00000302 (ex. P. maculiventris) 11 FSCA 00033040 (Ex. P. maculiventris). Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures8-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490277" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">9</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–11" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 8 - 11. Trissolcus utahensis, head, anterior view 8 DPI _ FSCA 00033239 (ex. B. hilaris) 9 FSCA 00033041 (ex. P. maculiventris) 10 FSCA 00000302 (ex. P. maculiventris) 11 FSCA 00033040 (Ex. P. maculiventris). Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures8-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490277" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">10</figureCitation>
|
||
have the smooth area on the frons about equal in size and these specimens are also approximately equal in length (1.11 and 1.07 mm, respectively). These two specimens were retrieved in different haplogroups (clades 1 and 4), and we thus postulate that sculptural differences on the frons are size dependent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="4420628" doi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures8-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490277" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" start="Figures 8–11" startId="F6">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Figures 8-11.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1893" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" baseAuthorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Trissolcus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trissolcus utahensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="utahensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Trissolcus utahensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, head, anterior view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">8</emphasis>
|
||
DPI_FSCA00033239 (ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. hilaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="hilaris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">B. hilaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">9</emphasis>
|
||
FSCA 00033041 (ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. maculiventris" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="maculiventris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">P. maculiventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">10</emphasis>
|
||
FSCA 00000302 (ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. maculiventris" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="maculiventris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">P. maculiventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">11</emphasis>
|
||
FSCA 00033040 (Ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. maculiventris" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="maculiventris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">P. maculiventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Scale bars in millimeters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="variation">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Variation on the gena.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
|
||
The shape of the gena varies between and within the four clades of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. utahensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="utahensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">T. utahensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In clades 1 and 3, the specimens have a rather narrow gena, and in clades 2 and 4 the gena is moderately to distinctly bulging in lateral view. Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 12–15" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 12 - 15. Trissolcus utahensis, head and mesosoma, lateral view 12 DPI _ FSCA 00033239 (ex. B. hilaris) 13 FSCA 00033041 (ex. P. maculiventris) 14 FSCA 00000302 (ex. P. maculiventris) 15 FSCA 00033040 (ex. P. maculiventris). Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures12-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490278" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">12-15</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 23–25" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figures 23 - 25. Trissolcus utahensis (FSCA 00091872, ex. B. hilaris) 23 head, anterior view 24 lateral habitus 25 head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsal view. Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures23-25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490281" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">24</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 26–29" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figures 26 - 29. Trissolcus utahensis (FSCA 00033042, ex. P. maculiventris) 26 head, anterior view 27 head and mesosoma, lateral view 28 head and mesosoma, ventrolateral view 29 lateral habitus. Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures26-29" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490282" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">27</figureCitation>
|
||
illustrate this variation. The degree to which the gena is bulging in lateral view does not appear to be host or size related. Specimens reared from
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. hilaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="hilaris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">B. hilaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
eggs are the smallest and have the gena moderately (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 12–15" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 12 - 15. Trissolcus utahensis, head and mesosoma, lateral view 12 DPI _ FSCA 00033239 (ex. B. hilaris) 13 FSCA 00033041 (ex. P. maculiventris) 14 FSCA 00000302 (ex. P. maculiventris) 15 FSCA 00033040 (ex. P. maculiventris). Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures12-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490278" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">12</figureCitation>
|
||
) to distinctly (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 23–25" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figures 23 - 25. Trissolcus utahensis (FSCA 00091872, ex. B. hilaris) 23 head, anterior view 24 lateral habitus 25 head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsal view. Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures23-25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490281" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">24</figureCitation>
|
||
) bulging. The specimens with the most distinctly bulging gena (clade 4, Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 12–15" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 12 - 15. Trissolcus utahensis, head and mesosoma, lateral view 12 DPI _ FSCA 00033239 (ex. B. hilaris) 13 FSCA 00033041 (ex. P. maculiventris) 14 FSCA 00000302 (ex. P. maculiventris) 15 FSCA 00033040 (ex. P. maculiventris). Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures12-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490278" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">15</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 16–19" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figures 16 - 19. Trissolcus utahensis, head and mesosoma, ventrolateral view 16 DPI _ FSCA 00033239 (ex. B. hilaris) 17 FSCA 00033041 (ex. P. maculiventris) 18 FSCA 00000302 (ex. P. maculiventris) 19 FSCA 00033040 (e. P. maculiventris). Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures16-19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490279" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">19</figureCitation>
|
||
) and the narrowest gena (clade 3, Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 26–29" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figures 26 - 29. Trissolcus utahensis (FSCA 00033042, ex. P. maculiventris) 26 head, anterior view 27 head and mesosoma, lateral view 28 head and mesosoma, ventrolateral view 29 lateral habitus. Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures26-29" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490282" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">27</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 26–29" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figures 26 - 29. Trissolcus utahensis (FSCA 00033042, ex. P. maculiventris) 26 head, anterior view 27 head and mesosoma, lateral view 28 head and mesosoma, ventrolateral view 29 lateral habitus. Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures26-29" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490282" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">28</figureCitation>
|
||
) were both reared from eggs of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. maculiventris" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="maculiventris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">P. maculiventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the specimens are larger than those reared from
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. hilaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="hilaris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">B. hilaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
eggs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="4420630" doi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures12-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490278" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" start="Figures 12–15" startId="F7">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Figures 12-15.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1893" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" baseAuthorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Trissolcus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trissolcus utahensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="utahensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Trissolcus utahensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, head and mesosoma, lateral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">12</emphasis>
|
||
DPI_FSCA00033239 (ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. hilaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="hilaris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">B. hilaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">13</emphasis>
|
||
FSCA 00033041 (ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. maculiventris" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="maculiventris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">P. maculiventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">14</emphasis>
|
||
FSCA 00000302 (ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. maculiventris" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="maculiventris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">P. maculiventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">15</emphasis>
|
||
FSCA 00033040 (ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. maculiventris" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="maculiventris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">P. maculiventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Scale bars in millimeters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Specimens with a bulging gena tend not to have the genal carina indicated, whereas specimens with a narrow gena often have it clearly expressed, but this is not an exact correlation. The specimen in Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 12–15" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 12 - 15. Trissolcus utahensis, head and mesosoma, lateral view 12 DPI _ FSCA 00033239 (ex. B. hilaris) 13 FSCA 00033041 (ex. P. maculiventris) 14 FSCA 00000302 (ex. P. maculiventris) 15 FSCA 00033040 (ex. P. maculiventris). Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures12-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490278" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">12</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 16–19" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figures 16 - 19. Trissolcus utahensis, head and mesosoma, ventrolateral view 16 DPI _ FSCA 00033239 (ex. B. hilaris) 17 FSCA 00033041 (ex. P. maculiventris) 18 FSCA 00000302 (ex. P. maculiventris) 19 FSCA 00033040 (e. P. maculiventris). Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures16-19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490279" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">16</figureCitation>
|
||
has a moderately bulging gena and the genal carina is distinctly present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Microsculpture on the poster gena is less developed in specimens reared from
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. hilaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="hilaris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">B. hilaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
eggs (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 12–15" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 12 - 15. Trissolcus utahensis, head and mesosoma, lateral view 12 DPI _ FSCA 00033239 (ex. B. hilaris) 13 FSCA 00033041 (ex. P. maculiventris) 14 FSCA 00000302 (ex. P. maculiventris) 15 FSCA 00033040 (ex. P. maculiventris). Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures12-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490278" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">12</figureCitation>
|
||
), and this area is noticeably smoother than in specimens reared from
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. maculiventris" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="maculiventris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">P. maculiventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
eggs (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 12–15" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 12 - 15. Trissolcus utahensis, head and mesosoma, lateral view 12 DPI _ FSCA 00033239 (ex. B. hilaris) 13 FSCA 00033041 (ex. P. maculiventris) 14 FSCA 00000302 (ex. P. maculiventris) 15 FSCA 00033040 (ex. P. maculiventris). Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures12-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490278" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">13-15</figureCitation>
|
||
). This phenomenon is consistent with a general pattern of reduced sculpture in smaller specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="4420632" doi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures16-19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490279" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" start="Figures 16–19" startId="F8">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Figures 16-19.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1893" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" baseAuthorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Trissolcus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trissolcus utahensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="utahensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Trissolcus utahensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, head and mesosoma, ventrolateral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">16</emphasis>
|
||
DPI_FSCA00033239 (ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. hilaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="hilaris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">B. hilaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">17</emphasis>
|
||
FSCA 00033041 (ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. maculiventris" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="maculiventris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">P. maculiventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">18</emphasis>
|
||
FSCA 00000302 (ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. maculiventris" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="maculiventris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">P. maculiventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">19</emphasis>
|
||
FSCA 00033040 (e.
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. maculiventris" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="maculiventris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">P. maculiventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Scale bars in millimeters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="occipital carina">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Occipital carina.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.73.39052" author="Tortorici, F" editor="Talamas, E" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Hymenoptera Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" pagination="153 - 200" refId="B43" refString="Tortorici, F, Talamas, EJ, Moraglio, ST, Pansa, MG, Asadi-Farfar, M, Tavella, L, Caleca, V, 2019. A morphological, biological and molecular approach reveals four cryptic species of Trissolcus Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae), egg parasitoids of Pentatomidae (Hemiptera). In: Talamas, E, Ed., Advances in the Systematics of Platygastroidea II. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 73: 153 - 200, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.73.39052" title="A morphological, biological and molecular approach reveals four cryptic species of Trissolcus Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae), egg parasitoids of Pentatomidae (Hemiptera)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.73.39052" volume="73" volumeTitle="Advances in the Systematics of Platygastroidea II." year="2019">Tortorici et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
presented a new character to distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. semistriatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semistriatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">T. semistriatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Nees von Esenbeck) from closely related species: the form of the occipital carina in dorsal view. In most species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Trissolcus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trissolcus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Trissolcus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the occipital carina is evenly convex, but in a few species, including
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. semistriatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semistriatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">T. semistriatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. utahensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="utahensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">T. utahensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the occipital carina forms a distinct angle and the vertex of this angle may have a short carina directed toward the median ocellus (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4–5" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4 - 5. 4 Trissolcus hullensis (FSCA 00091886), head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsolateral view 5 T. utahensis (FSCA 00000302), head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsolateral view. Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figure4-5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490275" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 20–22" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figures 20 - 22. Trissolcus utahensis 20 FSCA 00033239 (ex. B. hilaris), head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsal view 21 FSCA 00033041 (ex. P. maculiventris), head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsolateral view 22 FSCA 00033040 (ex. P. maculiventris), head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsal view. Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures20-22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490280" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">22</figureCitation>
|
||
). In some specimens that emerged from
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. hilaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="hilaris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">B. hilaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
eggs, the vertex of the angle formed by the occipital carina is less sharp, perhaps due to its diminutive size (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 23–25" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figures 23 - 25. Trissolcus utahensis (FSCA 00091872, ex. B. hilaris) 23 head, anterior view 24 lateral habitus 25 head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsal view. Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures23-25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490281" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">25</figureCitation>
|
||
). The occipital carina is not visible in the available images of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. cosmopeplae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cosmopeplae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">T. cosmopeplae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and it is obscured by glue in the holotype specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. utahensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="utahensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">T. utahensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This character deserves further attention in Nearctic
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Trissolcus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trissolcus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Trissolcus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
although we are not presently able to determine if it can separate
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. cosmopeplae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cosmopeplae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">T. cosmopeplae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. utahensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="utahensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">T. utahensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="4420634" doi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures20-22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490280" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" start="Figures 20–22" startId="F9">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Figures 20-22.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1893" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" baseAuthorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Trissolcus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trissolcus utahensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="utahensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Trissolcus utahensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">20</emphasis>
|
||
FSCA 00033239 (ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. hilaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="hilaris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">B. hilaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsal view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">21</emphasis>
|
||
FSCA 00033041 (ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. maculiventris" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="maculiventris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">P. maculiventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsolateral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">22</emphasis>
|
||
FSCA 00033040 (ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. maculiventris" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="maculiventris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">P. maculiventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsal view. Scale bars in millimeters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="notaulus">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Notaulus.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. utahensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="utahensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">T. utahensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reared from both
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. hilaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="hilaris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">B. hilaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. maculiventris" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="maculiventris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">P. maculiventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have the notaulus indicated by short, shallow grooves present at the posterior margin of the mesoscutum (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4–5" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4 - 5. 4 Trissolcus hullensis (FSCA 00091886), head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsolateral view 5 T. utahensis (FSCA 00000302), head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsolateral view. Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figure4-5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490275" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 20–22" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figures 20 - 22. Trissolcus utahensis 20 FSCA 00033239 (ex. B. hilaris), head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsal view 21 FSCA 00033041 (ex. P. maculiventris), head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsolateral view 22 FSCA 00033040 (ex. P. maculiventris), head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsal view. Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures20-22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490280" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">20-22</figureCitation>
|
||
). These are visible in the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. utahensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="utahensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">T. utahensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see fig. 100 in
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.43.8560" author="Talamas, EJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Hymenoptera Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" pagination="45 - 110" refId="B38" refString="Talamas, EJ, Johnson, NF, Buffington, M, 2015. Key to Nearctic species of Trissolcus Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae), natural enemies of native and invasive stink bugs (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 43: 45 - 110, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.43.8560" title="Key to Nearctic species of Trissolcus Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae), natural enemies of native and invasive stink bugs (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.43.8560" volume="43" year="2015">Talamas et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and they have the same form in the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. cosmopeplae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cosmopeplae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">T. cosmopeplae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 6–7" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 6 - 7. Trissolcus cosmopeplae, holotype female (USNMENT 00989096) 6 head and mesosoma, lateral view 7 head and mesosoma, dorsal view. Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures6-7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490276" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">7</figureCitation>
|
||
). Based on re-examination of images of the types and the specimens at hand, we conclude that this character does not separate these species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="mesoscutal humeral sulcus">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Mesoscutal humeral sulcus.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
|
||
The form of the mesoscutal humeral sulcus was used by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.73.39052" author="Tortorici, F" editor="Talamas, E" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Hymenoptera Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" pagination="153 - 200" refId="B43" refString="Tortorici, F, Talamas, EJ, Moraglio, ST, Pansa, MG, Asadi-Farfar, M, Tavella, L, Caleca, V, 2019. A morphological, biological and molecular approach reveals four cryptic species of Trissolcus Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae), egg parasitoids of Pentatomidae (Hemiptera). In: Talamas, E, Ed., Advances in the Systematics of Platygastroidea II. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 73: 153 - 200, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.73.39052" title="A morphological, biological and molecular approach reveals four cryptic species of Trissolcus Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae), egg parasitoids of Pentatomidae (Hemiptera)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.73.39052" volume="73" volumeTitle="Advances in the Systematics of Platygastroidea II." year="2019">Tortorici et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to separate very similar Palearctic
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Trissolcus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trissolcus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Trissolcus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. This sulcus is clearly indicated by cells in the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. cosmopeplae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cosmopeplae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">T. cosmopeplae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 6–7" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 6 - 7. Trissolcus cosmopeplae, holotype female (USNMENT 00989096) 6 head and mesosoma, lateral view 7 head and mesosoma, dorsal view. Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures6-7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490276" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">6</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 6–7" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 6 - 7. Trissolcus cosmopeplae, holotype female (USNMENT 00989096) 6 head and mesosoma, lateral view 7 head and mesosoma, dorsal view. Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures6-7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490276" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">7</figureCitation>
|
||
) and it is present as a smooth furrow in all specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. utahensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="utahensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">T. utahensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that we have examined (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4–5" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4 - 5. 4 Trissolcus hullensis (FSCA 00091886), head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsolateral view 5 T. utahensis (FSCA 00000302), head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsolateral view. Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figure4-5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490275" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 20–22" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figures 20 - 22. Trissolcus utahensis 20 FSCA 00033239 (ex. B. hilaris), head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsal view 21 FSCA 00033041 (ex. P. maculiventris), head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsolateral view 22 FSCA 00033040 (ex. P. maculiventris), head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsal view. Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures20-22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490280" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">20-21</figureCitation>
|
||
), including the holotype.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="anteroventral extension of the metapleuron">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Anteroventral extension of the metapleuron.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
|
||
The length of this structure, reaching to the mesocoxa in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. cosmopeplae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cosmopeplae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">T. cosmopeplae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 6–7" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 6 - 7. Trissolcus cosmopeplae, holotype female (USNMENT 00989096) 6 head and mesosoma, lateral view 7 head and mesosoma, dorsal view. Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures6-7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490276" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">6</figureCitation>
|
||
) and very short in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. utahensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="utahensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">T. utahensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 12–15" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 12 - 15. Trissolcus utahensis, head and mesosoma, lateral view 12 DPI _ FSCA 00033239 (ex. B. hilaris) 13 FSCA 00033041 (ex. P. maculiventris) 14 FSCA 00000302 (ex. P. maculiventris) 15 FSCA 00033040 (ex. P. maculiventris). Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures12-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490278" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">12</figureCitation>
|
||
-
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 16–19" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figures 16 - 19. Trissolcus utahensis, head and mesosoma, ventrolateral view 16 DPI _ FSCA 00033239 (ex. B. hilaris) 17 FSCA 00033041 (ex. P. maculiventris) 18 FSCA 00000302 (ex. P. maculiventris) 19 FSCA 00033040 (e. P. maculiventris). Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures16-19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490279" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">19</figureCitation>
|
||
), was the first character listed in the couplet that separates these species in
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent117431-4" author="Johnson, NF" journalOrPublisher="The Canadian Entomologist" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" pagination="431 - 445" refId="B14" refString="Johnson, NF, 1985. Systematics of New World Trissolcus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae): species related to T. basalis. The Canadian Entomologist 117: 431 - 445, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent117431-4" title="Systematics of New World Trissolcus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae): species related to T. basalis." url="https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent117431-4" volume="117" year="1985">Johnson (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Our analysis of specimens in this study lends weight to the reliability of this character.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="color">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Color.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Most species in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Trissolcus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trissolcus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Trissolcus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a black metasoma. The most notable exception is a Palearctic species,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. rufiventris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufiventris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">T. rufiventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Mayr, in which T2-T7 vary from bright yellow to dark brown. The specimens reared from
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. hilaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="hilaris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">B. hilaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
eggs have T2-T7 notably lighter in color than the head and mesosoma (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 20–22" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figures 20 - 22. Trissolcus utahensis 20 FSCA 00033239 (ex. B. hilaris), head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsal view 21 FSCA 00033041 (ex. P. maculiventris), head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsolateral view 22 FSCA 00033040 (ex. P. maculiventris), head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsal view. Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures20-22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490280" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">20</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 23–25" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figures 23 - 25. Trissolcus utahensis (FSCA 00091872, ex. B. hilaris) 23 head, anterior view 24 lateral habitus 25 head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsal view. Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures23-25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490281" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">25</figureCitation>
|
||
), and the body overall is lighter in color than in specimens reared from
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. maculiventris" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="maculiventris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">P. maculiventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
eggs (compare Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–11" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 8 - 11. Trissolcus utahensis, head, anterior view 8 DPI _ FSCA 00033239 (ex. B. hilaris) 9 FSCA 00033041 (ex. P. maculiventris) 10 FSCA 00000302 (ex. P. maculiventris) 11 FSCA 00033040 (Ex. P. maculiventris). Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures8-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490277" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">8</figureCitation>
|
||
to Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–11" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 8 - 11. Trissolcus utahensis, head, anterior view 8 DPI _ FSCA 00033239 (ex. B. hilaris) 9 FSCA 00033041 (ex. P. maculiventris) 10 FSCA 00000302 (ex. P. maculiventris) 11 FSCA 00033040 (Ex. P. maculiventris). Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures8-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490277" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">9-11</figureCitation>
|
||
, Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 12–15" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 12 - 15. Trissolcus utahensis, head and mesosoma, lateral view 12 DPI _ FSCA 00033239 (ex. B. hilaris) 13 FSCA 00033041 (ex. P. maculiventris) 14 FSCA 00000302 (ex. P. maculiventris) 15 FSCA 00033040 (ex. P. maculiventris). Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures12-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490278" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">12</figureCitation>
|
||
to Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 12–15" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 12 - 15. Trissolcus utahensis, head and mesosoma, lateral view 12 DPI _ FSCA 00033239 (ex. B. hilaris) 13 FSCA 00033041 (ex. P. maculiventris) 14 FSCA 00000302 (ex. P. maculiventris) 15 FSCA 00033040 (ex. P. maculiventris). Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures12-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490278" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">13-15</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="4420616" doi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures23-25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490281" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" start="Figures 23–25" startId="F10">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Figures 23-25.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1893" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" baseAuthorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Trissolcus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trissolcus utahensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="utahensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Trissolcus utahensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(FSCA 00091872, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. hilaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="hilaris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">B. hilaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">23</emphasis>
|
||
head, anterior view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">24</emphasis>
|
||
lateral habitus
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">25</emphasis>
|
||
head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsal view. Scale bars in millimeters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
|
||
The most obvious color variation in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. utahensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="utahensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">T. utahensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is in the legs. Specimens that parasitized
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. hilaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="hilaris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">B. hilaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
eggs have legs that are pale brown to orange distal to the coxae (clades 1, 2; Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 12–15" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 12 - 15. Trissolcus utahensis, head and mesosoma, lateral view 12 DPI _ FSCA 00033239 (ex. B. hilaris) 13 FSCA 00033041 (ex. P. maculiventris) 14 FSCA 00000302 (ex. P. maculiventris) 15 FSCA 00033040 (ex. P. maculiventris). Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures12-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490278" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">12</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 23–25" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figures 23 - 25. Trissolcus utahensis (FSCA 00091872, ex. B. hilaris) 23 head, anterior view 24 lateral habitus 25 head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsal view. Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures23-25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490281" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">24</figureCitation>
|
||
). Brightly colored legs were found in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. utahensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="utahensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">T. utahensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that emerged from
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. maculiventris" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="maculiventris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">P. maculiventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
eggs (clade 3, Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 26–29" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figures 26 - 29. Trissolcus utahensis (FSCA 00033042, ex. P. maculiventris) 26 head, anterior view 27 head and mesosoma, lateral view 28 head and mesosoma, ventrolateral view 29 lateral habitus. Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures26-29" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490282" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">29</figureCitation>
|
||
), although the clear majority of specimens reared from
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. maculiventris" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="maculiventris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">P. maculiventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
eggs in British Columbia had dark brown legs. Interestingly, FSCA 00033239, with pale brown legs, in clade 1 is sister to FSCA 00000320, with dark brown legs. The antennae vary in color in accordance with the legs, although the variation is less pronounced and ranges from medium to dark brown. These data do not indicate that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. utahensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="utahensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">T. utahensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibits a direct correlation of appendage color with host, size, or lineage.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="4420618" doi="10.3897/jhr.80.57024.figures26-29" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490282" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" start="Figures 26–29" startId="F11">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Figures 26-29.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1893" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" baseAuthorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Trissolcus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trissolcus utahensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="utahensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Trissolcus utahensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(FSCA 00033042, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. maculiventris" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="maculiventris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">P. maculiventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">26</emphasis>
|
||
head, anterior view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">27</emphasis>
|
||
head and mesosoma, lateral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">28</emphasis>
|
||
head and mesosoma, ventrolateral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">29</emphasis>
|
||
lateral habitus. Scale bars in millimeters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Material Examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2018-04-06" collectingDateMax="2018-04-23" collectingDateMin="2018-04-06" collectorName="Coll. F. Ganjisaffar" country="USA" latitude="33.99105" location="USA" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-117.3336" specimenCount="11" specimenCount-female="11">
|
||
<specimenCount type="female">11 females</specimenCount>
|
||
, FSCA 00091859, 00091872, 00094741-00094749,
|
||
<collectingCountry name="United States of America">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
: CA:
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="33.99105" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="33.99105">33.99105N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="117.33360" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-117.3336">117.33360W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, roadside mustard weeds, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Burmeister" baseAuthorityYear="1835" class="Insecta" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Bagrada" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bagrada hilaris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hilaris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Bagrada hilaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sentinel eggs deployed
|
||
<collectingDate value="2018-04-06" valueMax="2018-04-09" valueMin="2018-04-06">6-9.IV.2018</collectingDate>
|
||
, parasitoids emerged
|
||
<collectingDate value="2018-04-22" valueMax="2018-04-23" valueMin="2018-04-22">22-23.IV.2018</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName>Coll. F. Ganjisaffar</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2018-10-12" collectingDateMax="2018-10-28" collectingDateMin="2018-10-12" collectorName="Coll. F. Ganjisaffar" country="USA" latitude="33.96611" location="Riverside Agricultural Operations" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-117.3423" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
|
||
<specimenCount type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
, FSCA 00033239,
|
||
<collectingCountry name="United States of America">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
: CA: UC
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F79E4032CE465575AE3021F71C244800:3BDB25219DC1F53E3B39BDF18A267730" country="USA" latitude="33.96611" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-117.3423" name="Riverside Agricultural Operations">Riverside Agricultural Operations</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="33.96611" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="33.96611">33.96611N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="117.34230" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-117.3423">117.34230W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, squash field with mustard weeds, ex:
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Burmeister" baseAuthorityYear="1835" class="Insecta" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Bagrada" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bagrada hilaris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hilaris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Bagrada hilaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sentinel eggs deployed
|
||
<collectingDate value="2018-10-12" valueMax="2018-10-16" valueMin="2018-10-12">12-16-X-2018</collectingDate>
|
||
; parasitoid emerged
|
||
<collectingDate value="2018-10-27" valueMax="2018-10-28" valueMin="2018-10-27">27-28-X-2018</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName>Coll. F. Ganjisaffar</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2020-01-01" collectingDateMax="2020-12-31" collectingDateMin="2020-01-01" collectorName="Coll. W. Wong, P. Abram. Egg" country="CANADA" location="Penticton" specimenCount="11" specimenCount-female="9" specimenCount-male="2">
|
||
<specimenCount type="female">9 females</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Canada">CANADA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, BC,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F79E4032CE465575AE3021F71C244800:B29BF583FB97216505B18F6C81483E02" country="CANADA" name="Penticton">Penticton</location>
|
||
, reared from
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1832" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Podisus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Podisus maculiventris" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculiventris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Podisus maculiventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, JUN-AUG-2017,
|
||
<collectorName>Coll. W. Wong</collectorName>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectorName>P. Abram. Egg</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2020-01-01" collectingDateMax="2020-12-31" collectingDateMin="2020-01-01" collectorName="Egg" country="Canada" location="Egg" municipality="Egg" specimenCount="1">
|
||
mass #181: FSCA 00094713-00094715, 00033042-00033043;
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F79E4032CE465575AE3021F71C244800:11DDBC69FF3066D55FD2AA5435F8237E" country="Canada" municipality="Egg" name="Egg">Egg</location>
|
||
mass #144: FSCA 00000302;
|
||
<collectingMunicipality>Egg</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
mass #160: FSCA 00094712;
|
||
<collectorName>Egg</collectorName>
|
||
mass #92: 00033044-00033045;
|
||
<collectorName>Egg</collectorName>
|
||
mass #102; FSCA 00033040-00033041
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2017-05-23" collectorName="Coll. W. Wong, P. Abram. Egg" country="CANADA" location="Kelowna" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
|
||
<specimenCount type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
, FSCA 00094711,
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Canada">CANADA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, BC,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F79E4032CE465575AE3021F71C244800:7A1E4830BD473CA493A88616BCA24B1B" country="CANADA" name="Kelowna">Kelowna</location>
|
||
, reared from
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1832" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Podisus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Podisus maculiventris" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculiventris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Podisus maculiventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="2017-05-23">23.V.2017</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName>Coll. W. Wong</collectorName>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectorName>P. Abram. Egg</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
mass #171.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</document> |