571 lines
75 KiB
XML
571 lines
75 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="A6EF67AB5243D363C0EAFCF0351B7998">Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="53154010561B9F644A07A123AC826064">Tavares, Marcos</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3CB37E3F1D12837F9610B824E3B28222">Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça</mods:namePart>
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<heading id="796081EEFFE9FA1DA9B0FE4DFD9A51E4" bold="true" box="[151,600,477,504]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFE9FA1DA9B0FE4DFD9A51E4" ID-CoL="Y4H7" authority="A. H. Clark, 1948" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1948" box="[151,600,477,504]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Copidaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lymani">
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<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE9FA1DA9B0FE4DFD9A51E4" bold="true" box="[151,600,477,504]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">
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<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE9FA1DA9B0FE4DFEB651EB" bold="true" box="[151,372,477,504]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Copidaster lymani</emphasis>
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A. H.
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<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE9FA1DA8E2FE4DFD9A51E4" author="Clark, A. H." box="[453,600,477,503]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" pagination="55 - 64" refId="ref19236" refString="Clark, A. H. (1948) Two new starfishes and a new brittle-star from Florida and Alabama. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 61, 55 - 64." type="journal article" year="1948">Clark, 1948</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="6A8D6509FFE9FA1DA9B0FD91FEF35208" box="[151,305,513,539]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" type="description">
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<paragraph id="22283682FFE9FA1DA9B0FD91FEF35208" blockId="5.[151,600,477,539]" box="[151,305,513,539]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">
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<figureCitation id="BAAC2A07FFE9FA1DA9B0FD91FEC35208" box="[151,257,513,539]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1897,1922]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1054,1872]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1435,1054,1872]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Copidaster lymani A. H. Clark, 1948. A–N. MZUSP 1550: A. Specimen from Trindade Island photographed in situ. B, C. Abactinal and actinal views. D. Abactinal plates and papulae. E. Detail of the madreporite. F. Mouth. G. Ambulacral spines. H. Tip of the arm, abactinal view. I–N. Scanning electron microscope. I, J. Abactinal plates. K, L. Ambulacral plates. M, N. Valves of the abactinal pedicellariae. Scale bars: B–C, 20 mm; D–H, 2 mm; I, K–L, 400 μm; J, 200 μm; M–N, 40 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674449" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674449/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Figures 3</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="BAAC2A07FFE9FA1DA829FD91FEF35208" box="[270,305,513,539]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1496,1521]" captionTargetBox="[226,1362,202,1470]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[225,1362,201,1470]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. A. Copidaster lymani A. H. Clark, 1948, Trindade Island, Enseada das Orelhas. B–D. Mithrodia clavigera (Lamarck, 1816). B, C. Trindade Island, Príncipe beach. D. Fernando de Noronha, tide pool at Boldró beach. Photograph by Gabriela C. Zeineddine. E. Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758), Trindade Island, Enseada dos Portugueses, Farol. F. Luidia alternata alternata (Say, 1825) Trindade Island, Ponta da Calheta." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674451" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674451/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">4A</figureCitation>
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<treatmentCitation id="A3361093FFE9FA1DA9B0FDD5FDF5524E" author="Clark, A. H." box="[151,567,580,605]" page="55" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" year="1948">
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<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFE9FA1DA9B0FDD5FDF5524E" ID-CoL="Y4H7" authority="A. H. Clark, 1948: 55" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityPageNumber="55" authorityYear="1948" box="[151,567,580,605]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Copidaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lymani">
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<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE9FA1DA9B0FDD5FE91524E" box="[151,339,581,605]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Copidaster lymani</emphasis>
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A. H.
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<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE9FA1DA8B0FDD4FDF5524E" author="Clark, A. H." box="[407,567,580,605]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" pagination="55 - 64" refId="ref19236" refString="Clark, A. H. (1948) Two new starfishes and a new brittle-star from Florida and Alabama. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 61, 55 - 64." type="journal article" year="1948">Clark, 1948: 55</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 2, figs. 1–2 [
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<typeStatus id="FD2C8820FFE9FA1DABC7FDD6FCCC524D" box="[736,782,582,606]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">type</typeStatus>
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locality: Key Largo,
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<collectingRegion id="E053F860FFE9FA1DAAC0FDD4FBF1524E" box="[999,1075,580,605]" country="Uruguay" name="Florida" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Florida</collectingRegion>
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, viz.
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<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE9FA1DAD4FFDD4FA9B524E" author="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E." box="[1128,1369,580,606]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refId="ref19314" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall-Natural History Museum Publications, London, 794 pp., 75 figs, 113 pls." type="book" year="1992">Clark & Downey, 1992</bibRefCitation>
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];
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<treatmentCitation id="A3361093FFE9FA1DAC4EFDD6FE52526F" author="Hendler, G. & Muller, J. E. & Pawson, D. L. & Kier P. M." page="76" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" year="1995">
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<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE9FA1DAC4EFDD6FE52526F" author="Hendler, G. & Muller, J. E. & Pawson, D. L. & Kier P. M." pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refId="ref20146" refString="Hendler, G., Muller, J. E., Pawson, D. L. & Kier P. M. (1995) Sea Stars, Sea Urchins and Allies: Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 390 pp." type="book" year="1995">
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Hendler
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<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE9FA1DA9D2FDF5FEEA526F" box="[245,296,612,636]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
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, 1995: 76
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</treatmentCitation>
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, fig. 19;
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||
<treatmentCitation id="A3361093FFE9FA1DA8CDFDF3FD7E526F" author="Fernadez, A." box="[490,700,611,636]" page="134" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" year="2001">
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<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE9FA1DA8CDFDF3FD7E526F" author="Fernadez, A." box="[490,700,611,636]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" pagination="133 - 134" refId="ref19765" refString="Fernadez, A. (2001) Nuevo registro de asteroideo (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) para aguas cubanas. Avicennia, 14, 133 - 134." type="journal article" year="2001">Fernádez, 2001: 134</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="22283682FFE9FA1DA9B0FD39FF22536B" blockId="5.[151,1437,681,1032]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">
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<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE9FA1DA9B0FD39FE4F52D7" bold="true" box="[151,397,681,708]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Trindade specimens.</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="92FF3CDFFFE9FA1DA8B2FD3AFCE052FB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2566071190" collectingDate="2015-07-27" collectionCode="MZUSP" collectorName="Enseada das Orelhas" country="Brazil" elevation="11" latitude="-20.494501" location="Trindade Island" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-29.342472" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" specimenCode="MZUSP 1547" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Espirito Santo">
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<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE9FA1DA8B2FD3AFE1E52D7" box="[405,476,682,708]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="E053F860FFE9FA1DA8C0FD3AFD4952D7" box="[487,651,682,708]" country="Brazil" name="Espirito Santo" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Espírito Santo</collectingRegion>
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,
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<location id="27486059FFE9FA1DABB2FD3AFC8A52D7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AA3E8794FFE9FA1FA9B0FE4DFA4B54D5:27486059FFE9FA1DABB2FD3AFC8A52D7" box="[661,840,682,708]" country="Brazil" latitude="-20.494501" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-29.342472" name="Trindade Island" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" stateProvince="Espirito Santo">Trindade Island</location>
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,
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<collectorName id="8F625354FFE9FA1DAA73FD3AFB8252D7" box="[852,1088,682,708]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Enseada das Orelhas</collectorName>
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,
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="47A35045FFE9FA1DADD4FD3AFA5A52D7" box="[1267,1432,682,708]" degrees="29" direction="west" minutes="20" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" precision="1" seconds="32.9" value="-29.342472">29°20’32.9”W</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<date id="56291042FFE9FA1DA9B0FD5DFEDB52FB" box="[151,281,717,744]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" value="2015-07-27">
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<collectingDate id="466DE9AAFFE9FA1DA9B0FD5DFEDB52FB" box="[151,281,717,744]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" value="2015-07-27">27.vii.2015</collectingDate>
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</date>
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,
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<quantity id="E56F9B67FFE9FA1DA800FD5DFEB952FA" box="[295,379,717,745]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" unit="m" value="10.5">
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<elevation id="A9BAD1B1FFE9FA1DA800FD5DFEB952FA" box="[295,379,717,745]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" unit="m" value="10.5">10.5 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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: 1 spm R=112, r=11 (
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<specimenCode id="72319EF9FFE9FA1DAB51FD5EFCDB52FB" box="[630,793,717,744]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">MZUSP 1547</specimenCode>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation id="92FF3CDFFFE9FA1DAA17FD5EFA5552FB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2566071170" box="[816,1431,717,745]" collectingDate="2014-11-12" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" elevation="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" specimenCode="MZUSP 1548" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Espirito Santo">
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<date id="56291042FFE9FA1DAA17FD5EFC6852FB" box="[816,938,718,744]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" value="2014-11-12">
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<collectingDate id="466DE9AAFFE9FA1DAA17FD5EFC6852FB" box="[816,938,718,744]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" value="2014-11-12">12.xi.2014</collectingDate>
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</date>
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,
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<quantity id="E56F9B67FFE9FA1DAA90FD5EFC3F52FA" box="[951,1021,718,745]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" unit="m" value="6.9">
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<elevation id="A9BAD1B1FFE9FA1DAA90FD5EFC3F52FA" box="[951,1021,718,745]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" unit="m" value="6.9">6.9 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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: 1 spm R=113, r=9 (
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<specimenCode id="72319EF9FFE9FA1DADCBFD5EFA4D52FB" box="[1260,1423,717,744]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">MZUSP 1548</specimenCode>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation id="92FF3CDFFFE9FA1DA9B0FD62FBB2531F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2566071202" box="[151,1136,753,781]" collectingDate="2014-11-13" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" elevation="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" specimenCode="MZUSP 1550" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Espirito Santo">
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<date id="56291042FFE9FA1DA9B0FD62FED3531F" box="[151,273,754,780]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" value="2014-11-13">
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<collectingDate id="466DE9AAFFE9FA1DA9B0FD62FED3531F" box="[151,273,754,780]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" value="2014-11-13">13.xi.2014</collectingDate>
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</date>
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,
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||
<quantity id="E56F9B67FFE9FA1DA838FD62FEB2531E" box="[287,368,754,781]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.44" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" unit="m" value="14.4">
|
||
<elevation id="A9BAD1B1FFE9FA1DA838FD62FEB2531E" box="[287,368,754,781]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.44" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" unit="m" value="14.4">14.4 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
: 3 spms R=107, r=11; R=122, r=10; R=160, r=10 (
|
||
<specimenCode id="72319EF9FFE9FA1DAAE3FD62FBA5531F" box="[964,1127,753,780]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">MZUSP 1550</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="92FF3CDFFFE9FA1DAD59FD62FE185323" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2566071206" collectingDate="2014-10-24" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" elevation="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" specimenCode="MZUSP 1551" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Espirito Santo">
|
||
<date id="56291042FFE9FA1DAD59FD62FB32531F" box="[1150,1264,754,780]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" value="2014-10-24">
|
||
<collectingDate id="466DE9AAFFE9FA1DAD59FD62FB32531F" box="[1150,1264,754,780]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" value="2014-10-24">24.x.2014</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="E56F9B67FFE9FA1DADD9FD61FA8D531E" box="[1278,1359,753,781]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.54" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" unit="m" value="15.4">
|
||
<elevation id="A9BAD1B1FFE9FA1DADD9FD61FA8D531E" box="[1278,1359,753,781]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.54" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" unit="m" value="15.4">15.4 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
: 1spm R=138, r-11 (
|
||
<specimenCode id="72319EF9FFE9FA1DA808FC86FE135323" box="[303,465,789,816]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">MZUSP 1551</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="92FF3CDFFFE9FA1DA8C2FC87FE8E5347" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2566071230" collectingDate="2012-04-07" collectionCode="MZUSP" collectorName="Ponta Noroeste" country="Brazil" elevation="12" latitude="-20.496222" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-29.343166" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" specimenCode="MZUSP 1546" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Espirito Santo">
|
||
<collectorName id="8F625354FFE9FA1DA8C2FC87FD575322" box="[485,661,791,817]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Ponta Noroeste</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="47A35045FFE9FA1DAB86FC86FCFF5323" box="[673,829,790,816]" degrees="20" direction="south" minutes="29" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" precision="1" seconds="46.4" value="-20.496222">20°29’46.4”S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="47A35045FFE9FA1DAA6EFC85FC2F5323" box="[841,1005,789,816]" degrees="29" direction="west" minutes="20" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" precision="1" seconds="35.4" value="-29.343166">29°20’35.4”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="56291042FFE9FA1DAADDFC86FBA65323" box="[1018,1124,790,816]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" value="2012-04-07">
|
||
<collectingDate id="466DE9AAFFE9FA1DAADDFC86FBA65323" box="[1018,1124,790,816]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" value="2012-04-07">7.iv.2012</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="E56F9B67FFE9FA1DAD57FC86FB005322" box="[1136,1218,790,817]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.16" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" unit="m" value="11.6">
|
||
<elevation id="A9BAD1B1FFE9FA1DAD57FC86FB005322" box="[1136,1218,790,817]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.16" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" unit="m" value="11.6">11.6 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
: 1 spm R=124, r=9 (
|
||
<specimenCode id="72319EF9FFE9FA1DA9B8FCAAFE865347" box="[159,324,825,852]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">MZUSP 1546</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="92FF3CDFFFE9FA1DA87CFCAAFF1E536B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2566071211" collectingDate="2012-02-07" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" latitude="-20.524944" location="Enseada do Lixo" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-29.328861" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" specimenCode="MZUSP 1549" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Espirito Santo">
|
||
<location id="27486059FFE9FA1DA87CFCAAFDE05347" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AA3E8794FFE9FA1FA9B0FE4DFA4B54D5:27486059FFE9FA1DA87CFCAAFDE05347" box="[347,546,826,852]" country="Brazil" latitude="-20.524944" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-29.328861" name="Enseada do Lixo" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" stateProvince="Espirito Santo">Enseada do Lixo</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="47A35045FFE9FA1DAB16FCAAFD0F5347" box="[561,717,826,852]" degrees="20" direction="south" minutes="31" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" precision="1" seconds="29.8" value="-20.524944">20°31’29.8”S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="47A35045FFE9FA1DABFBFCAAFC435347" box="[732,897,826,852]" degrees="29" direction="west" minutes="19" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" precision="1" seconds="43.9" value="-29.328861">29°19’43.9”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="56291042FFE9FA1DAAB7FCAAFC345347" box="[912,1014,826,852]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" value="2012-02-07">
|
||
<collectingDate id="466DE9AAFFE9FA1DAAB7FCAAFC345347" box="[912,1014,826,852]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" value="2012-02-07">7.ii.2012</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, 25 m: 1 spm R=115, r=9 (
|
||
<specimenCode id="72319EF9FFE9FA1DAC19FCAAFF11536B" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">MZUSP 1549</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22283682FFE9FA1DA9E0FC11FEE1541B" blockId="5.[151,1437,681,1032]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE9FA1DA9E0FC11FE18538F" bold="true" box="[199,474,897,924]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Comparative material.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFE9FA1DA8C4FC12FC51538F" authority="A. H. Clark, 1948" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1948" box="[483,915,898,925]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Copidaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lymani">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE9FA1DA8C4FC12FD77538F" box="[483,693,898,924]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Copidaster lymani</emphasis>
|
||
A. H.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE9FA1DAA2FFC12FC51538F" author="Clark, A. H." box="[776,915,898,924]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" pagination="55 - 64" refId="ref19236" refString="Clark, A. H. (1948) Two new starfishes and a new brittle-star from Florida and Alabama. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 61, 55 - 64." type="journal article" year="1948">Clark, 1948</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE9FA1DAA87FC12FC2D538F" box="[928,1007,898,924]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">U.S.A.</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE9FA1DAD7CFC12FB71538F" box="[1115,1203,898,924]" name="Mexico" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Florida, Dry
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE9FA1DAC70FC13FF7D53D2" name="Haiti" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Tortugas</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="47A35045FFE9FA1DA9EAFC35FEBE53D3" box="[205,380,933,960]" degrees="24" direction="north" minutes="47" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" precision="1" seconds="35.52" value="24.7932">24°47’35.52”N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="47A35045FFE9FA1DA8ADFC35FDFE53D3" box="[394,572,933,960]" degrees="83" direction="west" minutes="52" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" precision="1" seconds="50.27" value="-83.88063">83°52’50.27”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="56291042FFE9FA1DAB6DFC36FD0153D3" box="[586,707,934,960]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" value="1997-04-29">29.iv.1997</date>
|
||
, 95 m: 1 spm R=62, r=7 (UF–3372).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFE9FA1DAD5EFC36FEA953F7" authority="(H. L. Clark, 1922)" baseAuthorityName="H. L. Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Copidaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="schismochilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE9FA1DAD5EFC36FA5E53D3" box="[1145,1436,934,960]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Copidaster schismochilus</emphasis>
|
||
(H.L. Clark, 1922)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE9FA1DA852FC5AFE1D53F7" box="[373,479,970,996]" name="Bermuda" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Challenger Bank,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="47A35045FFE9FA1DAB94FC5AFCD453F7" box="[691,790,970,996]" degrees="32" direction="north" minutes="00" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" precision="925" value="32.0">32°00’N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="47A35045FFE9FA1DAA06FC59FC4A53F7" box="[801,904,969,996]" degrees="65" direction="west" minutes="00" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" precision="925" value="-65.0">65°00’W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="56291042FFE9FA1DAAB4FC5AFBCD53F7" box="[915,1039,970,996]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" value="1903-08-01">1.viii.1903</date>
|
||
, 56 m:
|
||
<typeStatus id="FD2C8820FFE9FA1DAD47FC5AFB0753F7" box="[1120,1221,970,996]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, R=98, r=10 (
|
||
<collectionCode id="4486AE47FFE9FA1DAC79FC5AFA5F53F7" box="[1374,1437,970,996]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" type="Museum">MCZ</collectionCode>
|
||
AST–2758).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="76E8660AFFE9FA1DA9B0F8F9FAA357FD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674449" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3674449" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674449/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" startId="5.[151,250,1897,1922]" targetBox="[151,1435,1054,1872]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="22283682FFE9FA1DA9B0F8F9FAA357FD" blockId="5.[151,1437,1897,2030]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE9FA1DA9B0F8F9FED75791" bold="true" box="[151,277,1897,1922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFE9FA1DA83AF8FAFD625791" authority="A. H. Clark, 1948" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1948" box="[285,672,1897,1922]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Copidaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lymani">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE9FA1DA83AF8FAFE185791" box="[285,474,1898,1922]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Copidaster lymani</emphasis>
|
||
A. H.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE9FA1DAB04F8F9FD625791" author="Clark, A. H." box="[547,672,1897,1922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" pagination="55 - 64" refId="ref19236" refString="Clark, A. H. (1948) Two new starfishes and a new brittle-star from Florida and Alabama. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 61, 55 - 64." type="journal article" year="1948">Clark, 1948</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE9FA1DAB8CF8F9FD215791" bold="true" box="[683,739,1897,1922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">A–N.</emphasis>
|
||
MZUSP 1550:
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE9FA1DAAAFF8F9FC625791" bold="true" box="[904,928,1897,1922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">A.</emphasis>
|
||
Specimen from Trindade Island photographed
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE9FA1DACAEF8FBFF7E57B5" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE9FA1DA9EFF81EFF3C57B5" bold="true" box="[200,254,1933,1958]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">B, C.</emphasis>
|
||
Abactinal and actinal views.
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE9FA1DAB00F81EFD8257B5" bold="true" box="[551,576,1934,1958]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">D.</emphasis>
|
||
Abactinal plates and papulae.
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE9FA1DAA53F81EFC4957B5" bold="true" box="[884,907,1934,1958]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">E.</emphasis>
|
||
Detail of the madreporite.
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE9FA1DADBBF81EFB6D57B5" bold="true" box="[1180,1199,1934,1958]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">F.</emphasis>
|
||
Mouth.
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE9FA1DAC21F81DFAE257B5" bold="true" box="[1286,1312,1933,1958]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">G.</emphasis>
|
||
Ambulacral spines.
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE9FA1DA9C5F822FF3E57D9" bold="true" box="[226,252,1970,1994]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">H.</emphasis>
|
||
Tip of the arm, abactinal view.
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE9FA1DAB11F822FDA457D9" bold="true" box="[566,614,1970,1994]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">I–N.</emphasis>
|
||
Scanning electron microscope.
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE9FA1DAA82F822FC0C57D9" bold="true" box="[933,974,1970,1994]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">I, J.</emphasis>
|
||
Abactinal plates.
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE9FA1DADA7F822FB7457D9" bold="true" box="[1152,1206,1970,1994]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">K, L.</emphasis>
|
||
Ambulacral plates.
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE9FA1DAC59F822FF7257FD" bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">M, N.</emphasis>
|
||
Valves of the abactinal pedicellariae. Scale bars: B–C, 20 mm; D–H, 2 mm; I, K–L, 400 μm; J, 200 μm; M–N, 40 μm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="76E8660AFFEAFA1EA9B0FA48FD11564E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674451" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3674451" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674451/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" startId="6.[151,250,1496,1521]" targetBox="[226,1362,202,1470]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="22283682FFEAFA1EA9B0FA48FD11564E" blockId="6.[151,1437,1496,1629]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEAFA1EA9B0FA48FEEC55E2" bold="true" box="[151,302,1496,1521]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">FIGURE 4. A.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFEAFA1EA815FA48FD6155E3" authority="A. H. Clark, 1948" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1948" box="[306,675,1496,1521]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Copidaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lymani">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEAFA1EA815FA48FE2E55E3" box="[306,492,1496,1520]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">Copidaster lymani</emphasis>
|
||
A. H.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFEAFA1EAB0CFA48FD6155E3" author="Clark, A. H." box="[555,675,1496,1521]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" pagination="55 - 64" refId="ref19236" refString="Clark, A. H. (1948) Two new starfishes and a new brittle-star from Florida and Alabama. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 61, 55 - 64." type="journal article" year="1948">Clark, 1948</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Trindade Island, Enseada das Orelhas.
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEAFA1EAD0CFA48FBA355E3" bold="true" box="[1067,1121,1496,1520]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">B–D.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFEAFA1EAD42FA48FF145606" authority="(Lamarck, 1816)" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1816" class="Asteroidea" family="Mithrodiidae" genus="Mithrodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="clavigera">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEAFA1EAD42FA48FAED55E3" box="[1125,1327,1496,1520]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">Mithrodia clavigera</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFEAFA1EAC1DFA48FF0C5606" author="Lamarck, J. B. P. A." pageId="6" pageNumber="37" pagination="522 - 568" refId="ref20410" refString="Lamarck, J. B. P. A. (1816) Stellerides. In: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres. Vol. 2. Verdiere, Paris, pp. 522 - 568." type="book chapter" year="1816">Lamarck, 1816</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEAFA1EA9C7FA6CFED55606" bold="true" box="[224,279,1532,1557]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">B, C.</emphasis>
|
||
Trindade Island, Príncipe beach.
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEAFA1EAB49FA6CFD455607" bold="true" box="[622,647,1532,1556]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">D.</emphasis>
|
||
Fernando de Noronha, tide pool at Boldró beach. Photograph by Gabriela C. Zeineddine.
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEAFA1EA83EF9B0FEF2562B" bold="true" box="[281,304,1568,1592]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">E.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFEAFA1EA81EF9B1FD00562A" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[313,706,1568,1593]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Oreaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEAFA1EA81EF9B1FDC4562B" box="[313,518,1568,1592]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">Oreaster reticulatus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFEAFA1EAB31F9B0FD78562A" author="Linnaeus C." box="[534,698,1568,1593]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" refId="ref20732" refString="Linnaeus C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. 10 th Edition. Reformata. Laurentius Salvius, Holmiae, 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Trindade Island, Enseada dos Portugueses, Farol.
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEAFA1EADFFF9B0FB29562B" bold="true" box="[1240,1259,1568,1592]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">F.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFEAFA1EADD3F9B0FE12564E" authority="alternata (Say, 1825) Trindade" authorityName="alternata (Say" authorityYear="1825" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1825" class="Asteroidea" family="Luidiidae" genus="Luidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="alternata" subSpecies="alternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEAFA1EADD3F9B0FF36564F" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">Luidia alternata alternata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFEAFA1EA825F9D4FEAA564E" author="Say, T." box="[258,360,1604,1629]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" pagination="151 - 154" refId="ref22341" refString="Say, T. (1825) On the species of the linnean genus Asterias inhabiting the coast of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5, 151 - 154." type="journal article" year="1825">Say, 1825</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) Trindade
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Island, Ponta da Calheta.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6A8D6509FFEAFA1FA9E0F91AFEDE5209" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="22283682FFEAFA1EA9E0F91AFE2C56FE" blockId="6.[151,1437,1674,2026]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEAFA1EA9E0F91AFEA356B6" bold="true" box="[199,353,1674,1701]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFEAFA1EA840F91BFE7656B6" box="[359,436,1675,1701]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">U.S.A.</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Florida),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFEAFA1EAB0BF91BFD4656B6" box="[556,644,1675,1701]" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFEAFA1EABA8F91BFD0F56B6" box="[655,717,1675,1701]" name="Cuba" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFEAFA1EABF0F91BFCE356B6" box="[727,801,1675,1701]" name="Belize" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFEAFA1EAA0BF91BFC4A56B6" box="[812,904,1675,1701]" name="Panama" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFEAFA1EAAB4F91BFC1556B6" box="[915,983,1675,1701]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Trindade Island, present study),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFEAFA1EAC6AF91BFED056DA" name="Ascension Island" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">Ascension Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFEAFA1EA806F93FFDC556DA" author="Hendler, G. & Muller, J. E. & Pawson, D. L. & Kier P. M." box="[289,519,1710,1737]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" refId="ref20146" refString="Hendler, G., Muller, J. E., Pawson, D. L. & Kier P. M. (1995) Sea Stars, Sea Urchins and Allies: Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 390 pp." type="book" year="1995">
|
||
Hendler
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEAFA1EA8A2F920FE7556DA" box="[389,439,1711,1737]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFEAFA1EAB33F93FFD0656DA" author="Fernadez, A." box="[532,708,1711,1737]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" pagination="133 - 134" refId="ref19765" refString="Fernadez, A. (2001) Nuevo registro de asteroideo (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) para aguas cubanas. Avicennia, 14, 133 - 134." type="journal article" year="2001">Fernádez, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFEAFA1EABE8F93FFBEF56DA" author="Alvarado, J. J. & Solis-Marin, F. A." box="[719,1069,1711,1737]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" refId="ref18351" refString="Alvarado, J. J. & Solis-Marin, F. A. (2013) Echinoderm research and diversity in Latin America. Springer, Berlin, 658 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 20051 - 9" type="book" year="2013">Alvarado & Solis-Marin, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Depth range:
|
||
<quantity id="E56F9B67FFEAFA1EADFDF93EFAF256DA" box="[1242,1328,1710,1737]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.75" metricValueMax="9.5" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" unit="m" value="47.5" valueMax="95.0" valueMin="0.0">0–95 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFEAFA1EAC18F93FFEFF56FE" author="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E." pageId="6" pageNumber="37" refId="ref19314" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall-Natural History Museum Publications, London, 794 pp., 75 figs, 113 pls." type="book" year="1992">Clark & Downey, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; present study).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22283682FFEAFA1EA9E0F966FF2757F9" blockId="6.[151,1437,1674,2026]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEAFA1EA9E0F966FE215702" bold="true" box="[199,483,1782,1809]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">Recognition characters.</emphasis>
|
||
Five long, cylindrical arms, up to 10 times longer than length of disc, constricted at bases. Abactinal plates flattened, T-shaped, imbricated. Second, long, abactinal plate bar-like connecting anterior plates laterally. Skeleton covered with gelatinous membrane. Carinal and adradial series of plates connected to each other by single internal plate at proximal half of ray. Acute subambulacral spines very close to each other, not embedded in dense integument of body wall. Pedicellariae between ambulacral and subambulacral spines, abundant (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFEAFA1EA9B8F83BFEEF57D6" author="Miller, J. E." box="[159,301,1963,1989]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" pagination="194 - 208" refId="ref21418" refString="Miller, J. E. (1984) Systematics of the ophidiasterid sea stars Copidaster lymani A. H. Clark and Hacelia superba H. L. Clark (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) with a key to the species of Ophidiasteridae from the western Atlantic. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 97 (1), 194 - 208." type="journal article" year="1984">Miller, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFEAFA1EA81FF83BFDFC57D6" author="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E." box="[312,574,1963,1989]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" refId="ref19314" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall-Natural History Museum Publications, London, 794 pp., 75 figs, 113 pls." type="book" year="1992">Clark & Downey, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFEAFA1EAB6EF83BFBCF57D6" author="Solis-Marin, F. A. & Laguarda-Figueras, A." box="[585,1037,1963,1989]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" pagination="663 - 668" refId="ref22526" refString="Solis-Marin, F. A. & Laguarda-Figueras, A. (2010) A new species of starfish (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from an anchialine cave in the Mexican Caribbean. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 81, 663 - 668. https: // doi. org / 10.22201 / ib. 20078706 e. 2010.003.638" type="journal article" year="2010">Solis-Marin & Laguarda-Figueras, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFEAFA1EAD30F83BFA8057D6" author="Kogure, K. & Kohtsuka, H." box="[1047,1346,1963,1989]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" pagination="41 - 46" refId="ref20371" refString="Kogure, K. & Kohtsuka, H. (2014) A new species of ophidiasterid sea star, Copidaster japonicus (Echinodermata: Asteroidea), from Japan. Biogeography, 16, 41 - 46." type="journal article" year="2014">Kogure & Kohtsuka, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; present study).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22283682FFEBFA1FA9E0FF08FE80510C" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,1223]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FA9E0FF08FE9950A0" bold="true" box="[199,347,152,179]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">Color in life.</emphasis>
|
||
Reddish tan or orange, with darker red mottling or banding,
|
||
<figureCitation id="BAAC2A07FFEBFA1FAADCFF08FBA950A0" box="[1019,1131,152,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1897,1922]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1054,1872]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1435,1054,1872]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Copidaster lymani A. H. Clark, 1948. A–N. MZUSP 1550: A. Specimen from Trindade Island photographed in situ. B, C. Abactinal and actinal views. D. Abactinal plates and papulae. E. Detail of the madreporite. F. Mouth. G. Ambulacral spines. H. Tip of the arm, abactinal view. I–N. Scanning electron microscope. I, J. Abactinal plates. K, L. Ambulacral plates. M, N. Valves of the abactinal pedicellariae. Scale bars: B–C, 20 mm; D–H, 2 mm; I, K–L, 400 μm; J, 200 μm; M–N, 40 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674449" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674449/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">Figure 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
(see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFEBFA1FADFFFF08FF1150C4" author="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E." pageId="7" pageNumber="38" refId="ref19314" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall-Natural History Museum Publications, London, 794 pp., 75 figs, 113 pls." type="book" year="1992">Clark & Downey, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Subambulacral spines and furrow spines white proximally and distally, orange medially. Pedicellariae and madreporite white, conspicuously contrasted by darker surrounding skin (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFEBFA1FAAECFF70FB9950E8" author="Miller, J. E." box="[971,1115,224,251]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" pagination="194 - 208" refId="ref21418" refString="Miller, J. E. (1984) Systematics of the ophidiasterid sea stars Copidaster lymani A. H. Clark and Hacelia superba H. L. Clark (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) with a key to the species of Ophidiasteridae from the western Atlantic. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 97 (1), 194 - 208." type="journal article" year="1984">Miller, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Yellowish cream in ethanol (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BAAC2A07FFEBFA1FA9B8FE94FEF7510C" box="[159,309,260,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1897,1922]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1054,1872]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1435,1054,1872]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Copidaster lymani A. H. Clark, 1948. A–N. MZUSP 1550: A. Specimen from Trindade Island photographed in situ. B, C. Abactinal and actinal views. D. Abactinal plates and papulae. E. Detail of the madreporite. F. Mouth. G. Ambulacral spines. H. Tip of the arm, abactinal view. I–N. Scanning electron microscope. I, J. Abactinal plates. K, L. Ambulacral plates. M, N. Valves of the abactinal pedicellariae. Scale bars: B–C, 20 mm; D–H, 2 mm; I, K–L, 400 μm; J, 200 μm; M–N, 40 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674449" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674449/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">Figure 3B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22283682FFEBFA1FA9E0FEB8FEDE5209" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,1223]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FA9E0FEB8FEF75150" bold="true" box="[199,309,296,323]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">Habitats.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFEBFA1FA818FEB8FDD05151" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1948" box="[319,530,296,322]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Copidaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lymani">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FA818FEB8FDD05151" box="[319,530,296,322]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">Copidaster lymani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
inhabits both hard (coral reefs, rock, rubbles, and calcareous algae) and softmixed bottoms (mud, sand) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFEBFA1FA8C3FEDCFDB65174" author="Miller, J. E." box="[484,628,332,359]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" pagination="194 - 208" refId="ref21418" refString="Miller, J. E. (1984) Systematics of the ophidiasterid sea stars Copidaster lymani A. H. Clark and Hacelia superba H. L. Clark (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) with a key to the species of Ophidiasteridae from the western Atlantic. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 97 (1), 194 - 208." type="journal article" year="1984">Miller, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFEBFA1FABA4FEDCFCF05174" author="Fernadez, A." box="[643,818,332,359]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" pagination="133 - 134" refId="ref19765" refString="Fernadez, A. (2001) Nuevo registro de asteroideo (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) para aguas cubanas. Avicennia, 14, 133 - 134." type="journal article" year="2001">Fernádez, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFEBFA1FAA67FEDCFB5D5174" author="Alvarado, J. J. & Solis-Marin, F. A." box="[832,1183,332,359]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" refId="ref18351" refString="Alvarado, J. J. & Solis-Marin, F. A. (2013) Echinoderm research and diversity in Latin America. Springer, Berlin, 658 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 20051 - 9" type="book" year="2013">Alvarado & Solis-Marin, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The specimens from Trindade were found sheltered in rocky and calcareous bottoms or among calcareous algae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BAAC2A07FFEBFA1FADA1FEE0FAC65198" box="[1158,1284,368,395]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1897,1922]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1054,1872]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1435,1054,1872]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Copidaster lymani A. H. Clark, 1948. A–N. MZUSP 1550: A. Specimen from Trindade Island photographed in situ. B, C. Abactinal and actinal views. D. Abactinal plates and papulae. E. Detail of the madreporite. F. Mouth. G. Ambulacral spines. H. Tip of the arm, abactinal view. I–N. Scanning electron microscope. I, J. Abactinal plates. K, L. Ambulacral plates. M, N. Valves of the abactinal pedicellariae. Scale bars: B–C, 20 mm; D–H, 2 mm; I, K–L, 400 μm; J, 200 μm; M–N, 40 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674449" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674449/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">Figures 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="BAAC2A07FFEBFA1FAC28FEE1FAF05198" box="[1295,1330,369,395]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1496,1521]" captionTargetBox="[226,1362,202,1470]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[225,1362,201,1470]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. A. Copidaster lymani A. H. Clark, 1948, Trindade Island, Enseada das Orelhas. B–D. Mithrodia clavigera (Lamarck, 1816). B, C. Trindade Island, Príncipe beach. D. Fernando de Noronha, tide pool at Boldró beach. Photograph by Gabriela C. Zeineddine. E. Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758), Trindade Island, Enseada dos Portugueses, Farol. F. Luidia alternata alternata (Say, 1825) Trindade Island, Ponta da Calheta." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674451" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674451/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">4A</figureCitation>
|
||
) between 6.9 and 25 meters. In aquarium captivity,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFEBFA1FAB4AFE05FD1851BD" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1948" box="[621,730,404,431]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Copidaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lymani">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FAB4AFE05FD1851BD" box="[621,730,404,431]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">C. lymani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
concealed itself under rocks and remained motionless for long periods of time (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFEBFA1FA869FE28FE3F51C0" author="Fernadez, A." box="[334,509,440,467]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" pagination="133 - 134" refId="ref19765" refString="Fernadez, A. (2001) Nuevo registro de asteroideo (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) para aguas cubanas. Avicennia, 14, 133 - 134." type="journal article" year="2001">Fernádez, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFEBFA1FAB37FE28FD6751C0" author="Miller, J. E." box="[528,677,440,467]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" pagination="194 - 208" refId="ref21418" refString="Miller, J. E. (1984) Systematics of the ophidiasterid sea stars Copidaster lymani A. H. Clark and Hacelia superba H. L. Clark (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) with a key to the species of Ophidiasteridae from the western Atlantic. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 97 (1), 194 - 208." type="journal article" year="1984">Miller (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported the co-occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFEBFA1FAADDFE29FBA451C1" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1948" box="[1018,1126,440,467]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Copidaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lymani">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FAADDFE29FBA451C1" box="[1018,1126,440,467]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">C. lymani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFEBFA1FADBBFE28FF0C51E4" authority="Gray, 1840" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Linckia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="guildingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FADBBFE28FA9B51C1" box="[1180,1369,440,466]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">Linckia guildingi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFEBFA1FAC47FE29FF0C51E4" author="Gray, J. E." pageId="7" pageNumber="38" pagination="175 - 184" refId="ref19975" refString="Gray, J. E. (1840) A synopsis of the genera and species of the class Hypostoma (Asterias Linnaeus). Annals of the Magazine of Natural History, 6, 175 - 184 + 275 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745484009443296" type="journal article" year="1840">Gray, 1840</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFEBFA1FA9DAFE4CFE2851E5" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[253,490,476,502]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Ophidiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="guildingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FA9DAFE4CFE2851E5" box="[253,490,476,502]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">Ophidiaster guildingi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), in the same area at Carrie Bow Cay (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFEBFA1FAABEFE4CFC2651E4" box="[921,996,476,503]" name="Belize" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Similarly, the two species co-occurred in Trindade.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6A8D6509FFEBFA1FA9E0FDB4FA4B54D5" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="22283682FFEBFA1FA9E0FDB4FC1854B0" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,1223]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FA9E0FDB4FE8D522C" bold="true" box="[199,335,548,575]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">Comments.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFEBFA1FA87FFDB4FD6B522C" authority="A. H. Clark, 1948" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1948" box="[344,681,548,575]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Copidaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FA87FFDB4FE16522D" box="[344,468,548,574]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">Copidaster</emphasis>
|
||
A. H.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFEBFA1FAB03FDB4FD6B522C" author="Clark, A. H." box="[548,681,548,575]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" pagination="55 - 64" refId="ref19236" refString="Clark, A. H. (1948) Two new starfishes and a new brittle-star from Florida and Alabama. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 61, 55 - 64." type="journal article" year="1948">Clark, 1948</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFEBFA1FAA25FDB4FC50522C" author="Miller, J. E." box="[770,914,548,575]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" pagination="194 - 208" refId="ref21418" refString="Miller, J. E. (1984) Systematics of the ophidiasterid sea stars Copidaster lymani A. H. Clark and Hacelia superba H. L. Clark (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) with a key to the species of Ophidiasteridae from the western Atlantic. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 97 (1), 194 - 208." type="journal article" year="1984">Miller, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFEBFA1FAAF7FDB4FB19522C" author="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E." box="[976,1243,548,575]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" refId="ref19314" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall-Natural History Museum Publications, London, 794 pp., 75 figs, 113 pls." type="book" year="1992">Clark & Downey, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) consists of four species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFEBFA1FA9DDFDD9FCB55270" authority="Solis-Marin & Laguarda-Figueras, 2010" authorityName="Solis-Marin & Laguarda-Figueras" authorityYear="2010" box="[250,887,584,611]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Copidaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cavernicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FA9DDFDD9FE635271" box="[250,417,584,611]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">C. cavernicola</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFEBFA1FA88CFDD8FCB55270" author="Solis-Marin, F. A. & Laguarda-Figueras, A." box="[427,887,584,611]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" pagination="663 - 668" refId="ref22526" refString="Solis-Marin, F. A. & Laguarda-Figueras, A. (2010) A new species of starfish (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from an anchialine cave in the Mexican Caribbean. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 81, 663 - 668. https: // doi. org / 10.22201 / ib. 20078706 e. 2010.003.638" type="journal article" year="2010">Solis-Marin & Laguarda-Figueras, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(WA);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFEBFA1FAAF7FDD9FA5E5270" authority="Kogure & Kohtsuka, 2014" authorityName="Kogure & Kohtsuka" authorityYear="2014" box="[976,1436,584,611]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Copidaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FAAF7FDD9FBA35271" box="[976,1121,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">C. japonicus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFEBFA1FAD4CFDD9FA5E5270" author="Kogure, K. & Kohtsuka, H." box="[1131,1436,584,611]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" pagination="41 - 46" refId="ref20371" refString="Kogure, K. & Kohtsuka, H. (2014) A new species of ophidiasterid sea star, Copidaster japonicus (Echinodermata: Asteroidea), from Japan. Biogeography, 16, 41 - 46." type="journal article" year="2014">Kogure & Kohtsuka, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NWP);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFEBFA1FA9DFFDFDFDFA5294" authority="A. H. Clark, 1948" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1948" box="[248,568,620,647]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Copidaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lymani">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FA9DFFDFDFEA45295" box="[248,358,620,647]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">C. lymani</emphasis>
|
||
A. H.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFEBFA1FA894FDFCFDFA5294" author="Clark, A. H." box="[435,568,620,647]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" pagination="55 - 64" refId="ref19236" refString="Clark, A. H. (1948) Two new starfishes and a new brittle-star from Florida and Alabama. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 61, 55 - 64." type="journal article" year="1948">Clark, 1948</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(WA), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFEBFA1FAB99FDFDFBA35294" authority="(H. L. Clark, 1922)" baseAuthorityName="H. L. Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[702,1121,620,647]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Copidaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="schismochilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FAB99FDFDFCBF5295" box="[702,893,620,647]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">C. schismochilus</emphasis>
|
||
(H. L. Clark, 1922)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(WA). The specimens from Trindade are confidently assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFEBFA1FAB67FD01FD6C52B9" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1948" box="[576,686,656,683]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Copidaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lymani">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FAB67FD01FD6C52B9" box="[576,686,656,683]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">C. lymani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFEBFA1FAB99FD00FC5252B9" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1948" box="[702,912,656,682]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Copidaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lymani">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FAB99FD00FC5252B9" box="[702,912,656,682]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">Copidaster lymani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be immediately separated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFEBFA1FAC14FD01FF1F52DD" authorityName="Solis-Marin & Laguarda-Figueras" authorityYear="2010" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Copidaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cavernicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FAC14FD01FA8452B8" box="[1331,1350,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FAC72FD01FF1F52DD" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">cavernicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having pedicellariae between the ambulacral and subambulacral spines (whereas these areas are naked in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFEBFA1FA9B0FD49FEFC52E1" authorityName="Solis-Marin & Laguarda-Figueras" authorityYear="2010" box="[151,318,728,755]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Copidaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cavernicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FA9B0FD49FF6852E0" box="[151,170,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FA99DFD48FEFC52E1" box="[186,318,728,754]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">cavernicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFEBFA1FA870FD48FDB252E0" author="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E." box="[343,624,728,755]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" refId="ref19314" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall-Natural History Museum Publications, London, 794 pp., 75 figs, 113 pls." type="book" year="1992">Clark & Downey (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, while accepting both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFEBFA1FAA54FD49FBF152E1" baseAuthorityName="H. L. Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[883,1075,728,755]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Copidaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="schismochilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FAA54FD49FC4452E0" box="[883,902,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FAAB1FD48FBF152E1" box="[918,1075,728,754]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">schismochilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFEBFA1FAD4BFD49FB1952E1" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1948" box="[1132,1243,728,755]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Copidaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lymani">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FAD4BFD49FB1952E1" box="[1132,1243,728,755]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">C. lymani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as valid species, admitted that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFEBFA1FA815FD6DFE325305" baseAuthorityName="H. L. Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[306,496,764,791]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Copidaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="schismochilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FA815FD6DFE325305" box="[306,496,764,791]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">C. schismochilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
might be “simply a large, possibly senescent, specimen of [
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FADB4FD6DFB645304" box="[1171,1190,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">C</emphasis>
|
||
.]
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFEBFA1FAD99FD6CFAC85305" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1948" box="[1214,1290,764,790]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Copidaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lymani">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FAD99FD6CFAC85305" box="[1214,1290,764,790]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">lymani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”. We concur with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFEBFA1FA9F7FCB0FE355328" author="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E." box="[208,503,800,827]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" refId="ref19314" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall-Natural History Museum Publications, London, 794 pp., 75 figs, 113 pls." type="book" year="1992">Clark & Downey’s (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observation that the number of papulae is higher in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="FD2C8820FFEBFA1FAD4AFCB0FB0D5329" box="[1133,1231,800,826]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFEBFA1FADD2FCB1FF7A534D" baseAuthorityName="H. L. Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Copidaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="schismochilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FADD2FCB1FACA5328" box="[1269,1288,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FAC31FCB0FF7A534D" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">schismochilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFEBFA1FA830FCD5FE47534D" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1948" box="[279,389,836,863]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Copidaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lymani">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FA830FCD5FE47534D" box="[279,389,836,863]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">C. lymani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, this characteristic should not be used to separate between the two species. In the Trindade specimens (R= 105–160) the number of papulae varies with the size of the specimen as well as with the papular region considered (see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFEBFA1FAB0DFC1CFD0D53B4" author="Miller, J. E." box="[554,719,908,935]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" pagination="194 - 208" refId="ref21418" refString="Miller, J. E. (1984) Systematics of the ophidiasterid sea stars Copidaster lymani A. H. Clark and Hacelia superba H. L. Clark (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) with a key to the species of Ophidiasteridae from the western Atlantic. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 97 (1), 194 - 208." type="journal article" year="1984">Miller (1984))</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Near the disc and in the distal region of the arm, the amount of papulae is always smaller (8–12) relative to the rest of the arm (18–32) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BAAC2A07FFEBFA1FAA98FC20FBDB53D8" box="[959,1049,944,971]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1897,1922]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1054,1872]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1435,1054,1872]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Copidaster lymani A. H. Clark, 1948. A–N. MZUSP 1550: A. Specimen from Trindade Island photographed in situ. B, C. Abactinal and actinal views. D. Abactinal plates and papulae. E. Detail of the madreporite. F. Mouth. G. Ambulacral spines. H. Tip of the arm, abactinal view. I–N. Scanning electron microscope. I, J. Abactinal plates. K, L. Ambulacral plates. M, N. Valves of the abactinal pedicellariae. Scale bars: B–C, 20 mm; D–H, 2 mm; I, K–L, 400 μm; J, 200 μm; M–N, 40 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674449" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674449/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
|
||
). We agree with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFEBFA1FADF3FC20FAA953D8" author="Miller, J. E." box="[1236,1387,944,971]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" pagination="194 - 208" refId="ref21418" refString="Miller, J. E. (1984) Systematics of the ophidiasterid sea stars Copidaster lymani A. H. Clark and Hacelia superba H. L. Clark (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) with a key to the species of Ophidiasteridae from the western Atlantic. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 97 (1), 194 - 208." type="journal article" year="1984">Miller (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFEBFA1FA9B0FC45FEC753FD" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1948" box="[151,261,980,1007]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Copidaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lymani">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FA9B0FC45FF6853FC" box="[151,170,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FA99EFC44FEC753FD" box="[185,261,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">lymani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
actually stands apart from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFEBFA1FAB1AFC45FD3E53FD" baseAuthorityName="H. L. Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[573,764,980,1007]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Copidaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="schismochilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FAB1AFC45FD9253FC" box="[573,592,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FAB78FC44FD3E53FD" box="[607,764,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">schismochilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in that its carinal and adradial series of plates (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BAAC2A07FFEBFA1FAC3CFC44FAAA53FC" box="[1307,1384,980,1007]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1897,1922]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1054,1872]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1435,1054,1872]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Copidaster lymani A. H. Clark, 1948. A–N. MZUSP 1550: A. Specimen from Trindade Island photographed in situ. B, C. Abactinal and actinal views. D. Abactinal plates and papulae. E. Detail of the madreporite. F. Mouth. G. Ambulacral spines. H. Tip of the arm, abactinal view. I–N. Scanning electron microscope. I, J. Abactinal plates. K, L. Ambulacral plates. M, N. Valves of the abactinal pedicellariae. Scale bars: B–C, 20 mm; D–H, 2 mm; I, K–L, 400 μm; J, 200 μm; M–N, 40 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674449" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674449/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">Fig. 3I</figureCitation>
|
||
) are connected to each other by a single internal plate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BAAC2A07FFEBFA1FABF2FC68FCE65400" box="[725,804,1016,1043]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1897,1922]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1054,1872]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1435,1054,1872]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Copidaster lymani A. H. Clark, 1948. A–N. MZUSP 1550: A. Specimen from Trindade Island photographed in situ. B, C. Abactinal and actinal views. D. Abactinal plates and papulae. E. Detail of the madreporite. F. Mouth. G. Ambulacral spines. H. Tip of the arm, abactinal view. I–N. Scanning electron microscope. I, J. Abactinal plates. K, L. Ambulacral plates. M, N. Valves of the abactinal pedicellariae. Scale bars: B–C, 20 mm; D–H, 2 mm; I, K–L, 400 μm; J, 200 μm; M–N, 40 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674449" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674449/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">Fig. 3J</figureCitation>
|
||
) in the proximal half of the ray (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BAAC2A07FFEBFA1FADB9FC68FB3A5400" box="[1182,1272,1016,1043]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1897,1922]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1054,1872]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1435,1054,1872]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Copidaster lymani A. H. Clark, 1948. A–N. MZUSP 1550: A. Specimen from Trindade Island photographed in situ. B, C. Abactinal and actinal views. D. Abactinal plates and papulae. E. Detail of the madreporite. F. Mouth. G. Ambulacral spines. H. Tip of the arm, abactinal view. I–N. Scanning electron microscope. I, J. Abactinal plates. K, L. Ambulacral plates. M, N. Valves of the abactinal pedicellariae. Scale bars: B–C, 20 mm; D–H, 2 mm; I, K–L, 400 μm; J, 200 μm; M–N, 40 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674449" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674449/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
|
||
), whereas 2–3 dorsolateral plates connect the carinal and adradial series of plates in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFEBFA1FAA8BFB8DFBA95425" baseAuthorityName="H. L. Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[940,1131,1052,1079]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Copidaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="schismochilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FAA8BFB8DFC7D5424" box="[940,959,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FAAE9FB8CFBA95425" box="[974,1131,1052,1078]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">schismochilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFEBFA1FAD5DFB8CFA895425" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1948" box="[1146,1355,1052,1078]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Copidaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lymani">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FAD5DFB8CFA895425" box="[1146,1355,1052,1078]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">Copidaster lymani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be separated outright from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFEBFA1FA881FBD1FDF65449" authorityName="Kogure & Kohtsuka" authorityYear="2014" box="[422,564,1089,1115]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Copidaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FA881FBD1FE7B5448" box="[422,441,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FA8E0FBD1FDF65449" box="[455,564,1089,1114]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">japonicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having acute subambulacral spines very close to each other, not embedded in the dense integument of the body wall (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BAAC2A07FFEBFA1FABA4FBF4FD1F546C" box="[643,733,1124,1151]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1897,1922]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1054,1872]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1435,1054,1872]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Copidaster lymani A. H. Clark, 1948. A–N. MZUSP 1550: A. Specimen from Trindade Island photographed in situ. B, C. Abactinal and actinal views. D. Abactinal plates and papulae. E. Detail of the madreporite. F. Mouth. G. Ambulacral spines. H. Tip of the arm, abactinal view. I–N. Scanning electron microscope. I, J. Abactinal plates. K, L. Ambulacral plates. M, N. Valves of the abactinal pedicellariae. Scale bars: B–C, 20 mm; D–H, 2 mm; I, K–L, 400 μm; J, 200 μm; M–N, 40 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674449" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674449/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">Fig. 3G</figureCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FABDFFBF5FC82546D" box="[760,832,1125,1150]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">versus</emphasis>
|
||
clavate subambulacral spines apart from each other, embedded in body wall with only the thick tip protruding in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFEBFA1FAA1AFB19FC0854B1" authorityName="Kogure & Kohtsuka" authorityYear="2014" box="[829,970,1161,1187]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Copidaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FAA1AFB19FC9254B0" box="[829,848,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FAA7AFB19FC0854B1" box="[861,970,1161,1186]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">japonicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22283682FFEBFA1FA9E0FB3CFA4B54D5" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,1223]" box="[199,1417,1196,1223]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">
|
||
The presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFEBFA1FA85BFB3DFDA954D5" authority="in Trindade" authorityName="in Trindade" box="[380,619,1196,1223]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Copidaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lymani">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFEBFA1FA85BFB3DFE2554D5" box="[380,487,1196,1223]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">C. lymani</emphasis>
|
||
in Trindade
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
constitutes the first record of the species from the southwestern Atlantic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |